Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may also be addressed in
other units or in the courses.
oxidation reduction oxidizing agent
reducing agent oxidation-reduction (redox) oxidation number
reaction
half-reaction disproportionation spontaneity
standard reduction potential voltaic cell electrolytic cell
electrolysis standard cell potential Faraday’s law
corrosion
Students are expected to be able to assign oxidation numbers for simple ionic compounds,
complex ions, binary acids, and oxoacids. The terms oxidation number and oxidation state will
be used synonymously.
Chloride Anomaly
Students are expected to recognize that predicted reactions do not always occur, for example, the
chloride anomaly that occurs during the electrolysis of solutions containing chloride ions and
water as the strongest reducing agents.
Classifications
Electrochemical cells will be defined as either voltaic cells or electrolytic cells.
Line or cell notation is used to describe electrochemical cells. The convention that is used is that
the substance constituting the anode is listed at the far left, and the substance constituting the
cathode is listed at the far right.
Standard state conditions and corresponding E° values imply the use of 1.0 mol/L reagents.
The larger the concentration of the reactants, the larger the E° value.
Students should know that as the reaction proceeds, the voltage generated will decrease as
reactants are converted to products until reaching equilibrium, at which point the battery dies.
For half-cells containing acidified solutions (such as acidified potassium permanganate and an
inert electrode), each half-cell should include all the active components in their standard state;
that is, 1.0 mol/L H+(aq), 1.0 mol/L MnO4–(aq), and 1.0 mol/L Mn2+(aq). Together with an iron
half-cell, the line notation is represented as
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Statements
A. I and III
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. II and IV
Use the following information to answer the next question.
Leaching technology is used in the mining and refining of copper ore. In the first step of the
leaching process, concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid flows through a copper ore deposit. Solid
copper(II) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid as represented by the following net ionic equation.
The resulting solution that contains copper(II) ions is transferred to an electrolytic cell where
pure copper is produced.
A. reduction only
B. oxidation only
C. both oxidation and reduction
D. neither oxidation nor reduction
__________________________
3. In the reaction represented by the equation above, oxygen acts as the ___i___ agent, and the
oxidation number of the sulfur atom increases by ___ii___.
Row i ii
A. oxidizing 2
B. oxidizing 6
C. reducing 2
D. reducing 6
__________________________
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
A. O2(g)
B. CO2(g)
C. H2O(l)
D. C6H12O6(s)
__________________________
Metallurgical Processes
I 2 Al2O3(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
II 2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2 Pb(s) + CO2(g)
III Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
IV Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV
8. When listed in order from strongest to weakest, the oxidizing agents are
A. M2+(aq)
B. X–(aq)
C. X2(aq)
D. M(s)
__________________________
Chlorine gas and aqueous sodium hyposulfite react as represented by the following unbalanced
equation.
Cl2(g) + S2O32–(aq) + H2O(l) → SO42–(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
A. Cl2(g) + 2 e– → 2 Cl–(aq)
B. S2O32–(aq) + H2O(l) → SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 4 e–
C. S2O32–(aq) + 5H2O(l) → 2 SO42–(aq) + 10H+(aq) + 8 e–
D. S2O32–(aq) + 5 H2O(l) + 4 e– → 2 SO42–(aq) + 10H+(aq)
__________________________
A standardized 0.125 mol/L potassium dichromate solution was used to titrate 20.0 mL samples
of acidified Sn2+(aq). The data is represented in the following table.
Titration Data
Trial I II III
Final burette volume (mL) 27.2 44.5 30.1
Initial burette volume (mL) 10.1 27.2 12.9
12. The amount of potassium dichromate solution required to complete this titration is
Use your recorded answer from Multiple Choice 12 to answer Numerical Response 1.*
Numerical Response
1. The concentration of Sn2+(aq) in the sample used in the titration, expressed in scientific
notation, is a.bc 10–d mol/L. The values of a, b, c, and d are ____, ____, ____, and ____.
(Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
13. The anode of an electrochemical cell is the site at which
A. oxidation occurs
B. cations gain electrons
C. cations are attracted to the electrode
D. electrons are attracted to the electrode
14. An electrolytic cell differs from a voltaic cell in that the electrolytic cell
A. is spontaneous
B. consumes electricity
C. has a positive E° cell value
D. has an anode and a cathode
Numerical Response
2. Match the numbers in the diagram above with their appropriate labels given below.
(Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
15. For the standard reference half-cell, the reduction half-reaction equation and electrical
potential are
16. Which of the following rows identifies the type of electrochemical cell in the diagram above
and describes what happens during its operation?
Numerical Response
3. The statements numbered above that apply to both electrolytic cells and voltaic cells are ____,
____, ____, and ____.
(Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
__________________________
Numerical Response
4. If the standard iodine half-cell is chosen as the reference half-cell instead of the hydrogen
half-cell, then the cell potential for a silver–nickel cell is +/– __________ V.
18. The cell potential for the redox reaction represented by the equation above is
A. + 0.04 V
B. + 0.84 V
C. + 1.56 V
D. + 2.36 V
Numerical Response
5. The cell potential for the electrochemical cell in the diagram above is __________ V.
(Record your three-digit answer in the numerical-response section.)
__________________________
A student constructed two standard electrochemical cells using Pb2+(aq) and Ni2+(aq). In both
cells a Pb(s) electrode was placed in the Pb2+(aq) solution.
In the first cell a Ni(s) electrode was placed in the Ni2+(aq) solution. In the second cell an inert
C(s) electrode was placed in the Ni2+(aq) solution instead of the Ni(s) electrode.
19. Which of the following statements describes what occurs in each cell?
The reduction half-reaction for a Hall-Héroult electrolytic cell is represented by the following
equation.
Al3+(l) + 3 e– → Al(l)
20. If a current of 10.0 A is applied for 5.00 h to the Hall-Héroult electrolytic cell, then the
amount of electrons transferred is
A. 5.60 mol
B. 1.87 mol
C. 6.22 × 10–1 mol
D. 5.18 × 10–4 mol
__________________________
A Hall-Héroult electrolytic cell is used to produce molten aluminium from molten aluminium
oxide, as represented by the following simplified equation.
Numerical Response
6. In the Hall-Héroult electrolytic cell, the time required for the cell to operate at 5.55 × 103 A to
produce 20.0 kg of aluminium is __________h.
(Record your three-digit answer in the numerical-response section.)
ANSWER KEY