ARTS

Periods in Indian Art

Ancient Period (3900 BCE1200 CE)  Some evidences of the early civilization are bronze and copper
statuettes and steatite seals, which show vigor and concern for surface texture as constantly characterized
in Indian art.

The Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments that date back from the 2nd
century BCE to the 600 CE, including paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist
religious art, as well as frescos that are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka.

Classical Period ( 5th to 6th centuries) The image of Shiva, the destroyer, develops into Shiva the Cosmic-
dancer represented by a four-armed figure, where one hand holds the fire with which he destroys, another
holds a drum, which is the first sound heard in the world during creation, then the third arm points up in a
reassuring gesture, and a fourth arm points down to the dwarf in which he dances to.
Islamic Ascendancy (11921757) or Transitional Period This was the period of evolution from Vedism into
Hinduism or Brahmanism. The two great Indian epics: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana emerged in this
period.

Mogul period Moguls contributed to the enrichment of Indian culture, in painting and in architecture. The
most splendid example is the Taj Majal built in 1632 by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.

DIWALI in India and all around Diwali is celebrated by Hindus the world in October or November. It is
the Hindu New Year and is either a 3-day or 5-day holiday depending on where you come from.  It is a
very exciting and colorful holiday, where homes are cleaned to welcome the New Year and windows are
opened so that the Hindu goddess of wealth, Lakshmi, can enter. Hindus believed that she cannot enter a
house which is not lit up, so every household burns special Diwali clay lamps (diyas) to light the way for
the goddess, which is why the holiday is also known as the 'Festival of Lights'.

Lesson 2: Rangoli

Rangoli is one of the most beautiful and most pleasing art forms of India comprised of two words:'rang'
meaning 'color' and 'aavalli' meaning 'colored creepers' or 'row of colors‘ the art of making designs or
patterns on the walls or the floor of the house, uses finely ground white powder along with different colors
Numerous households in the Indian subcontinent make use of Rangoli designs for decorating the courtyard
of their house.
The traditional form of Rangoli made use of designs and motifs based on nature, such as mangoes, creepers,
flowers, swans, peacocks, etc. Even the colors in the traditional art form were extracted from natural dyes,
like barks of trees, leaves, indigo plant, etc. These days, synthetic dyes have more or less replaced the
natural dyes of the earlier times. 
The materials used in the Rangoli patterns of today give either a very flat appearance or a 3-D effect.
Rangoli designs include geometric patterns, the swastika, lotus, trident, fish, conch, creepers, leaves, trees,
flowers, animals, etc.

Lesson 3: Pakistan

Pakistani architecture is divided into four recognized periods:  Pre-Islamic Islamic Colonial Post-
Colonial
Around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, an advanced  urban culture developed for the first time in
the region, with large buildings, some of which still survive to this day like Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, and
Kot Diji which are among the preIslamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.
Across Pakistan, brightly colored flamboyant trucks, painted with images of idealized landscapes, famous
personalities, flowers, and trees, turned village lanes, city streets, and longdistance highways into a gallery
without walls; a free-form, kaleidoscopic exhibition in motion. Other arts of Pakistan includes painted
chests and jars

HEALTH
There are six links in the chain of infection PATHOGEN RESERVOIR PORTAL OF EXIT MODE OF
TRANSMISSIO N SUSCEPTIBL E HOST PORTAL OF ENTRY CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. PATHOGEN It is an organism with the ability to cause disease. “bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, parasitic
worms, rickettsiae”
2. RESERVOIR It is a place within which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce. “The most common
reservoir is the human body.”
3. PORTAL OF EXIT It provides a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir. “through the nose,
mouth, body feces”
4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION It is the method by which the organism moves from one host to another.
“direct contact, indirect contact, air- borne, food-borne, water-borne, vector-borne”
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY It is an opening allowing the microorganism enter the host. “body orifices, mucus
membranes, breaks in the skin”
They may enter through: Respiratory System (inhalation) Gastrointestinal System (ingestion)
They may enter through: Urinary and Reproductive Tracts (sexual contact) Breaks in the skin
6. THE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST It is a person who cannot resists a microorganism invading its body.
There are six links in the chain of infection PATHOGEN RESERVOIR PORTAL OF EXIT MODE OF
TRANSMISSIO N SUSCEPTIBL E HOST PORTAL OF ENTRY CHAIN OF INFECTION

STAGES OF INFECTION INCUBATION STAGE PRODROMAL STAGE ILLNESS STAGE

RECOVERY STAGE

1. INCUBATION STAGE It is when a person acquires the pathogen until the appearance of the first sign.
“silent stage”
2. PRODROMAL STAGE It is when there are non-specific signs and symptoms appearing. “headache,
runny nose, slight fever”
3. ILLNESS or CLINICAL STAGE It is the time when illness reaches its highest point of development.
“severe aches, vomiting, high fever, sore throat, sinus congestion”
4. RECOVERY or CONVALESCENCE STAGE This is the time when recovery seems complete although
the disease is still communicable. “pathogen has mostly eliminated”

What are infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites and
can spread between individuals.

What is an infectious disease?

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as viruses?, bacteria?, fungi or parasites?.
Microorganisms that cause disease are collectively called pathogens.
Pathogens cause disease either by disrupting the bodies normal processes and/or stimulating the immune
system to produce a defensive response, resulting in high fever, inflammation? and other symptoms.
Infectious diseases can be spread from one person to another, for example through contact with bodily
fluids, by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing), or via a vector, for example a mosquito.
What causes an infectious disease?
Viruses
Viruses are tiny infectious agents that replicate only in the living cells of other organisms.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms.
They come in many shapes including ball-, rod- and spiral-shaped.
Fungi
Fungi are microorganisms characterised by cell walls made from a substance called chitin.
Most fungi are harmless to humans and some are edible.
Fungal infections often affect the lungs, skin or nails. Some infections may also penetrate the body
to affect organs and cause whole-body infections.
Examples of fungal infections include:
Athlete’s foot: itching, scaling or cracking of the skin
Ringworm: reddish, itchy, scaly rash usually on the skin and scalp
Parasites
Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism and benefit by getting nutrients at the
expense of their host.
Parasites can be found in many different body sites, for example in the blood, liver, digestive
system, brain and even the eyes.
There are several groups of parasites that infect humans:
Roundworms: these are nematode worms that can get into humans by ingestion, directly
penetrating the skin or through insect bites.
Examples: whipworm (ingested), hookworms (directly penetrate the skin), Wuchereria
bancrofti (transmitted by mosquitos)
Protozoa: these are single-celled parasites. Many are delivered by biting insects or are ingested
with contaminated water or food. They invade or eat host cells, or swim around the bloodstream
and quickly reproduce by copying themselves.
Examples: Giardia (ingested), Plasmodium falciparum (causes malaria and is transmitted
by mosquitos), Trichomonas (sexually transmitted)
Tapeworms: these are flatworms whose heads hook on to the intestinal wall of their host.
Their larvae? migrate to other parts of the body. They can live in the host for decades.
Example: Pork tapeworm
Flukes: blood flukes are flatworms that are caught through contact with contaminated water. Blood
fluke larvae are released from infected snails into freshwater. Liver flukes can be found in raw or
undercooked fish or water plants and can live in the body of the host for decades.
Example: Schistosomes (blood flukes).