doval santos 11-stem a biology 2.

Chapter 24: The Senses Optic • cranial nerve that connects retina to brain Cataracts • may white stuff sa mata
Sensation VS Perception Nerve transmits sense of vision to the brain (occipital) • risk factor: ageing, diabetes, alcohol, excess
• Sensation - what i felt • Blind Spot - where optic nerves exits the retina sunlight exposure, hereditary, hypertension,
• Perception - how my brain interprets • lacks/no photoreceptors (cant sense light) overweight
• lens implementation (papalitan yung lens ng
Sensory Receptor Cells: Aqueou • fluid that helps bend light rays and focus them on plastic implant)
1. Mechanoreceptors - hearing s& the retina
2. Thermoreceptors Vitreou • Aqueous humor - lubricate outside of eye Colorblind • people who lack a cone type entirely, due to a
3. Pain receptors s humor • lies between cornea & lens ness genetic mutation
4. Photoreceptors - sight (cones & rods) • maintains the shape of the eyeball
5. Chemoreceptors - taste & smell • Vitreous humor - jelly-like substance that fills
most of the eyeball’s volume
A. Sense of Vision • behind the lens
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyes
Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells
• specialized cells in the eye sends signal light > cornea >
aqueous humor > pupil
• Photoreceptors color blindness: cataracts ^^

cones rods

Sclera • white outermost layer that protects the inner • detects colors • detects B&W in dim light
structures of the eye • work in bright light • 1 type
• may be sensitive to: 3 types

Cornea • transparent curved window that bends incoming Red, Green, Blue light
light rays
Rhodopsin - pigment in rods & cones
• outermost part
• at risk pag nagsusuot ng contact lens • Cones & Rods synapse with other neurons which sends
Eyesight
action potentials 20
• irregular shape of cornea causes astigmatism
• pag may nasense na colors, iinterpret tas idedeliver sa optic • 20 vision
Choroid • layer internal to the sclera nerve
• upper - Snellen chart, actual distance
• lower - distance a normal person can see
Iris • colored part of the eye Types of Tears • eyeglasses alter the path of light, correcting the blurry vision
• regulates the size of pupil that occurs when rays focus elsewhere
basal reflex emotional
Pupil • hole in the middle of the iris Nearsightedness • di abot sa retina yung light
• small in bright light = shielding the eye from • lubricates the • acts to irritation • exclusive to • oblong eyeball
excess stimulation eyes • triggers humans • corrected by concave lens
• is assessed when a person is in shock hormonal (feelings)
• dilated pupil = shocked kasi may loss of blood response to • sheds stress Farsightedness • lagpas retina yung light
• brain & nerves may be affected wash it away • signals sadness • corrected by convex lens
or distress
Lens • held by a portion of the choroid (also thickens • added tears lng Astigmatism • spread of light
into a structure)
• further bend the incoming light Eye Complications B. Sense of Hearing
• light accommodation and division of cavities • Mechanoreceptors - receptor for hearing & equilibrium
• lens are flattened & relaxed when looking at a Glaucoma • masakit sa ulo • hearing, sense of gravity, equilibrium
far away object • trabecular network - exit of aqueous humor • Statolith - in charge of orientation, to maintain balance (pang
• muscles regulate the curvature of the lens • aqueous humor is continuously produced and invertebrates lang)
undrained • Otolith - for humans
Retina • sheet of photoreceptors that forms the innermost • if blocked, fluid will accumulate = build
layer of the eye pressure back to optic nerve thus blindness
doval santos 11-stem a biology 2.2

Anatomy of a Human Ear Equilibrium

• Vestibule, Utricle, Saccule
• semi-circular canals that perceive position relative to gravity
• Otoliths
• made of calcium carbonate, goes with gravity
• depende sa position/gravity
• pag nahilo = distorted yung fluid sa loob ng ear
• Cupula
• can move the hair cells
• pag may sipon, nabblock yung round window kaya walang
exit yung sound - nagsstay yung sound sa ears
• loudness can cause perforation
How Does Sound Travel
1. Pinna (outer part of ear) traps sound waves and funnels Hearing Problems
them down the auditory canal Ear • fluid should drain out of the middle ear through
2. Vibrations in the ear move to the auditory canal, then Infection the Eustachian tube, which empties into the
toward the eardrum back of the nasal cavity
3. Tympanic membrane will amplify sound and create • if auditory tube swells/plugged with mucus,
vibration fluid accumulates the middle ear
4. This vibration that will cause the movement of the 3 smallest • bacteria will colonize this fluid = ear infection
bones (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrups) • cut a hole in ear drum so infection will go out
5. Vibrations in the stirrups will push the cochlea (fluid-filled
part) to create pressure waves Sinusitis • blockage in sinus
6. Cochlea (major organ responsible for hearing) is the • inflammation/swelling in sinus
location of the mechanoreceptors or hair cells, that is • Sinus - determine the quality of voice
connected to the auditory nerve
7. The vibration in the cochlea will cause the pressure to the Deafness causes:
organ of corti, which will interpret the sound 1. prolonged loud noise - nag aadapt yung hair
8. Hair cells will bend according to loundness/pitch
 cells so naddamage
*more bending of hair cells = louder sound / higher pitch
 2. age
*less bending of hair cells = softer sound / lower pitch 3. infection/injury (ex: cotton buds)
9. Sensory neuron send interpretation to the auditory / 4. congenital - since birth
vestibular nerve
• Hearing aid - for hearing impairment
10. Vestibular nerve to brain
• Pag may liquid sa middle ear: Basilar membrane - pag
tinanggal di magdidivide yung cells = pwede matanggal
Sound Variables yung liquid na stuck sa middle ear
Pitch Volume

• highness/lowness of sound • loudness/softness of sound

• frequency of sound wave • amplitude (height ng sound
(dami ng sound wave) wave)
• lower pitched sounds
vibrate hair cells farther into
the cochlea