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SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY

There are ELEVEN systems in the human body:

Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels)
Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs)
Immune System (many types of protein, cells, organs, tissues)
Skeletal System (bones)
Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys)
Urinary System (bladder, kidneys)
Muscular System (muscles)
Endocrine System (glands)
Digestive System (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines)
Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Reproductive System (male and female reproductive organs)

FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEMS

1.Circulatory system - pumping blood to and from the body and lungs with the heart

2.Digestive system - digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.

3. Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine
glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland,
thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands

4.Immune system: protecting against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor
cells.

5. Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

6. Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood
stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system:
defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
7.Muscular system: movement with muscles.

8. Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves, and nerves

9.Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.

10. Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs, and diaphragm.
11. Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the
blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart,
arteries, capillaries and veins.

As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta
is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen ﾧ. This is important for the
cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its
system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.

On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the
carbon dioxide ﾧ (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we
have inhaled ﾧ through the lungs ﾧ.

What is the heart?

The heart is the organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is about the size of a
clenched fist, weighs about 10.5 ounces and is shaped like a cone. The heart is located in the chest cavity
just posterior to the breastbone, between the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. The heart is
surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the pericardium ﾧ . Blood is pumped away from the heart
through arteries ﾧ and returns to the heart through veins ﾧ . The major artery of the body is the
aorta ﾧ and the major veins of the body are the vena cavae ﾧ.
Chambers of the Heart

The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in turn divided into
chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria ﾧ and the lower two chambers are
called ventricles ﾧ. The atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body and the ventricles
pump blood from the heart to the body. Valves ﾧ allow blood to flow in one direction between the
chambers of the heart.

LAYERS OF HEART

There are 3 layers of Heart-EPICARDIUM (OUTER LAYER) MYOCARDIUM (MIDDLE LAYER),

ENDOCARDIUM (INNER LAYER)

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle ﾧ is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. There are two phases
of this cycle which are the diastole and systole phases. During the diastole phase, the atria and ventricles
are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract
sending blood to the rest of the body.

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