10/16/2019

TEKUK (BUCKLING) PADA KOLOM RAMPING Stability of Structures

• In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
- deformation falls within specifications
P
   all
A
PL
   spec
AE

• After these design calculations, may discover

that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.

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IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS

• In order to determine the critical load and buckled shape of

• An ideal column is perfectly
straight before loading, made of
homogeneous material, and upon
which the load is applied through
the centroid of the x-section.
• We also assume that the material
behaves in a linear-elastic manner
and the column buckles or bends
in a single plane.
column, we apply Eq. of deflection,
d 2
EI M 1
dx 2
• Recall that this eqn assume
the slope of the elastic
curve is small and
deflections occur only in
bending. We assume that
the material behaves in a
linear-elastic manner and
the column buckles or
bends in a single plane.

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 10/16/2019

IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS

• Summing moments, M = P, Eqn 1 • Disregarding trivial soln for C1 = 0, we get

becomes
 P 
sin  L  0
d 2  P 
    0 2  EI 
dx 2  EI 
• Which is satisfied if
• General solution is
 P   P  P
  C1 sin  x   C2 cos x  3 L  n
 EI   EI  EI
• Since  = 0 at x = 0, then C2 = 0.
Since  = 0 at x = L, then • or n 2 2 EI
P n  1,2,3,...
 P  L2
C1 sin  L  0
 EI 
5 6

IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORTS Extension of Euler’s Formula

• Smallest value of P is obtained for n = 1, so critical load for • A column with one fixed and one free
column is end, will behave as the upper-half of a
2
 EI pin-connected column.
Pcr 
L2 • The critical loading is calculated from
• This load is also referred to Euler’s formula,
as the Euler load. The  2 EI
corresponding buckled Pcr 
L2e
shape is defined by
 2E
x  cr 
  C1 sin  Le r 2
L Le  2 L  equivalent length
• C1 represents maximum
deflection, max, which occurs
at midpoint of the column.
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Extension of Euler’s Formula Sample Problem 10.1

An aluminum column of length L and

rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.

L = 20 in. a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of

the cross-section corresponding to the most
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
efficient design against buckling.
P = 5 kips
b) Design the most efficient cross-section for
FS = 2.5 the column.

10 - 9 10 - 10

Sample Problem 1 Sample Problem 1

SOLUTION:
• Design:
The most efficient design occurs when the Le 2L 220 in  138.6
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of   
ry b 12 b 12 b
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal. Pcr  FS P  2.55 kips   12.5 kips

• Buckling in xy Plane: Pcr 12500 lbs

 cr  
1 ba 3 A 0.35b b
I a2 a
rz2  z  12
A ab

12
rz 
12  cr 
 2E


 2 10.1  106 psi 
Le, z 0. 7 L  Le r 2 138.6 b 2
 • Most efficient design:
rz a 12
Le, z

Le, y L = 20 in.


12500 lbs  2 10.1  106 psi 
• Buckling in xz Plane: rz ry 0.35b b 138.6 b 2
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
1 ab3
Iy b2 b 0.7 L 2L P = 5 kips b  1.620 in.
ry2   12  ry  
A ab 12 12 a 12 b / 12 a  0.35b  0.567 in.
FS = 2.5
Le, y 2L a 0.7 a
   0.35
ry b / 12 b 2 b a/b = 0.35
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Sample Problem 2 Sample Problem 2

• For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55
SOLUTION:
• With the diameter unknown, the • Determine cylinder radius:
slenderness ration can not be evaluated. P 372  103 MPa
 all  
Must make an assumption on which A L r 2
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.
60  103 N 372  103 MPa
 c  18.44 mm
• Calculate required diameter for c 2  0.750 m 
2

assumed slenderness ratio regime.  

 c/2 

• Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify • Check slenderness ratio assumption:

initial assumption. Repeat if necessary. c  cylinder radius
Using the aluminum alloy2014-T6, L L 750mm
r  radius of gyration    81.3  55
determine the smallest diameter rod r c / 2 18.44 mm 
which can be used to support the centric I c 4 4 c assumption was correct
  
load P = 60 kN if a) L = 750 mm, A c 2 2
b) L = 300 mm d  2c  36.9 mm

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Sample Problem 2 Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

• For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55 • Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
• Determine cylinder radius: • Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
P  L  Question of buckling becomes whether the
 all   212  1.585  MPa resulting deflection is excessive.
A   r 
• The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
60  103 N   0.3 m  6
 212  1.585   10 Pa d2y  Py  Pe
c 2
  c / 2  
dx 2 EI
c  12.00 mm
  P    2 EI
ymax  e sec    1
 Pcr 
• Check slenderness ratio assumption:   2 Pcr   L2e
L

L

300 mm
 50  55
• Maximum stress
r c / 2 12.00 mm  P   ymax  e c 
 max  1
A  r2


assumption was correct
P  ec  1 P Le 
d  2c  24.0 mm  1  sec 
A  r 2  2 EA r 
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Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula Sample Problem 10.2

The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.

a) Using Euler’s formula and a factor of safety

of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.
b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in
part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
6
E  29  10 psi. geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

P  ec  1 P Le 
 max   Y  1  sec 
A  r 2  2 EA r 
10 - 17 10 - 18

Sample Problem 10.2 Sample Problem 10.2

SOLUTION: • Eccentric load:

• Maximum allowable centric load: - End deflection,

  P  
- Effective length, ym  e sec    1

  2 Pcr  
Le  28 ft   16 ft  192 in.
    
 0.075 in sec    1
- Critical load,  2 2 

Pcr 
 
 2 EI  2 29  106 psi 8.0 in 4

 ym  0.939 in.
L2e 192 in 2
 62.1 kips - Maximum normal stress,
P  ec   P 
 m  1  2 sec  
A r 2 Pcr 
- Allowable load,
P 62.1 kips Pall  31.1 kips 31.1 kips  0.75 in 2 in    
Pall  cr   1  sec  
FS 2 3.54 in 2  1.50 in 2  2 2 
P 31.1 kips
  all    8.79 ksi  m  22.0 ksi
A 3.54 in 2
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