Mathematical

Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Bargo

Estimation on a Heat Conducting Rod

Experiment

Ma. Cristina R. Bargo

Department of Mathematics
University of the Philippines Diliman

February 28, 2007

 Mathematical
Objectives Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I Prepare the setup for the heat conduction experiment, Bargo

data gathering
I Create a model for heat conduction on a metal rod,
under the following assumptions:
I constant heat flux at one end of the rod (due to the
heat source)
I heat loss along the sides of the rod
I heat loss at the other end of the rod
I Find the parameters (thermal conductivity, heat transfer
coefficient, specific heat capacity) of the metal rod by
minimizing the difference between the actual
temperature and computed temperature values
 Mathematical
Objectives Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I Prepare the setup for the heat conduction experiment, Bargo

data gathering
I Create a model for heat conduction on a metal rod,
under the following assumptions:
I constant heat flux at one end of the rod (due to the
heat source)
I heat loss along the sides of the rod
I heat loss at the other end of the rod
I Find the parameters (thermal conductivity, heat transfer
coefficient, specific heat capacity) of the metal rod by
minimizing the difference between the actual
temperature and computed temperature values
 Mathematical
Objectives Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I Prepare the setup for the heat conduction experiment, Bargo

data gathering
I Create a model for heat conduction on a metal rod,
under the following assumptions:
I constant heat flux at one end of the rod (due to the
heat source)
I heat loss along the sides of the rod
I heat loss at the other end of the rod
I Find the parameters (thermal conductivity, heat transfer
coefficient, specific heat capacity) of the metal rod by
minimizing the difference between the actual
temperature and computed temperature values
 Mathematical
Experimental Setup Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Rods used: copper and aluminum

I Heat source: soldering iron
I To measure the temperature: 8 Type T thermocouples
attached to a DI-1000TC data acquisition instrument
I To record the data: WinDaq Lite Data Acq DI-1000TC
I To view the data: WinDaq Waveform Browser
 Mathematical
Experimental Setup Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

Figure: Heat Lab equipment

 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Overview Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Optimization algorithm inspired by the concept of

evolution (“survival of the fittest”)
I Suppose that we want to find q = (q1 , q2 , . . . , qn ) that
minimizes the function F (q):
I “individual”: described by q
I “fitness” of an “individual”: determined by F (q)
I “initial population”: randomly selected
I main processes of GA: selection, recombination,
mutation
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Overview Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Optimization algorithm inspired by the concept of

evolution (“survival of the fittest”)
I Suppose that we want to find q = (q1 , q2 , . . . , qn ) that
minimizes the function F (q):
I “individual”: described by q
I “fitness” of an “individual”: determined by F (q)
I “initial population”: randomly selected
I main processes of GA: selection, recombination,
mutation
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Overview Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Optimization algorithm inspired by the concept of

evolution (“survival of the fittest”)
I Suppose that we want to find q = (q1 , q2 , . . . , qn ) that
minimizes the function F (q):
I “individual”: described by q
I “fitness” of an “individual”: determined by F (q)
I “initial population”: randomly selected
I main processes of GA: selection, recombination,
mutation
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Processes Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Selection
I compute the fitness of each individual
I form the “roulette”
I create the “mating pool”
I Recombination
I randomly select two individuals from the mating pool
I “mating” (to produce population of “offsprings”)
I probability of mating is determined by a fixed probability
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Processes Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Selection
I compute the fitness of each individual
I form the “roulette”
I create the “mating pool”
I Recombination
I randomly select two individuals from the mating pool
I “mating” (to produce population of “offsprings”)
I probability of mating is determined by a fixed probability
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Processes Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Mutation
I introduce small changes in the parameters of an
individual (“mutate”)
I probability of mutation is determined by a fixed
probability
I the resulting (mutated) pool will make up the initial
population for the next generation
I Optional process: Elitism
I the fitness of the next generation doesn’t necessarily
improve (because of recombination and mutation)
I if the best “parent” has disappeared, introduce it again
by removing 1 arbitrary offspring
 Mathematical
Genetic Algorithm Modeling and
Parameter
Processes Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Mutation
I introduce small changes in the parameters of an
individual (“mutate”)
I probability of mutation is determined by a fixed
probability
I the resulting (mutated) pool will make up the initial
population for the next generation
I Optional process: Elitism
I the fitness of the next generation doesn’t necessarily
improve (because of recombination and mutation)
I if the best “parent” has disappeared, introduce it again
by removing 1 arbitrary offspring
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I temperature u of the rod does not change over time:
∂u
∂t = 0, hence u is a function of the position x
(measured from the end with the heat source)
I given parameters:
I r (cross-sectional radius of the rod)
I ` (length of the rod)
I ua (ambient temperature)
I parameters to be estimated:
I k (thermal conductivity of the rod)
I h (heat transfer coefficient)
I Q (heat flux provided by the soldering iron)
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I temperature u of the rod does not change over time:
∂u
∂t = 0, hence u is a function of the position x
(measured from the end with the heat source)
I given parameters:
I r (cross-sectional radius of the rod)
I ` (length of the rod)
I ua (ambient temperature)
I parameters to be estimated:
I k (thermal conductivity of the rod)
I h (heat transfer coefficient)
I Q (heat flux provided by the soldering iron)
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I temperature u of the rod does not change over time:
∂u
∂t = 0, hence u is a function of the position x
(measured from the end with the heat source)
I given parameters:
I r (cross-sectional radius of the rod)
I ` (length of the rod)
I ua (ambient temperature)
I parameters to be estimated:
I k (thermal conductivity of the rod)
I h (heat transfer coefficient)
I Q (heat flux provided by the soldering iron)
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I the model is given by

2h

00
ku (x) − r (u(x) − ua ) = 0, x ∈ (0, `)


u 0 (0) = − Qk , x =0 (1)


 0 h
u (`) = − k (u(`) − ua ) , x =`

I general solution
q
to (1): q
2h 2h
− x x
u(x) = c1 e rk+ c2 e rk + ua , where c1 and c2 are
constants (determined by the boundary conditions of the
problem)
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I the model is given by

2h

00
ku (x) − r (u(x) − ua ) = 0, x ∈ (0, `)


u 0 (0) = − Qk , x =0 (1)


 0 h
u (`) = − k (u(`) − ua ) , x =`

I general solution
q
to (1): q
2h 2h
− x x
u(x) = c1 e rk+ c2 e rk + ua , where c1 and c2 are
constants (determined by the boundary conditions of the
problem)
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
q 
Q 2h h
k −rk k Q
c1 = q  q q  q  + qk
2h 2L 2h 2h h 2h
rk e rk
rk + k − 2h h
rk + k rk

and
q 
Q 2h h
k − rk k
c2 = q  q q  q 
2h 2L 2h 2h h 2h h
rk e rk
rk + k − rk + k
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
Parameter Estimation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
Q T
I vector of unknown parameters: q = k , kh
I steady-state data points: û (x1 ) , û (x2 ) , . . . , û (xN )
I u (xi ; q): solution of (1), using the parameter q and
evaluated at xi
I find:
N
1 X
min J(q) = min |u (xi ; q) − û (xi )|2
q∈R2 q∈R 2 N
i=1
 Mathematical
Steady-State Case Modeling and
Parameter
Parameter Estimation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
Q T
I vector of unknown parameters: q = k , kh
I steady-state data points: û (x1 ) , û (x2 ) , . . . , û (xN )
I u (xi ; q): solution of (1), using the parameter q and
evaluated at xi
I find:
N
1 X
min J(q) = min |u (xi ; q) − û (xi )|2
q∈R2 q∈R 2 N
i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I temperature u is a function of the position x and time t Bargo

I given parameters: r , `, ua , ρ (density of the rod)

I parameters to be estimated: k, h, Q, cp (specific heat
capacity of the rod)
I the model is given by

∂u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t) 2h


ρc p = k − (u (x, t) − ua )

 ∂t ∂x 2 r
∂u (0, t) Q

=−
 ∂x k
 ∂u (`, t) = − h (u (`, t) − u )



a
∂x k
(2)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I temperature u is a function of the position x and time t Bargo

I given parameters: r , `, ua , ρ (density of the rod)

I parameters to be estimated: k, h, Q, cp (specific heat
capacity of the rod)
I the model is given by

∂u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t) 2h


ρc p = k − (u (x, t) − ua )

 ∂t ∂x 2 r
∂u (0, t) Q

=−
 ∂x k
 ∂u (`, t) = − h (u (`, t) − u )



a
∂x k
(2)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I temperature u is a function of the position x and time t Bargo

I given parameters: r , `, ua , ρ (density of the rod)

I parameters to be estimated: k, h, Q, cp (specific heat
capacity of the rod)
I the model is given by

∂u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t) 2h


ρc p = k − (u (x, t) − ua )

 ∂t ∂x 2 r
∂u (0, t) Q

=−
 ∂x k
 ∂u (`, t) = − h (u (`, t) − u )



a
∂x k
(2)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
The Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
I temperature u is a function of the position x and time t Bargo

I given parameters: r , `, ua , ρ (density of the rod)

I parameters to be estimated: k, h, Q, cp (specific heat
capacity of the rod)
I the model is given by

∂u (x, t) ∂ 2 u (x, t) 2h


ρc p = k − (u (x, t) − ua )

 ∂t ∂x 2 r
∂u (0, t) Q

=−
 ∂x k
 ∂u (`, t) = − h (u (`, t) − u )



a
∂x k
(2)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Solution to the Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

I Solution has no analytical form Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
I Weak formulation:
I Multiply PDE in (2) by φ ∈ H 1 (0, `)
I Integrate over (0, `)
I Use integration by parts
I Impose boundary conditions

Z ` Z `
∂u (x, t) k
φ (x) dx = − u 0 (x, t) φ0 (x) dx
0 ∂t ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
− u (x, t) φ (x) dx − u (`, t) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
2hua `
Z
hua Q
+ φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Solution to the Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

I Solution has no analytical form Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
I Weak formulation:
I Multiply PDE in (2) by φ ∈ H 1 (0, `)
I Integrate over (0, `)
I Use integration by parts
I Impose boundary conditions

Z ` Z `
∂u (x, t) k
φ (x) dx = − u 0 (x, t) φ0 (x) dx
0 ∂t ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
− u (x, t) φ (x) dx − u (`, t) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
2hua `
Z
hua Q
+ φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Solution to the Model Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

I Solution has no analytical form Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
I Weak formulation:
I Multiply PDE in (2) by φ ∈ H 1 (0, `)
I Integrate over (0, `)
I Use integration by parts
I Impose boundary conditions

Z ` Z `
∂u (x, t) k
φ (x) dx = − u 0 (x, t) φ0 (x) dx
0 ∂t ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
− u (x, t) φ (x) dx − u (`, t) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
2hua `
Z
hua Q
+ φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
I Let V = H 1 (0, `) and H = L2 (0, `) with the following Rod Experiment

inner products: Ma. Cristina R.

Bargo
Z `
hψ, φiH = ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0
Z ` `
2h
Z
0 0
hψ, φiV = ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (x) φ (x) dx
0 rk 0

I Define the operators σ : V × V → R and F : V → R

Z `
k
σ (ψ, φ) = ψ 0 (x) φ0 (x) dx
ρcp 0
Z `
2h h
+ ψ (x) φ (x) dx + ψ (`) φ (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp

2hua `
Z
hua Q
F (φ) = φ (x) dx + φ (`) + φ (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Weak form of problem (2) can be stated in this way:

Find u ∈ C (0, ∞; V ) such that
 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u, φ) + F (φ) , ∀φ ∈ V
∂t H (3)
u (0) = u0


I Show:
I solution to (3) exists
I equivalence of the solution to (2) and (3)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Weak Formulation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Weak form of problem (2) can be stated in this way:

Find u ∈ C (0, ∞; V ) such that
 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u, φ) + F (φ) , ∀φ ∈ V
∂t H (3)
u (0) = u0


I Show:
I solution to (3) exists
I equivalence of the solution to (2) and (3)
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Project the solution of (3) in a finite dimensional space
V n = span {φ1 , . . . , φn } Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Finite-dimensional problem: Find u n ∈ C (0, ∞; V n )
such that
 n 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u n , φi ) + F (φi ) , i = 1, . . . , n
i
∂t H
 n
u (0) = u0
(4)
X n
I Write u n (x, t) = αi (t) φi (x) and substitute to (4):
i=1

M α̇ (t) = Aα (t) + F (t) (5)

n
X
I Initial condition: un (x, 0) = αi (0) φi (x)
i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Project the solution of (3) in a finite dimensional space
V n = span {φ1 , . . . , φn } Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Finite-dimensional problem: Find u n ∈ C (0, ∞; V n )
such that
 n 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u n , φi ) + F (φi ) , i = 1, . . . , n
i
∂t H
 n
u (0) = u0
(4)
X n
I Write u n (x, t) = αi (t) φi (x) and substitute to (4):
i=1

M α̇ (t) = Aα (t) + F (t) (5)

n
X
I Initial condition: un (x, 0) = αi (0) φi (x)
i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Project the solution of (3) in a finite dimensional space
V n = span {φ1 , . . . , φn } Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Finite-dimensional problem: Find u n ∈ C (0, ∞; V n )
such that
 n 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u n , φi ) + F (φi ) , i = 1, . . . , n
i
∂t H
 n
u (0) = u0
(4)
X n
I Write u n (x, t) = αi (t) φi (x) and substitute to (4):
i=1

M α̇ (t) = Aα (t) + F (t) (5)

n
X
I Initial condition: un (x, 0) = αi (0) φi (x)
i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Project the solution of (3) in a finite dimensional space
V n = span {φ1 , . . . , φn } Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
I Finite-dimensional problem: Find u n ∈ C (0, ∞; V n )
such that
 n 
 ∂u , φ = −σ (u n , φi ) + F (φi ) , i = 1, . . . , n
i
∂t H
 n
u (0) = u0
(4)
X n
I Write u n (x, t) = αi (t) φi (x) and substitute to (4):
i=1

M α̇ (t) = Aα (t) + F (t) (5)

n
X
I Initial condition: un (x, 0) = αi (0) φi (x)
i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
The variables in (5) are defined as follows: Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
T Bargo
α (t) = [α1 (t) , α2 (t) , . . . , αn (t)]

Z `
k
[A]ij = − φ0 (x) φ0i (x) dx
ρcp 0 j
Z `
2h h
− φj (x) φi (x) dx − φj (`) φi (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
Z `
[M]ij = φj (x) φi (x) dx
0

`
2hua
Z
hua Q
[F (t)]i = φi (x) dx + φi (`) + φi (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
The variables in (5) are defined as follows: Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
T Bargo
α (t) = [α1 (t) , α2 (t) , . . . , αn (t)]

Z `
k
[A]ij = − φ0 (x) φ0i (x) dx
ρcp 0 j
Z `
2h h
− φj (x) φi (x) dx − φj (`) φi (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
Z `
[M]ij = φj (x) φi (x) dx
0

`
2hua
Z
hua Q
[F (t)]i = φi (x) dx + φi (`) + φi (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
The variables in (5) are defined as follows: Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
T Bargo
α (t) = [α1 (t) , α2 (t) , . . . , αn (t)]

Z `
k
[A]ij = − φ0 (x) φ0i (x) dx
ρcp 0 j
Z `
2h h
− φj (x) φi (x) dx − φj (`) φi (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
Z `
[M]ij = φj (x) φi (x) dx
0

`
2hua
Z
hua Q
[F (t)]i = φi (x) dx + φi (`) + φi (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Galerkin Method Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
The variables in (5) are defined as follows: Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
T Bargo
α (t) = [α1 (t) , α2 (t) , . . . , αn (t)]

Z `
k
[A]ij = − φ0 (x) φ0i (x) dx
ρcp 0 j
Z `
2h h
− φj (x) φi (x) dx − φj (`) φi (`)
r ρcp 0 ρcp
Z `
[M]ij = φj (x) φi (x) dx
0

`
2hua
Z
hua Q
[F (t)]i = φi (x) dx + φi (`) + φi (0)
r ρcp 0 ρcp ρcp
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Parameter Estimation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
Q cp T
I vector of unknown parameters: q = k , kh , k
I set of data points:
{û (xi , tj ) | i = 1, . . . N, j = 1, . . . , Nt}
I u n (xi , tj ; q) is the numerical solution of (2) using the
parameter q and evaluated at xi at time tj
I find:
Nt N
1 XX n
min J(q) = min |u (xi , tj ; q) − û (xi , tj )|2
q∈R3 q∈R3 N · Nt
j=1 i=1
 Mathematical
Time-Dependent Case Modeling and
Parameter
Parameter Estimation Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo
Q cp T
I vector of unknown parameters: q = k , kh , k
I set of data points:
{û (xi , tj ) | i = 1, . . . N, j = 1, . . . , Nt}
I u n (xi , tj ; q) is the numerical solution of (2) using the
parameter q and evaluated at xi at time tj
I find:
Nt N
1 XX n
min J(q) = min |u (xi , tj ; q) − û (xi , tj )|2
q∈R3 q∈R3 N · Nt
j=1 i=1
 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Steady-state case
I Copper:
Q
I
k
= 69.859011
h
I
k
= 0.0354198
I Aluminum:
Q
I
k
= 41.409499
h
I
k
= 0.0402905
I Time-dependent case: to follow!
 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Steady-state case
I Copper:
Q
I
k
= 69.859011
h
I
k
= 0.0354198
I Aluminum:
Q
I
k
= 41.409499
h
I
k
= 0.0402905
I Time-dependent case: to follow!
 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Steady-state case
I Copper:
Q
I
k
= 69.859011
h
I
k
= 0.0354198
I Aluminum:
Q
I
k
= 41.409499
h
I
k
= 0.0402905
I Time-dependent case: to follow!
 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

I Steady-state case
I Copper:
Q
I
k
= 69.859011
h
I
k
= 0.0354198
I Aluminum:
Q
I
k
= 41.409499
h
I
k
= 0.0402905
I Time-dependent case: to follow!
 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Copper Rod: actual temperature and computed temperature Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

320
data
318 computed

316

314
temperature (K)

312

310

308

306

304

302
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
position (m)

Figure: Plot of temperature vs. position (copper rod)

 Mathematical
Results Modeling and
Parameter
Aluminum Rod: actual temperature and computed temperature Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

313
data
312
computed

311

310

309
temperature (K)

308

307

306

305

304

303

302
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
position (m)

Figure: Plot of temperature vs. position (aluminum rod)

 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
Future Work Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
I Implement Galerkin method and genetic algorithm, and
Ma. Cristina R.
find the estimated parameters of the rod Bargo

I Consider different boundary conditions and compare the

error results (to see which model best describes the
situation)
I Use other optimization algorithms (gradient-based,
heuristic, hybrid)
I Implement a faster numerical method for solving the
PDE
I Use hierarchical Bayesian methods for parameter
estimation
I Create a “better” heat source (oven, in cooperation with
NIP)
 Mathematical
References Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
H.T. Banks, R.C. Smith and Y. Wang, “Smart Material Structures: Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment
Modeling, Estimation and Control,” John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
Ma. Cristina R.
Michel Chipot, “Elements of Nonlinear Analysis,” Birkhauser, 2000. Bargo

A. Pazy, “Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to

Partial Differential Equations,” Springer-Verlag, 1983.
Kazufumi Ito and Franz Kappel, “Evolution Equations and
Approximation,” World Scientific Publishing, 2002.
Gabriel Cormier and Roger Boudreau, “Real-coded genetic
algorithm for Bragg grating parameter synthesis,” J. Opt. Soc.
Am., 18, 1771-1776 (2001).
Pedro Laguitao, “Estimation of Copper Rod Parameters Using
Data from Heat Conduction Experiment,” Undergraduate Research
Paper, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman,
2001.
”Instructional and Research Laboratory, Center for Research in
Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University,”
http://www.ncsu.edu/crsc/ilfum.htm.
 Mathematical
Modeling and
Parameter
Estimation on a
Heat Conducting
Rod Experiment

Ma. Cristina R.
Bargo

THE END