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Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

(8606)

Semester: Autumn, 2019

Q.1 a) Define the concept of social structure.

Social structure:

Social structure, in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions

whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. Social structure is often treated
together with the concept of social change, which deals with the forces that change the social
structure and the organization of society.

Although it is generally agreed that the term social structure refers to regularities in social life,
its application is inconsistent. For example, the term is sometimes wrongly applied when other
concepts such as custom, tradition, role, or norm would be more accurate.
Studies of social structure attempt to explain such matters as integration and trends in inequality.
In the study of these phenomena, sociologists analyze organizations, social categories (such as
age groups), or rates (such as of crime or birth). This approach, sometimes called formal
sociology, does not refer directly to individual behaviour or interpersonal interaction. Therefore,
the study of social structure is not considered a behavioral science; at this level, the analysis is
too abstract.

It is a step removed from the consideration of concrete human behaviour, even though the
phenomena studied in social structure result from humans responding to each other and to

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their environments. Those who study social structure do, however, follow
an empirical (observational) approach to research, methodology, and epistemology.

Social structure is sometimes defined simply as patterned social relations—those regular

and repetitive aspects of the interactions between the members of a given social entity. Even on
this descriptive level, the concept is highly abstract: it selects only certain elements from ongoing
social activities. The larger the social entity considered, the more abstract the concept tends to be.
For this reason, the social structure of a small group is generally more closely related to the daily
activities of its individual members than is the social structure of a larger society. In the study of
larger social groups, the problem of selection is acute: much depends on what is included as
components of the social structure. Various theories offer different solutions to this problem of
determining the primary characteristics of a social group.

Before these different theoretical views can be discussed, however, some remarks must be made
on the general aspects of the social structure of any society. Social life is structured along the
dimensions of time and space. Specific social activities take place at specific times, and time is
divided into periods that are connected with the rhythms of social life—the routines of the day,
the month, and the year. Specific social activities are also organized at specific places; particular
places, for instance, are designated for such activities as working, worshiping, eating, and
sleeping.

Territorial boundaries delineate these places and are defined by rules of property that determine
the use and possession of scarce goods. Additionally, in any society there is a more or less
regular division of labor. Yet another universal structural characteristic of human societies is the
regulation of violence. All violence is a potentially disruptive force; at the same time, it is a
means of coercion and coordination of activities. Human beings have formed political units, such
as nations, within which the use of violence is strictly regulated and which, at the same time, are
organized for the use of violence against outside groups.

b) Analyze the cultural elements of Pakistani society.

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1. Religious Uniformity

Pakistan came into existence to provide its people with a system based on Islam. The people, in
spite of some language differences, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion. Islam
is practiced by all Pakistanis.

2. Language

A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and
Belukha. But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language,
it is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.

3. Literature and Poetry

Literature is an important aspect of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and
deliver the message of love and brotherhood. A similarity of thought among poets and writers of
all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.

Sufi poets occupy an honored place. Sufis like All Shabazz, Data Ganja Bash, Shah Abdul
Lateen, Sacral Warmest, Hazard Sultan Bah and Wares Shah rendered meritorious services for
the spread of Islam in the subcontinent.

4. Dress and Diet

Dress is an important manifestation of culture. Regional dresses of Pakistan have undergone

changes due to local traditions, economic conditions, and wealth. But in all provinces, people
generally wear the traditional dress by Sal war Kamet.

5. Mixed Culture

Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith.
However there is great influence of Hindu and British culture on present Pakistani society.

6. Male Dominated Society

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In Pakistani culture the male member of the family enjoys the key position. The family is headed
by a male member and in most cases, he is the sole source of income for other members of the
family.

7. Arts and Architecture

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant designs,
based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Johan
Mosque, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Mosque, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a
living proof of the splendid Mughal architecture.

Q.2

a) Discuss the principles of group dynamics.

principles of group dynamics:

Important Principle of Group Dynamics

Important principles of group dynamics can be quite repetitive in nature if the establishment of a
solid differentiation does not exist. However, here is an in-depth analysis of the important principles
of group dynamics.

The Principle of Belongingness

An essential group dynamic is for the group members to have a strong sense of togetherness.
Moreover, a group will not be able to function to its fullest without the coordination and
belongingness that the members feel. It is very important for the group members to feel like they
belong to the right group.Moreover, this feeling of belongingness is what drives the group to
perform their best, in turn boosting the group morale. Therefore, the principle of belongingness is a
rather important principle of group dynamics.

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The Principle of Perception

This principle focuses on the prestige of group members and how the group members perceive this
prestige. It is very similar to the principle of status. However, this principle of group dynamic states
that the greater the prestige, the greater is the influence.In addition, the principle of perception
throws light on the importance of group perception. Moreover, this ensures coordination, a common
direction and the successful completion of the objectives.

The Principle of Conformity

This principle of conformity states the importance of the group members to conform to the general
group norms. However, this principle is one of the most essential rules which is the most difficult to
achieve.

The Principle of Change

The principle of change is one such important principles of group dynamics that state the
significance of the change. Every decision in a group is bound to change at a specific point in
time.A well-balanced and coordinated group would not suffer from this change. Moreover, this
group dynamic principle stresses the importance of handling a change well.

b) What is the role of a teacher in molding the individual and group behavior in the
classroom environment?

1. Learning mediator
The educator will mediate learning in a manner which is sensitive to the diverse needs of
learners, including those with barriers to learning; construct learning environments that are
appropriately contextualised and inspirational; Communicate effectively showing recognition of
and respect for the differences of others. In addition an educator will demonstrate sound
knowledge of subject content and various principles, strategies and resources appropriate to

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teaching in a country's context.

2. Interpreter and designer of learning programmes and materials

The educator will understand and interpret provided learning programmed, design original
learning programmed, identify the requirements for a specific context of learning and select and
prepare suitable textual and visual resources for learning. The educator will also select, sequence
and pace the learning in a manner sensitive to the differing needs of the subject learning area and
learners.

3. Leader, administrator and manager

The educator will make decisions appropriate to the level, manage learning in the classroom,
carry out classroom administrative duties efficiently and participate in school decision making
structures. These competences will be performed in ways which are democratic, which support
learners and colleagues, and which demonstrate responsiveness to changing circumstances and
needs.

4. Scholar, researcher and lifelong learner

The educator will achieve ongoing personal, academic, occupational and professional growth
through pursuing reflective study and research in their learning area, in broader professional and
educational matters, and in other related fields.

5. Community, citizenship and pastoral role

The educator will practice and promote a critical, committed and ethical attitude towards
developing a sense of respect and responsibility towards others. The educator will uphold the
constitution and promote democratic values and practices in schools and society. Within the
school, the educator will demonstrate an ability to develop a supportive and empowering
environment for the learner and respond to the educational and other needs of learners and fellow
educators. Furthermore, the educator will develop supportive relations with parents and other key
persons and organisations based on a critical understanding of community and environmental
development issues. One critical dimension of this role is HIV/AIDS education.

6. Assessor

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The educator will understand that assessment is an essential feature of the teaching and learning
process and know how to integrate it into this process. The educator will have an understanding
of the purposes, methods and effects of assessment and be able to provide helpful feedback to
learners. The educator will design and manage both formative and summative assessment in
ways that are appropriate to the level and purpose of the learning and meet the requirements of
accrediting bodies. The educator will keep detailed and diagnostic records of assessment. The
educator will understand how to interpret and use assessment results to feed into processes for
the improvement of learning programmed.

7. Learning area/subject discipline/phase specialist

The educator will be well grounded in the knowledge, skills, values, principles, methods, and
procedures relevant to the discipline, subject, learning area, phase of study, or professional or
occupational practice. The educator will know about different approaches to teaching and
learning (and, where appropriate, research and management), and how these may be used in
ways which are appropriate to the learners and the context. The educator will have a well-
developed understanding of the knowledge appropriate to the specialism.

Q.3 a)Highlight the role of education in preserving and promoting the culture of a society.

Role of education in preserving and promoting the culture of a society.

Influence # 1. Preservation of Culture:

Culture is the blood vein of a society, which needs to be conserved. It is an important function of
education to help in the preservation of culture or social heritage.Education, through its
specialized agencies, tries to inculcate the traditions, customs, values, arts, morals etc. into the
tender minds of pupils.

T.P. Nunn has emphasized this aspect in his views on education. Our first prime minister, Pt. J.L.
Nehru viewed, “Education must help in preserving the vital elements of our heritage”.

Influence # 2. Transmission of Culture:

In addition to preservation of culture, it is a task of education to maintain the continuity of
culture by handing down the existing cultural experiences, values, traditions, customs etc. from

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one generation to another through its various programmes and practices. Without this
transmission, the nation’s survival may be the toughest task and the progress of mankind can be
stifled. Society reels in utter chaos and confusion.

Men will become savages and human relationship will be broken into pieces. Therefore, the
substance of unity in any society is its precious culture. The famous sociologist, Ottaway
writes, “The function of education is to transmit the social values and ideals to the young and
capable members of society”.
Influence # 3. Promotion of Culture:
Besides preservation and transmission, another vital function of education is to modify the
existing cultural patterns in the light of changes visible in the needs and demands of the society.
These changes are heightened owing to cross-cultural variables. Thus, new cultural patterns are
formed by replacing and reorienting the old outmoded cultural forms to suit the changing needs
of time and man. Therefore, society makes ostensible progress. This part of education is called
progressive function of education. As such, education performs by constantly reorganizing and
reconstructing human experiences for the promotion and enrichment of culture.

Influence # 4. Equips Man to Adapt to Changing Cultural Patterns:

It is an admitted fact that every generation after generation modifies the old and archaic cultural
forms and adds new ones to the best advantage of theirs. This is possible through educational
means and method. Moreover, education equips the individual to adjust himself or herself to the
changing cultural forms and patterns for better and successful living.

Influence # 5. Moulding the Personality:

It is an universal element of culture that personality is shaped and moulded by education. An
individual’s personality goes on developing when he or she continues to forge a web of
relationship with other members of society.

This form of interaction is made possible by education according to the behavioural patterns or
culture of the existing society. In simple words, culture is an informal agency of social control
which helps in moulding and shaping the behaviour of the individuals in a desirable way.

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Influence # 6. Restoring Unity of Mankind through Diffusion of Culture:

It is a dire necessity of the civilization that unity of mankind is to be restored. It is to be made
possible through education which assists in diffusion of culture in an effective manner.
Education should treat human culture as a whole like a full-bloosom flower whose different
petals represent different groups.

b) Suggest possible ways in which teachers may socialize with their students in school and
classroom.

teachers may socialize with their students in school and classroom:

Role Model

Consider ways you can be a role model. This doesn't mean you need to already be in great shape
or have a rigorous exercise routine. Modelling this behavior could be as simple as finding ways
to incorporate regular movement into everyday routines.

Perhaps you plan to take breaks in classroom time to encourage students to move a bit or to
stretch or walk around yourself. If you have interests that relate to physical activity, share this
with your students either in conversation or by bringing these interests into your lesson plans.

For example, let's say you're a math teacher, and you're trying to figure out how you could
possibly play a role in encouraging physical activity. While developing a math problem, you
could decide to replace the language of one of the problems with a story about students riding
their bikes.

Let's say you like to take after-dinner walks sometimes. You could use yourself as the participant
in a math problem discussing how many miles are walked in a week. Any opportunity to bring
up the topic in the classroom is a good way to subtly introduce a range of activities to your
students.

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Involve Students

It's important to recognize that students have different ways of enjoying physical movement. Not
every student will be passionate about team sports, just as not every student will like to dance or
jog. Students also start with different levels of fitness. While it may be ideal for a student to
enjoy some more rigorous activities, for some students, simply walking more often or not sitting
still as long may be a great start.

One strategy to try is a physical activity break, a short period of time in the classroom used
primarily for (safe and appropriate) physical moment. Obviously, you're not going to be playing
a full game of soccer in a classroom, so think of activity breaks that are modified for a small
space and a short period of time

Q.4 a)Elaborate the process of socialization.

Socialization is a process that introduces people to social norms and customs. This process helps
individuals function well in society, and, in turn, helps society run smoothly. Family members,
teachers, religious leaders, and peers all play roles in a person's socialization.

This process typically occurs in two stages: Primary socialization takes place from birth through
adolescence, and secondary socialization continues throughout one's life. Adult socialization
may occur whenever people find themselves in new circumstances, especially those in which
they interact with individuals whose norms or customs differ from theirs.

The Purpose of Socialization

During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society.

This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also results in such groups
sustaining themselves. For example, a new sorority member gets an insider's look at the customs
and traditions of a Greek organization. As the years pass, the member can apply the information
she's learned about the sorority when newcomers join, allowing the group to carry on its
traditions.

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Stages and Forms of Socialization

Sociologists recognize two stages of socialization: primary and secondary. Primary

socialization occurs from birth through adolescence. Caregivers, teachers, coaches, religious
figures, and peers guide this process.

Secondary socialization occurs throughout our lives as we encounter groups and situations that
were not part of our primary socialization experience. This might include a college experience,
where many people interact with members of different populations and learn new norms, values,
and behaviors. Secondary socialization also takes place in the workplace or while traveling
somewhere new. As we learn about unfamiliar places and adapt to them, we experience
secondary socialization.

Meanwhile, group socialization occurs throughout all stages of life. For example, peer groups
influence how one speaks and dresses. During childhood and adolescence, this tends to break
down along gender lines. It is common to see groups of children of either gender wearing the
same hair and clothing styles.

Organizational socialization occurs within an institution or organization to familiarize a person

with its norms, values, and practices. This process often unfolds in nonprofits and companies.
New employees in a workplace have to learn how to collaborate, meet management's goals, and
take breaks in a manner suitable for the company. At a nonprofit, individuals may learn how to
speak about social causes in a way that reflects the organization's mission.

b) Analyze the role of media in manipulating social opinion.

the role of media in manipulating social opinion:

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Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or

argument that favours their particular interests.[1] Such tactics may include the use of logical
fallacies, psychological manipulations, outright deception, rhetorical and propaganda techniques,
and often involve the suppression of information or points of view by crowding them out, by
inducing other people or groups of people to stop listening to certain arguments, or by simply
diverting attention elsewhere. In Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Jacques
Ellul writes that public opinion can only express itself through channels which are provided by
the mass media of communication – without which there could be no propaganda.

Advertising
: Advertising

Advertising is the action of attracting public attention to something, especially through paid
announcements for products and services.[5] This tends to be done by businesses who wish to sell
their product by paying media outlets to show their products or services on television
breaks, banners on websites and mobile applications.

These advertisements are not only done by businesses but can also be done by certain groups.
Non-commercial advertisers are those who spend money on advertising in a hope to raise
awareness for a cause or promote specific ideas.[6] These include groups such as interest groups,
political parties, government organizations and religious movements. Most of these organizations
intend to spread a message or sway public opinion instead of trying to sell products or services.
Advertising can not only be found on social media, but it is also evident on billboards,
newspapers, magazines and even word of mouth.

Hoaxing:

A hoax is something intended to deceive or defraud. When a newspaper or the news reports a
fake story, it is known as a hoax. Misleading public stunts, scientific frauds, false bomb
threats and business scams are examples of hoaxes.[7] A common aspect that hoaxes have is that
they are all meant to deceive or lie. For something to become a hoax, the lie must have
something more to offer. It must be outrageous, dramatic but also has to be believable and

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ingenious. Above all, it must be able to attract attention from the public. Once it has done that
then a hoax is in full effect.

Q.5 Discuss the working of some major institutions of society?

Social Institutions are the establishment in a society that makes the society function. They work
as the backbone of a society. Without the social institutions a society cannot achieve fulfilment
in terms of economy, academy or relationships. When there are no rules and regulations in a
society, people are more likely to indulge in crime and other harmful activities. Social
institutions help in taming such activities.

They contribute in organizing a society and its people. There are different types of social
institutions which come with a set of rules and norms and ask the people to follow them. The
violation of such rules often results in condemnation and prosecution.

Significant Social Institution- Politics

The people in power often get involved in corruption. Corruption is one of the most negative
factors of a society that prevents its growth. Politicians often give dishonest assurances to people
and after they come into power,forget all about what they said. If a country gets to be corruption
free, most of its issues can be resolved. It is the most anti-society factor and activity in a country.

Economy As A Social Institution-

Economy is that social institution which produces and distributes the goods and services and
monitors their consumption. The goods and services are two of the basic things that the people of
a country require. The two main economic systems are Capitalism and Socialism. The economy
is an institution that keeps on changing. There are many economic trends like diversity in the
work place, globalization, self- employment etc. The transaction of goods and services requires
currencies as a medium. The introduction of currencies in today’s world has made the
transactions much easier and advance. Before the currencies came into existence, the barter
system was the only medium of transaction, barter system is where a person provides good and
services in return of other goods and services.

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b) How do recreational institutions influence socialization?

Social Institutions
Bertrand defined it as “system of social relationship for meeting various felt human needs”
Maciver and page consider it “an established form of conditions of procedure.”
In general, we may infer that social institution is an established machinery to satisfy human
needs.
Family
Religious institutions
Political institutions
Recreational institutions
Educational institutions
Economic institutions

Family
Horton & Hunt: “family is a kinship grouping which provides for the rearing of children and for
certain after bond needs.”
In the primitive society, family was a source of authority. Council of elders in the primitive times
exercised great influence within the family and the society.

Structure of the family

The following relationships exist in a simple family when there are children with parents:

1. Husband & Wife 2. Father & son

3. Father & Daughter 4. Mother & Son
5. Mother & Daughter 6. Brother & brother
7. Sister & sister 8. Brother & sister
These bonds of relationship create structure of the family. These members compose a family.

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Types of family

Nuclear conjugal Family: This family consists of married couple and their unmarred children
living together. Husband & wife make core in this family. Radcliff Brown called it elementary
family.
Consanguine Family: this family is founded upon blood relationship of a large number of kins
relationships. This family is extended to blood relations together with their mates & children. It
is the main bar is of kinship In Pakistani society unmarried brother and sister live together with
parents. It means uncle and aunt also live together within the nuclear family. Practically it is
found today in Pakistani society where father is strongly dominant.
Extended Family: It consists of three generations. Grandfather, father and son living within the
family are a typical extended family.

The three kinds are:

a. Extended Family: Husband & wife and their either of the married children living together.

b. Patrilineal Extended Family: parents + their sons + son’s wives and their children living
together.

c. Matrilineal extended family: Parents + their daughters + daughter’s husband + their children
living together.
In Pakistani society they are usually called “ghar jawai”

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