HVAC System Selection Using Life Cycle Cost Process

Capstone Project
Submitted in Fulfillment of the
Requirement for Award of theDegree
Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
Akash Chaurasia(11607856)
Ankit Mishra(11612970)
Rohit Shringi(11602803)
Saurabh Sharma(11615423)
Shivansh Agarwal(11604567)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Rajesh Chaudhary

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA, PUNJAB (INDIA) -144402
2019-2020
 Lovely Professional University Jalandhar, Punjab

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the capstone entitled “Title” in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology and
submitted in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab
is an authentic record of my own work carried out during period of Capstone under the
supervision of Guide name, Designation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely
Professional University, Punjab.

The matter presented in this capstone has not been submitted by me anywhere for the
award of any other degree or to any other institute. .

Date: (Name of the students)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to best of
my knowledge.

Date: (Guide name)

Supervisor

The B- Tech capstone examination of ABC, has been held on _____________

Signature of Examiner
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems are basically used for air conditioning
maintaining air quality, selection for proper system which includes cost optimization
using various standards

1.1Site

Figure 1.1 City Mumbai Figure 1.2 Archive Map location

New archive and document storage building located in Mumbai, India. Mumbai is
economic capital of India withholding around 1.84 crores hailing from various corners of
the world. Building include library in stacks, archive storage, lecture areas, conference
room, enclosed office, telecommunication, vestibules, storage areas, and miniature
apartment for invited guests speakers. The apartment includes bedroom, bathroom,
kitchen, and guest quarters.

1.2 Building illustration

A private owner has decided to build a 17,500 square foot document storage and archive
centre. The new facility’s purpose is to store rare documents, books, manuscripts, photos,
and audio recordings in a manner that will ensure the preservation of historical items for
future generations. Administrators will grant visitors permission to inspect materials.
Visitors cannot remove materials from the controlled environment. Other descriptions of
building are as follows:

 Respective building will operate between 8:00 to 18:00 six days each week.
 The museum would not open on Sunday.
 There are no temperature or relative humidity check back when structure is not
occupied for spaces where the materials are stored.

1.3 Owners Recqiurement

The team should put in all their effort in order to provide a sustainable design, taking
factor into account such as: energy efficiency, health and safety, occupant comfort,
functionality, longevity, flexibility, and serviceability/maintainability.

The design team shall select systems based on the lowest possible life cycle cost that
includes first cost of materials and long term operating costs, as well as other owner
goals.


 This project should use ASHRAE Standard 189.1 and use latest innovation and
technology.
 Indoor quality such be that it does not harms artifects and health of occupants.
 Design should be such that it facilitates the occupants and use the space
efficiently avoiding various bottle necking such as acoustics, poor space use,
inconsistent utilization of space, durability and finish.
 The design should be optimized such that the height of the ceiling is at maximum
height.
 Maintenance and operation should be such that its easily servicable and replacible
and has low maintenance utility cost.
 The life cycle of the system should be maximum or as per specified owners
requirement and budget constrain.
 The place for document storage should be maintained to a temperature of 65°F ±
2°F with relative humidity maintained at 40% ± 10% over an hour.
 Document viewing areas must be maintained to a temperature of 70°F ± 2°F with
relative humidity maintained at 50% ± 10% over an hour.
 The building should operate at positive pressure in order to counter the infiltration
if it occurs
 All ventilation air must be filtered to prevent harmful contaminants from
damaging items in the collection.

1.4 Codes and standards

Codes as determined by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)

 ASHRAE Standard 15
 ASHRAE Standard 34
 ASHRAE Standard 55
 ASHRAE Standard 62.1
 ASHRAE Standard 90.1
 ASHRAE Standard 189.1
 ASHRAE Handbooks

1.5 Budget Considerations and Limitations

The approach to allocating resources for the HVAC systems is to examine life cycle
costs, including capital investment, operating cost, maintenance costs, and employee
productivity. The key facts of the system are as:

 Owner’s budget is 350 USD/ft2 (3,767 USD/m2) that is 6125000$

  Overall life expectancy of the building is 50 years.
 Return on investment should be 7%
 Inflation rate: 3%
 Building escalation rate based on a 10-year average increase for utility provider
in the area.

1.6 Building Assumptions

The building should meet the standard of ASHRAE 189.1 minimum values with
additional information as bulleted below:

 The building should be in synergy with surrounding with surrounding building.

 Exterior walls to be masonry mass wall construction
 All floors to be concrete poured as slab on grade
 Double-glazed, fixed windows, one-half inch air space, low emissivity coating on
third surface, bronze tint
 Superior acoustic criteria in all spaces with minimal sound transmission from the
adjacent spaces and low noise produced from HVAC systems
 Assume utilities are available on site including natural gas (8 psig/55 kPa from
main), electrical power (400V/3 phase/50 Hertz) with expected demand required
to connect, city water (60 psig/414 kPa), and city sewer.

1.7 Design consideration


HVAC system selection and requirements:
 Filtration system requirements and design (and how these will be achieved).
 Design and layout of ductwork, piping, and equipment within each space.
 Space pressurization relative to adjacent rooms.
 Ongoing testing and inspection plans to ensure clean room status is maintained for
the life of the facility.
 Maintenance of the equipment and filter changes while maintaining space
temperature and humidity .
 System controls and alarms .
 Chapter 2
RATIONALE AND SCOPE OF STUDY
The Integrated Sustainable Building Design (ISBD) competition's aim is to encourage
students to extend their knowledge beyond the core mechanical systems. For the ISBD
category, the final design level presented may be in a preliminary stage, as the
competition's basic intention is to challenge students' imaginative thinking and creative
engineering approach to the building and all of its systems.

The 2020 student competition focuses on a new archives storage facility in Mumbai,
India. The final HVAC System Selection and Design for the proposed building shall
address the following major design goals:

 Low Life Cycle Cost

 Low Environmental Impact
 Comfort and Health
 Creative High Performance Green Design
 Synergy

Problem statement:
The 2020 student competition focuses on a new archives storage facility in Mumbai,
India. The project is to create a new building that will provide storage and access to rare
materials in a safe manner that prevents deterioration by the environmental elements. The
owner will allow visitor access to inspect materials from the collection onsite, within a
controlled environment. Items from the collection must remain onsite. The project will be
a design/bid/build project delivery method with a design team, a general contractor and an
independent commissioning authority. Building space types include library stacks,
archive storage, lecture area, conference rooms, enclosed offices, telecommunications,
vestibules, storage areas, and a small apartment for invited guest speakers. The apartment
includes a bedroom, bathroom, kitchenette, and guest living quarters. The team competes
for HVAC System Selection and the building operates from 8:00 to 18:00 six days per
week. The building is not open on Sunday. There are no temperature or relative humidity
setbacks during unoccupied operation for spaces where materials are stored.

Particulates in the outdoor air are of concern. Outdoor air should be treated and/or
cleaned to ensure harmful particulates cannot damage materials within the building.
 Chapter 3
REVIEW OF LITRATURE

The project cum competition of the Integrated Sustainable Building Design (ISBD)
competition's aim is to encourage students to extend their knowledge beyond the core
mechanical systems which aim for HVAC System Selection which intends to extend the
knowledge of participants beyond just employment of electrical system but also in a
optimized and cost effective form by calculation various effects occurring in a set system.

Initially strategy to complete this project will be to define the boundary, design and
calculate the heating and cooling load for every section of arena, the process would be
carried out in step by step division of arena then integrating them all to form complete
strategy to carry out our System Selection.

Our aim is to design systems that are eco-friendly and efficient. Sustainable building is a
design philosophy based on saving natural resources, minimizing human impact on planet
and ensure better living conditions for next generations.

Renewable energy system is to be implemented in order to achieve zero energy building.

However, the HVAC system is yet to be determined by the team, in order to make it
frugal. Weather data is thoroughly analyzed comparisons are made for air conditioning
systems. Various softwares are used for various calculations like heating load, cooling
load etc.

Analysed and understood the architecture of the facility that was provided by the Line and
Space Architects as the DWG files. Further imported the CAD file of the building in
AUTODESK - AUTOCAD for detailed analysis.

Performed a computer simulation on the 3-D structure of the facility by implementing

adequate operating conditions to calculate the heating and cooling loads in AUTODESK -
REVIT.

`bibliography all the standards have taken from the ASHRAE official site and the books
that were used for reference in project. In conclusion what we have concluded is
mentioned.In timeline we have mentioned the roadmap we were following throughout the
semmester time.
OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY

The mаin objective of the study is to creаteа new building thаt will provide
storаgeаndаccess to rаremаteriаls in аsаfemаnnerthаt prevents deteriorаtion by the
environmentаl elements. The visitorsаreаllowed to аccess to inspect mаteriаls from the
collection onsite, within а controlled environment. Items from the collection must remаin
onsite. The project will be а design project delivery method with а design teаm,
аgenerаlcontrаctorаndаn independent commissioning аuthority.
Building space types include
 Library stacks
 Archive storage
 Lecture area
 Conference rooms
 Enclosed offices
 Telecommunications
 Vestibules
 Storage areas
 A small apartment for invited guest speakers (includes a bedroom, bathroom,
kitchenette, and guest living quarters.)

Particulates in the outdoor air are of concern. Outdoor air are treated and/or cleaned to
ensure harmful particulates cannot damage materials within the building.

The area is located in Mumbai, India. The final Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) design addresses the following major goals

1. Low Life Cycle Cost

2. Low Environmental Impact
3. Comfort and Health
4. Creative High performance Green Design
5. Synergy

Another objective of this project is to study and calculate the heating load and cooling
load, calculation required to provide and energy-efficient design for the facility while
comparing with ASHRAE standards 55, 62.1, 90.1.
The objective is to use life cycle cost process to select the building HVAC system and
incorporate the sustainability process promoted by ASHRAE by using ASHRAE standard
189.1 and the IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

Energy efficient sustаinаble project is to be designed аpproаchingа “Zero Energy”

building with minimized energy demаnds for HVАC аndаll other technicаl system thаt
could be sаtisfied with locаllyаvаilаble or building instаlledrenewаble energy sources
(RES). Nаtionаl or locаlsustаinаbilitystаndаrd (LEED or ISS) аnd then implement RES to
аpproаch “Zero Energy” limit.

The main objective is to obtain experience in the Integrated Sustainable Building Design
(ISBD) also the determination of building orientation, layout, material, mechanical
system, and electrical system that meets the requirement and work with surrounding
environment to minimize energy consumption.

Before talking about the research methodology let us look at the previous weather data of
Mumbai.

WEATHER DATA

The first step in the design process involved obtaining weather data for the region. An
analysis of the weather data was required in order to provide a preliminary assessment of
possible HVAC systems. Additionally, weather information would provide important
insights into systems that would best meet the building’s demand at various hours of
operation. The most important data for the location provided includes wind speed, dry
bulb temperatures, relative humidity, air quality and rain precipitation.
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RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

Load calculation

 HEATING AND COOLING LOAD

For heating and cooling loads calculation IES VE software or TRACE 700 can be
used. It allows running calculations with two different methods. At first, building
loads will be determined with a Heat Balance Method, based on a static simulation.
However, in order to get more information about building performance and energy
demand, more detailed analysis has to be been run. Team made an hourly, dynamic
simulation of building performance.
 HEAT GAINS
o Sensible gain :
Internal heat is emitted from people, lighting, motors, appliances and
equipment. Conduction gains are considered as external and internal.
Fenestration is a source of solar gains.
Heat gain rates are considered in accordance with ASHRAE Fundamentals
and Owner’s Project Requirements. Team created project profiles according to
occupancy of each room in 1 hour time interval so all the calculations are
based on these variables.
o Latent gain :
Latent loads are required to design humidifying equipment in purpose to meet
the IAQ design criteria. The main sources of latent gains are people and
processes run inside building (e.g. washing cars).

HVAC system requirement

Classification of HVAC system

Criteria Central system Decentralized system

Temperature, Fulfilling any or all of the design Fulfilling any or all of the design
humidity, and parameters parameters
space pressure
requirements
Capacity  Considering HVAC  Maximum capacity is
requirements diversity factors to reduce required for each
the installed equipment equipment
capacity  Equipment sizing
 Significant first cost and diversity is limited
operating cost

Redundancy Standby equipment is No backup or standby equipment

accommodated for
troubleshooting and maintenance
Special  An equipment room is  Possible of no equipment
requirements located outside the room is needed
conditioned area, or  Equipment may be
adjacent to or remote located on the roof and
from the building the ground adjacent to
 Installing secondary the building
equipment for the air and
water distribution which
requires additional cost

First cost  High capital cost Affordable capital cost

 Considering longer
equipment services life to
compensate the high
capital cost

Operating cost  More significant energy  Less energy efficient

efficient primary primary equipment
equipment  Various energy peaks due
 A proposed operating to occupants’ preference
system which saves  Higher operating cost
 operating cost

Maintenance cost Accessible to the equipment Accessible to equipment to be

room for maintenance and saving located in the basement or the
equipment in excellent condition, living space. However, it is
which saves maintenance cost difficult for roof location due to
bad weather
Reliability Central system equipment can be Reliable equipment, although the
an attractive benefit when estimated equipment service life
considering its long service life may be less
Flexibility Selecting standby equipment to Placed in numerous locations to
provide an alternative source of be more flexible
HVAC or backup

However, the decentralized system are more efficient and cheap as far as the space is
limited. However, our location/building has a requirement of centralized air conditioning
system and thus analysis has to be done by designing the ducts and calculation of air flow
has to be made and for the same we are using RevitMep 2019 software.

The following HVAC systems were considered as possible options for the system
selection process. Each system was considered keeping in mind the requirements set by
the owner and the team as well as ASHRAE recommendations.

 SYSTEM 1- Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) with Ground Coupled Heat Pump
(GCHP)

AVariableRefrigerantFlow(VRF)withGroundCoupledHeatPump(GCHP)systemiscons
ideredasapossibleHVACsystemduetoitshighefficiency,flexibilityandhighcomfortlevel.
This2
pipesystemreliesonthereverseRankinevaporcompressioncycletoaccomplishthedesiredo
utcome.Aheatrecoveryventilatorisalsoutilizedtosupplytheroomswithnewair.
Advantages
•Highyear-roundCOPofheatpumps
 •Refrigerantandwatersideheatrecovery
•Flexibledesign
•Minimizeoutsideairwithsmallductingrequired
•Waternotrequiredforoperation
•Nodefrostcyclerequired
•Minimizeenergyrequirement
•Highcomfortlevelbyincreasingtemperaturecontrol
•Verylowindoorunitnoise
•Simplemechanicalinstallationofindoorunits(2pipesystem)
Disadvantages
•Highinitialcost
•Largequantityoffansindoor
•Refrigerantinoccupiedspaces
•Morecomplexcontrolsrequired
•Requiresrefrigerantleakdetectorsinallzones

 SYSTEM 2- Hybrid Variable Refrigerant Flow (HVRF) with Outdoor Air Cooled
Heat Recovery Unit
A new HVAC system known as Hybrid Variable Refrigerant Flow (HVRF) system is
also selected as a possible option. Hybrid VRF combines the best elements of VRF
technology and chiller system. The Hybrid VRF utilizes an outdoor heat recovery air-
cooled unit and uses refrigerant between the outdoor unit and branch controller, and
waterbetween the branch controller and indoor units. The same heat recovery
ventilator as system 1 will be utilized in this design.
Advantages
• Water side heat recovery
• Only water in occupied spaces
• Flexible design
• Minimize outside air with small ducting required
• Closed loop water system (minimize water required)
• Minimize energy requirement
• High comfort level by increasing temperature control
 • Very low indoor unit noise
• Simple mechanical installation of indoor units (2pipesystem)
• Can use plastic water pipes
• More stable water temperatures within indoor units requiring no insulation
Disadvantages
• High initial cost
• Large quantity of fans indoor
• More complex controls required
• Heat recovery not as efficient as a standard VRF units

 SYSTEM 3- HYDRONIC FOUR PIPE FAN COIL SYSTEM WITH A

DEDICATED OUTDOOR AIR SYSTEM
A hydronic fan coil system where each zone has separate an coil and all fan coil units
are equipped with both heating and cooling coils .This system employs a air cooled
oil free chiller and a modular condensing boiler for heating and cooling and a
dedicated outdoor air system to provide the ventilation the Dedicated Outdoor Air
System (DOAS) is equipped with a cooling coil to precool and dehumidify the
outdoor air it also has a enthalpy wheel and enthalpy sensor to provide some energy
recovery and free cooling.
Advantages
•Heating and cooling simultaneously
•Each zone can operate independently
•Only water in occupied spaces
•Simplicity of design
•Minimize outside air
•Small ducting for outside air
•Good Maintainability

Disadvantages
•Large quantity of piping
•Limited heat recovery
•Large number of fans
EXPECTED OUTCOMES OF THE
STUDY
The main objective of the study is to create a new building that will provide storage and
access to rare materials in a safe manner that prevents deterioration by the environmental
elements. After reading the owner`s guidelines and taking in account the hypothesis of the
study, design constraints, weather data of the locality and the resource availability in that
area, the team should be able to design the HVAC system of the facility.

 The building has three levels. The lower level, the main level and the upper level.
Each level will be having different requirements of heating, cooling and
ventilation.
 Several design parameters such as the area of the facility, ceiling height, weather
data is enclosed with the architecture report.
 The operating conditions include the total number of people present in the facility
at a particular time and the environmental conditions at that time which can be
approximated from the previous weather data.

These factors will be used to calculate the heating load, the cooling load, the controlled
moisture level, the air flow rate in and out of the facility. These conditions will be
calculated first manually and then the simulations will be performed in the AUTODESK
– REVIT to verify the results.

After the load calculation report is generated, an adequate HVAC system would be
selected to install in the building. The system would be simulated in the AUTODESK –
REVIT by placing the ventilation ducts around the facility and placing the air terminals in
the condition space.

All the proposed HVAC systems would be simulated in the software and the one that
gives the highest human comfort, has highest efficiency, low maintenance cost and the
lowest life cycle cost will be selected for the application.
RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE

A thorough study was conducted on the building design, the weather data and the
availability of the resources in the locality.

The following design drawings were included in the details provided by the owner.

 Elevations
 Lower – floor
 Lower – ceiling
 Main – floor
 Main – ceiling
 Upper – floor
 Upper – ceiling

ASHRAE thanks Line and Space Architects for providing the floor plans for this building

 AUTODESK – AUTOCAD
Each elevation, floor plan and the ceiling plan was analyzed in detail in the
AUTODESK – AUTOCAD. Every design parameter was so fabricated and
oriented, such that the HVAC system should give the maximum comfort to the
occupants, provide the highest grade of the protection to the relics and books
while procuring the minimum life cycle cost.

 AUTODESK – REVIT
The building design was constructed in the AUTODESK – REVIT using the
dimensions provided in the Cad drawing. By studying the report on the operating
conditions of the building, namely: total number of occupants at a particular time,
total working hours, outside weather conditions at the time of operation, the same
conditions were simulated in the AUTODESK – REVIT and the heating and
cooling loads were calculated.
Based on the heating and cooling load report, an adequate HVAC system was selected
and the ventilation ducts were placed in the facility along with the VAVs, AHUs, and the
air terminals. Simulations were done multiple times with different parameters to obtain
the best system with highest efficiency.

SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to present the optimum system selection process of heating,
ventilation and air conditioning system for a new 17,500 sqaure foot(1625 square meter)
document storage and archives center in Mumbai, India.The new facility’s purpose is to
keep rare documents,photos,books, manuscripts, and audio recordings in a manner that
will ensure the preservation of historical items for future generations. The final optimum
HVAC System Selection and Design for the building shall address the following major
design goals :

 Low Life Cycle Cost

 Low Environmental Impact
 Comfort and Health
 Creative High Performance Green Design
 Synergy (with architecture)

The owner’s budget for this process is $6.125 million.Building‘s considered life cycle is
50 years.In this project the inflation rate 3 % and return of investments 7 % were taken
into consideration.

The team created the BIM model using Autocad and Autodesk Revit.Model contained the
regarding parametric information about the building,which was used for calculations and
simulations.

Model is created with the help of architecture drawings that were delivered along with
Owner’s Project Requirements, Utility and Service Overview and Weather Data.
The indoor design conditions were determined by the owner and ASHRAE
Standards.Team decided to follow all the assumptions given by the owner.Building
envelope construction and all insulating values meet ASHRAE Standard 189.1.Other
codes and standards that we followed are ASHRAE Standard 15, ASHRAE Standard 34,
ASHRAE Standard 55, ASHRAE Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 along with
ASHRAE Handbook.

The design that is given in 2 D is first analysed in Autocad than it is drawn is 3 D with
help of Revit Mep.Along with computer calculations team performed manual calculations
of heating and cooling loads based on ASHRAE Fundamentals and ventialtion rates from
ASHRAE Standard 62.1.

To determine building loads and system energy usage, team exported BIM model to
virtual Environment software.Then all systems were simulated in a dynamic way, with a
one and half hour time step.

After the heating and cooling load then team will considered three HVAC system
selection .The system selection will be done by following ASHRAE standards and the
owners assumption and requirements.
CONCLUSION

 The team has reached at an expected performance ,we thank to the usage of
modern HVAC systems and the energy conservation rules and balanced,
sustainable usage of natural resources.
 Important part of design process was to use BIM technology about the designed
buildingand allowed the team to analyze,gather and manage all data.
 It is critical to continue an approach presented in this project during following
building life cycle phases-including construction and exploitation. Proper
commissioning process must be ensured. Only such approach allows full usage of
the proposed design potential.
 BIM technology is the new revolution for design of such buildings and ample of
options are there to design and set all all the conclusion by using this technology
REFERENCES
 ASHRAE Standard 15-2019-Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems

 ASHRAE Standard 34-2019-Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants

 ASHRAE Standard 55-2017-Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy

 ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019-Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

 ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019-Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise

Residential Buildings

 ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2017-Standard for the Design of High-Performance

Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

 ASHRAE GreenGuide-The Design ,Construction, and Operation of Sustainable

Buildings, 2nd edition.

 2016 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Systems and Equipment

 2015 ASHRAE Handbook- HVAC Applications

 2014 ASHRAE Handbook-Refrigeration

 2013 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals

 Air Conditioning Principles and Systems by Edward G. Pita
 Heating, Ventilation, And Air Conditioning (Analysis and Design) by McQuiston,
Parker and Spitler