Reviewer in English 10
Sculpture – They create
I. Greece
 Hellenic Republic – Official
name of Greece.
 Greeks – People of Greece.
 Atossa – Persian queen.
 Herodotus – A great Greek
historian and traveler.
 Athens – Capital city of
Greece.
 Greek – Main and oldest
language. (Ancient)
 Greek Orthodox – Almost 98%
of the Greeks are in this
religion.
 Gynaikratia – Celebrated every
January 8th where the
traditional roles of northern
Greek villagers are reversed.
 Easter – Most significant
festival in the Greek year.
 Hellenic Festival – Biggest
summer festival that lasts mid-
June until late September.
II. Greek Art and Literature
 Greek Art – Highest form of
classical art.
 Four Major Forms of Greek Art:
1. Architecture – Columns.
a. Ionic – Narrow, scroll
design, has the egg
and dart design.
b. Doric – Supports the
weight of the ceiling.
c. Corinthian – Most
ornate, slender, sleek,
and is bell-shaped.
2. Painting – Philosophical
beauty of nature
characterized by the
theme.
3.
sculptures nude because it
is a mark of a hero.
4. Pottery - Storage for
water and wine.
 History of Greek:
1. Pre-Homeric and Homeric
Age – Contains geometric
art and the works of
Homer.
2. Athenian Period to the
Golden Age of Pericles –
Peak of Greece’s
economic growth.
3. Period of Decline – They
saw Greece as a
civilization, not a country
nor an empire.
 Qualities of Greek Literature:
1. Permanence and
Universality – Has an
enduring quality. It is read
and admired by all nations
of the world regardless of
race, religion, or culture.
2. Essentially Full of Artistry -
Product of a people who
purposely and
conscientiously developed
their physical and
intellectual powers.
3. Originality – Has the
biggest contribution in the
history. The Greek mind
modifies and improved
everything it touched.
4. Diversity of Talent – The
Greek mind never rested
complacently on any one
subject. It was ever
seeking, ever searching.
5. Intellectual Quality – The
Greek mind challenged
one to think for some
purpose.
III. Homer
- Called as the blind poet of Greece.
- Wrote the Odyssey and the Iliad.
IV. The Mythological Background of the
Iliad
 Zeus – King of the gods, god of
lightning and thunder.
 Thetis – A minor goddess that
is also a sea nymph, and was
married to a mortal named
Peleus.
 Achilles – Son of Peleus and
Thetis, and the greatest Greek
warrior.
 Eris – Goddess of strife,
discord, and mischief who was
not invited to the marriage
feast so she threw a golden
apple in the middle of the
banquet hall.
 Hera – Wife of Zeus and the
goddess of marriage who
promised Paris power.
 Athena – Daughter of Zeus and
the goddess of wisdom and
power who promised Paris
wisdom.
 Aphrodite – Daughter of Zeus
and the goddess of love and
beauty who promised Paris the
most beautiful woman in the
world and so Paris gave her
the golden apple.
V. Helen of Troy
 Helen – Most beautiful woman
in the world who was married
to Menelaus.
 Menelaus – King of Sparta.
 Paris – The wife stealer, who
abducted Helen with the help
of Aphrodite. He is also the
prince of Troy.
 Greeks – Also called the
Achaians.
 Agamemnon – King of
Mycenae, and the general
commander of the Greek army.
 Achilles – Greatest and bravest
of the Greek heroes.
 Odysseus – Clever and wily
warrior.
 Diomedes – The bold one.
 Nestor – A prudent old man.
 Aias – The giant.
 Sparta – Land of the Achaians.
 Troy – Land of the Trojans.
 Andromache – Wife of Hector.
 Hector – Prince of Troy, and
Achilles’s equal to the Trojans.
He killed Patroclus.
 Astyanax – Son of Hector and
Andromache.
 Patroclus – Best friend or
cousin of Achilles.
 Priam – King of Troy.
 Hecuba – Queen of Troy.
 Iphegenia – Daughter of
Agamemnon and was the
virgin woman who was
sacrificed to Artemis.
 Cassandra – Daughter of
Priam and was cursed by
Apollo.
 Oenone – Sea nymph.
 Mt. Ida – Mountain where
Oenone and Paris is staying.
 Briseis – Concubine of
Achilles.
 Simois – River that kills the first
person that steps on it.
 Styx – River where Achilles
was dipped.
 Myrmidons – Men of Achilles.
 Iliad – It showcases the
passions found in and the
cruelty of war.

VI. The Iliad
- A quarrel was happening between
Agamemnon and Achilles because
Briseis, was unjustly taken by
Agamemnon and as a result,
Achilles makes a sacred vow to
never fight again. Because of his
absence, the Trojans, who was led
by Prince Hector make bold
advances making the Greeks
retreat. Patroclus is saddened by
the growing losses of his
countrymen so he takes Achilles’s
helmet and armor, making the
Greeks fight back for they did not
know that Patroclus was the one in
Achilles’s armor. He was later killed
by Hector which made Achilles mad
so he enters the fight and kills
Trojans mercilessly including
Hector.
VII. Definitions of Words
 Connotative – Opinionated,
informal, based on your own
meaning, defined as what it
symbolizes.
 Denotative – Formal, based on
the dictionary that includes the
term, group or class, and
difference or characteristic.
VIII. The Odyssey
 Odyssey – Speaks of great
adventures. It talks about the
return of Odysseus from the
Trojan War.
 Odysseus – King of Ithaca.
 Poseidon – God of the sea.
 Telemachus – Son of
Odysseus.
 Penelope – Wife of Odysseus.
 Ogygia – Island of Calypso.
 Calypso – Sea nymph that fell
in love with Odysseus.
 Nausicaa – Princess of
Phaeacia.
 Polyphemus – One-eyed
giant.
 Circe – Most beautiful yet
dangerous witch.
 Alicinous – King of Phaeacian.
 Acrete – Wife of Alcinous.
 Eurycleia – Nurse that cared
for Odysseus as a child.
 Argos – Dog of Odysseus.
 Erobus – Guardian of the
underworld.
 Pergamus – Holy place where
they worship Athena.
 20 years – Duration of
Odysseus’s adventure.
 Order of His Adventure:
1. Lotus Island – Land of the
Lotus Eaters.
2. Cyclops Island – Island of
Polyphemus.
3. Country of the Wind –
Land of Aeolus, god of the
wind who gave him
magical wind.
4. Lystragon – Island of
sirens.
5. Aeaea – Island of Circe.
6. Journey to the
Underworld – Escape
from Circe.
7. Ithaca – Home of
Odysseus.
IX. Greek Drama
 Greek Dramatists:
1. Aeschylus – Ancient
Greek tragedian,
described as the father of
tragedy and soldier
playwright. Wrote the
Oresteia Trilogy including
the story of Agamemnon
who was killed by his wife
Clytaemnestra with 3
blows of an axe together
with Cassandra as he
brought her home as
mistress, Cheophori, and
Eumides.
2. Sophocles – Was born in
Colonnus, and is called
the darling of the Athenian
Populace. He wrote
Oedipus Rex, Oedipus the
King, Oedipus at
Colonnus, and Antigone.
a. Queen Jocasta –
Queen of
Thebes.
b. King Laius – King
of Thebes.
c. Teiresias –
Apollo’s
messenger.
d. Creon – Brother
of King Laius.
3. Euripides – Known as the
modern playwright, wrote
Medea.
4. Aristophanes – Master of
Greek comedy.
X. Functions of Language
1. Giving facts.
2. Asking questions.
3. Expressing supposition.
4. Giving opinion or thought.
5. Expressing an emotion.
6. Persuading.
7. Being sociable or polite.
XI. Modal Auxiliaries
- Helping verb that is used to express
ability, possibility, necessity,
uncertainty, permission, and
obligation.
 Low Certainty – perhaps,
maybe, may, might, could,
sometimes, occasionally,
seldom, possibly, conceivably.
 Moderate Certainty – likely,
probably, can, ought to, should,
would, usually, frequently,
often, regularly, majority,
generally, tends to, rarely.
 Strong Certainty – is, will, can,
not, must, undoubtedly,
definitely, clearly, always,
never, undeniably.
XII. Lyric Poetry
- Came from the word “lyre” which
means stringed instrument that is
used by the Greeks.
 Greek Lyricists:
1. Sappho – Dubbed as
the tenth muse by
Homer. She wrote
hymn to Venus, One
Girl, and A Girl in
Love.
2. Anacreon – Wrote
about wine, women,
and social enjoyment.
His works are Old
Age, The Wiser Part,
Nature’s Gifts.
XIII. Rhyme
- Repetition of the similar sounding
word.
 End Rhyme – End.
 Internal Rhyme – Within
the line.
 Silent Rhyme or
Assonance – Same vowel
sound.
 Rich Rhyme – 2 different
words that sound the
same.
 Eye Rhyme – Looks the
same but sound different.
 Identical Rhyme – Rhymes
with itself but is different in
meaning.
XIV. Speech
 Kinds of Speech:
1. Informative
2. Persuasive
3. Special Occasion
 Methods of Delivering Speech:
1. Impromptu Speaking –
Without advance
preparations.
2. Extemporaneous
Speaking – Planned and
rehearsed, spoken in
conversational manner
using brief notes.
3. Manuscript Reading –
Word for word of written
message.
4. Memorized Speaking –
Written message that the
speaker has committed in
memory.
XV. Thucydides
- Athenian general and historian.
XVI. Peloponnesian War
- Long series of war between Greece
and Athens.
 3 phases:
1. Archidamian War – Led by
Archidamus II.
2. Sicilian War – Won by
Athens.
3. Decelean War – Greece
teamed up with the
Deceleans to win over the
Delian League, or the
Athens.
XVII. Pericles
- Athenian general and historian who
is considered to be the first citizen
of Athens whose name means
surrounded by glory.
XVIII. Virgil or Vergil
- His full name is Publius Virgilius
Maro and he was the Homer of the
Romans. He wrote the Aeneid in
which Aenas was the greatest hero
of Troy.
 Venus – Roman goddess of
love and beauty.
 Aenas – Cousin of Hector.
 Anchises – Father of Aenas.
 Ascanius – Son of Aenas.
 Latium – Destination of Aenas
where they intend to find a
Trojan colony.
 Carthage – Place in North
Africa ruled by Queen Dido.
 Lavinia – Daughter of King
Latinus.
 Latinus – King of Latium.
 Turnus – Rival of Aenas for
Lavinia.
XIX. Horace

- Great lyric poet of Rome whose

works are short and meditative.
During his time, Italy was called as
“the sweetheart of the world”. Some
of his works are To Licinius.

XX. Martial

- Born in Spain but migrated to Rome

where he was given the title of court
poet. He wrote satires like From
Bad to Worse, Playing Safe, What
Difference, A Hinted Wish, and
Procrastination.

XXI. Epictetus

- Like Socrates, he wrote nothing.

None of his works were original.

XXII. Other Terms:

 Plague – A large number

of harmful or annoying
things.
 Impediment – Something
that makes it difficult to
complete.
 Mortician – A person
whose job is to prepare
dead bodies for burial.
 Doth – Archaic term for do.
 Lofty – Very high and
good, deserving to be
admitted.
 Twill – Cloth that is made
in a way that it produces a
diagonal pattern.
 Enchiridion – Handbook or
manual.