Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263

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Solar Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

A comprehensive investigation of the optimization cooling technique for T

improving the performance of PV module with reflectors under Egyptian
conditions
A.E. Kabeela, Mohamed Abdelgaieda, Ravishankar Sathyamurthya,b
a
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt
b
Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The aim of this study is to determine an optimization cooling technology for improving the performance of PV
PV module module with reflector under Egyptian conditions. For best cooling technology can be used to enhance the
Reflectors performance of the PV module with reflectors, a three different cooling techniques were experimentally studied
Cooling techniques as follows: use air forced cooling technology in the presence of reflectors (case-I), use water cooling technology
Performance improvement
in the presence of reflectors (case-II), and use forced-air and water cooling technologies together in the presence
Economic study
of reflectors (case-III). The results of the case-I, case-II, and case-III was compared to the conventional PV module
to get the best cooling technique that case be used to improve the performance of the PV module with reflectors.
Also, the economic analysis was studied. The results show that use water cooling technology in the presence of
reflectors represents a best technology that can be used for the PV modules. The net output electricity reaches to
912, 1077, and 1010 Wh/day for case-I, II, and III, respectively. But the output electricity from the conventional
PV module recorded 832 Wh/day. The gain in the net output electricity for using the reflectors and the cooling
technique was recorded 80, 245, and 178 Wh/day for case-I, II, and III, respectively compared to traditional
case. Furthermore, the estimated costs of kWh reached approximately 0.062, 0.072, 0.061, and 0.0722 $/kWh
for the conventional case, case-I, II, and III, respectively. Finally, we recommend using water cooling technology
in the presence of reflectors to improve the performance of the PV module under Egyptian conditions.

1. Introduction
As a result of the rapid development and technological advances in
human life on Earth, electricity demand has increased over the years to
meet its requirements and daily activities, to mitigate the global energy
crisis and reduce its environmental impact. Recent technological de-
velopments have made solar energy a viable alternative to generating
electricity. This is done by using the PV modules as they represent one
of the technologies used to generate electricity by converting solar
energy directly into electrical power. The PV units are characterized as
having no negative environmental impact, but PV units have low con-
version efficiency. This requires the use of hybrid configurations often
to improve performance of the PV modules (Su et al., 2014).
The conversion efficiency of the PV modules depends on semi-
conductors material, absorbed solar radiation intensity, and the cell
temperature (Makki et al., 2015). To enhance the output electricity of
the PV modules, a plane reflector was used to increase the collection of
solar intensity inside the PV modules. Where the cost of the reflectors
does not exceed 5% of the cost of the PV module, but theoretically, the
reflectors increases the intensity of solar radiation absorbed in the PV
modules by 15% (Ahmad and Hussein, 2001). The use of low con-
centrations with PV modules is characterized by a 40% reduction in the
price of electrical power production compared to simple units of the PV
modules without concentrations (Mallick and Eames, 2007). There are
also some applications where cylindrical parabolic concentrator are
used with PV modules to reduce the price of electricity produced
(Mallick et al., 2004; Lamba and Kaushik, 2016; Burhan et al., 2016;
Renno and Petito, 2016).
One of the main problems affecting the electricity production of PV
modules is high temperature because a big fraction of solar radiation
falling on PV panels is transformed to heat as well because of high
ambient temperature. The higher in cell temperature of the PV panel
will cause a reduction in electricity production from the PV modules
(Akbarzadeh and Wadowski, 1996; Ndiaye et al. 2014). The rise in the
PV module temperature causes a big decline in voltage and a slight rise
in the current and, in total, reduction in the electrical power generated

E-mail address: kabeel6@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg (A.E. Kabeel).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.019
Received 10 April 2019; Received in revised form 8 May 2019; Accepted 9 May 2019
Available online 14 May 2019
0038-092X/ © 2019 International Solar Energy Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.E. Kabeel, et al.
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the conventional PV module and the PV module with a reflector and cooling techniques.
by PV panels (Abdolzadeh and Ameri, 2009). The degradation of PV
modules is closely related to the quality of PV modules used. It is es-
timated that the decline in the efficiency of PV panel ranges from 0.35
to 0.8%/°C for the polycrystalline PV module (Krauter et al., 1999;
Mattei et al., 2006).
To overcome the problem of high-temperature PV modules, two
cooling techniques were used to reduce the temperature of the PV
module and thereby improve its performance, namely passive cooling
technique and active cooling technique (Jamali et al., 2018). The active
cooling techniques used in PV module needs a way to increase the flow
rate of the cooling fluid in order to enhance the heat transfer rate from
PV panels to the cooling mediums. A pump is used to increase the flow
rate of cooling water for active water cooling technique while an air fan
is used to increase air flow rate for active air cooling technique (Zilli
et al., 2018). Zilli et al. (2018) examined the growth in electrical effi-
ciency and power of the PV module obtained reached 12.17 and
12.26%, during the active cooling technology respectively. Nižetić et al.
(2016) studied empirically an influence of cooling water technology on
a PV panel. They displayed that an energy generation and electrical
efficiency for utilizing the cooling technology improved by 16.3%,
14.1%, respectively. Abdolzadeh and Ameri (2009) utilized the water
spray technique to cool the front face of the PV modules; they outcome
that the behavior of the PV panel enhanced with use the cooling water
spray technology. Kumar et al. (2018) examined empirically a behavior
of hybrid PV/T with water cooling techniques. The outcomes show that
a cooling technology improves the electrical efficiency and energy
generation of the PV module by 37.5, 30%, respectively. Additionally,
for passive technique use the fins approximately improve the power
generation by 2% (Grubišić-Čabo et al., 2018). Rajoria et al. (2015)
studied the exergetic and enviroeconomic analysis of semi-transparent
photovoltaic thermal array. Singh and Agrawal (2016) use the fuzzy
field genetic algorithm to obtain the maximized efficiency of a hybrid
dual channel semitransparent PVT module. Agrawal and Tiwari (2015)
studied the influences of carbon credit earned on annualized cost of
hybrid photovoltaic thermal air collector on the basis of exergy and
annual thermal energy. Elminshawy et al. (2019) conducted
258
Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263
experimentally the influence of geothermal pre-cooling airflow over the
backside on a behavior of PV panel. Outcomes show that the en-
hancement in the PV power and efficiency reached to 18.9 and 22.98%
respectively. Pang et al. (2019) studied the influences of aluminum,
TPT, glass substrates on the behavior of PV module. Ho et al. (2017)
numerically studied the behavior of PV module with double layers
MEPCM, the melting temperatures of the two layers are 26 °C and 30 °C.
Chopde et al. (2016) they developed the heat transfer mechanisms
between the PV module and it's ambient in the dynamic thermal model
of PV module. Some studies used the path change materials for active
cooling the PV panels. Nižetić et al. (2018) numerically and econom-
ically studied the performance of PV panel based on passive cooling
method using PCM materials. Kabeel and Abdelgaied (2019) studied the
performance of hybrid system of PV panels integrated solar still with air
injection.
Previous studies have shown that two important factors affect the
performance of PV modules: solar radiation intensity falling on the PV
modules and the cell temperature of PV module. The aim of this study is
to enhance the performance of PV panels by using cooling technology in
the presence of reflectors. In order to determine the optimization
cooling technique for improving the performance of PV module with
reflectors under Egyptian conditions, three different cooling techniques
were experimentally studied. The results of the three cases of the PV
module with reflectors and cooling techniques were compared to the
conventional PV module to get the best cooling technology in the
presence of reflectors. Also, an economic study was conducted to de-
termine the optimization cooling technique for PV module with re-
flectors.
2. Experimental setup
To determine the effective cooling techniques with a reflector that
should be used to improve the performance of photovoltaic cells. The
PV module with a reflector and three different cooling techniques (use
air forced cooling technology in the presence of reflectors (case-I), use
water cooling technology in the presence of reflectors (case-II), and use
A.E. Kabeel, et al.
Fig. 2. A photographic views of the conventional PV module and the PV module with a reflector and cooling techniques.
forced-air and water cooling technologies together in the presence of
reflectors (case-III)) was designed, constructed, and operated in Tanta
city; Egypt. The present experimental work consists of a conventional
PV module and the PV modules with a reflector and cooling techniques.
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the conventional PV module and
the PV module with a reflector and cooling techniques. Also, Fig. 2
shows the photographic view of the conventional PV module and the
PV module with a reflector and cooling techniques.
To determine the best cooling techniques for the PV module with
reflectors, two units of PV modules (130 W PV polycrystalline module
for each) were used, the dimensions of each PV module are
148.2 cm × 67.6 cm × 3.5 cm. The first PV panel represents the con-
ventional PV module, while in the second PV module has been used a
reflector with the cooling techniques. Two PV modules were fixed with
angle of 30.47° (angle of Latitude of Tanta city-Egypt). The description
of the PV panel, water pump, and air blower used in this work are listed
in Table 1. To determine a better cooling technology that can be used
for a PV module with reflector experimentally. A channel has a rec-
tangular cross-section area was designed and manufactured with an
inside dimensions 67.6 cm × 18.5 cm × 160 cm length. The base of this
channel and the east and west faces made of the wood 30 mm thick. The
PV module was installed inside this channel so that the thickness of the
Table 1
Specification of experimental components.
Experimental components Specification
Polycrystalline PV panel Pmax. = 130 W
ISC = 7.8 A
VOC = 21.78 V
IMPP = 7.27 A
VMPP = 17.88 V
Air blower 10 W DC
61 m3/h
Water pump 5 W DC
12 L/min
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Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263
air gap on the upper face of the PV module is 100 mm and the thickness
of the air gap below the PV module is 50 mm. The upper surface of this
channel is covered with transparent glass 4 mm thickness. The inlet and
outlet openings of the channel in the north and south directions were
formed on a shape of diffuser that ends with a 90 mm circular opening
connected to pipe with 90 mm diameter and 100 mm length to control
the forced air used to cool the PV module. The pipe in the north or-
ientation is connected to a 10 W DC blower (61 m3/h) to push the
forced cooling air inside the channel to cool the PV panel. The water
distribution system was installed on the upper end of the front side for
the PV module; a 5 W DC pump was used to push the cooling water at a
rate of 12 L/min from cooling water tank to the water distribution
system. To increase the intensity of the solar radiation falling on the
surface of the PV module, a reflector (ultra clear float glass silver coated
with light reflectivity 92.5–93.8% and 3 mm thickness) with dimen-
sions of 750 mm × 750 mm was used. This reflector has been mounted
on the top of the PV module in the north direction at a 20° angle with
the vertical direction.
3. Operating system and measuring devices
A conventional PV module and the PV module with reflectors and
cooling techniques were operated in Tanta city form 8:00 am till
6:00 pm within the time June till August 2018. To determine the best
cooling technique with the reflector can be used for the PV module. In
the present experimental study, three different cooling techniques with
the reflector namely the forced cooling air technique, water cooling
technique, and air and water cooling techniques together was utilized
to enhance a behavior of PV panel. The three working cases (case-I, II,
and III) follow as:-
Case-I
In this case, the effect of air forced cooling technology in the pre-
sence of reflectors on a performance of PV panel was investigated. To
achieve this, the blower was switched on to push a cooling air into the
A.E. Kabeel, et al. Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263

PV module with reflector.

Case-II

In this case, the effect of water cooling technique with the reflector
on the performance of the PV module was investigated. To achieve this,
the pump was switched on to push cooling water into the PV module
with reflector.

Case-III

In this case, the effect of forced-air and water cooling technologies

together in the presence of reflectors on the performance of the PV
module was investigated. To achieve this, the air blower and the water
pump were switched on. The blower utilized to push the cooling air into
the PV module with a reflector. Also, the water pump was used to push
the cooling water into the PV module with a reflector at the same time.
To calculate a performance of the PV module with reflectors and
cooling techniques, the intensity of solar radiation, cell temperature,
cooling air temperature, cooling water temperature, voltage and cur- Fig. 3. Variation in both ambient temperature and solar radiation for three test
rent was recorded for each hourly starting 8:00 am till 6:00 pm. The PV days.
analyzer I-V curve tracers-solmetric used to measure the power at
maximum power point. Also, solar radiation, temperature, air flow rate,
and water flow rate are recorded by utilizing solarimeter, K-type ther-
mocouple, air flow meter, and water flow meter, respectively. The lo-
cations of measuring device are shown in Fig. 1. Specifications and the
uncertainties of all measuring devices are listed in Table 2. The un-
certainties are evaluated by the formula offered by Kline and
McClintock (1953). Depending on the uncertainty of the measurement
data, the error in electricity and electrical efficiency are ± 1.46% and
0.95%, respectively.
PV module electrical efficiency (ηele) is defined as the maximum
power (Pmax. = Wh) divided to hourly solar radiation (G = Wh/m2)
multiplied by the surface area of PV panel (A = m2) as follows in Eq.
(1):
Pmax
ηele =
G×A (1)

4. Experimental results

The hourly change of the ambient air temperature and solar radia-
tion from 8:00 am till 6:00 pm through test days of the three cases (case- Fig. 4. Variations of PV module temperature for all cases.
I, case-II, and case-III) are presented in Fig. 3. As shown, the deviation
in both ambient air temperature and solar radiation are the same for all varying between 44.4 and 71.5 °C, 42.5 and 64.8 °C, 32.9 and 37.5 °C,
test days. Where the intensity of solar radiation raise to the highest 28.9 and 32.4 °C for traditional PV panel, case-I, II, and III, respectively.
levels at 12:00 pm and their values decreasing after that until it reaches The reduction in a PV module surface temperature ensured rises in the
zero at sunset. maximum electrical power of the PV module.
The surface temperature of the PV module on the front side for the The effects of the three cooling technology in the presence of re-
three test days are displayed in Fig. 4. As listed in this figure, the flectors on a power generation of a PV panel during a period
maximum recorded value of the PV module surface temperature is 71.5, 8:00 am–6:00 pm is displayed in Fig. 5. The data recorded of the max-
64.8, 37.5, and 32.4 °C, for the conventional PV module, case-I, II, and imum power generation from a PV panel for three test days from
III, respectively. A data recorded for the test days from 8:00 am till 8:00 am till 6:00 pm was varying between 26.38 and 104.56, 34.16 and
6:00 pm presented that, a surface temperature of PV module was 129.28, 35 and 145.96, and 36.45 and 148.69 W for conventional PV
module, case-I, case-II, and case-III, respectively. Also, as shown in
Table 2 Fig. 6, the improvement in the power generation of the PV panel with
specifications and uncertainty of all devices. cooling technology in the presence of reflectors as compared to tradi-
Devices Accuracy Limits Uncertainty tional PV panel was varying between 18.65 and 29.52%, 31.88 and
39.6%, and 36.5 and 42.2% for case-I, II, and III, respectively. The
Solmetric average improvement in power generation of the PV panel with cooling
Current ± 2% ± 40 mA (0–20) A DC 0.62%
technology in the presence of reflectors recorded 22.42%, 35.1%, and
Voltage ± 1% ± 0.25 V (0–600) V DC 1.23%
Solarimeter ± 1 W/m2 (0–5000) W/m2 0.51% 39.3% for case-I, II, and III, respectively.
Thermocouples ± 0.1 °C (0–100) °C 0.22% Fig. 7 shows the hourly variation of the electrical efficiency for
Air flow meter ± 0.1 m/s 0.0–10 m/s 2.75% conventional PV module and the PV module with reflector and cooling
Water flow meter ± 0.05 L/min 1–18 L/min 1. 15% techniques within the period 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. This figure shows that

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A.E. Kabeel, et al. Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263

Fig. 5. Variations of maximum electrical power along the test day for all cases. Fig. 7. Variations of electrical efficiency along the test day for all cases.

5. Economic analysis

Economic analysis of PV panels with cooling technologies in the

presence of reflectors is shown in this section. The out power are 832,
912, 1077, and 1010 Wh/day for traditional PV panel, case-I, II, and III,
respectively. In this study the working days per year will take 270, but
in fact, in Egypt, the sun shines throughout the year. A cost analysis was
carried out to determine ATC per Wh of power generation from PV
panel (ATC/Wh) using Eq. (2):
ATC
ATC /Wh =
∑ Pmax (2)
Annual total cost (ATC) evaluated based on annual initial cost (AIC),
annual maintenance cost (AMC) and annual salvage (AS) as followed
Kabeel and Abdelgaied (2017):
ATC = AIC + AMC − AS (3)

AIC = CRF × IC (4)

where CRF is the capital recovery factor; IC is the initial cost
(1 + i)n × i
Fig. 6. Improvement in maximum power along the test day for three modified CRF =
(1 + i)n − 1 (5)
cases.
In this study interest per year (i) and life cycle (n) and will take 16%
the electrical efficiency was varying between 9.71 and 11.87%, 11.68 and 20 year, respectively.
and 15.38%, 13.11 and 15.97%, and 13.54 and 16.41% for the con- Annual maintenance cost (AMC) for conventional PV panel take
ventional PV module, case-I, case-II, and case-III, respectively. The 2.5% (Perkins, 2018), but for the PV panel with the cooling system, the
outcomes show that using the reflector with cooling techniques im- annual maintenance cost (AMC) take 5%;
prove the electrical efficiency of PV module by 22.42%, 35.1%, and
39.3% for case-I, II, and III, in average respectively as compared to
AMC = {2.5%
5%AIC }
AIC
(6)
traditional PV panel.
Annual salvage (AS) evaluated by multiply the sinking fund factor
The maximum power generation of PV panel, power consumption in
(SFF) in salvage value (SV = 0.2 × IC).
cooling technique, net output power after overcome cooling technolo-
gies and the gain in net output power as compared to the conventional AS = SFF × SV (7)
PV module are presented in Fig. 8. As shown in this figure; (i) the
i
maximum electrical power produced from the PV module reached to SFF =
[(1 + i)n − 1] (8)
832, 1012, 1127, and 1160 Wh/day for the conventional PV module,
case-I, II, and III, respectively; (ii) power supplied to cooling technol- Cost details of the conventional PV module and three cases of the PV
ogies are 100, 50, and 150 Wh/day for case-I, II, and III, respectively; module with reflectors and cooling techniques are listed in Tables 3. As
(iii) net output power after overcome cooling technologies are 912, shown in Table 3 the cost of kWh produced by PV panels for different
1077, and 1010 Wh/day for case-I, II, and III, respectively; (iv) the gain technologies reaches to 1.12 LE/kWh (0.062 $/kWh), 1.29 LE/kWh
in net output power for using a cooling technology in the presence of (0.072 $/kWh), 1.1 LE/kWh (0.061 $/kWh), and 1.3 LE/kWh
reflectors was recorded 80, 245, and 178 Wh/day for case-I, case-II, and (0.0722 $/kWh), for traditional PV panel, case-I, II, and III, respec-
case-III, respectively as compared to the conventional PV module. tively. Economics studies presented that the minimum cost of kWh

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A.E. Kabeel, et al. Solar Energy 186 (2019) 257–263

Fig. 8. The power generated, power supplied to cooling technologies, out power after overcome cooling technologies and the gain in the out power for all cases.

Table 3 case-I, II, and III, respectively. But the out power from a conventional
Cost details of PV modules; Take (1$ = 18 LE). PV panel reached 832 Wh/day. The gain in net output electrical power
Cost Cases
for using cooling technologies in the presence of reflectors reached to
80, 245, and 178 Wh/day for case-I, II, and III, respectively compared
Conventional PV module using reflector with cooling to the traditional PV panel. Furthermore, an economically studied show
PV module techniques that the cost of kWh reaches approximately 1.12 LE/kWh (0.062 $/
kWh), 1.29 LE/kWh (0.072 $/kWh), 1.1 LE/kWh (0.061 $/kWh), and
Case-I Case-II Case-III
1.3 LE/kWh (0.0722 $/kWh), for the conventional PV module, case-I, II,
Initial cost, LE 1470 1820 1850 2050 and III, respectively under Egyptian conditions.
Annual initial cost, LE 247.84 306.85 311.91 345.63
Annual maintenance 6.2 15.34 15.6 17.28
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