Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REVISIÓN
Resumen: Hay pruebas sustanciales que apoya el aumento del consumo de proteínas de alta calidad para lograr resultados óptimos de salud. Un creciente cuerpo de investigación indica que la
ingesta de proteínas muy por encima de la corriente recomendada en la dieta ayuda a promover el envejecimiento saludable, la regulación del apetito, control de peso y objetivos alineados con el
rendimiento deportivo. mayor consumo de proteínas puede ayudar a prevenir la sarcopenia relacionada con la edad, la pérdida de masa muscular y fuerza que los adultos de mayor edad
predispone a la fragilidad, discapacidad y pérdida de autonomía. Las dietas altas en proteínas también mejoran la saciedad y conducen a una mayor reducción en el peso corporal y la masa grasa
comparedwith dietas ricas en proteínas estándar, andmay por lo tanto, sirven como una estrategia exitosa para ayudar a prevenir y / o tratar la obesidad. Los atletas pueden también se benefician
de la ingesta de proteínas superiores para maximizar el rendimiento deportivo teniendo en cuenta las obras de proteínas papel crítico en la proteína stimulatingmuscle remodelación después del
ejercicio. calidad de las proteínas, permeal dosis, y el momento de la ingestión son también consideraciones importantes. A pesar de las creencias persistentes en sentido contrario, podemos hallar
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ninguna relación basada en la evidencia entre las dietas altas en proteínas y la enfermedad renal o la salud ósea adverso. Esta breve sinopsis destacados aprendizajes recientes basados en
presentaciones en la conferencia de 2015 de la Sociedad Canadiense de Nutrición, Los avances en nutrición proteica toda la vida. La evidencia actual indica la ingesta en el intervalo de al menos
1,2 a 1,6 g / (kg · día) de proteína de alta calidad es un objetivo más ideal para lograr los resultados de salud óptimas en adultos.
palabras clave: proteínas, las recomendaciones de proteína, calidad de la proteína, la sarcopenia, personas de edad avanzada, control de peso, la obesidad, el músculo, los atletas, el ejercicio, la saciedad.
Currículum : Beaucoup d'Études probantes appuient La thèse selon l'laquelle el aumento del Consumo de Proteínas de haute qualité amélioré la santé. De plus
en plus d'Études rapportent qu'une del Consumo de Proteínas busque Superior aux raciones alimentaires recommandées favorise le vieillissement en santé, la
For personal use only.
desregulación l'appétit, le contrôle du poids et les objectifs en Materia de rendimiento deportivo. Une más grande de consommation protéines pourrait prévenir la
sarcopénie associée a` l'âge, la perte demassemusculaire et de forcemusculaire qui predisponer les personnes âgées a` la fragilité, l'incapacité et la perte de
l'autonomie. Un régimen alimentaire riche en protéines amélioré La satiété et une favorise más grande disminución de la masa corporelle et aux graisseuse
comparativement regímenes protéiques estándares et pourrait constituer une stratégie gagnante pour la prévention et le Traitement de l'obésité. Les Athlètes ont
aussi a` gagner en consommant plus de Proteínas un fi n de maximizador leur rendimiento deportivo compte tenu du rôle des protéines essentiel dans la
estimulación du remodelage des protéines musculaires à la suite de l'exercice de cuerpo. La qualité des protéines, la dosis par repas et le momento del Consumo
sont aussi a` prendre en compte. Malgré les croyances ancrées du contraire, en ne trouve aucune donnée probante présentant une asociación entre les
regímenes riquezas en protéines et les enfermedades renales ainsi que les dificultades de santé des os. Progrès de la nutrición protéique a` toutes les étapes de
la Vie. Les données probantes Actuelles indiquent qu'une consommation d'au moins 1,2 a`
1,6 g / (kg · jour) de protéines de haute qualité est une meilleure cible verter avoir une santé optimale chez les adultes. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Etiquetas: PROTEINES, raciones protéiques recommandées, Proteínas de qualité, sarcopénie, personnes âgées, contrôle del Peso, obésité, músculo, los atletas,
exercice físico, satiété.
la nutrición proteica en el envejecimiento de la población et al. 2010 ). En la salud, envejecimiento, y el estudio de la composición corporal, que incluyó
2066 hombres y mujeres de 70-79 años, la pérdida de magra total y appendicularmusclemass
El mantenimiento de un estilo de vida independiente a una edad avanzada en gran medida de
multas calidad de vida. Un importante problema de salud en el envejecimiento de la población es fue menor en el quintil más alto de consumo de proteínas energía ajustados en función de 1,2 g
reducir la velocidad del inmusclemass disminución y la fuerza, es decir, la sarcopenia, para prevenir / (kg · día ) que en el quintil más bajo de 0,8 g / (kg · día) ( Houston et al. 2008 ). Del mismo
alteraciones funcionales conducen a la pérdida gradual de la autonomía. Entre muchos otros factores modo, el análisis de un subgrupo de estudio de la Iniciativa de Salud de la Mujer ( N =
etiológicos, se cree que la baja ingesta de proteínas para contribuir a la sarcopenia ( Cruz-Jentoft
24 417 mujeres, con edades entre 65-79 años) determinan un riesgo menor de 32% de
SM Phillips. Departamento de Kinesiología, metabolismo durante el ejercicio Research Group - Metabolismo de proteínas Laboratorio de Investigación de la Universidad de McMaster, 1280 W. Main Street, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1,
Canadá.
S. Chevalier. Departamento de Medicina de la Universidad McGill, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canadá; Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición Humana, Universidad McGill, Universidad McGill Centro de
Investigación-Instituto de Salud, Nutrición Laboratorios Crabtree, 1001, boul. Décarie, E02.7226 Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canadá.
HJ Leidy. Departamento de Nutrición y Fisiología del Ejercicio de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, EE.UU..
Autor correspondiente: Stuart M. Phillips (email: phillis@mcmaster.ca ).
1 Este documento es parte de un número especial titulado Actas de la Conferencia de la Sociedad Canadiense de Nutrición 2015 sobre Avances en nutrición proteína durante toda la vida.
Este artículo es de libre acceso. Se permite su reutilización para fines no comerciales y la atribución adecuada se debe dar.
Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41: 565-572 (2016) dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0550 Publicado en www.nrcresearchpress.com/apnm el 9 de febrero el 2016.
566 Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Vol. 41, 2016
fragilidad desarrollo de más de 3 años asociados con un aumento del 20% en el consumo de llevado a la noción de resistencia anabólico de envejecimiento, que, debido a varios factores
proteínas calibrado (como porcentaje de energía) ( Beasley et al. 2010 ). Estos estudios posibles, tales como resistencia a la insulina, la inflamación, y la inactividad, aumenta el umbral
sugieren los datos de cohortes fromlarge beneficios para la salud de la ingesta de proteína en para el anabolismo proteico postprandial ( Boirie 2013 ). Esto es apoyado por la reciente cálculo
cantidades mayores que el actual cantidad diaria recomendada (RDA). retrospectivo ofmore proteína necesaria para la síntesis de proteínas stimulatemyo brillar fi en
los mayores que en youngmen, lo que equivale a aproximadamente 31 g de proteína de alta
calidad (suero de leche y huevos) ( Moore et al. 2015 ). Además, la oxidación de proteínas y
Los requerimientos de proteína para los adultos mayores procesos de síntesis no son mutuamente excluyentes. Mientras que la oxidación de proteínas
La corriente armonizado Estados Unidos y Canadá dosis diaria recomendada de proteínas es aumenta linealmente con la circulación amino incrementos de ácido, se requieren dosis más
de 0,8 g / (kg · día) para todos los adultos (incluyendo las antiguas Instituto de Medicina 2005 ). La altas de proteína para estimular la síntesis de proteínas ( Yang et al. 2012 ). Debido a la mayor
RDA representa el requerimiento promedio estimado más 2 desviaciones estándar, determinado a ingesta de proteína pueden también la descomposición de proteínas de supresión, el
partir de los estudios de balance de nitrógeno seleccionados de los cuales muy pocos se anabolismo proteico neto (síntesis menos desglose) se muestran para ser linealmente
realizaron en individuos mayores ( Rand et al. 2003 ). Este enfoque, que determina la ingesta de relacionada con la ingesta de proteínas sin meseta aparente ( Deutz y Wolfe 2013 ). Por lo tanto,
proteínas mínimo requerido para evitar una pérdida neta de nitrógeno, ahora se considera las cantidades que pueden considerarse excesivo no se pierden y pueden tener un papel
inadecuado para el establecimiento de recomendaciones ( Layman et al. 2015 ). Esto se aplica importante anabólicos, especialmente en los adultos mayores que tienen un umbral más alto.
particularmente a las personas de edad avanzada que experimentan pérdida de masa muscular,
ingesta de energía reducida y la actividad física, y las comorbilidades, que afectan a todos balance
de nitrógeno y el anabolismo de proteínas.
La distribución de la ingesta de proteínas habitual de los adultos estadounidenses es
típicamente skewedwith una ingesta baja en el desayuno, que no alcanza el umbral de 25-30 g,
Estudios recientes utilizando el indicador de amino técnica de oxidación de ácido, un método y superior a ella en la cena ( Paddon-Jones et al. 2015 ). El grupo de Paddon-Jones probó una
redistribución de la ingesta de proporcionar 30 g en eachmeal durante 7 días en un diseño
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basado en el trazador independiente que evita muchas limitaciones de balance de nitrógeno, una
mayor informado de que las necesidades de proteínas actuales en las mujeres de edad de edad = cruzado frente a 16/11/63 g de proteína (desayuno, almuerzo y cena, respectivamente), en los
65 años y fi específicamente más de 80 años. Se estima que las necesidades medias de 10-11 g / adultos jóvenes ( Mamerow et al. 2014 ). El patrón incluso resultó en una mayor síntesis de
proteínas musculares 24-h que con la distribución asimétrica. A diferencia de, Kim et al. (2015) encontrado
(kg · día), y por lo tanto una dosis diaria recomendada de 12-13 g / (kg · día) ( Ra fi i et al. 2015 ; Tang
ningún efecto de la distribución de las proteínas en 2 niveles de ingesta de proteínas (RDA vs. 2
et al. 2014 ). Si bien estos estudios costosos y requieren mucho trabajo son de pequeño tamaño de
× RDA) sobre la síntesis de equilibrio y la proteína muscular de todo el cuerpo en adultos de
la muestra, y requerirían confirmación en hombres de edad avanzada, que indican claramente la
52-75 años, mientras que la ingesta en el doble de la RDA mejoraron estos resultados.
necesidad de formas más precisas de determinar los requisitos mínimos de proteínas. Sin
diferencias y limitaciones metodológicas lado, estos estudios a corto plazo cuantificar los
embargo, la meta consenso emergente es no sólo definición de las necesidades mínimas, sino
efectos agudos sobre el anabolismo de proteínas que permanecen a traducirse en ganancias de
también de los niveles para asegurar una óptima salud a largo plazo, incluida la prevención de la
masa magra o función. Una termstudy más largo de 42 días se realizó inmalnourished
sarcopenia ( Bauer et al. 2013 ; Layman et al. 2015 ; Paddon-Jones et al. 2015 ; Volpi et al. 2013 ).
hospitalizado personas de edad avanzada que consumen en promedio 1,3 g / (kg · día), ya sea
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Las encuestas y estudios de cohortes grandes en los adultos mayores informan amplias
como un patrón de alimentación de pulso, con> 70% de proteína proporcionada en el almuerzo,
variaciones en la ingesta de proteínas con proporciones considerables (10% -35%) de los
o propagación en 4meals ( Bouillanne et al. 2013 ). ganancias significativas en la masa celular
individuos no incluso que satisfacen los RDA actual de 0,8 g / (kg · día) ( Dumartheray et al. 2006 ; Estados
corporal y la masa magra, pero no la fuerza de prensión, se encontraron sólo en el grupo de
Unidos Departamento de Agricultura del Servicio de Investigación Agrícola (ARS-USDA) 2014 ). El
impulsos alimentados. Debido a que sólo 2 de los 4 comidas en el patrón de propagación
Estudio Longitudinal de Quebec sobre nutrición como determinante del envejecimiento exitoso
previstas al menos 30 g de proteína, puede ser que las cantidades no eran su fi ciente en cada
(NuAge), llevado a cabo en 1793 hombres y mujeres que viven en comunidad de entre 68-82 años
ocasión de alimentación para alcanzar un umbral anabólico que es, además, probablemente
al inicio del estudio, en Quebec, Canadá ( Gaudreau et al. 2007 ), La ingesta
elevado en estos, los pacientes mayores inactivos desnutridos . Estos hallazgos apuntan a
estimatedanaverageprotein (± SD) de 1,0 ± 0,3 g / (kg · día) con una gama de 0,4-3,0 g / (kg · día).
probables diferencias en la ingesta de proteínas óptima en enfermas frente a los adultos
Por lo tanto, la mitad de la cohorte se consume menos de 1 g / (kg · día), y 23% tenían ingestas mayores sanos y de la urgente necesidad de más estudios para aclarar este aspecto.
más baja que la dosis diaria recomendada actual (datos no publicados).
Por último, los datos de la cohorte NuAge indican que el patrón de ingesta de proteínas en los
adultos mayores no es tan sesgada como en los más jóvenes ( Figura 1 ) ( Farsijani et al. 2015 ). El
distribución de las proteínas
desayuno es la comida más bajo también proteincontaining, mientras que el almuerzo y la cena
Además de la cantidad de proteínas, un considerable interés se centra actualmente en los ofrecen cantidades promedio más similares de proteína, alcanzando el umbral de 30 g sólo por
patrones de consumo de proteínas durante todo el día. La sugerencia para distribuir la ingesta de hombres, en la cena. A pesar de la promesa de andmechanistically sonido, la evidencia disponible
proteínas igualmente en eachmeal para favorecer el anabolismo de proteínas se deriva de 2 es insu fi ciente para recomendar la distribución de la ingesta de proteínas de forma homogénea
conceptos principales ( Paddon-Jones y Rasmussen 2009 ). En primer lugar, porque aminoácidos en las comidas para la masa muscular y la disminución límite de la fuerza con la edad. Más bien,
esenciales (EAA), leucina, en particular, ellos mismos estimular la síntesis de proteína muscular ( Volpi alcanzando una ingesta de proteína total óptima debe ser la prioridad, que se traduce en
et al. 2003 ), Un umbral de la ingesta de proteínas de alta calidad debe ser alcanzado en cada incremento de la ingesta de una gran proporción de la población de más edad. Sin embargo, dada
comida. En segundo lugar, el exceso de aminoácidos de la dieta más allá de la capacidad la limitada apetito de la mayoría de los adultos mayores, una recomendación pragmática para
tomaximally estimular la síntesis de proteínas no se almacenan, pero oxida, y por lo tanto puede asegurar una ingesta óptima sería la de incluir una fuente de proteína de alta calidad en el
ser considerado “desperdiciado”. Estos conceptos merecen una atención especial cuando se desayuno, la comida que contenga por lo general lo más mínimo. No sólo es seguro y factible,
aplica a la población de edad avanzada. En personas de edad avanzada frente a los jóvenes, se esta recomendación también puede proporcionar bene fi cios sobre la saciedad y el control de
informó de la síntesis de proteínas del músculo inferior en respuesta a una pequeña dosis de EAA peso.
( Katsanos et al. 2005 ), Pero era normal en respuesta a la ingesta mayor EAA correspondiente a
25-30 g de proteína ( Paddon-Jones et al. 2004 ). Del mismo modo, la respuesta anabólica de
proteínas a la hiperinsulinemia se hizo romo en los participantes de mayor edad ( Chevalier et al.
2006 ), Pero normalizado por la insulina supraphysiological ( Fujita et al. 2009 ) O la gestión de la proteína y el peso
hiperaminoacidemia postprandial ( Chevalier et al. 2011 ). Estos hallazgos Aunque themajority de NorthAmericans aremeeting la dosis diaria recomendada de 0,8 g / (kg · día)
para evitar fi ciencias de relacionadas con la proteína, la evidencia emergente ilustra efectos fi benéfico
sobre los resultados relacionados con la salud cuando el consumo de proteína en cantidades más altas
( Fulgoni 2008 ; Leidy
la regulación de proteínas y el apetito Varios estudios agudos han examinado la adición de normalprotein frente desayunos ricos
En cuanto a la evaluación de los efectos de un mayor consumo de proteínas en los en proteínas en el control del apetito, la saciedad, y los antojos de alimentos / recompensa en
mecanismos de comportamiento de ingestión, la mayoría de los datos los individuos que habitualmente saltar
breakfast ( Hoertel et al. 2014 ; Leidy et al. 2011 b , 2013 ; Leidy and Racki 2010 ). When Table 1. Protein quantity of commonly consumed protein foods. Foods and USDA
compared with skipping breakfast, the consumption of breakfast (in general) led to standard servings Protein (g) Energy (kcal)
reductions in appetite, increases in fullness, reductions in food cravings, and reductions
1 “scoop” whey protein (shake) 24–26 113
in the neural signals controlling reward-driven eating behaviour ( Hoertel et al. 2014 ; Leidy
3 oz cooked skinless chicken breast 26 130
and Racki 2010 ; Leidy et al. 2011 b , 2013 ). However, the consumption of the high-protein
3 oz cooked 95% lean ground beef 22 140
breakfast led to greater modulations in these responses compared with the
6 oz greek yogurt plain 17 100
normalprotein breakfasts. These improvements were accompanied by voluntary 2 large eggs 12 144
reductions in high-fat and high-sugar evening snacking behaviour ( Hoertel et al. 2014 ; Leidy 1/2 cup tofu 10 95
et al. 2013 ). These findings were recently extended to determine whether a 12-week 1/2 cup beans 8 110
breakfast intervention alone would beneficially alter weight management in those who 2 tbsp peanut butter 8 190
habitually skip breakfast ( Leidy et al. 2015 b ). Although no differences in weight loss were 1 oz almonds 6 165
observed between groups, the high-protein breakfast prevented the gain in fat mass 1 cup cooked oatmeal 6 165
1/2 cup cooked quinoa 4 110
(–0.4 ± 0.5 kg) compared with continuing to skip breakfast (+1.6 ±
Note: 1 oz = 28.3 g; tbsp, tablespoon. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National
Nutrient Database for Standard Reference: ndb.nal.usda.gov/ .
(bone, muscle, and connective tissues), cardiovascular system, immune system, and, for
0.9 kg, p < 0.03), whereas the normal-protein breakfast did not prevent fat mass gain
all intents and purposes, an optimal physiological function ( Phillips 2012 ). Insofar as
(+0.3 ± 0.5 kg). Collectively, these data suggest a unique benefit of including 30 g of muscle is concerned, there is evidence that we may be able to begin to define a more
protein at themorning meal for longer term improvements in weight management. “optimal” level of protein intake ( Phillips 2012 ; Phillips and van Loon 2011 ) rather than a
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minimal level that offsets deficiency. A conceptual framework is provided here to help
practitioners understand how athletes might plan their dietary protein intake to achieve
Protein quality and weight management
an optimal muscle mass, which is a contributor to performance ( Phillips 2012 ; Phillips
It is important to note that the meal and/or diet recommendations for increased protein and van Loon 2011 ).
consumption are based upon studies that include high-quality, animal-based protein
sources. The practical significance for including animal proteins stems from the
high-protein density accompanied by the lower energy content of these foods in
comparison with plant-based proteins ( Table 1 ). Thus, when attempting to adhere to Optimal protein intakes for athletes
specific energy and macronutrient quantities, lean animal sources allow for the greatest Fluctuations in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB)
protein content with fewer calories. In addition, although the data are still somewhat occur with ingestion of protein and are amplified, at least in the case of MPS, by muscle
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limited, increasing evidence suggests that animal proteins, particularly whey protein, contractions; for a review of this framework the reader is referred to recent reviews ( Churchward-Venne
promote gains in lean mass through increased skeletal muscle protein synthesis and et al. 2012 a ; McGlory and Phillips 2014 ). Changes in MPS are several-fold greater than
changes in MPB ( Churchward-Venne et al. 2012 b ) in healthy persons and thus a focus of
improve appetite control and satiety more so than plant proteins, such as soy protein ( Hector
research has been on this variable as the primary determinant of changes in muscle
et al. 2015 ; Veldhorst et al. 2009 ; Volek et al. 2013 ).
mass ( Phillips 2012 ). Several studies have now defined the dose–response nature of
MPS both at rest and after resistance exercise ( Moore et al. 2009 ; Witard et al. 2014 )
and have shown that the level of protein intake at which MPS is maximally stimulated is
a per meal (dose) protein intake of
healthy adults assumed to be in energy balance, usually on the basis of weight relative to isolated proteins, delayed ( Bos et al. 1999 ) and the ensuing aminoacidemia ( Burke
et al. 2012 ) would definitely affect MPS ( Bos et al. 2003 ). The period of time during
maintenance and of an ‘appropriate’ body composition, but without specific
which athletes would be in negative protein balance would be overnight, when no
measurement to ensure that this was the case [ italics added]. It is important to
periodic feeding takes place ( Groen et al. 2012 ; Res et al. 2012 ). One study has
understand just how different the current recommendations for protein intake are from
provided evidence, however, that pre-sleep ingestion of protein (at a dose of 0.55 g/kg)
what many athletes are engaging in as part of their normal training on a regular basis.
resulted in a greater overnight MPS ( Res et al. 2012 ). While impractical for athletes, it
Athletes are not always in energy balance or maintaining weight and their body
has also been shown that intra-gastric protein infusion while sleeping stimulated MPS in
composition can fluctuate substantially, depending on their sport, to a degree that
elderly men ( Groen et al. 2012 ). The acute results from these studies have been shown
would be considered far from “appropriate”. Thus, as opposed to a minimal level of
to have some relevance in a recently published study from Snijders et al. (2015) , in
protein to maintainnitrogen balance, athletes are seeking protein intakes to optimize
which it was reported that habitual consumption of a pre-sleep supplement,
adaptations to their training and achieve peak competition in performance ( Phillips
2012 ). To this end, a more appropriate target than achieving nitrogen balancewould be
for an athlete to have an optimally functioning musculoskeletal system
which provided 27.5 g protein ( 0.36 g/kg) and 15 g carbohydrate versus a noncaloric Table 2. Protein intakes in an athlete (male swimmer: weight, 80 kg, height, 1.9 m)
placebo, resulted in greater hypertrophy in the supplemented group. The conclusion that consuming the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein in a typical “skewed”
it was the pre-sleep timing of the protein beverage in that study requires further study, fashion vs an “optimal” protein intake in a “balanced” fashion.
however, since the control group was not supplemented with protein and thus the
supplemented group had a higher total protein intake of 0.6 g/(kg·day). Minimal (RDA) in
skewed fashion Optimal balanced intake
equivalent MPS response with isolated versus blended proteins ( Reidy et al. 2013 ). Moreover, protein restriction lowers glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that the
decline of glomerular filtration rate with age is a natural consequence of the decline
in protein intake as age progresses, and is unrelated to deterioration of renal
function. (p. 224; WHO 2011 ). Thus, statements linking a decline in renal function to
consumption of a higher protein diet are belief- and not evidence-based.
stimulate MPS. While the optimal timing between the meals throughout the day is not foods, with a low potassium intake, produce a greater dietary acid load ( Fenton et al.
completely clear at this time, there is evidence supporting a 3–4-h refractory period 2009 ). The increase in net urinary acid excretion increases urinary calcium excretion and
rather than shorter or longer periods of time. What is also unknown is how many times a subsequent release of calciumfromthe skeleton. As
person could consume a meal on a daily basis to elicit this optimal pattern of
stimulatingMPS. However, it is proposed that it would be unlikely that more than 3–4 Fenton et al. (2009) have pointed out, the linear association between changes in calcium
meals per day would be optimal and, admittedly, that less meal feedings may also be excretion in response to experimental changes in net acid excretion is not evidence that
able to provide an adequate stimulus for MPS. Nonetheless, there are considerations for the source of the excreted calcium is bone or that this calciuria contributes to the
other macronutrients (in particular carbohydrates), workout timing, fuelling, and hydration development of osteoporosis. Evidence-based analysis using the application of Hill’s
that would have to be considered for athletes so pragmatic rules may trump optimal criteria for causality showed clearly that “A causal association between dietary acid load
recommendations. Considering a breakfast, lunch, dinner, pre-sleep pattern, and osteoporotic bone disease is not supported by evidence…” ( Fenton et al, 2011 ). It
has in fact been suggested that dietary protein is a nutrient that is supportive of bone
health, but this is only the case when calcium intakes are adequate ( Mangano et al. 2014 ).
Thus, we propose, as reviewed in several recent publications recommending greater
protein intakes (≥1.2 g/(kg·day)) for older persons ( Bauer et al. 2013 ; Deutz et al. 2014 ),
Table 2 provides some guidance for protein intakes in athletes to optimize their MPS that there is no evidence supportive of higher protein intakes leading to renal failure
response. and/or poor bone health.
Health impacts
The most often-cited/held beliefs regarding higher protein are that higher protein
intakes lead to renal failure and/or results in reduced bone health. Evidence-based
analyses of these beliefs show, however, that neither has a foundation. The response to
an increase in dietary protein intake in those with normal renal function is actually an Conclusion
increase in glomerular filtration rate ( Schwingshackl and Hoffmann 2014 ). In the most Substantial evidence indicates that protein intakes higher than the current RDA can
recent round of discussions in setting the Dietary Reference Intakes, the Institute of be an important strategy to help promote healthy aging, weight management, and
Medicine concluded that athletic performance. Protein quality, per-meal dose, and timing are also important
considerations in practice. Current evidence suggests that intakes of high-quality protein
in the range of 1.2–1.6 g/(kg·day) is a more ideal target to achieve optimal health
Correlation of creatinine clearance with protein intake showed a [positive] linear outcomes in adults.
relationship… suggesting that the low protein intake itself decreased renal function.
These factors point to the conclusion that the protein content of the diet is not
Take-home points
responsible for the progressive decline in kidney function with age. (p. 842; Institute
of Medicine 2005 ). In addition, from the WHO/ FAO report on protein requirements, • Because of anabolic resistance, sedentary lifestyles, and common illnesses, older
the following summarizes the views from that expert consultation: adults need higher protein intakes (≥1.2 g/(kg·day)) to help prevent age-related
sarcopenia.
• Including a high-quality protein source at breakfast, the meal generally containing the
least protein, is a simple and prag-
matic approach to increase intakes in older adults, and has also been shown to Decombaz, J. 2012. Effect of intake of different dietary protein sources on plasma aminoAcid
profiles at rest and after exercise. Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 22( 6): 452–462. PMID: 22807528
reduce unhealthy snacking behaviour in younger individuals.
.
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Conflict of interest statement analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 24( 3): 224–235. doi: 10. 1016/j.numecd.2013.11.006 . PMID: 24472635
Stuart Phillips has received research funding, honoraria for speaking, and travel .
expenses from the US National Dairy Council, the National Cattlemen’s Beef Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Baeyens, J.P., Bauer, J.M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F.,
et al. 2010. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the
Association, and Dairy Farmers of Canada. Stéphanie Chevalier receives research
European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing, 39( 4): 412–423. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq034
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funding from the Dairy Farmers of Canada. Heather J. Leidy has received grant funding . PMID: 20392703 .
from The Beef Checkoff. She sits on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Egg Nutrition Deshmukh-Taskar, P.R., Nicklas, T.A., O’Neil, C.E., Keast, D.R., Radcliffe, J.D., and
Centre. She has provided consulting services to Kraft Foods, PepsiCo, Hillshire Brands, Cho, S. 2010. The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with
nutrient intake and weight status in children and adoles- cents: the National Health and Nutrition
and Kellogg. She is a member of the Speakers Bureau for the National Cattlemen’s Beef
Examination Survey 1999–2006.
Association and the National Dairy Council. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 110( 6): 869–878. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.023 . PMID:
20497776 .
Deutz, N.E., and Wolfe, R.R. 2013. Is there a maximal anabolic response to
protein intake with ameal? Clin. Nutr. 32( 2): 309–313. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.
11.018 . PMID: 23260197 .
Acknowledgements
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For personal use only.
2015 Canadian Nutrition Society thematic conference on Advances in Protein Nutrition from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin. Nutr. 33: 929–
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RD participated in the conception, writing, review and editing of this manuscript. Support
diets on body weight, glycaemic control, blood lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes:
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of Canada, and Egg Farmers of Canada. 110( 5): 781–789. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513002055 . PMID: 23829939 .
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