Air Distribution 101 Titus 1 PDF

Air
Distribution for
Comfort
David Pich P.E. LEED AP
Director of HVAC Technology
What You Will Learn
• ASHRAE Standards for Comfort & IAQ
• Types of Comfort Cooling Systems
• Fully Mixed
• Partially Mixed
• Fully Stratified
• ASHRAE & AHRI Standards for Testing
and Sound
Standards TM
• ASHRAE Standard 55
• Thermal Comfort
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1
• Ventilation for Acceptable IAQ
• Diffuser Testing
• AHRI 885
• Estimating Sound for Diffuser and Terminal Units
Graphic Comfort Zone (5.2.1.1)
Met Rate 1.0 – 1.3
Data based on ISO 7730
And ASHRAE Std. 55
Upper Recommended Humidity Limit 0.012 humidity ratio
DPT < 62.2 °F
1.0 Clo 0.5 Clo
Met Rate 1.0 – 1.3
70 75 80
Operative Temperature °F
ASHRAE Std. 55 – Occupied Zone
ASHRAE Standard 62.1‐2016
Table 6‐2 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Ez
Ceiling supply of cool air 1.0
Ceiling supply of warm air with floor return 1.0
Ceiling supply of warm air >15 °F above space and ceiling return. 0.8
Ceiling supply warm air <15°F above space, T150 within 4.5’ AFF 1.0
Floor supply cool air, ceiling return low velocity (DV) 1.2

Floor supply of cool air with T50 < 4.5’ AFF (UFAD) 1.2
Floor supply of cool air with T50 > 4.5’ AFF (UFAD) 1.0
Floor supply of warm air with ceiling return 0.7
2015 Application
Chapter 57
Fully Stratified Partially Mixed Fully Mixed
Displacement Under Floor Air Distribution G.R.D.

Fully Mixed Air Distribution
Partially Mixed Air Distribution
Fully Stratified Air Distribution
Return
Diffuser Testing
• Diffusers tested per
ASHRAE Standard 70
Sound Tests
• Diffusers and grilles
• Supply sound
• Return/exhaust sound
Sound Path Estimation
• AHRI Standard 885 provides
sound path and attenuation
values for
• Lined duct
• Ceiling materials
• Elbows
• Flex duct
• Etc
C
SOUND POWER Lw
C =Casing Radiated
and Induction Inlet
D =Discharge Sound
O O =Outlet Generated Sound

Sound Power vs Sound Pressure
• Sound power is the total sound energy
produced
• Sound pressure is the sound level that results
after some sound energy is lost to the
environment
• If 80 dB is produced but only 70 dB is
measured, the difference is a 10 dB room
effect or attenuation
The Decibel (dB)
•The decibel(dB) is measured
against a frequency and averaged
into octave bands
Octave Band Designations

Center Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Band Designation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Both tones are equally loud
NC Chart
OCTAVE BAND LEVEL _ dB RE 0.0002 MICROBAR
80
70 NC-70
60
NC-60
50
NC-50
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
APPROXIMATE
20 THRESHOLD
OF HUMAN NC-20
HEARING
10
63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K
MID - FREQUENCY, HZ
For High Frequencies
• 1 dB not noticeable
• 3 dB just perceptible
• 5 dB noticeable
• 10 dB twice as loud
• 20 dB four times as loud
NC Chart
OCTAVE BAND LEVEL _ dB RE 0.0002 MICROBAR
80
70 NC-70
60
NC-60
50
NC-50
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
APPROXIMATE
20 THRESHOLD
OF HUMAN NC-20
HEARING
10
63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K
MID - FREQUENCY, HZ
For Low Frequencies
• 3 dB noticeable
NC Plot 90
NC rating given is NC-45

80 since this is highest point
tangent to an NC curve
NC-70
70
NC-60
60
Octave Band Level

50 NC-50
dB RE 0.0002 Microbar
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
20
Approximate threshold
NC-20
of human hearing
10
63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K
MID - FREQUENCY, HZ
Decibel Addition
To add two decibel values:
80 dB
+ 74 dB
Decibel Addition
80 dB
+ 74 dB
154 dB (Incorrect)
Decibel Addition
3
Correction To Be Added To
2.5 80 dB
Higher Value (dB)
- 74 dB
2
= 6 dB
1.5 Difference in Values: 6 dB
1 From Chart: Add 1.0 dB
to higher Value
0.5 80 dB
0 + 1 dB
0 2 4 6 8 10
Difference In Decibels Between Two
Values Being Added (dB)
81 dB (Correct)
Source Multiplication
Equation for sound power changes = 10logn
1 Fan on vs. 2 Fans on n=2 Add 3 dB
50 Fans on vs. 100 Fans on n=2 Add 3 dB
Proximity To Sound Sources
• Would you really expect to hear 100 fans running
at the same time?
• Properly selected diffusers shouldn’t be heard
from more than 10 feet away
• Although there may be multiple diffusers in a
space, it’s unlikely that more than one or two are
within 10 feet of an occupant
• We would only expect to be able to hear a 10
foot section of continuous linear diffuser from
any single location
Catalog Diffuser NC Values
• Diffuser NC values are based on a 10 dB
room effect deduction in each octave
band
• Typical medium office with 8‐10 ft
high lay‐in ceiling, commercial
carpet, sheetrock walls, and some
office furniture
• 10 dB is a reasonable room effect
deduction for the critical octave
bands
• Critical octave bands are 4th (500 Hz),
5th (1000 Hz), and 6th (2000 Hz)
Typical NC Levels
• Conference Rooms < NC30
• Private offices < NC35
• Open offices = NC40
• Hallways, utility rooms, rest rooms < NC45
• NC should match purpose of room
• Difficult to achieve less than NC30
• Select diffusers for NC20‐25 (or less)
Sound Effects
RP‐1335 No Damper With OBD
Standard 70 0 1 ‐ 5
3 de 0 ‐ 1 5 ‐ 8
1.5 de 2 ‐ 4 7 ‐ 12
0 de 6 ‐ 9 5 ‐ 10
Diffuser Installation
• Locate balancing dampers at
branch takeoff
• Keep flexible duct bends as
gentle as possible
• Flex duct is a great attenuator
of upstream noise sources
• Keep duct velocities as low as
possible
• But over‐sizing can result in
higher thermal loss
Unexpected Results
• Higher radiated sound
levels
• No ceiling
• Exposed ductwork
• Bounded ceiling plenums
• Reduced plenum height
Unexpected Results
• Higher discharge sound levels
• Unlined ductwork
• Terminal units close‐coupled to diffusers
• No flex duct
• Smaller rooms
NC Plots 90
80
Octave Band Level_ dB RE 0.0002 Microbar

70
NC-70
60
NC-60
50
NC-50
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
20
NC-20
10
of human hearing
Air Diffusion
Performance Index
ADPI & Comfort
• Air Diffusion Performance Index
• Statistically related the space conditions of local or transverse
temperatures and velocities to occupants’ thermal comfort
• ADPI >= 80 is considered acceptable
• Effective draft temperature
• = (tx‐tc) – 0.07(Vx‐30)
• % of points where ‐3<= <= +2 = ADPI
• Velocity below 70 fpm
ADPI
• The grey area
represents
‐3<= <= +2
• You can vary
temperature
or velocity to
maintain comfort
• 15 fpm = 1 °F
Characteristic Room Length
Area Conditioned By Diffuser

ADPI Selection Range
40
(1 cfm/Sq.Ft.)
ADPI Selection Illustration
Point A
ADPI Min 80 ADPI Min

Max
0.6 1.2
20x20 Room
400 cfm = 1 cfm/sq ft
Characteristic Length = 10
Therefore, look for T50 = 12 feet at 400 cfm (Max VAV)
Check Turndown point at .6 T50/L (Min VAV)
Set constant volume systems at Point A.
T50/L
Recommended
ADPI Ranges for Outlets
Outlet T50/L Range Calculated T50 & L Data
Sidewall Grilles L 10 15 20 25 30
1.3-2.0 T50 13-20 20-30 26-40 33-50 39-60
Ceiling Diffusers L 5 10 15 20 25
Round Pattern
TMR, TMRA, TMS
0.6-1.2 T50 3-6 6-12 9-18 12-24 15-30
Ceiling Diffusers L 5 10 15 20 25
Cross Pattern
PSS, TDC, 250
1.0-2.0 T50 5-10 10-20 15-30 20-40 25-50
Slot Diffusers L 5 10 15 20 25
ML, TBD, LL1, LL2 0.5-3.3 T50 3-18 5-33 9-50 10-66 15-83
Light Troffer L 4 6 8 10 12
Diffusers
LTT, LPT
1.0-5.0 T50 4-20 6-30 8-40 10-50 12-60
Sill & Floor Grilles L 5 10 15 20 25
All Types 0.7-1.7 T50 4-9 7-17 11-26 14-34 18-13
Plaque Diffuser‐ ADPI
Model OMNI
Perforated Diffuser ‐ ADPI
Model PSS
Questions?
Air Distribution
Applications
What You Will Learn
• Types of Comfort Cooling Systems
• Fully Mixed Cooling
• Perimeter Applications (Overhead)
• Fixed Deflection
• Auto‐Changeover
Air Patterns &
Cooling Jet
Performance
Air Flow Patterns
• Radial Pattern
• Shorter throw
• More induction
• Not Recommended
for heating
Radial Pattern Diffusers
Air Flow Patterns
• Directional Pattern
• Longer throw
• Increased drop
Directional Pattern Diffusers
Thermal Image –
Directional Flow
4-way pattern, 4 separate jets, longer throws

High Induction Outlet
• Nozzles for Rapid Mixing
55
Thermal Image –
High Induction
Modified circular pattern with several distinct air jets

Why is 150 FPM Significant?
• Temperature
Independent
Isovel • Throw same for
Heat and Cool.
• Used by Standard
62.1 heating
selection
procedure
How Do We Convert
Isothermal Data?
• Then 100 FPM
How Do We Convert
Isothermal Data?
• And then 50 FPM
Mapping Throw
Mapping Throw
Cooling
Throw Relationships
• Some general rules of thumb
• Isothermal
150 FPM = 150 FPM cooling or heating
100 FPM = 50 FPM cooling ‐ free jet
100 FPM = 100 FPM cooling with walls
Open Ceiling Designs
• What happens when you
have an open ceiling
design?
Internal Coanda Pocket

Ceiling Independent
Below Ceiling
Open Plan Office
• If the diffuser is mounted on an

exposed duct, the throw values are
70% of those listed in the tables.
Ceiling Dependent
Below Ceiling
Ceiling Obstructions
Angle between kicker and the
obstruction should be less than 15o or
the jet will drop excessively
Colliding Air Streams
• What happens when air streams collide?
Locating the Return Intake
• Return Intake ‐ return • Even natural convection
intake affects only the currents will overcome
air motion within its the draw of the intake
immediate vicinity
Temperature Differential
and Short Circuiting
Short Circuit
Vo = 1000 fpm
= 15%
Vx = 150 FPM t = 150/1000*20
Temp. Diff.
t = 20ºF
= 3 ºF
Duct Mounted Supply Grilles
• Duct Mounting
• Velocity & Pressure
Effects of Cooling
5
300 cfm
600 fpm
27
Throw vs. Drop with
20° Cooling
Distance Upward Spread Throw Drop
To Ceiling Projection Distance Distance
Fig. 10 2’‐4’ +20° 0° 27’ 3’

Below
Fig. 11 No +20° 0° 23’ 4’
Ceiling
Fig. 12 1’ 0° 0° 27’ 5’
Below
Fig.13 No 0° 0° 24’ 7’
Ceiling
Fig. 14 1.5’ 0° 45° 19’ 2’
Below
Fig. 15 No 0° 45° 13’ 3’
Ceiling
Linear Slot Performance
• What about Performance of Linear slots?
• Table is based on one active length
• Maximum length of 10’ continuous airflow
• Maximum length of 10’ sound
Length, Ft. 2 4 6 8 10
Throw Correction 0.72 0 1.25 1.42 1.70
NC Correction ‐3 0 +2 +3 +5
Open Bay
Cafeteria
Transit Center
Retail Spaces
Book Store
Large Atriums
Arenas & Churches
Work Out Facility
Perimeter Applications
• Vertical Projection
• Sills & Soffits
• Perimeter Applications
ASHRAE Standard 62.1‐2016
Table 6‐2 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Ez
Ceiling supply of cool air 1.0
Ceiling supply of warm air with floor return 1.0
Ceiling supply of warm air >15 °F above space and ceiling return. 0.8
Ceiling supply warm air <15°F above space, T150 within 4.5’ AFF 1.0
Floor supply cool air, ceiling return low velocity (DV) 1.2

Floor supply of cool air with T50 < 4.5’ AFF (UFAD) 1.2
Floor supply of cool air with T50 > 4.5’ AFF (UFAD) 1.0
Floor supply of warm air with ceiling return 0.7
Estimating Downward Projection
• Chart provides
vertical throw at
50 fpm for
heating and
23 40
cooling with the 28
same diffuser 1000 fpm
• Typically, cfm and
jet velocity are
known
1000 cfm +10 -20 0

Sills & Soffits
• Soffits cause air to turn
up prematurely
• Aim air under the soffit
to hit the glass or cold wall
• Sills deflect cold air
into the room
• Sill height sets the
stratification
layer height
Rolling a Room
• Only for closed offices
• High air flow outlets are necessary
(high induction is required)
• Select T50 at 1.5 times the length
of the room plus the height
• Must not be obstructions in
the path of the air stream
• Must be a complete wall
(no cubicle‐type walls)
Typical Solution
• 50/50 throw pattern is
the best compromise for
both heating and cooling
• Half of the air is always
directed in the wrong
direction
• T150 to 4.5’ AFF
• Max Δt = 15 °F
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1
Auto Changeover
Diffuser Solution
Diffuser
Cooling
Window
Air flow does not pause in
intermittent pattern to cause
sustained drafts pop action
of air flow pattern.
Sill
Heating
Actuating Between
Cooling and Heating
Auto Changeover vs. Fixed Pattern
Heating Mode
Improved Room Temperature Response
Fixed Air Pattern vs. Changing Air Pattern
100% Vertical Heating
Shaded area represents

Energy/Comfort Improvements
Heating Air Flow divided 50% - 50%

Comfort Economics
• ASHRAE Journal, June 2008
Comfort Air Distribution
• The ASHRAE 2013 Fundamentals
handbook, Chapter 20, 2016 Systems &
Equipment and 2015 Applications
handbook Chapter 57 provides guidance
on diffuser selection.
• Select throw at Max. & Min. to meet ADPI
guidelines.
• It cost less for install a good design than to
replace a bad design.
Questions?
Terminal Units
What you will learn
Types and Applications Standards and Certification
• Single duct • ASHRAE 130
• Dual duct • AHRI 880
• Exhaust • AHRI 885
• Bypass • AHRI 410
• Series fan‐powered • NEC
• Parallel fan‐powered • UL
• ETL
What you will learn
Features and Options Sizing and Selecting
• Inlet sensors • Inlet ducts
• Dampers • Fans
• Liners • Electric coils
• Coils • Hot water coils
• Controls
• Motors
• Filters
What you will learn (cont.)
Installation
• Hanging methods
• Orientation
• Electrical
• Inlet conditions
• Discharge ductwork
Terminal Units – Types
and Applications
Single duct VAV
• Most common type
• Cold primary air (55°F) from AHU
• Serves interior spaces
• Provides ventilation (per ASHRAE
62.1)
• Modulates between design cooling
(cfm) and minimum ventilation (cfm)
to maintain room temperature
setpoint using pressure independent
control
Single duct CAV
• Same unit as single duct VAV, but
controls are set to a single airflow
rate (cfm) and no room sensor is
required
• Receives conditioned air from an
AHU or ventilation air from a DOAS
• Provides critical environment ACR’s
(per ASHRAE 170) and/or provides
ventilation (per ASHRAE 62.1)
• Maintains constant airflow (cfm)
through pressure independent
control
Single duct VAV with heat
• Same unit as single duct VAV but
controls a radiant panel or baseboard
heater
• Serves perimeter spaces
• Provides ventilation (per ASHRAE 62.1)
control
Single duct VAV with reheat
includes either an electric or
hydronic heating coil
• Serves perimeter spaces
62.1)
(cfm) and minimum ventilation
(cfm) to maintain room
temperature setpoint using
pressure independent control and
activates heat as necessary
Single duct CAV with reheat
• Same unit as single duct VAV with
reheat, but controls are set to a
single airflow rate (cfm)
• Room sensor only controls heater
• Cold primary air (55°F) from an AHU
• Provides critical environment ACR’s
(per ASHRAE 170) and/or provides
ventilation (per ASHRAE 62.1)
• Maintains constant airflow (cfm)
through pressure independent
control but changes the air
temperature to maintain room
temperature setpoint
Single duct VAV with
autochangeover
includes inlet‐mounted temperature
sensor
• Cold (55°F) and hot (90°F) primary air
from AHU
• Serves interior and perimeter spaces
• Provides ventilation (per ASHRAE 62.1)
• Modulates between design maximum
(cfm) and minimum ventilation (cfm) to
maintain room temperature setpoint
using pressure independent control
Bypass
• Also called ‘dump boxes’
• Used with CAV air handlers
• Responds to thermostat call for
more/less airflow
• Unwanted airflow gets directed to
return
• Obsolete
Exhaust terminals
• Requires different unit configuration to
keep pressure drop low
• Typically works in tandem with a CAV
with reheat unit
• Serves critical environment spaces that
require pressurization (per ASHRAE
170)
• Positive room pressure creates
protective environment
• Negative room pressure creates
airborne infectious isolation (AII) room
• Can either control room pressure
directly or by offset from supply
volume
Exhaust terminals
• Don’t use standard single duct VAV
• Contractors get confused
• They get installed backwards
• Inlet sensor facing wrong direction
• Inlet sensor downstream from
damper
• It’s a mess!
Dual duct terminals
• Different designs for different mixing requirements
Non‐Mixing Standard Mixing High Mixing

Mixing ratios
• Standard mixing ratio = 1:10
• For every 10°F of ∆T between hot and cold supply temperatures,
there will be less than 1°F of variation across the discharge duct
at a point 4 ft downstream
• High mixing ratio = 1:20
• For every 20°F of ∆T between hot and cold supply temperatures,
there will be less than 1°F of variation across the discharge duct
at a point 4 ft downstream
Dual duct VAV (non‐mixing)
• Least common type, rarely used
from AHU
62.1)
• No simultaneous heating/cooling
• Modulates between design
heating/cooling (cfm) and minimum
ventilation (cfm) to maintain room
temperature setpoint using pressure
independent control
Dual duct VAV (mixing)
• Most common type
from AHU
• Serves interior or exterior spaces
62.1)
• High comfort, high operating cost
• Centralized equipment
• Modulates between design
heating/cooling (cfm) and minimum
ventilation (cfm) to maintain room
temperature setpoint using pressure
independent control
Dual duct CAV
• Very common type
from AHU
• Serves critical environment spaces
• Provides ventilation (per ASHRAE 62.1
and ASHRAE 170)
control
Fan‐powered terminals
• Series fan‐powered
• Parallel fan‐powered
Series fan‐powered
• Most common type in tall office
buildings
• Can provide constant air motion
• Near constant sound levels
• Cold (55°F) air from AHU
• Pulls free heat from ceiling return
plenum
• Additional heat (electric or hydronic)
at discharge
• Can be ducted to return air grille
(healthcare applications)
• Very low inlet pressure requirements
• Can run unit fan to maintain night
setback temps without AHU
• Dynamic fan sequences can track
room loads
Series fan‐powered
• Advantages
• Improved room air motion
due to constant air changes
• Constant sound level
• Reduced inlet pressure
requirement
• Low noise options
• Disadvantages
• Fan runs continuously
• Fan must handle design
cooling airflow
Parallel fan‐powered
• Most common type in smaller
buildings and warmer climates
• Fan is off during cooling mode
• Receives cold (55°F) air from AHU
• Fan energizes for heating mode
• Pulls free heat from ceiling return
plenum
• Additional heat (electric or
hydronic) at discharge, hydronic
usually on induction port
• Higher inlet pressure
requirements
• Can run unit fan to maintain
night setback temps without AHU
Parallel fan‐powered
• Advantages
• Fan handles heating design
airflow only
• Fan only runs during heating
• Very quiet during cooling
• Disadvantages
• Modulating sound level
• Varying airflow on diffusers
• Air leakage
Series vs. Parallel
• Which fan‐powered unit is more
energy efficient?
• ASHRAE RP‐1292
• Looked at the entire HVAC system
and building operation
• Parallel efficiency reduced due to
primary air leakage
• Roughly equal when properly sized
and applied
• Only looked at PSC motors
• Consortium report
• New project to look at ECM units
• Series with ECM was a clear winner
Terminal Units –
Standards and
Certification
Randy Zimmerman | Chief Engineer
ASHRAE 130
• Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Terminal Units
• Air pressure drop
• Pressure independence
• Casing leakage
• Damper leakage
• Flow sensor
• Temperature mixing
• Condensation
• Fan curves
• Radiated sound
• Discharge sound
• Exhaust sound
Sound Tests
• VAV terminals
• Radiated sound
• Discharge sound
For Low Frequencies
• 3 dB noticeable
Both tones are equally loud
NC Plot 90
NC rating given is NC-45

80 since this is highest point
tangent to an NC curve
NC-70
70
NC-60
60
Octave Band Level

50 NC-50
dB RE 0.0002 Microbar
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
20
NC-20
of human hearing
10
63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K
MID - FREQUENCY, HZ
AHRI 885
• Procedure for Estimating Occupied
Space Sound Levels in the
Application of Air Terminals and
Air Outlets
• Radiated sound path
• Discharge sound path
• Appendix E provides standard
attenuation values to be used
when presenting NC values in
catalogs
• AHRI Standard 885 provides
sound path and attenuation
values for
• Lined duct
• Ceiling materials
• Elbows
• Flex duct
• Etc
Catalog Radiated NC Values
• Terminal unit radiated NC
values based on standard
assumptions from AHRI 885
Appendix E
• 3 ft deep ceiling plenum
with unbounded sides
• 5/8” thick, 20 lb/ft3, mineral
fiber lay‐in ceiling
C
SOUND POWER Lw
C =Casing Radiated
and Induction Inlet
D =Discharge Sound
O O =Outlet Generated Sound

AHRI 880
• Performance Rating of Air
Terminals
• How to present catalog data tested
in accordance with ASHRAE 130
• Pressure drop
• Air capacity
• Radiated sound power
• Discharge sound power
• Power consumption
• Provides rating points for the
Directory of Certified Performance
Performance Rating
• Terminal unit performance
rated per AHRI Standard
880
• Now includes new end
reflection loss (ERL)
correction that must be
applied to discharge
sound levels
What is end reflection?
• Occurs when sound source is ducted to room
• Noise reflected back to source
• Not captured in reverb room testing
• Deducted when estimating NC (??????)
• Can be calculated based on duct dimensions
Sound
ERL Room
Source
Typical NC Levels
• Conference Rooms < NC30
• Private offices < NC35
• Open offices = NC40
• Hallways, utility rooms, rest rooms < NC45
• NC should match purpose of room
• Difficult to achieve less than NC30
• Select diffusers for NC20‐25 (or less)
Attenuators
• Single duct
• Equivalent to lined ductwork
• Dual duct
• Provides temperature mixing, but little
sound attenuation
• Fan powered
• Lined elbow or “boot” may provide 2dB
attenuation by removing line of sight to
motor
• Carefully engineered attenuators can
provide additional sound reductions
Silencers
• Must be tested with terminal
unit
• Don’t assume that silencer will provide
published sound reduction
• A silencer could actually increase
noise!
• Silencers are tested to a
different standard
• Silencers work when applied as
intended
• They perform differently when close
coupled
Liners
• Softer and thicker liners
tend to absorb sound
• Lower discharge sound
• Harder or more dense
liners tend to block or
reflect sound
• Lower radiated sound
• Higher discharge sound
• Lining effects on fan‐
powered products can
be hard to predict
Performance certification
• AHRI maintains Directory of Certified
Product Performance
• Voluntary program
• Manufacturers submit performance at the
certified rating point
• Annual random samples are tested
independently
• Failures result in mandatory re‐rating and
additional testing
• This program keeps manufacturers honest
• But shouldn’t be used to compare most
products
• Rating points are not always best operating
points
Safety agency listing
• National Electrical Code (NEC) requires UL
or ETL listings on all electrical appliances
• UL Standard 1995 covers fan‐powered
HVAC equipment
• Fan‐powered terminal units
• UL Standard 1996 covers non‐fan electric
duct heaters
• Single duct terminals with electric heat
• UL Standard 429 covers electrically‐
controlled valves
• Single and dual duct boxes with electronic
controls
• Terminal unit products are typically ETL‐listed
• Less costly and more flexible than working with
UL
• Faster turnaround for custom designs
• A safety agency listing covers
• Designed in accordance with all applicable UL
safety standards
• Manufactured using all approved electrical
components and assembly methods
• Manufactured in a controlled factory
environment subject to random audit by agency
• Safety tested using approved methods and
equipment prior to shipping
• Things you can do at the jobsite that
won’t void the safety listing
• Connect approved supply circuit
• Install low voltage controls
• Change out defective parts with
properly rated replacement parts
• Make minor wiring changes that don’t
affect electrical ratings
• Things you shouldn’t do that will
void the safety listing
• Connect a supply circuit that
doesn’t match label requirements
• Install unapproved high voltage
electrical parts inside the unit
• Change motor/heater voltage,
motor HP, or heater KW
• Make wiring changes that affect the
electrical characteristics
Terminal Units –
Features and Options
Inlet sensors
• Pitot tube
• Linear Annubar
• Modified Annubar
• Cross‐type
Pitot tube
• Single point sensor
• Measures true velocity pressure
(no amplification)
• Total pressure port (front), TP
• Static pressure ports (side), SP
• Velocity pressure, VP = TP – SP
• Kfpm = 4005
• Velocity (fpm) = K x VP0.5
Linear annubar
• Multi‐point sensor, linear
• Measures amplified velocity pressure
• Total pressure ports (front), TP
• Depressed static pressure ports (rear), SP
• Amplified velocity pressure, VP = TP – SP
• Kfpm = 2650
Modified annubar
• Multi‐point sensor, shaped
• Kfpm = 2650
Cross‐type
• Multi‐point, center‐averaging sensor
• Kfpm = 2500
Dampers
• Round dampers
• Low leakage
• One moving part
• Less chance of failure
• Opposed blade dampers
• Leakage at side and blade seals
• Spot‐welded linkages
• Worn pivot points
Liners
• Traditional liners
• Soft fiberglass
• Rigid fiberglass
• Solid dual wall
• Perforated dual wall
• Innovative liners
• Engineered polymer foam
• Natural fiber
Traditional liners
• Soft fiberglass
• Called dual density or matte‐faced
fiberglass
• 0.5” or 1.0” thick
• R‐value = 1.9 or 3.9
• Rigid fiberglass
• Called ductboard with scrim‐reinforced
foil face
• Installed with galvanized Z‐brackets
• 1.0” thick
• R‐value = 4.3
Traditional liners
• Solid dual wall
• 22g galvanized steel over 1.0” thick fiberglass
• R‐value = 3.9
• Perforated dual wall
• 22g perforated galvanized steel over 1.0” thick soft or rigid
fiberglass
• R‐value = 3.9
• Very costly, creates uncleanable surface
Innovative liners
• Engineered polymer foam insulation
• Called EPFI
• 0.5” or 1.0” thick
• R‐value = 2.0 or 4.0
• Cannot absorb moisture
• Has anti‐microbial agent throughout
• Must be mechanically‐fastened
Innovative liners
• Natural fiber
• Recycled cotton or denim
• Matte‐faced or foil‐faced
• 0.5” or 1.0” thick
• R‐value = 2.0 or 4.0
• Flame‐retardant
• Has anti‐microbial agent
throughout
Liner standards
• Numerous standards out there
• ASTM C1071 ‘Std Spec for Fibrous Glass Duct
Lining Insulation’
• ASTM C1104 ‘Std Test Method for Determining the
Water Vapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber
Insulation’
• ASTM C1338 ‘Std Test Method for Determining the
Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and
Facings’
• ASTM E84 ‘Std Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials’
• NFPA 90A ‘Std for the Installation of Air
Conditioning and Ventilating Systems’
• NFPA 90B ‘Std for the Installation of Warm Air
Heating and Air Conditioning Systems
Liner standards
• Lots of confusion because
• Some standards are material specific
• Some standards are only method of test
• Some standards are referenced in other
standards
• UL 181 ‘Standard for Factory‐Made Air
Ducts and Air Connectors’
• Covers everything that manufacturers can use
• References all appropriate test methods
• All materials intended for use as duct or
equipment lining must meet this standard
LEED and Liners
• Exposed lining materials must comply with
UL 181 with regard to resistance to air
erosion and mold growth
• LEED requires the air distribution system
to comply with ASHRAE 62.1
• Per ASHRAE 62.1, exposed lining
materials must meet UL 181 with regard
to resistance to air erosion and mold
growth
• Every duct lining material should meet
UL 181
LEED and Liners
• Is meeting LEED requirements all
we care about?
• Just because you can put
exposed fiberglass into a LEED
Platinum building doesn’t mean
you should
• Liners such as engineered
polymer foam and recycled
natural fiber should provide
improved indoor air quality
with little if any added cost
Electric coils
• Staged
• 1, 2, or 3‐stages
• Magnetic contactors for each stage
• Equal stages
• SCR
• Heater control board
• Solid‐state relays (SSR’s)
• Elements arranged as a 1‐stage heater
• Pulsed on/off
• Safety devices
• Airflow switch (ΔP = 0.05 in wg)
• 115°F auto reset thermal cutouts (per element)
• 160°F manual reset thermal cutout (per heater)
Hot water coils
• Typical construction
• 22g galvanized, uninsulated casing
• 0.0045 rippled aluminum fins
• 10 fins‐per‐inch (FPI) spacing
• 0.5” OD copper circuit tubes with 0.016” tube
wall
• 1‐row and 2‐row coils are crossflow‐circuited
• 3‐row and 4‐row coils are counterflow‐
circuited
• Leak tested to 450 psi
• Performance rated per AHRI Standard 410
• 200°F maximum water temperature
• 360 psi maximum working pressure
• 1800 psi bursting pressure
Hot water coils
• Options
• Stainless steel, uninsulated casing
• Insulated covers
• Copper fins
• 12 fins‐per‐inch (FPI) spacing
• Circuit tubes with 0.025” tube wall
• 500 psi/2500 psi
• Circuit tubes with 0.035” tube wall
• 850 psi/4250 psi
• NPT fittings
• Vents and drains
Water coil problems
• Water connection
• Water coils should always be supplied at the lowest
connection
• Prevents air from being trapped in coil circuits
• Low water flow
• Should be at least in the top half of transitional flow
• Coefficient of heat transfer is reduced in the lower
half
• Minimum gpm is based on Reynolds number
• Affected by altitude, temperature, glycol, etc
• Poorly supported supply lines and water
hammering
• Can result in stress fractures on header connections
Controls
• Pneumatic
• Electric
• Analog electronic
• Digital electronic
Pneumatic
• Found in existing buildings
• Pressure dependent
• Thermostat and damper actuator
• No controller
• No flow limit settings
• Pressure Independent
• Thermostat, controller, inlet sensor, damper actuator
• Piping and additional components can be complicated
• Powered by compressed air
• 20 psi
• Air system must be clean and dry
• Prevents contamination of controls
Electric
• Rarely used anymore
• Pressure dependent
• Thermostat and damper actuator
• No controller
• No flow limit settings
• Powered by low voltage
• 24 VAC
Analog electronic
• Found in small buildings or tenant
spaces
• Pressure independent
• Thermostat, controller, inlet
sensor, damper actuator
• Additional wiring, relays, and
components can get complicated
• 24 VAC
• No communication capability, no
networking
Digital electronic
• Found in most new construction
• Pressure independent
• Room sensor, controller/actuator,
inlet sensor
• PID control algorithms
• 24 VAC
• Networked with BMS/BAS
• Communication protocol
• BACnet
• Echelon (Lonmark)
• Proprietary
Fan motors
• Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motors
• Sleeve bearings
• Speed range: 600‐1075 rpm
• Efficiency: 20‐60%
• Service life: 10‐12 years
• Electronically commutated motors (ECMs)
• Ball bearings
• AC/DC rectifier
• Programmable
• Speed range: 300‐1200 rpm
• Efficiency 70‐80%
• Service life: 20‐30 years
Speed controls
• PSC motors use SCR speed controls
• Silicon controlled rectifier (i.e. dimmer
switch)
• Chops and distorts ac sinewave power
• Good for trimming, not chopping speed
• ECMs use PWM speed controls
• Pulse width modulated signal
• 0‐20 VDC pulses to control module
• Manual adjust models available
• Remote control models available
• Accepts 0‐10 VDC speed control signal
• Allows dynamic fan sequencing
Optional filters
• Optional filters are inexpensive
disposable type
• Intended to be fitted during construction
only
• Adequate to prevent dust contamination
of motor and blower
• Most terminal units are operated without
filters
• Hot water coils do not collect dust like
condensing coils
• Accessibility of terminal units is a problem
• Terminal units should require zero
maintenance
• Performance data never includes filters
Optional filters
• If filtering of return is necessary
or desired
• Use filter grilles in the ceiling
• Provides easy access
• Allows for larger filters in less
costly standard sizes
MERV‐rated filters
• MERV‐rated filters are available
• Most terminal units were never designed
to use MERV‐rated filters
• Will likely reduce the maximum fan
capacity
• Could create problems
• Sometimes design changes necessary
• Angled filter racks can enlarge filter area
Low profile
• Low profile terminal units were
originally developed for the
Washington, DC market
• High real estate cost
• Building height restrictions
• 12” ceiling plenums
• Product can be no more than 10.5”
tall
• Low profile results in
• Lower airflow capacities
• Higher pressure drops
• Higher sound levels
• Also used in retrofit applications
where space is tight
Low temperature
• Some systems are designed to
operate with low temp air
• Typically use ice storage
• Supply temperatures as low as 38°F
• Lower air volumes and smaller
ductwork
• Special terminal units
• Heavier liners for higher R‐value
• Thermally‐isolated inlet collars
• Standard single duct VAV boxes with
0.5” lining can handle
• 40°F supply air
• 80°F plenum air
• 60% RH
Low temperature
• Recommendations for low temperature
buildings
• Order terminal units with 1.0” thick
liners (R‐value = 3.9‐4.3)
• Use a ceiling plenum return
• Protects ductwork from stagnant air
• Do a ‘soft start’ and gradually drop the
supply temperature
• Allows the building to dry out
• Design the building to operate under
positive pressure
• Prevents outdoor air infiltration
• Low temperature buildings are typically
dry by nature, so condensation is not a
major problem
Underfloor
• Underfloor terminals are usually
fan‐powered units designed to
boost airflow to spaces in UFAD
systems
• Must fit between floor pedestals
• Must be serviceable from above
• Should be designed for zero
maintenance
Terminal Units –
Selection and Sizing
Inlet selection
• Inlets should be selected carefully for
• Low noise levels
• Low pressure drop
• Accurate flow control
• VAV inlets should be selected for
• Maximum inlet velocity as close to 2000 fpm as possible
• Allows an 85% turndown with no loss of control accuracy
• CAV inlets allow much more flexibility
• Maximum inlet range of 1000‐2000 fpm
Operating pressures
• Inlet static pressure
• Most VAV systems operate at 1.0‐1.5 in wg
• Systems with series fan‐powered could be as low as 0.5 in wg
• Downstream static pressure
• Ductwork, take‐offs, balancing dampers, flex duct, and diffusers
• Most selections assume 0.25 in wg
• Minimum pressure requirement
• Min ΔPs across box with damper wide open including any coils
• Inlet SP > Min ΔPs + Downstream SP
Fan selection
PSC Fan Curve ECM Fan Curve
Fan selection
• Fan selection depends on the type of
motor
• Most selections are made with 0.25
in wg downstream
• Actual conditions are often 0.10 in wg
or less Selected
• Selecting PSC units near the minimum Actual
curve could easily put the fan outside
its recommended operating range
Fan selection
• PSC fan motors should be selected
in the top 25% of range
• Allows motor to run cooler and
more efficiently
• Oversized motors running at low
speed create rumbly noise
Fan selection
• ECMs should be selected in the
lower 50% of range
• Oddly enough they run more
quietly and efficiently at low
speed
Electric coil selection
• Terminal units are generally limited to a current draw
of 48A
• UL 1995 and 1996 require subdivided circuitry and
additional fusing to exceed 48A
• Voltages and phases must increase as KW’s increase
• Fan motor current must also be included
• Power frequency (Hz) does not affect electric coils
• Only affects inductive loads, not resistive loads
• Limit discharge temperature
• UL – Maximum discharge temperature = 120°F
• ASHRAE ‐ Overhead heating < 15°F above desired
room temperature
• Don’t exceed 100°F to prevent intermittent operation
and overheating of elements
Electric coil selection
• Be careful with small KW requirements
• Element wire gets smaller as KW gets
smaller and voltage/phase increases
• Small heaters should
• Be lowest voltage, single phase, and
single stage (or SCR)
• Staged heat – on/off
• How many stages?
• SCR heat – modulating
• Input signal?
• Discharge air temperature sensor?
Heat vs. reheat
• Sensible heating
• MBH = 1.08 x cfm x (LAT – EAT)/1000
• Heating is more efficient than reheating
• Supply air must be brought up to room
temperature before heating can begin
• Desired room temp = 72°F
• Supply air = 55°F
• Heating design airflow = 800 cfm
• MBH (reheat) = 1.08 x 800 x (72‐55)/1000 = 14.6
• LAT should not exceed 90°F for good thermal
comfort
• MBH (heating) = 1.08 x 800 x (90‐72)/1000 = 15.6
• In this example it takes 30.2 MBH at the coil to
provide 15.6 MBH to the room
Heat vs. reheat
• Fan‐powered terminals
• Pull warm return air from
ceiling return plenums or filter
grilles
• Return air is warmer than room
air
• Free heat (minus fan energy)
• Can switch on independently
(no AHU) to maintain night
setback temperatures
Hot water coil selection
Too much information Really need to know
• Entering water • Entering water
• Entering air • Entering air
• Leaving water • Airflow
• Leaving air • Capacity or Leaving air
• Capacity
• Water flow – Max
• Airflow
• Air pressure drop – Max
• Water flow
• Air pressure drop • Water pressure drop – Max
• Water pressure drop • Leaving water – Min
Hot water coil selection
• Hot water coil selection shouldn’t be that hard
• Select a coil that meets or exceeds the desired
capacity or leaving air temp with exceeding
the maximum water flow
• How many rows should I select?
• Coils are generally available in 1, 2, 3, or 4‐rows
• Everyone avoids 3‐row and 4‐row coils
• Select a 1‐row or 2‐row coil
• If the selection software says your water flow
is too low
• You need to reduce the coil rows
• If you are already selecting a 1‐row coil, you
didn’t really want much heat anyway
• Don’t forget about 12‐FPI coils
Terminal Units –
Installation
Hanging terminal units
• Optional OEM hanger brackets
• Typically have 0.50” round or slotted
hole
• Intended for use with hanger rods
• Hanger straps
• Strips of galvanized steel
• Run down the sides of unit, fastened
with screws
• Trapeze hanger
• Angled or square tubular steel
• Used with hanger rods
• Run under units
• Not ideal – can limit accessibility
Hanging terminal units
• What about spring isolation hangers?
• Not required to achieve catalog
performance
• All hanging methods must meet local code
requirements
• Can provide extra protection from
vibration (especially on fan‐powered units)
Can I hang a box upside down?
• That depends
• Single duct without coil = YES, no problem
• Single duct with hot water coil = YES, supply to lowest connection
• Single duct with electric coil = YES, labels with be upside down
• Exhaust terminals = YES, no problem
• Dual duct = YES, no problem
• Series fan‐powered = YES, but access doors may be on top only
• Parallel fan‐powered = YES, but backdraft damper may require
modification and access doors may be on top only.
• Retrofit terminals = YES, no problem
Can I turn a box on its side?
• That depends
• Single duct with hot water coil = NO, coil circuits will trap air
• Single duct with electric coil = YES, airflow switch must be moved
• Series fan‐powered = YES, no problem unless it has a water coil
• Parallel fan‐powered = NO, backdraft damper won’t close
Can a box discharge up/down?
• That depends
• Single duct with hot water coil = NO, coil circuits will trap air
• Single duct with electric coil = YES, no problem
• Series fan‐powered = YES, no problem unless it has a water coil
• Parallel fan‐powered = NO, backdraft damper won’t close
Picture time
Picture time
Electrical installation
• Supply circuit at a minimum must meet
current NEC requirements
• Wire type and gauge
• Circuit breaker type and size
• Local code may have additional
requirements for safety
• Must follow electrical data label on all
installed equipment
Electrical ratings
• Motor full load amps (FLA)
• Motor nameplate or ‘as tested’
• Heater full load amps (FLA)
• Single‐phase, i = w/v
• Three‐phase, i = w/(v x 1.73)
• Unit full load amps (FLA)
• Unit (FLA) = motor #1 (FLA) + motor #2 (FLA) + heater (FLA)
• Minimum circuit ampacity (MCA)
• MCA = 1.25 x [motor #1 (FLA) + motor #2 (FLA) + heater (FLA)]
• Maximum overcurrent protection (MOP)
• MOP = 2.25 x motor #1 (FLA) + [motor #2 (FLA) + heater (FLA)]
Electrical ratings
• Minimum circuit ampacity (MCA)
• Defines minimum supply circuit size
• All supply circuit component ratings > MCA
• Maximum overcurrent protection (MOP)
• Prevents oversized circuit breakers
• MOP > MCA
• MOP > 15A
• Standard circuit breaker sizes
• 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60A
• 15A rarely used in commercial construction
• 15A MOP units can be supplied with 20A breakers
• Breakers can go up one size so long as < 600A
Electrical ratings
• Optional fuses and fused disconnect
switches
• Do not affect unit electrical ratings
• Same calculations as units without
• May or may not meet local disconnect
switch requirements
• Supply circuit overcurrent protection is
always external
• Connection lugs will not accommodate
oversized wire
Electrical ratings
• Three‐phase power
• 3‐wire or 4‐wire?
• 4‐wire is the current standard
• 3‐wire found in older cities, some
rural areas, and automobile
assembly plants (?)
• 3‐wire = L1, L2, L3 (three hot legs)
• 4‐wire = L1, L2, L3, N (three hot
legs and neutral)
• Neutral is an unbroken ground
path to the breaker panel
• Delta = 208V or 480V, 3‐wire
• Wye = 480V, 3‐wire or 4‐wire
Inlet conditions
• SMACNA recommends a minimum of 3‐4 equivalent duct
diameters of straight approach
• Not always possible
• Cross‐type sensors can reduce inaccuracy
• Bulkhead transitions are better than tapered transitions
Discharge ductwork
• Discharge ductwork isn’t a critical concern
• No more than 1000 fpm
• Best to have some straight duct before an elbow
• Don’t put flex duct directly on unit discharge
• Best to have at least 4’ of lined duct before the first diffuser take‐
off, especially on fan‐powered units
Questions?
Displacement Ventilation
© Copyright Titus 2016 | All rights reserved
Displacement Ventilation Systems
• Comfort & Contaminates
• Basic Concepts & System Benefits
• Outlet Types and Air Patterns
• Example Space Layouts
• Displacement & LEED
ASHRAE Handbook –
2015 Application Ch. 57
Fully Stratified Fully Mixed
Displacement G.R.D.
Thermal Comfort
• ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental
Conditions for Human Occupancy
• Maximum ∆t Ankle to Neck = 5.4°F (3.0°)
• Avoid drafts by keeping ∆tse < 36°F (18°C)
• Cooling Supply Air 48‐58 °F (8.9 ‐ 14.4 °C);
Heating 85‐90 °F (29.4 – 32.2 °C)
• High Velocity Supply Outside Occupied Zone
• Minimizes Temp. Variations in Space
• Uniform Contaminate Concentration
Mixed Air Distribution Mixed Contaminates
• Cool Air Supply Only 60°F ‐ 68°F (16°C ‐ 20°C )
• Air is Supplied Horizontally across the Floor at
Low Velocity < 70 fpm (0.36 m/s)
• Temperature Stratification from Floor to
Ceiling (Return)
• Contaminate Concentration reduced in
Occupied Zone
Fully Stratified Fully Stratified

Air Distribution Contaminates
Adjacent Zone
Basic Concepts
&
System Benefits
Basic System Concepts
• Low Energy
• ( < 0.04 Ps) (10Pa)
• Air Change Effectiveness
• (Std. 62.1, Ez = 1.2)
• Quiet Operation
• (< 25 NC)
Displacement Cooling
Displacement Stratification
Low Energy
• Higher Equipment Efficiency
• Uses warmer supply air
• 65 F (18 C) compared with 55 F (13 C)
• Energy consumption is often reduced by
raising discharge temperatures
• Extended Economizer Cycle
HVAC System Benefits
• Heat sources outside the
stratification layer are not
considered in airflow calculations
• Lighting load is designed as “equipment load”, but
not as “space load”
• Effects cooling load capacity, but not air distribution
capacity
Low Energy
• Lower horsepower fans
• 0.04 in. pressure (10 Pa) is required for proper
diffuser performance
• Results in lower horsepower fans required = Fan
Energy Savings
Improved Ventilation
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1 ‐ Ventilation
for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness, Ez
• Overhead Cooling System = 1.0
• Displacement Ventilation = 1.2
• 16.7% Less Fresh Air Required
Return Air
• Outlet located
at ceiling level
• Allows heat from ceiling
lights to be returned
before it is able to mix
with occupied zone
• Reduced supply volume
means higher return
temperatures
Humidity
• A potential problem with warmer supply air
temperatures is higher humidity
• Supply system must reduce relative humidity to less
than 60% to meet IAQ concerns
• Condenser water reheat, run‐around coils, or face & bypass
• Use of a separate system to dry outside air or the
use of desiccant dehumidification
• If 55oF (13oC) supply air is used for dehumidification,
return air can be mixed with supply air to achieve 65oF
(18oC) air
Temperature Gradient
• Ceiling Height
9’(2.75m)‐14’(4.25m)
• 50% Rule is applied
• 62°F – 72°F – 82°F

10°F ‐ 10°F
REHVA Guide
Temperature Gradient
• Ceiling Height
> 14’ (4.25m)
33% Rule
• 64°F ‐ 72°F ‐ 86°F,
8°F ‐ 14°F
REHVA Guide
(Displacement ventilation, REHVA)
Application Examples
• Good applications
• Room height > 9.0 ft (2.75m)
• Open Plan Offices
• Meeting Rooms
• Casinos
• Restaurants
• Theaters, & Auditoriums
• Schools & Universities
Best Applications = Big Spaces
• Room height > 9.0 ft
• Open Plan Offices
• Atriums and Lobbies
• Restaurants and Casinos
• Theaters and Auditoriums
• Classrooms and Meeting Rooms
• Airports and Train Stations
• Museums and Public Spaces
• Advantages
• Smaller cooling power for desired room
temperature in the occupied area
• Improved air quality in occupied area
• Longer periods of free cooling
• Poor Applications
• Room height < 9 ft
• Surplus heat is the main
problem – not air quality
• Contaminants are heavier
than air (chloramine)
• In combination with mixing systems
• Disadvantages
• Risk of draft due to placement of the diffusers
• Wall mounted devices often occupy large wall areas
• Stratified air becomes uncomfortable when cooling load
exceeds ~30 Btu/hr/ft2 (0.095/kW/m2)
• Cannot heat with displacement ventilation
Perimeter Heating
• Perimeter heating can not be accomplished with
traditional displacement ventilation
• Separate system required in most applications:
• UFAD perimeter system
• Perimeter fan powered systems
• Ducting of hot or reheated air
• Baseboard Radiation
• Radiant panels
• Dual Chamber Diffuser
Dual Chamber Diffuser
Dual chamber plenum
 Displacement cooling
 Mixed-air heating
 Actuated diverter (24V)
Displacement diffuser – cooling
Linear diffuser – heating
Low Level Mixed Heating
Applications – Classroom
• The Willard School – Near Boston, MA
• Built in accordance with California K12 specifications.
• Each class room has 2 DV units, +/‐ 3° F thermostat and CO2 sensor
• Dedicated OAH, Radiant Ceiling
• (68) DVIR Units
• W 60” x H 24”
DV – Heating and Cooling Mode
www.titus‐hvac.com
Heating Mode Cooling Mode 31
Typical Classroom Zone
• Perimeter Zone
• Heating
• Internal Zone
• High Concentration of CO2
• 20 CFM per Student – Mixing System
• 12.5 CFM per Student – DV System
• Sensible and Latent Cooling Load
Design Principles
• Induction Nozzles ‐ CB
• Stratified Air Discharge – DV
• Integral Heat Transfer Coils
TAO – Section View
Cooling mode operation
Return Air
100%
Exhausted
Supply Airflow
(70 to 71 ºF)
Primary Airflow
(55 to 58ºF) Room Air
(75ºF)
Chilled Water
Supply Airflow
(62 to 63ºF)
Video ‐ Cooling
Heating mode operation
Exhausted
Optional Heat
Recovery
Supply Airflow
(85to 92ºF)
Room Air
Primary Airflow
(70 to 72ºF)
(62 to 66ºF)
Supply Airflow
(67 to 70ºF)
Heating Video
Cooling
Only
Combining with
GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS
Utilize the Ground “Earth” for “Free” sensible cooling.

45 to 55 Ground Temperature
40
© Copyright Titus 2016 | All rights reserved 41
Patient Room w/ Displacement
• Single Bed Rooms Only
• ACH
• 6 total/2 outdoor
• Total ACH volume: floor to 6ft
• Stipulations for use
• Room exhaust
• Toilet transfer grille
Patient Room w/ Displacement
Types of Outlets
&
Distribution Patterns
Discharge Air Patterns
Displacement Diffusers
Standard adjacent
zone from factory
Modified
adjacent zone
after adjusting
pattern
controllers to
change pattern
Rectangular
• Mounts in wall
• 1–way pattern
Rectangular
• Mounts in wall
• 1–way pattern
Rectangular
• Rectangular
• In wall, flush
or floor mount
Rectangular 3‐Way
• Rectangular
• Flush to wall or floor mount
• 3–way pattern
Rectangular ‐ Curved Face
• Flush or floor mount
• 3–way pattern
Rectangular
“Stair Riser”
• Steps, Stair Risers
applications
• Great for auditoriums,
concert, arena’s,
and lecture halls
Circular
• Column or floor mount
• 360º discharge
Semi‐Circular 180º
• Sidewall or column
applications
• 180º pattern
U – shaped
• Semi‐circular w straight
sides
• 3–way pattern
Corner/Flat Face
• Corner mount
applications
• 2–way pattern
Corner w/
Curved Face
• Corner mount
applications
• 2–way pattern
EXAMPLE
Space
Layouts
Private Perimeter Office
Perimeter Wall
Open Plan Interior Office
Interior Break Room
61
Round
Outlets
Perimeter Conference Room
Outside Wall
Elementary School Classroom
Perimeter Wall
ASHRAE Standards
for LEED
• ASHRAE 62.1
• IEQ Prerequisite 1: Minimum IAQ Performance
• IEQ Credit 1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
• IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation
• IEQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal
Comfort (for naturally ventilated spaces)
• IEQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal
Comfort
• IEQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort: Design
• IEQ Credit 7.2: Thermal Comfort: Verification
Displacement
Ventilation & LEED
• Minimum Energy Performance: EAp2
• Optimize Energy Performance: EAc1
• Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance: IEQ p1
• Increased Ventilation: IEQc2
• Thermal Comfort Design: IEQc7.1
Publications
• HVAC Applications Handbook, Chapter 57 (ASHRAE, 2015)
• Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 20 (ASHRAE, 2009)
• System Performance Evaluation and Guidelines
for Displacement Ventilation (ASHRAE, 2003)
• Displacement Ventilation in Non‐Industrial Premises (REHVA, 2002)
Questions?
Underfloor Air Distribution

Raised access floors
 Originally used in computer rooms
 Widely used in open plan offices

since 1995
 House power voice and data

cabling
 Benefits of RAF systems

• Easy access to cabling
• Eliminates power poles in space
• Simplifies service reconfiguration
•
 Issues with RAF systems
• Cost ($9 to $12/ft2 cost add)
• Reduced floor to ceiling height
Room air distribution

Mixed air systems
TSHG
CFM =
1.08 x (TRETURN – TSUPPLY)
75ºF
Local temperature
TROOM ≈ TRETURN
TSHG
CFM =
Elevation
75ºF
Occupied
Zone
75ºF
Local Temperature

Mixed air systems
Per ASHRAE 62.1-2013 VEZ = 1.2
CRETURN - CSUPPLY
VEFF = ≤ 1
CROOM - CSUPPLY
Local temperature
CROOM ≈ CRETURN
TSHG
CFM =
Elevation
Occupied
Zone
Local CO2 Concentration

Room air distribution
Totally
Stratified Fully
Systems Mixed
Systems
Displacement Dilution
Ventilation Ventilation
 Overhead delivery
 55°F supply air
 High entrainment

Thermal displacement systems
Displacement Conditioning
Heat Source

TSHG
CFM =
82ºF
82ºF
TFLOOR ≤ TROOM ≤ TCEILING
Elevation
77ºF 77ºF
Occupied
1.1 m Zone
64ºF 73ºF 64ºF 73ºF
Local temperature

CRETURN -CSUPPLY
VEZ =
C1.1 - CSUPPLY
82ºF
CFLOOR ≤ CROOM ≤
CCETURN
Elevation
77ºF
Occupied
1.1 m Zone
64ºF 73ºF
CO2 Concentration

UFAD systems
TSHG
CFM =
81ºF
Stagnant Zone TFLOOR ≤ TROOM ≤ TCEILING
Stratified Zone
Elevation
75ºF
T50 T50
Mixed
Occupied
Zone Zone
63ºF
Local temperature

UFAD systems
CRETURN -CSUPPLY
VEZ =
C1.1 - CSUPPLY
Stagnant Zone CFLOOR ≤ CROOM ≤

CCETURN
Stratified Zone
Elevation
T50 T50
Mixed
Occupied
Zone Zone
CO2 Concentration

UFAD systems
“UFAD” and “displacement” are not
interchangeable terms
Totally Fully
Stratified Mixed
Systems Systems
Displacement Dilution
Ventilation UFAD Systems Ventilation
ASHRAE Standard 62.1‐2010 (addendum a) awards a zone ventilation effectiveness of 1.2 to
UFAD outlets whose throw to 50 FPM does not exceed 4.5 feet

UFAD systems
TSHG
CFM =
Stagnant Zone 77ºF
T50 Stratified Zone T50
Mixed
Elevation
Zone 75ºF
Occupied
Zone
63ºF
Local temperature

ASHRAE UFAD Design Tool
300 ft2 interior zone, 12 Btu/h-ft2
Requires 198
CFM (3 swirl
diffusers)
Requires 250 Additional 52 CFM

CFM (2 square (26% more)
diffusers)

UFAD systems
Stratified Zone CROOM ≈ CRETURN

T50 T50
Elevation
Mixed
Zone
Occupied
Zone
Local CO2 Concentration

Drivers behind UFAD systems
 Compliment to RAF system
• Flexibility extends to HVAC services
• Economic justification
 Improved workplace environment
• Enhanced contaminant removal
• Individual thermal comfort control
 Sustainable technology

Key advantages of UFAD systems
 Energy and operational advantages
• UFAD systems with low projection outlets allow heat from sources above the occupied zone to
escape naturally
• UFAD systems extend the flexibility of the RAF platform to mechanical services
 Thermal comfort
• Thermal comfort is a “state of mind”, thermostats represent a “statistical population”
• UFAD outlets allow occupants to adjust airflow rates according to their individual preference!
• The “placebo” effect”
 Health and productivity improvements
• Improved IEQ
• Increased productivity
• (2% increase = $10/ft2‐yr)

UFAD system design
Floor cavity as a supply air
plenum
• Pressurization
• Heat transfer
Outlet selection and
performance
Zone temperature control
Plenum control strategies

ASHRAE Underfloor Air Design Guide
• Contribution by industry experts
• Architects and consulting engineers
• Research institutions
• Owners representatives, including the GSA
• Equipment and raised floor manufacturers
• Building commissioning agents
• Specific guidance
• Room air distribution with UFAD systems
• Plenum design and construction (includes leakage prevention)
• Installation and commissioning
• System design and operation
• Code compliance and life safety

Plenum thermal decay
 Supply air passing over the slab is
heated by the return air below
 Design Guide suggests air
temperature rises of up to 8˚F in
UFAD plenum
 Warmer perimeter area supply air
temperatures result in lower ΔT
thus require more supply air

Temperature control and zoning

Sensible cooling with passive beams
Perimeter Zone
Reduction of overall UFAD system airflow rate by 50% or more

TAF‐R Access Floor Diffuser
• High induction air flow pattern
• Occupant adjustable damper
• Actuated version available
• Typical design point is 80‐100 cfm
• Throw between 4‐5 ft.
• Low NC
• Standard and UL listed
fire rated versions
www.GreenSpec.com

TAF‐R Access Floor Diffuser
• 1 diffuser per cubicle
• EQ Credit 6.2 ‐ 1 Point
• Individual comfort control

TAF‐R Installation
• Spring clip compression fit
• Pre‐assembled
• Pressing directly into floor

TAFR Actuated Option
• 24 VAC Electric Actuator
• RJ12 connections
• Plug and play installation

TAF‐R Interconnect Diagram
JCI TEC
3000
Series
Controller

Perimeter Heating
• Perimeter heating cannot be accomplished with the same
system as the interior cooling system
• Separate system is required:
• Perimeter fan powered systems
• Ducting of hot or reheated air
• Hydronic systems
• Radiant panels

Perimeter Loads
• UFAD systems are typically modular, but the function of
handling perimeter loads isn’t modular
• Do not want to break the stratification layer
• Create a diffuser plume that:
• Handles high thermal loads
• 225 cfm per 4' length at 0.07" w.c.
• Engages occupied zone, not stratified ceiling layer
• Saves cooling energy
• Avoids occupant complaints from air rolling back, dumping into interior space

Typical Perimeter Installation
• Low horsepower fan powered terminal unit ducted to
rectangular floor diffuser plenums

TAF‐V, TAF‐D, TAF‐HC Plenums
• Rectangular diffuser and plenums
for various applications
• TAF‐V – VAV Plenum
• TAF‐D – Plenum with inlet for ducting www.GreenSpec.com
• TAF‐HC – heating / cooling VAV plenum

TAF‐V, TAF‐D, TAF‐HC Plenums
• Plenum sizes vary
• 8” x 16”
• 10” x 10”
• 12” x 12”
• Cores are available in multi‐piece
• 2‐way or 4 way blow

UFAD Fan Powered Terminals
• Modular ‐ designed to fit between floor
pedestals
• Series fan powered terminal & Booster fan
• Available with ultra high efficiency ECM motors
• Helps contribute to LEED EA Credit 1 ‐ Optimize Energy
Performance
• Hot water and electric reheat
• Using Lynergy Comfort Controls heater with optional discharge
temperature sensor can help meet
ASHRAE 62 recommendation for 15o T
LHK – Series Fan Terminal
• Used in perimeter and conference rooms
• Any room with varying loads
• Primary supply
air damper
• Supply pulls from the floor
• AeroCrossTM flow sensor
• Option for two dampers

PFC ‐ Booster Box
• Designed for use with ECM to modulate
the fan based on perimeter temperature
conditions
• 30% fan at 70°F and 100% at 75°F
• Can provide reduced airflow to allow for simultaneous
cooling and heating per ASHRAE 90.1

Underfloor TAF‐L System

TAF‐L‐V (Cooling Section)
• TAF‐L‐V
• Linear diffuser 4’ length
• Variable linear bar diffuser
• 24V damper actuator

Transverse
TransverseApertures
Apertures
Transverse Apertures
Multi-deflection Bar Grille
TAF‐L Demo Video

TAF‐L‐W & TAF‐L‐E
• Fin tube perimeter heat system
• Self contained heating
• No simultaneous cooling and reheat
• Per ASHRAE 90.1
• 3000+ BTUH per 4 ft. plenum

TAF‐L‐W & TAF‐L‐E

TAF‐L‐E SMOKE VIDEO

UFAD Controls
• Interior Zones (CAV)
• Plenum pressure is maintained by adjusting fan
capacity at the air handler
• Occupants can make minor changes which are viewed as
setup adjustments and not operating adjustment
• Perimeter Zones (VAV)
• Typically experience perimeter load changes more
than interior
• Automatic VAV control is preferred for perimeter zones

TAF‐G Access Floor Diffuser
• Through‐the‐floor cabling
• Phone/data/power
• Grommet for small cabling


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Air

DPT < 62.2 °F

1.0 Clo 0.5 Clo

Met Rate 1.0 – 1.3

Floor supply cool air, ceiling return low velocity (DV) 1.2

Displacement Under Floor Air Distribution G.R.D.

O O =Outlet Generated Sound

Octave Band Designations

NC rating given is NC-45

Octave Band Level

63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

Octave Band Level_ dB RE 0.0002 Microbar

Area Conditioned By Diffuser

ADPI Min 80 ADPI Min

4-way pattern, 4 separate jets, longer throws

Modified circular pattern with several distinct air jets

Internal Coanda Pocket

• If the diffuser is mounted on an

Vx = 150 FPM t = 150/1000*20

Fig. 10 2’‐4’ +20° 0° 27’ 3’

Floor supply cool air, ceiling return low velocity (DV) 1.2

1000 cfm +10 -20 0

100% Vertical Heating

Shaded area represents

Heating Air Flow divided 50% - 50%

Non‐Mixing Standard Mixing High Mixing

NC rating given is NC-45

Octave Band Level

63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K

O O =Outlet Generated Sound

Mixed Air Distribution Mixed Contaminates

Fully Stratified Fully Stratified

• 62°F – 72°F – 82°F

Displacement diffuser – cooling

Linear diffuser – heating

• Integral Heat Transfer Coils

Utilize the Ground “Earth” for “Free” sensible cooling.

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

 Widely used in open plan offices

 House power voice and data

 Benefits of RAF systems

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

Local CO2 Concentration

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

Stagnant Zone CFLOOR ≤ CROOM ≤

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

Stagnant Zone 77ºF

T50 Stratified Zone T50

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

Requires 250 Additional 52 CFM

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

Per ASHRAE 62.1-2013 VEZ = 1.0

Stratified Zone CROOM ≈ CRETURN

Local CO2 Concentration

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved

© Copyright Titus 2017 | All rights reserved