General Education – Social Science
Spanish Occupation
Magellan’s Arrival
his English name, Ferdinand Magellan. Real
name was Fernao de Magalhaes, a Portuguese.
He later renounced his citizenship, became
naturalized Spaniard, and took the name
Fernando de Magallanes to lead an expedition
that would prove the world is round and claim
the wealthy of Moluccas Islands for Spain.
Five Ships: Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria,
Santiago, San Antonio
March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan sails into
the vicinity of what is now known as the island
of Samar. They dropped anchor off the islet of
Homonhon and later sailed to an islet South of
Leyte where they had the first mass on March
31, 1521 celebrated by Fr. Pedro de Villarama.
First Blood Compact
Magellan proceed to the islet of Limasawa,
which at that time was ruled by Rajah Kulambu.
He befriended the rajah and sealed their
friendship with blood compact. This was the
first blood compact between Filipinos and
Spaniards.
Magellan and Rajah Kulambu
The Battle of Mactan
Magellan and around sixty of his men, all well-
armed, sailed for Mactan. In the battle that
followed, Magellan was wounded in the leg.
Seeing this, the brave people of Mactan rushed
at him and killed him with spears.
The Importance of Villalobos Expedition
The Viceroy of Mexico chose his brother-in-law,
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, to command the
expedition. Faced with starvation, Villalobos
ordered his men to get some food. His men met
the local chieftain, Makandala of Tandaya, who
gave them enough food.
Villalobos, in his pleasure, named the islands of
Samar and Leyte, Felipinas in honor of Prince
Philip of Spain, who later on became King Philip
II.
Legazpi Expedition
Many years passed before another expedition
was sent to the Philippines. The purpose of the
expedition was to survey the trade in spices and
make a report on it. The King chose Father
Andres de Urdaneta, as pilot of the expedition.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
was appointed head of the expedition.
In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to
established a permanent settlement in the
Philippine Island. April 27, 1565, Legazpi’s fleet
reaches the island of Cebu. Unable to get the
natives led by Rajah Tupas to receive them in a
friendly manner, Legazpi orders his artillery to
fire upon the native villages along the coast,
causing huts to burn down. One of Legazpi’s
men comes across the image of Child
Jesus(Sto.Niño), most likely the same one
presented to Raja
Humabon’s wife in 1521.
The Philippines Under Spanish Rule Gobernadorcillo/ Capitan Municipal = Mayor

Political Changes Cabeza de Barangay = Barangay Captain

As a crown colony, the Philippines was Propagating the Catholic Faith

administered by the Council of Indies. Even so,
Missionaries worked hard to convert the
the Spanish officials in the Philippines were
Filipinos to Catholicism that in a span of a little
appointed by the King of Spain, who issued
more than 23 years from the time Legazpi
Royal orders and decrees dealing with the
landed in Cebu, the number of converts to the
proper administration of the colony. In 1863,
Catholic faith was about 250,000. this number
the Philippines, as a colony, was placed under
rose to a little less than a million in the middle
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies
of the 18th century; to about 4M in 1860s; Six
or Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar)
and half million at the end of
Highly centralized form of government.
the Spanish period in 1898.
Governor-General
Missionaries in the Philippines: AFJDR
Appointed by the King of Spain. As a governor-
Augustinians
general, he was the King’s official
representative in the colony. He possessed vast Franciscans
executive, legislative, and judicial powers. There
were, however, only 2 branches of government: Jesuits
executive and judicial. There was no legislature
Dominicans
or congress. The governor-general was the
president/presiding officer of the Audiencia. Recollects
Combining all these powers, the governor-
general was truly a powerful official. This power Union of Church and State
was best shown in the right of cumplase. Because the early Kings and of Spain helped
I obey but do not comply = cumplase much in propagating and defending the Catholic
faith, they became closely identified with the
Audiencia Church. There was union of Church and State in
Spain. Later on it was introduced in the
The judicial powers of the government were
Philippines.
exercised by the audiencia and the lower
courts. The Audiencia was established in the In some cases, a high Church official was also
Philippines in 1583. the Audienca is the highest eligible to become governor-general
court insofar as civil
during the latter’s absence or illness.
and criminal cases were concerned.
Residencia and Visita
Local Government during Spanish Era
Because of the abuses committed by many
Alcalde Mayor = Provincial Governor Spanish officials who were sent to the
Philippines, the King and Ministers of Spain
introduced two institutions in their colonies,
including the Philippines. These were the
residencia and the visita.
These two institutions were introduced to stop
the abuses of high Spanish officials in the
colonies.
Residencia
Was the public investigation and trial of
outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain
whether they had committed abuses in the
performance of their duties.
Visita
Was a secret investigation of an official’s
conduct as a public servant. Its purpose was to
ensure that the official will work honestly and
efficiently as he was expected to do. This was
done anytime in the duration of the official’s
term.
The Plaza Complex
It can be illustrate this politico-religious
structure of the colonial government of the
country under Spain. The houses of the natives
were situated around a plaza or town center to
bring them close to the church, the convent,
municipio, marketplace, and cemetery. This
setup allowed the Spaniards to effectively
administer and control the natives. The church
easily regulated the activities of the natives,
whose residence were “under the peal of the
bells” or bajo de las campanas.
Economic Changes
The Encomienda – in principle, was not actually
a piece of land, but a favor from the king. Under
which the spaniards receiving the favor was
given the right to collect tributes or taxes from
theinhabitants of an area assigned to him.
Forced Labor – the spanish officials in the
Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the
construction of churches, roads, bridges, ships,
and in the industries of hauling and cutting
timber. However, some conditions were set
forced labor, called polo y servicio.
For a Filipino laborer to be exempted from
forced labor, he had to pay a fee called falla.
This fee was unreasonably high, and oftentimes
the laborer could not afford to pay it.
The Tribute – a kind of tax.
Diezmos prediales, donativo de Zamboanga,
and vinta.
The Galleon Trade – Manila - Acapulco
Earliest Revolts
The earliest uprising against Spain occurred in
the first few years after 1570. they were led by
former chieftains who resented their loss of
privilege and power under the Spaniards.
The Manila revolts led by Lakandula and his
nephew Soliman in 1574 were triggered when
the Spaniards breached their promised to
exempt the family from personal taxation.
Francisco Dagohoy’s 1744 revolt was sparked by
different kind of grievance. When a Jesuit priest
refused his brother a Christian burial, Dagohoy
was angry and humiliated. Inciting the
Boholanos to revolt. He won many followers,
among them were those who may not have
shared his grievance but who suffered similar
oppression. The group fled to mountains and
continued its resistance
for eighty-five years .
Diego Silang’s Revolt
Onerous tributes and abusive local officials also
drove Diego Silang to revolt. Knowing the
Spanish were preoccupied with the British in
Manila, Silang led an uprising in Vigan, Ilocos
Sur. But following a call of a Spanish bishop in
Vigan, the Ilocanos turned against Silang. He
was assassinated by vengeful conspirators, the
mestizo Miguel Vicos, and Silang’s friend Pedro
Becbec. Silang’s wife Gabriela bravely continued
the revolt, but was eventually defeated by
Spanish forces working
with native soldiers.
Revolts by Religious Reasons
Two main kinds of religious dissent surface: the
first hoping to restore pre-Spanish religion, the
second in reaction to the racism of the Spanish
friars.
Revolts led by Tamblot in Bohol in 1621, and by
Bangkaw of Limasawa in 1622 exemplify the
first. The establishment of the religious
brotherhood Cofradia de San Jose in Tayabas,
by Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule), who
was not allowed to be come a priest because he
was a native, clearly belongs to the second.
Cultural Changes and Identity
Change in Filipino Names
Governor – General Narciso Claveria issued a
decree in 1849 allowing the Filipinos to change
their names. A very long list of Spanish names
such as Juan, Pedro, Sixto, Teofilo, and
surnames as Cruz, Reyes, Santos, Rivera,
Santiago, San Jose, and
many more, were adopted by most
Christian Filipinos.
The Campaign for Secularization
Priesthood during the Spanish period was
composed of two classes: the regular and the
secular. The regular priests were those who
belonged to the religious orders.
The secular priests were not members of any
religious order. The regular have a mission to
fulfil, e.g. to convert non-Christian people to
Christianity. As soon as they had converted the
people of a locality to Christianity, they would
leave and go to another area to make converts.
In the Christianized areas, churches or parishes
were built which the seculars administered.
Initially, the leader of the Filipino campaign to
secularize the parishes was Father Pedro Pablo
Pelaez (1812-1863), a Spanish mestizo. After his
death he was succeeded by Father Jose A.
Burgos (1837-1872)
Cavite Mutiny
Due to height of the secularization controversy,
the Cavite mutiny occurred on Jan. 20, 1872,
involving a number of workers and some marine
detachment. This mutiny was caused by the
revocation of the privilege of shipyard workers
to be exempted from forced labor and from
paying tribute by Gov. Gen. de Izqueirdo . The
mutiny was led by a military sergeant named La
Madrid.
The Execution of GomBurZa
On February 17, 1872, the three priests
marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan
field.
The importance of the execution of the 3 priests
rested on the fact that the Filipinos who
witnessed the execution began to think and feel
as Filipinos, not as Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans,
Bicolanos and others. They suspected that
because they belonged to a different race, the
Spaniards, who had always felt superior over
the Filipinos.
The Reform Movement
The educated and the wealthy were
discontented because of the abuses of the
Spaniards and because they were not free to air
their complaints or even allowed to participate
in the administration of the government. As a
result, the educated and the wealthy left for
Spain where there was freedom. There, the
studied and worked for the introduction of
reforms in the Philippines. The reform
movement, also called Propaganda Movement,
began in 1882.
The important Filipino reformists were Jaena,
Rizal and Del Pilar. They were the triumvirate.
Jaena was the great orator. Rizal, great thinker.
Del Pilar, great political analyst and journalist.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
He was born in Jaro, Iloilo, on Dec. 18, 1856. His
parents were Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo
jaena.
He wrote a long story about a certain friars he
named Fray Botod, who was greedy, immoral,
and cruel. The story was circulated in Iloilo and
soon, the friars hated him for it.
In 1889, he founded the fortnightly newspaper
La Solidaridad and became its first editor.
Jose Rizal
Born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861. he
studied at Ateneo Municipal and later at the
University of Sto. Tomas.
His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Born in the barrio of Cupang, Bulacan, Bulacan,
on August 30, 1850.
In 1882, he founded the Tagalog-Spanish
newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, which, although
short-lived, published suggestions on how to
improve the administration of the country it
also mild criticisms of the Spaniards – mild,
because there was no freedom of the press and
of speech during the Spanish times.
He became the editor of the La Solidaridad.
Thereafter, he not only edited the newspaper,
but also wrote articles and editorials. 2 of his
book in spanish which became famous were La
Soberania Monacal en Filipinas and La
Froilocracia Filipina.
The Rise of Nationalism
La Liga Filipina – (July 3, 1892), a society that
embodies the ideals and reforms he set forth in
his writings, in a meeting with reformist men in
the residence of a Chinese mestizo.
Aims of La Liga
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one
strong body;
2. to give mutual protection of all
members in case of necessity;
3. to encourage agriculture, commerce,
and education;
4. to defend members againts any kind of
violence and injustice; and
5. to study and apply all reforms.
 Katipunan (KKK) – (July 7, 1892),
Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan was founded.
The Katipunan was an offshoot of another
organization – Jose Rizal’s La Liga Filipina.
Soon after the Katipunan was founded, its
first Supreme Council, or Kataastaasang
sanggunian was formed.
Deodato Arellano – 1st President
Roman Basa – 2nd President
Andres Bonifacio – 3rd President (use the
title Supremo)
The Katipunan Government
It has 3 governing bodies: the Kataastaasang
Sangunian (Sumpreme Council), Sangguniang
Bayan (Provincial Council) and the Sangguniang
Balangay (Popular Council).
Membership
The members were of 3 kinds: first grade
(Katipon), second grade (kawal), third grade
(bayani).
Kalayaan – the official newspaper of the
Katipunan.
Katipunan Flag was made by Benita Rodriguez
and wife of Bonifacio.
Twin Souls of The Katipunan:
Bonifacio, was born on November 30, 1863 in a
small nipa house on what is now Azcarraga
Street. His parents, Santiago and Catalina. His
brothers, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, and his
sisters, Espiridiona and Maxima. He worked as
a messenger of J.M. Fleming and Co., an English
trading firm; and later, as an agent of the
German trading firm, Fressel and Co.
His poem in Tagalog, especially “Huling Hibik ng
Pilipinas” openly called for independence for
colonial rule.
Bonifacio found a twin soul in the Katipunan –
the young and intelligent Emilio Jacinto. Born in
Tondo, Manila on Dec. 15, 1875. He studied at
San Juan de Letran and later transferred to the
University of Sto. Tomas where he studied Law.
Jacinto, like Bonifacio, wrote in tagalog, except
in one poem in Spanish A Mi Patria (To My
Country).
Jacinto wrote such pieces as the Kartilla,
liwanag at dilim, sa mga kababayan. When the
Revolution broke out, he fought side by side
with Bonifacio. Later, Bonifacio assigned him to
lead the rebels in Laguna. He died in Mahayhay,
Laguna on April 6, 1899, at the very young age
of twenty-four.
Discovery of the Katipunan
On August 19, 1896, Teodoro Patiño revealed
the existence of the organization to a parish
priest, Mariano Gil. A Katipunero and a worker
in the Diario de Manila, revealed to his sister in
the Augustinian orphanage of Mandaluyong
that a revolt was about to break out. The girl
became upset and when asked by one of the
sisters why, sheconfessed what her brother told
her. The nun urged Patiño to go to Fr. Mariano
Gil.
Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin – (August 23, 1896), the
revolutionaries meet at Bahay Toro and gather
at the residence of Melchora Aquino
on this date the Katipuneros tore up their
cedulas personales and proclaimed their
defiance of the Spanish government.
August 30, 1896, the First major battle between
Bonifacio’s forces and the Spaniards takes place
in San Juan del Monte and is known as the
battle of
Pinaglabanan.
Martial Law during the Revolution
Gov.Gen. – Ramon Blanco issued a decree on
August 30 to prevent the spread of the
revolution.
Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. – were
placed under martial law.
Rizal’s Execution
He was sentenced to be shot to death. Rizal was
executed early in the morning of Dec. 30, 1896.
Bonifacio goes to Cavite
Emilio Aguinaldo, the young mayor of the town
of Kawit. He won victory after victory and the
people, admiring his qualities as a military
leader, called him Heneral Miong.
Gen. Ernesto de Aguirre, on Sept.5, 1896.
At that time, the Katipunan in Cavite was
divided into 2 factions: the Magdiwang and the
Magdalo. The Magdiwang favored the retention
of the Katipunan, while the Magdalo favored a
change in the Katipunan structure.
Tejeros Convention – (March 22, 1897), a
convention at the friar estate house in Tejeros,
Cavite, the members of the Katipunan elect the
officials of the new revolutionary government.
Biak-na-Bato Republic
After the promulgation of the Biak-na-Bato
Constitution, the Repuclic was inaugurated.
Declares that the aim of the revolution is the
“separation of the Philippines from the Spanish
monarchy and its formation into an
independent state”.
The officials are: Emilio Aguinaldo – President
Mariano Trias – Vice President
Isabelo Artacho – Secretary of the Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of the
Treasury
Pact of Biak-na-Bato – (December 14, 1897),
was signed by the Spanish government and the
revolutionaries, thus temporarily halting
hostilities. The pact promises certain reforms,
such as representation in the Cortes, relieving
the friars, and payment of 800,000 pesos if
Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionary leaders
go on voluntary exile to Hong
Kong.
Pedro Paterno – serve as a mediator in the Pact
of Biak-na-Bato to end the rebellion of the
Philippines against Spain.
Governor General Primo de Rivera – incumbent
governor general during the signing in
Pact of the Biak-na-Bato.
Spanish – American War (April 26, 1898)
War was declared between the U.S. and Spain
The oppressive conditions in the Cuban
revolution against Spain, the sinking of the
battleship USS Maine while docked at Havana
Harbor and the insulting comments of the
Spanish ambassador De Lome against President
William
McKinley build up American
sentiment for war.
Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)
Admiral George Dewey’s fleet defeats the
Spanish naval forces under Admiral Patricio
Montojo in the lackluster .
Philippine independence (June 12, 1898)
Emilio Aguinaldo declares Philippine
Independence from the balcony of his residence
in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine National
anthem, composed by Julian Felipe, originally
entitled “Marcha Nacional Filipina”, was played
for the first time. The Philippine national flag,
made by Marcela Agoncillo, is officially hoisted
and unfurled during the ceremony.
Who drafted Acta de la proclamacion de la
Independencia?
First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899)
The Philippine Republic was inaugurated in
colorful ceremo-
nies in Malolos, Bulacan. Emilio Aguinaldo takes
his oath as president of the republic.
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
it was signed by representatives of the Spanish
government and the U.S., whereby the former
cedes its rights over the Philippines latter in
exchange for the sum of 20 million dollars for
the improvements it had made in the colony.
No significant role is played by any Filipino
representative in the discussions, thereby
implying that the two countries do not
recognize the government then being
established by
Aguinaldo.
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
(December 21, 1898)
President William McKinley issues his
“Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation”,
declaring the United States’ intention of
exercising its sovereignty over the entire
Philippine archipelago. The proclamation
instructs the American military commander in
the Philippines to proclaim to the
inhabitants that the Americans came not
as invaders nor conquerors but as friends.
Filipino -American War – (February 4, 1899)
Hostility between American and Filipino forces
after a shooting incident involving Private Willie
Grayson and unidentified Filipinos on San Juan
bridge (now Sta. Mesa) Aguinaldo and other
Filipino commanders attempt to negotiate to
prevent further hostilities, but General Arthur
MacArthur orders an
attack on Filipino positions.
The Kiram-Bates Treaty
The americans dealt with the muslims, in a
diplomatic way in order to neutralize their
offensive. Gen. John C. Bates tried to win the
friendship of the Muslims by negotiating with
them and treating them as equals. Jolo, Sulu
during that time was headed by Sultan Datu
Kiram.
The Battle of Pasong Tirad
While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo reached
the Mt. Province. He ordered his trusted
general Del Pilar, to remain behind as they
continued to advance.
Aguinaldo’s Capture – (March 23, 1901)
by an American band of officers led by Colonel
Frederick Funston, Aguinaldo was captured in
Palanan, Isabela. Accompanied by mercenary
soldiers from Macabebe, Pampanga, disguised
as soldiers of the Malolos Republic, Funston and
four other Americans pose as captives of the
Filipinos and are able to penetrate Aguinaldo’s
hideout . Aguinaldo was retured to Manila
where
he eventually swears allegiance to the U.S.
government.
The Military Rule
1. Wesley Merritt
2. Elwell Otis
3. Arthur MacArthur
Arrival of First Philippine Commission
Schurman Commission – (March 4, 1899), Jacob
Schurman as president of the commission
arrived in Manila as civilian members of the first
Philippine Commission. They were joined to
Gen. Elwell Otis and Admiral Dewey in
conducting an invistigation into the conditions
in the Philippines and pre-
paring a report to the U.S. president.
Second Philippine Commission
Taft Commission – (June 4, 1900), the Second
Philippine Commission, to work for the takeover
from the military of the civilian and governing
functions of the
colony.
The Civil Government
On July 4, 1901, the civil government was
inaugurated with William Howard Taft as the
first civil governor.
Cooper Act of 1902 (July 1, 1902)
The U.S. Congress enacts the Philippine Bill of
1902 , sponsored by Congressman Henry Allen
Cooper. The bill known as the Cooper Act,
retains the executive and legislative powers in
the Philippine Commission, but provides for an
elective Philippine Assembly to serve as the
lower house of the Legislature. The Acts sets
three conditions for the holding of elections for
an assembly: (a) the complete restoration of
peace and order; (b) the taking and publication
of a complete nationwide census; and (c) two
years
of peace after the publication of the census.
The First Philippine Assembly
The Philippine Assembly = Lower House
The Philippine Commission = Upper House
Aglipayan Church (Iglesia Filipina
Independiente)
August 3, 1902, Isableo de los Reyes calls a
meeting of the Union Obrero Democratica at
the Centro de Bellas Artes. As he delivers a
strongly anti-friar speech, he proposes the
establishment of a Filipino Church independent
from Rome, and recommends Father Gregorio
Aglipay to be its supreme bishop. On October
17, 1902, father Aglipay proclaims the
establishment of a
new religion in Manila which he calls the
Aglipayan Church.
Payne – Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909
(August 5, 1090) The U.S. Congress passes the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, ushering in an era of
partial free trade between the Philippines and
the United States. The law provides for the free
entry of an American products into the
Philippines, but sets specific quotas for
Philippine exports which may enter the U.S.
without paying duty, such as sugar, tobacco,
cigars. Rice is shut out of the Philippines export
market because of objec-
tions from the rice-growing southern states.
Underwood – Simmons Tariff Act of 1913
(October 3, 1913)
The U.S. Congress passes the Underwood –
Simmons Tariff Act which abolishes the quota
limitations on Philippine exports into the United
States, thus ushering in an era of total free
trade.
Jones Law of 1916 – (August 29, 1916)
the bill was signed by President Woodrow
Wilson sponsored by William Atkinson Jones..
The Jones Law preamble promises to grant the
Philippines independence “as soon as a stable
government is established”. The Clarke
Amendment which provided for independence
within two to four years having been defeated.
The Jones law replaces the appointive Philippine
Commission with an elective Senate of 24
Filipinos to serve as the upper house of the
legislature, while the lower house,
formerly the Philippine Assembly, was renamed
the House of Representatives.
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill
The bill is a look like of Tydings McDuffie. The
only reason why it was vetoed is because the
bill authorized the U.S. to retain land or other
property designated by the President of the U.S.
for “military and other reservation”.
Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 – (March 24,
1934)
Quezon enters into an agreement with Senator
Millard Tydings and Congressman John
McDuffie, seeking an extension of the life of the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill. The two men
reintroduce a word-for-word copy of the bill
with only one amendment.
The U.S. Congress passes the Tydings-McDuffie
Bill, a virtual replica of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Bill. It provides for the independence of the
Philippines after a ten year transition period,
prior to which
the Filipinos must formulate a constitution to
be approved by the U.S. President.
Framing the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention was inaugurated
on July 30, 1934 with Claro M. Recto, as a
president of the Convention.
Commonwealth (November 15, 1935)
Quezon and Osmeña were sworn as president
and vice president of the newly-inaugurated
Commonwealth government in ceremonies held
in front of the Executive House in Manila.
Manuel L Quezon
He declares Filipino national language as one of
the official languages of the Philippines.
In a plebiscite, Filipinos vote to grant women
the right to vote under the Philippine
Commonwealth.
LT Gen. Douglas MacArthur – military adviser of
the Philippine Commonwealth, and was
designated by President Roosevelt as the
commander of the newly-formed United States
Armed Forces in
the Far East (USAFFE).
Japanese Occupation
Pearl Harbor Bombing (December 7, 1941) the
Japanese attacked the U.S. military base at
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, signalling the start of
war.
December 8, 1941, Japanese fighter planes
bombed Clark Field in Pampanga and Nichols
Field in Pasay. On the same day, similar attacks
were made in Davao, Baguio, and Appari,
Cagayan.
December 24, 1941, Manuel L. Quezon and his
staff, as well as all ranking American officials in
Manila led by Douglas MacArthur, left Manila
for Corregidor to wait for U.S. reinforcements.
December 26, 1941 – Douglas MacArthur,
USAFFE Commander, declared Manila an Open
City to spare it from the Japanese bombings.
Guns were withdrawn from the city.
February 17, 1942 – The Japanese issued
Military Order No. 2, explaining the Japanese
educational policy. The order included the
teaching and propagation of Nippongo and the
dissemination of the principles of the Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
March 11, 1942 – Douglas MacArthur left
Corregidor for Australia on orders of Franklin
Roosevelt. He was
succeeded by Jonathan Wainwright as USAFFE
commander.
Fall of Bataan (April 9, 1942)
Edward P. King American USAFFE commander in
Bataan, surrendered to Japanese, together with
about 78,000 soldiers. Some soldiers retreated
to Corregidor while others slipped through
Japanese lines and formed guerrilla groups.
After the surrender, the captured Filipino and
American soldiers marched from Bataan to
Tarlac in what is now called the Death March.
Death March: from Mariveles, Bataan – Capas,
Tarlac
Fall of Corregidor (May 6, 1942)
Jonathan Wainwright and the remaining
Filipino-American forces in Corregidor
surrendered to the Japanese, marking the
final defeat of the USAFFE.
Second Republic (October 14, 1943)
The Japanese-sponsored republic was
proclaimed, with Jose P. Laurel as president.
Also known as the puppet republic.
Quezon’s Death (August 1, 1944)
Sergio Osmeña succeeded Quezon as president
of the Commonwealth.
August 6, 1944 – the first American attack on
the Philippines since the beginning of the
Japanese Occupation occurred in Sassa Naval
Airfield in Davao.
October 20, 1944 – American forces
landed in Palo, Leyte.
Re-establishment of Commonwealth (October
23, 1944)
The Commonwealth government re-established
in Tacloban, Leyte, Sergio Osmeña as president.
July 4, 1945 – MacArthur proclaimed the
liberation of the Philippines from Japanese
Occupation.
August 15, 1945 – Japan formally surrendered
to the Unite States after atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Their
surrender marks as the end of war. Japan
surrendered to the Americans led by MacArthur
in Tokyo Bay.
August 17, 1945 – Laurel proclaimed the
end of the Japanese-sponsored republic.
Third Republic
July 4, 1946, Philippine Independence was
proclaimed in colorful ceremonies. The
Philippines enters into a Treaty of General
Relations with U.S., providing that the latter
withdraws and surrenders all rights of
possession and sovereignty over the Philippines
except for the bases the U.S. might need for the
mutual protection of
both countries.
Manuel A. Roxas
Bell Trade Act of 1946
The Philippine Trade Act (or Bell Trade Act),
calls for the continuation of free trade relations
between the Phili-
ppines and the United States for the next eight
(8) years and the gradual imposition of tariffs
starting 1954 over the next twenty (20) years.
Tydings Rehabilitation Act
It was passed to complement the Bell Trade Act.
It will provides an outlay of US$620 million for
war damages, although no amount beyond
US$500 will be released to the Philippines
unless it agrees to grant the parity rights to the
Americans in the exploitation of its natural
resources.
Death of Roxas (April 15, 1948)
President Manuel A. Roxas died by a heart
attack after delivering a speech at Clark Air Base
in Pampanga. On April 17,1948, Vice President
Elpidio Quirino takes his oath of office as
president of the Philippines, to succeed and
complete the term
of Roxas.
Elpidio Quirino
January 3, 1949 –
The Central bank of the Philippines was
established and inaugurated. Its main function
is to issue currency and maintain the stability
of peso.
U.S. – Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty
(August 30, 1951)
The Treaty declares that an armed attack in the
Pacific area against either the Philippines or the
U.S. would be considered as endangering the
peace and safety of both countries. The treaty
does not guarantee an automatic
declaration of war.
Magna Carta for Labor
The Republic Act No. 875 (Magna Carta for
Labor) was signed into a law. The Law
guarantees labor’s right to organize, and defines
acts which constitute unfair labor practices.
Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953)
SSS (Social Security System)
The Social Security Act was passed by Congress,
providing for a social security fund to be set up
and administered by the Social Security
Commission. The funds consist of contributions
from both employers and employees in the
private sector, to be used for funding
employee loans and other benefits.
The Southeast – Asian Treaty Organization
(SEATO) (September 8, 1954)
It was established in Manila, composed of the
United States, Great Britain, France, Australia,
New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, and the
Philippines. The agreement provides that in the
event of an armed attack on any one member,
the other members commit themselves to meet
the common danger in accordance with their
constitutional processes.
Death of Magsaysay (March 17, 1957)
President Magsaysay, 49 years old, died in a
plane crash on a mountain in Cebu. Twenty- five
(25) other persons on board the presidential
plane, Mt. Pinatubo, were also killed.
Vice President Carlos P. Garcia assumes the
presidency to complete the remaining eight (8)
months of Magsaysay’s term.
Carlos P. Garcia
Filipino First Policy (August 21, 1958)
The National Economic Council (NEC) passed
Resolution No. 204, officially promulgating the
“Filipino First ” policy. The resolution calls for
the adoption of guidelines giving preferential
treatment to Filipinos in applications to
establish commercial or industrial enterprises
and foreign
exchange allocations. It also becomes the
trademark of President Garcia’s term.
Diosdado P. Macapagal
Proclamation No. 28
Through this proclamation, President
Macapagal officially changed the celebration of
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, to
recognize the declaration of Independence by
General Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on
June 12, 1898.
Republic Act 2717 (Electrification
Administration Act)
President Macapagal issued an executive order
implementing R.A. 2717 or Electrification
Administration Act. It provides for the supply of
electric power to all the towns in the Philippines
and the lowering of the costs of electricity for
the consumers.
MAPHILINDO
President Macapagal, Sukarno of Indonesia and
Tungku Abdul Rahman of Federation of Malaya
signed an agreement known as Manila Accord.
The three nations share a common racial
heritage and agree upon common principles to
guide their countries, to be known as
MAPHILINDO (Malaya, the Philippines, and
Indonisia).
Agricultural Land Reform Code
President Macapagal enacts into law Act. No.
3844 or Agricultural Land Reform Code. Among
its features are the establishment of an
agricultural leasehold system and the abolition
of share tenancy. It aims to establish family-size
farms for former tenants who would first
become lessees and eventually owner
cultivators.
Ferdinand E. Marcos
Association of Southeast Asean Nation
(ASEAN) (August 8, 1967)
The Philippine becomes one of the founding
members of Association of Southeast Asean
Nation (ASEAN) together with Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore at its formal
establishment in a meeting of foreign ministers
in Bangkok, Thailand. The Joint Declaration
promises to “promote active collaboration
and mutual assistance on matters of
mutual interest.”
Proclamation No. 1081
September 21, 1972, President Marcos signed
Proclamation No. 1081, placing the Philippines
under Martial Law.
Death of Ninoy (August 21, 1983)
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. lands at the Manila
International Airport aboard China Airlines (CAL)
flight. Five (5) military officers board the plane
to arrest him. Before he reaches Tarmac, he was
assassinated. Government reports place the
blame on Rolando Galman, an alleged
communist gunman who was also
killed shortly after Aquino was shot.
Corazon C. Aquino
Fidel V. Ramos
Joseph E. Estrada
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III
Rodrigo Roa Duterte
* Philippine Presidents
AQueLORQuiMagGaMacaMAREAAD
Facts about Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
Birth date: June 19, 1861
Birth place: Calamba, Laguna
Laws Commemorating Rizal
Decree of December 20, 1898, issued by
General Emilio Aguinaldo, declared December
30 of every year a day of national mourning in
honor of Rizal and other victims of the
revolution.
Rizal Law or R.A. 1425 – an act to include in the
curricula of all public and private schools,
colleges and universities courses on the life
works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, particularly
his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
Poems of Rizal
Mi Ultimo Adios (Ang Huling Pahimakas/ Last
Farewell)
Sa Aking Mga Kabata ( To My Fellow Children)
A La Juventud Filipina (Sa Kabataang Pilipino/
To th Filipino Youth)
Mi Retiro (My Retreat)
Mi Primera Inspiraccion ( My First Inspiration)
A Las Flores de Heidelberg
Rizal’s Essay
 To the Young Women of Malolos
 Indolence of the Filipinos
 The Philippines A Century Hence
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
 Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not),
dedicated to Motherland,
 Published in Berlin, Germany in
 1887.
 El Filibusterismo (Treason) –
 dedicated to GOMBURZA,
 published in Ghent, Belgium In 1891.
Other Filipino Heroes and Heroines
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – established the Diariong
tagalog.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena – founder
and editor of the La Solidaridad.
Gregoria de Jesus – also known as
aling Oriang, she established the
women’s section of the Katipunan.
Teresa Magbanua – also known
as the “Visayan Joan of Arc”.
Trinidad Tecson – she was called
“ Mother of Biyak-na Bato”
Agueda Kahabagan - “Tagalog Joan
of Arc”
Agueda Esteban – Katipunan
member who later married
Artemio Ricarte.
Andres Bonifacio – Father of
Katipunan
Gregorio del Pilar – Hero of Tirad
Pass
Apolinario Mabini – Brains of the Revolution
Mariano Ponce – propagandist,
historian and diplomat.
Emilio Jacinto – Brains of Katipunan
Antonio Luna – co-founder of La Independencia
Melchora Aquino – Mother of
Katipunan.
Juan Luna – greatest Filipino
painter
Diego Silang – leader of Ilocano Revolt.
Geography –
The science that studies the earth’s form,
physical features, climate, population, and
other related topics.
Physical Geography of the Philippines
- The Philippine archipelago lies in the
Southeast Asia.
- The archipelago has 7,101 islands.
- Its total land area is slightly 300,000 sq. km.
- The islands are volcanic in origin, being
part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
 - The islands have narrow coastal plains There are about **22 active volcano in the
and numerous swift-running streams. country.

- Most of the islands are covered by

tropical rainforests.
Laguna de Bay – the largest lake in the
- Philippine Coastline Philippines.

- The Philippines, one of the world’s
largest archipelagos, also has one of the
longest combined coastlines in the
planet.
- The total length of the country’s
coastlines is 17, 468.5 km or almost
twice that of the United States.
Rio Grande de Cagayan is the longest river.
Grande de Mindanao is the largest river.
The Philippines is near the equator and this
gives it a tropical climate characterized by
relatively high temperatures, high humidity, and
abundant rainfalls.

- The Philippines irregular coastline Largest Philippine Islands

resulted in a great many fine harbors 1. Luzon
and landlocked straits.
2. Mindanao
- San Juanico Strait: “the narrowest strait
in the world”. 3. Samar

- Manila Bay: “one of the world’s finest 4. Negros

natural harbors”.
5. Palawan
General Topography
6. Panay
Philippine Deep: the fourth lowest point in the
7. Mindoro
world, situated off northeastern Mindanao.
8. Leyte
Philippines’ four major plains:
9. Cebu
Central Luzon
10. Bohol
Cagayan Valley
Landlocked Provinces
Agusan – Davao Plain
A landlocked province is one that has no
Cotabato Valley
coastline, meaning no access to sea or
Mountain System: Sierra Madre (longest ocean.
continuous mountain range in the country).
Landlocked provinces in the Philippines
Mount Apo is the highest peak located in Davao
All provinces of CAR: Apayao, Abra, Kalinga,
del Sur, 2, 954 meters high.
Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet.
2 provinces of Region II: Nueva Vizcaya and
Quirino
2 provinces of Region III: Nueva Ecija and
Tarlac
3 provinces in Mindanao: Bukidnon of
Region X, Cotabato of Region XII, Agusan del
Sur of Region XIII
2 provinces in CALABARZON, similarly
Laguna and Rizal.
Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne
trade, these provinces are still considered
to be landlocked.
Agricultural, forest, and marine wealth
The greatest rice producing region in the
country is the Central Plain of Luzon
Leading corn-producing provinces are Cebu
and Cotabato.
Laguna, Quezon and Samar are the leading
coconut-producing provices.
DOLE Plantation: COTA bato **
Del Monte Plantation Bukidnon***
Kinds of Map
Relief Map – shows the relief of an area
depicts the configuration of the earth’s
surface, by means of contours, from lines,
hachures, shading, tinting, or relief models.
Political Map – represents the political
subdivisions of the world, of continents, or
of major geographic regions.
Economic Map – illustrates various
Smallest
economic phenomena and activities which
may include labor resources and natural
only researchers.
resources as components of economic
activity.
Regions in the Philippines
Region I – Ilocos Region
Region II – Cagayan Valley Region
Region III – Central Luzon
CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region
NCR – National capital Region
Region IV – Southern Tagalog Region IV–
A (CALABARZON)
IV-B (MIMAROPA)
Region V – Bicol Region
Region VI – Western Visayas Region
Region VII – Central Visayas Region
Region VIII – Eastern Visayas Region
Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula Region
Region X – Northern Minadanao Region
Region XI – Davao Region
Region XII – SOCCSKSARGEN
Region XIII – CARAGA Region
ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao
Region XVIII – NIR (Negros Island Region)
Largest Continent in size and population:
Asia
Continent: Australia.
Antartica: No permanent residents but