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DESIGN
BS 8110 - 1: 1997
LECTURE NOTE 01
Contents:
A. Design basis for limit state design concepts
B. Material Properties
C. Structural Loadings
D. Durability and Fire Resistance
M. F. M Abdullah
B. Tech (Civil Eng.) (Hons) (OUSL)
0764667470, 0711191926
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
Historically, structural design was carried out based on intuition, trial and error, and experience, which
enabled empirical design rules, generally relating to structure/member proportions, to be established.
These rules were used to minimize structural failures and consequently introduced a margin-of-safety
against collapse. In the latter half of the 19th century the introduction of modern materials and the
development of mathematical modelling techniques led to the introduction of a design philosophy
which incorporated the concept of factor-of-safety based on known material strength, e.g. ultimate
tensile
Stress; this is known as permissible stress design. During the 20th century two further design
philosophies were developed and are referred to as load-factor design and limit state design;
pg. 1
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
However, permissible stress method is not applicable to semi-plastic material such as concrete and
masonry load bearing structures. Assumption that stresses are directly proportional became
unjustifiable for materials such as concrete, making it impossible to estimate the true factors of safety.
1. The Serviceability Limit State in which a condition, e.g. deflection, vibration or cracking, occurs
extent, which is unacceptable to the owner, occupier, client etc. and
2. the Ultimate Limit State in which the structure, or some part of it, is unsafe for its intended
purpose, e.g. compressive, tensile, shear or flexural failure or instability leading to partial or total
collapse.
pg. 2
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
The method in most codes is based on the use of characteristic values and partial safety factors.
pg. 3
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
(( )
( )
( )
pg. 4
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
2.1 CONCRETE
2.1.1 CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (fcu) (Clause 2.4.2.1)
In structural terms the most important material property of concrete is its inherent compressive strength.
In BS 8110 − 1:1997, Part 1, the characteristic strength (see Section 2.3) of concrete is defined in Clause
2.4.2.1 as the value of the cube strength of concrete fcu. The cube strength is defined on the basis of test
results carried out after 28 days on 10 cm or 15 cm (4 inch or 6 inch) cubes cast and cured under rigid,
specified conditions and loaded to failure in a standardized compression testing machine as indicated in
BS 1881:Testing Concrete.
Strength class can identify the characteristic strength of concrete.
Note :
Within 7 days after casting the concrete it attains 2/3 of cube strength.
pg. 5
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
According to the code simplified representation of the short term design stress/train curve for normal
concrete shown in the figure
2.2 REINFORCEMENT
2.2.1 CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT (fy) (Clause 3.1.7.4)
Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. A product consisting of plain cement concrete
shows compressive strength that is about ten times greater than its tensile strength. Plain concrete may
used in elements and structures, which act in compression and which undergo no tensile stresses or
thermal cracking or where these would not be critical. However, structural members are generally
subjected to axial load, flexure, shear, torsion or combination of these. Reinforcements take up these
stresses safely. In practice concrete is cast with steels, therefore it is referred a reinforced cement concrete
structure.
pg. 6
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
Youngs modulus of reinforcement is equal to Tan Ø. This should be taken as 200 kN/mm2
pg. 7
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
3.15)
4.1 EXPOSURE CONDITION
The integrity of reinforced concrete depends on its ability to prevent corrosion of the reinforcement
when exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions, e.g. ranging from ‘mild exposure’ such as
concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions to ‘most severe’ or ‘abrasive’
conditions in which concrete surfaces may be frequently exposed to sea water spray, de-icing salts or the
abrasive actions of machinery.
The number of criteria to be considered when determining the nominal covers (Clause 3.3.1.1)
Single bars :
pg. 10
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
When concrete is cast on uneven surfaces (e.g. earth or blinding, which is finely crushed aggregate rolled
on the top of compacted fill such as hardcore) additional cover to that indicated in Table 3.3 should be
provided as shown in Figure
pg. 11
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
Exercise No 01
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam inside a building is simply supported and is required to support
precast concrete units as shown in Figure 5.19. Using the data given determine:
(i) the nominal cover required to the underside of the beam, and
Data:
pg. 12
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
LECTURE NO 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997
Solution:
(i) Clause 3.3.1.2 Nominal cover ≥ (main bar diameter − link diameter)
≥ (25 − 8) = 17 mm
*Note: Under these conditions this value can be reduced to 15 mm when the maximum
(ii) Clause 3.3.6 The minimum beam width b to satisfy the required 1.5 hours.
pg. 13
Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)