Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.

•The 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1)

•The 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),
•And the 5 is (2+3),
•and so on!

Example: the next number in the sequence above is 21+34 = 55

It is that simple!

Here is a longer list:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765,
10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, ...

Can you figure out the next few numbers?

Makes A Spiral
When we make squares with those widths, we get a nice spiral:

Do you see how the squares fit neatly together?

For example 5 and 8 make 13, 8 and 13 make 21, and so on.
 Do you see how the squares fit neatly together?
For example 5 and 8 make 13, 8 and 13 make 21, and so on.

This spiral is found in nature!

See: Nature, The Golden Ratio, and Fibonacci

bonacci Sequence can be written as a "Rule" (see Sequences and Series).

First, the terms are numbered from 0 onwards like this:

n= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ...
xn = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 ...
So term number 6 is called x6 (which equals 8).

Example: the 8th term is

the 7th term plus
the 6th term:

x8 = x7 + x6

So we can write the rule:

The Rule is xn = xn-1 + xn-2

where:

•xn is term number "n"

•xn-1 is the previous term (n-1)
•xn-2 is the term before that (n-2)

Example: term 9 is calculated like this:

x9= x9-1 + x9-2
= x8 + x7
= 21 + 13
= 34

Golden Ratio
And here is a surprise. When we take any two successive (one after the other) Fibonacci
Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio"φ" which is
approximately 1.618034...

In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the approximation. Let us try
a few:

A B B /A
2 3 1.5
3 5 1.666666666...
5 8 1.6
8 13 1.625
... ... ...
144 233 1.618055556...
233 377 1.618025751...
... ... ...

Note: this also works when we pick two random whole numbers to begin the sequence,
such as 192 and 16 (we get the sequence 192, 16, 208, 224, 432, 656, 1088, 1744,
2832, 4576, 7408, 11984, 19392, 31376, ...):

A B B /A
192 16 0.08333333...
16 208 13
208 224 1.07692308...
224 432 1.92857143...
... ... ...
7408 11984 1.61771058...
11984 19392 1.61815754...
 ... ... ...
It takes longer to get good values, but it shows that not just the Fibonacci Sequence can
do this!

Using The Golden Ratio to Calculate Fibonacci

Numbers
And even more surprising is that we can calculate any Fibonacci Number using the
Golden Ratio:

The answer always comes out as a whole number, exactly equal to the addition of the
previous two terms.

Example:

When I used a calculator on this (only entering the Golden Ratio to 6 decimal places) I
got the answer 8.00000033. A more accurate calculation would be closer to 8.

Try it for yourself!

Some Interesting Things

Here is the Fibonacci sequence again:

n= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ...
xn = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 ...
There is an interesting pattern:

•Look at the number x3 = 2. Every 3rd number is a multiple of 2 (2, 8, 34, 144,

610, ...)
•Look at the number x4 = 3. Every 4th number is a multiple of 3 (3, 21, 144, ...)
•Look at the number x5 = 5. Every 5th number is a multiple of 5 (5, 55, 610, ...)
And so on (every nth number is a multiple of xn).
1/89 = 0.011235955056179775...
Notice the first few digits (0,1,1,2,3,5) are the Fibonacci sequence?

In a way they all are, except multiple digit numbers (13, 21, etc) overlap, like this:

0.0
0.01
0.001
0.0002
0.00003
0.000005
0.0000008
0.00000013
0.000000021
... etc ...
0.011235955056179775... = 1/89

Terms Below Zero

The sequence works below zero also, like this:

n= ... -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ...
xn = ... -8 5 -3 2 -1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ...
(Prove to yourself that each number is found by adding up the two numbers before it!)

In fact the sequence below zero has the same numbers as the sequence above zero,
except they follow a +-+- ... pattern. It can be written like this:

x−n = (−1)n+1 xn

Which says that term "-n" is equal to (−1)n+1 times term "n", and the
value (−1)n+1 neatly makes the correct 1,-1,1,-1,... pattern.

History
Fibonacci was not the first to know about the sequence, it was known in India hundreds
of years before!
About Fibonacci The Man
His real name was Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, and he lived between 1170 and 1250 in
Italy.

"Fibonacci" was his nickname, which roughly means "Son of Bonacci".

As well as being famous for the Fibonacci Sequence, he helped spread Hindu-Arabic
Numerals (like our present numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) through Europe in place
of Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, etc). That has saved us all a lot of trouble! Thank
you Leonardo.

Fibonacci Day
Fibonacci Day is November 23rd, as it has the digits "1, 1, 2, 3" which is part of the
sequence. So next Nov 23 let everyone know!
 Golden Ratio
The golden ratio (symbol is the Greek letter "phi" shown at left)
is a special number approximately equal to 1.618

It appears many times in geometry, art, architecture and other areas.

The Idea Behind It

We find the golden ratio when we divide a line into two parts so that:

the whole length divided by the long part

is also equal to
the long part divided by the short part

Have a try yourself (use the slider):

Beauty
This rectangle has been made using the Golden Ratio, Looks like a typical frame for a
painting, doesn't it?

Some artists and architects believe the Golden Ratio makes the most pleasing and
beautiful shape.

Do you think it is the "most pleasing rectangle"?

Maybe you do or don't, that is up to you!

Many buildings and artworks have the
Golden Ratio in them, such as the
Parthenon in Greece, but it is not really
known if it was designed that way.

The Actual Value

The Golden Ratio is equal to:

1.61803398874989484820... (etc.)
The digits just keep on going, with no pattern. In fact the Golden Ratio is known to be
an Irrational Number, and I will tell you more about it later.

Calculating It
You can calculate it yourself by starting with any number and following these steps:

•A) divide 1 by your number (=1/number)

•B) add 1
•C) that is your new number, start again at A
With a calculator, just keep pressing "1/x", "+", "1", "=", around and around. I started
with 2 and got this:

Numbe
1/Number Add 1
r
2 1/2=0.5 0.5+1=1.5
1.5 1/1.5 = 0.666... 0.666... + 1 = 1.666...
1.666... 1/1.666... = 0.6 0.6 + 1 = 1.6
 1.6 1/1.6 = 0.625 0.625 + 1 = 1.625
1/1.625 = 0.6154... + 1 =
1.625
0.6154... 1.6154...
1.6154..
.
It is getting closer and closer!

But it takes a long time to get even close, but there are better ways and it can be
calculated to thousands of decimal places quite quickly.

Drawing It

Here is one way to draw a rectangle with the Golden Ratio:

•Draw a square (of size "1")

•Place a dot half way along one side
•Draw a line from that point to an opposite corner (it is √5/2 in length)
•Turn that line so that it runs along the square's side
Then you can extend the square to be a rectangle with the Golden Ratio.

The Formula
That rectangle above shows us a simple formula for the Golden Ratio.

When one side is 1, the other side is:

The square root of 5 is approximately 2.236068, so the Golden Ratio is approximately
(1+2.236068)/2 = 3.236068/2 = 1.618034. This is an easy way to calculate it when you
need it.

Interesting fact: the Golden Ratio is also equal to 2 × sin(54°), get your
calculator and check!

Fibonacci Sequence
There is a special relationship between the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Sequence:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

(The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.)

And here is a surprise: when we take any two successive (one after the other) Fibonacci
Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio.

In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the approximation. Let us try
a few:

A B B/A
2 3 1.5
3 5 1.666666666...
5 8 1.6
8 13 1.625
... ... ...
144 233 1.618055556...
233 377 1.618025751...
... ... ...
We don't even have to start with 2 and 3, here I chose 192 and 16 (and got the
sequence 192, 16, 208, 224, 432, 656, 1088, 1744, 2832, 4576, 7408, 11984, 19392,
31376, ...):

A B B /A
192 16 0.08333333...
16 208 13
208 224 1.07692308...
224 432 1.92857143...
... ... ...
7408 11984 1.61771058...
11984 19392 1.61815754...
... ... ...
The Most Irrational ...
I believe the Golden Ratio is the most irrational number. Here is why ...

One of the special properties of the Golden Ratio is that

it can be defined in terms of itself, like this:

(In numbers: 1.61803... = 1 + 1/1.61803...)

That can be expanded into this fraction that

goes on for ever (called a "continued fraction"):

So, it neatly slips in between simple fractions.

But many other irrational numbers are reasonably close to rational numbers (such
as Pi = 3.141592654... is pretty close to 22/7 = 3.1428571...)
Pentagram
No, not witchcraft! The pentagram is more famous as a magical or holy symbol. And it
has the Golden Ratio in it:

•a/b = 1.618...
•b/c = 1.618...
•c/d = 1.618...
Read more at Pentagram.

Other Names
The Golden Ratio is also sometimes called the golden section, golden mean, golden
number,divine proportion, divine section and golden proportion.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/nature-golden-ratio-fibonacci.html
The Fibonacci sequence is one of the most famous formulas in mathematics.

Each number in the sequence is the sum of the two numbers that precede it. So, the
sequence goes: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so on. The mathematical equation
describing it is Xn+2= Xn+1 + Xn
A mainstay of high-school and undergraduate classes, it's been called "nature's secret
code," and "nature's universal rule." It is said to govern the dimensions of everything
from the Great Pyramid at Giza, to the iconic seashell that likely graced the cover
of your school math textbook.

And odds are, almost everything you know about it is wrong.

Scattered history

So then, what's the real story behind this famous sequence?

Many sources claim it was first discovered or "invented" by Leonardo Fibonacci. The
Italian mathematician, who was born around A.D. 1170, was originally known as
Leonardo of Pisa, said Keith Devlin, a mathematician at Stanford University. Only in the
19th century did historians come up with the nickname Fibonacci (roughly meaning, "son
of the Bonacci clan"), to distinguish the mathematician from another famous Leonardo of
Pisa, Devlin said. [Large Numbers that Define the Universe]
But Leonardo of Pisa did not actually discover the sequence, said Devlin, who is also the
author of "Finding Fibonacci: The Quest to Rediscover the Forgotten Mathematical
Genius Who Changed the World," (Princeton University Press, 2017). Ancient Sanskrit
texts that used the Hindu-Arabic numeral system first mention it, and those predate
Leonardo of Pisa by centuries.

"It's been around forever," Devlin told Live Science.

However, in 1202 Leonardo of Pisa published the massive tome "Liber Abaci," a
mathematics "cookbook for how to do calculations," Devlin said. Written for tradesmen,
"Liber Abaci" laid out Hindu-Arabic arithmetic useful for tracking profits, losses,
remaining loan balances and so on, Devlin said.

In one place in the book, Leonardo of Pisa introduces the sequence with a problem
involving rabbits. The problem goes as follows: Start with a male and a female rabbit.
After a month, they mature and produce a litter with another male and female rabbit. A
month later, those rabbits reproduce and out comes — you guessed it — another male
and female, who also can mate after a month. (Ignore the wildly improbable biology
here.) After a year, how many rabbits would you have? The answer, it turns out, is 144 —
and the formula used to get to that answer is what's now known as the Fibonacci
sequence. [The 11 Most Beautiful Mathematical Equations]

"Liber Abaci" first introduced the sequence to the Western world. But after a few scant
paragraphs on breeding rabbits, Leonardo of Pisa never mentioned the sequence again.
In fact, it was mostly forgotten until the 19th century, when mathematicians worked out
more about the sequence's mathematical properties. In 1877, French mathematician
Édouard Lucas officially named the rabbit problem "the Fibonacci sequence," Devlin said.
Imaginary meaning
But what exactly is the significance of the Fibonacci sequence? Other than being a neat
teaching tool, it shows up in a few places in nature. However, it's not some secret code
that governs the architecture of the universe, Devlin said.

It's true that the Fibonacci sequence is tightly connected to what's now known as the
golden ratio (which is not even a true ratio because it's an irrational number). Simply
put, the ratio of the numbers in the sequence, as the sequence goes to infinity,
approaches the golden ratio, which is 1.6180339887498948482... From there,
mathematicians can calculate what's called the golden spiral, or a logarithmic spiral
whose growth factor equals the golden ratio. [The 9 Most Massive Numbers in
Existence]

The golden ratio does seem to capture some types of plant growth, Devlin said. For
instance, the spiral arrangement of leaves or petals on some plants follows the golden
ratio. Pinecones exhibit a golden spiral, as do the seeds in a sunflower, according to
"Phyllotaxis: A Systemic Study in Plant Morphogenesis" (Cambridge University Press,
1994). But there are just as many plants that do not follow this rule.

"It's not 'God's only rule' for growing things, let's put it that way," Devlin said.

And perhaps the most famous example of all, the seashell known as the nautilus, does
not in fact grow new cells according to the Fibonacci sequence, he said.

When people start to draw connections to the human body, art and architecture, links to
the Fibonacci sequence go from tenuous to downright fictional.
"It would take a large book to document all the misinformation about the golden ratio,
much of which is simply the repetition of the same errors by different authors," George
Markowsky, a mathematician who was then at the University of Maine, wrote in a 1992
paper in the College Mathematics Journal.
Much of this misinformation can be attributed to an 1855 book by the German
psychologist Adolf Zeising. Zeising claimed the proportions of the human body were
based on the golden ratio. The golden ratio sprouted "golden rectangles," "golden
triangles" and all sorts of theories about where these iconic dimensions crop up. Since
then, people have said the golden ratio can be found in the dimensions of the Pyramid at
Giza, the Parthenon, Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man" and a bevy of Renaissance
buildings. Overarching claims about the ratio being "uniquely pleasing" to the human eye
have been stated uncritically, Devlin said.

All these claims, when they're tested, are measurably false, Devlin said.

"We're good pattern recognizers. We can see a pattern regardless of whether it's there or
not," Devlin said. "It's all just wishful thinking."

THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE, SPIRALS AND THE GOLDEN MEAN

The Fibonacci sequence exhibits a certain numerical pattern which originated as the
answer to an exercise in the first ever high school algebra text. This pattern turned out to
have an interest and importance far beyond what its creator imagined. It can be used to
model or describe an amazing variety of phenomena, in mathematics and science, art
and nature. The mathematical ideas the Fibonacci sequence leads to, such as the golden
ratio, spirals and self- similar curves, have long been appreciated for their charm and
beauty, but no one can really explain why they are echoed so clearly in the world of art
and nature.
The story began in Pisa, Italy in the year 1202. Leonardo Pisano Bigollo was a young
man in his twenties, a member of an important trading family of Pisa. In his travels
throughout the Middle East, he was captivated by the mathematical ideas that had come
west from India through the Arabic countries. When he returned to Pisa he published
these ideas in a book on mathematics called Liber Abaci, which became a landmark in
Europe. Leonardo, who has since come to be known as Fibonacci, became the most
celebrated mathematician of the Middle Ages. His book was a discourse on
mathematical methods in commerce, but is now remembered mainly for two
contributions, one obviously important at the time and one seemingly insignificant.
The important one: he brought to the attention of Europe the Hindu system for writing
numbers. European tradesmen and scholars were still clinging to the use of the old
Roman numerals; modern mathematics would have been impossible without this change
to the Hindu system, which we call now Arabic notation, since it came west through
Arabic lands.
The other: hidden away in a list of brain-teasers , Fibonacci posed the following
question:
If a pair of rabbits is placed in an enclosed area, how many rabbits will be born there if
we assume that every month a pair of rabbits produces another pair, and that rabbits
begin to bear young two months after their birth?

This apparently innocent little question has as an answer a certain sequence of numbers,
known now as the Fibonacci sequence, which has turned out to be one of the most
interesting ever written down. It has been rediscovered in an astonishing variety of
forms, in branches of mathematics way beyond simple arithmetic. Its method of
development has led to far-reaching applications in mathematics and computer science.
But even more fascinating is the surprising appearance of Fibonacci numbers, and their
relative ratios, in arenas far removed from the logical structure of mathematics: in
Nature and in Art, in classical theories of beauty and proportion.
Consider an elementary example of geometric growth - asexual reproduction, like that of
the amoeba. Each organism splits into two after an interval of maturation time
characteristic of the species. This interval varies randomly but within a certain range
according to external conditions, like temperature, availability of nutrients and so on. We
can imagine a simplified model where, under perfect conditions, all amoebae split after
the same time period of growth.
So, one amoebas becomes two, two become 4, then 8, 16, 32, and so on.
We get a doubling sequence. Notice the recursive formula:
•An =2An
This of course leads to exponential growth, one characteristic pattern of population
growth.

Now in the Fibonacci rabbit situation, there is a lag factor; each pair requires some time
to mature. So we are assuming
•maturation time = 1 month
•gestation time = 1 month
If you were to try this in your backyard, here's what would happen:
The pattern we see here is that each cohort or generation remains as part of the next, and
in addition, each grown-up pair contributes a baby pair. The number of such baby pairs
matches the total number of pairs in the previous generation. Symbolically
•f = number of pairs during month n
n
•f = f
n n-1 + fn-2
So we have a recursive formula where each generation is defined in terms of the
previous two generations. Using this approach, we can successively calculate fn for as
many generations as we like.
So this sequence of numbers 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,... and the recursive way of constructing it
ad infinitum, is the solution to the Fibonacci puzzle. But what Fibonacci could not have
foreseen was the myriad of applications that these numbers and this method would
eventually have. His idea was more fertile than his rabbits. Just in terms of pure
mathematics - number theory, geometry and so on - the scope of his idea was so great
that an entire professional journal has been devoted to it - the Fibonacci Quarterly.
Now let's look at another reasonably natural situation where the same sequence
"mysteriously" pops up. Go back 350 years to 17th century France. Blaise Pascal is a
young Frenchman, scholar who is torn between his enjoyment of geometry and
mathematics and his love for religion and theology. In one of his more worldly moments
he is consulted by a friend, a professional gambler, the Chevalier de Mé ré , Antoine
Gombaud. The Chevalier asks Pascal some questions about plays at dice and cards, and
about the proper division of the stakes in an unfinished game. Pascal's response is to
invent an entirely new branch of mathematics, the theory of probability. This theory has
grown over the years into a vital 20th century tool for science and social science.
Pascal's work leans heavily on a collection of numbers now called Pascal's Triangle, and
represented like this:

This configuration has many interesting and important properties:

•Notice the left-right symmetry - it is its own mirror image.
•Notice that in each row, the second number counts the row.
•Notice that in each row, the 2nd + the 3rd counts the number of numbers above
that line.
There are endless variations on this theme.
Next, notice what happens when we add up the numbers in each row - we get our
doubling sequence.

Now for visual convenience draw the triangle left-justified. Add up the numbers on the
various diagonals ...

and we get 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, . . . the Fibonacci sequence!

Fibonacci could not have known about this connection between his rabbits and
probability theory - the theory didn't exist until 400 years later.
What is really interesting about the Fibonacci sequence is that its pattern of growth in
some mysterious way matches the forces controlling growth in a large variety of natural
dynamical systems. Quite analogous to the reproduction of rabbits, let us consider the
family tree of a bee - so we look at ancestors rather than descendants. In a simplified
reproductive model, a male bee hatches from an unfertilized egg and so he has only one
parent, whereas a female hatches from a fertilized egg, and has two parents. Here is the
family tree of a typical male bee:
Notice that this looks like the bunny chart, but moving backwards in time. The male
ancestors in each generation form a Fibonacci sequence, as do the female ancestors, as
does the total. You can see from the tree that bee society is female dominated.
The most famous and beautiful examples of the occurrence of the Fibonacci sequence in
nature are found in a variety of trees and flowers, generally asociated with some kind of
spiral structure. For instance, leaves on the stem of a flower or a branch of a tree often
grow in a helical pattern, spiraling aroung the branch as new leaves form further out.
Picture this: You have a branch in your hand. Focus your attention on a given leaf and
start counting around and outwards. Count the leaves, and also count the number of
turns around the branch, until you return to a position matching the original leaf but
further along the branch. Both numbers will be Fibonacci numbers.
For example, for a pear tree there will be 8 leaves and 3 turns. Here are some more
examples:
Branches of the Fibonacci Family
Tree Leaves Turns
Elm 2 1
Cherry 3 2
Beech 3 1
Poplar 5 2
Weeping willow 8 3
Pear 8 3
Almond 13 8
You can take a walk in a park and find this pattern on plants and bushes quite easily.
Many flowers offer a beautiful confirmation of the Fibonacci mystique. A daisy has a
central core consisting of tiny florets arranged in opposing spirals. There are usually 21
going to the left and 34 to the right. A mountain aster may have 13 spirals to the left and
21 to the right. Sunflowers are the most spectacular example, typically having 55 spirals
one way and 89 in the other; or, in the finest varieties, 89 and 144.
Pine cones are also constructed in a spiral fashion, small ones having commonly with 8
spirals one way and 13 the other. The most interesting is the pineapple - built from
adjacent hexagons, three kinds of spirals appear in three dimensions. There are 8 to the
right, 13 to the left, and 21 vertically - a Fibonacci triple.
Why should this be? Why has Mother Nature found an evolutionary advantage in
arranging plant structures in spiral shapes exhibiting the Fibonacci sequence?
We have no certain answer. In 1875, a mathematician named Wiesner provided a
mathematical demonstration that the helical arrangement of leaves on a branch in
Fibonacci proportions was an efficient way to gather a maximum amount of sunlight
with a few leaves - he claimed, the best way. But recently, a Cornell University botanist
named Karl Niklas decided to test this hypothesis in his laboratory; he discovered that
almost any reasonable arrangement of leaves has the same sunlight-gathering capability.
So we are still in the dark about light.
But if we think in terms of natural growth patterns I think we can begin to understand
the presence of spirals and the connection between spirals and the Fibonacci sequence.
Spirals arise from a property of growth called self-similarity or scaling - the tendency to
grow in size but to maintain the same shape. Not all organisms grow in this self-similar
manner. We have seen that adult people, for example, are not just scaled up babies:
babies have larger heads, shorter legs, and a longer torso relative to their size. But if we
look for example at the shell of the chambered nautilus we see a differnet growth
pattern. As the nautilus outgrows each chamber, it builds new chambers for itself,
always the same shape - if you imagine a very long-lived nautilus, its shell would spiral
around and around, growing ever larger but always looking exactly the same at every
scale.
Here is where Fibonacci comes in - we can build a squarish sort of nautilus by starting
with a square of size 1 and successively building on new rooms whose sizes correspond
to the Fibonacci sequence:
Running through the centers of the squares in order with a smooth curve we obtain the
nautilus spiral = the sunflower spiral.
This is a special spiral, a self-similar curve which keeps its shape at all scales (if you
imagine it spiraling out forever). It is called equiangular because a radial line from the
center makes always the same angle to the curve. This curve was known to Archimedes
of ancient Greece, the greatest geometer of ancient times, and maybe of all time.
We should really think of this curve as spiraling inward forever as well as outward. It is
hard to draw; you can visualize water swirling around a tiny drainhole, being drawn in
closer as it spirals but never falling in. This effect is illustrated by another classical
brain-teaser:
Four bugs are standing at the four corners of a square. They are hungry (or lonely) and
at the same moment they each see the bug at the next corner over and start crawling
toward it. What happens?

The picture tells the story. As they crawl towards each other they spiral into the center,
always forming an ever smaller square, turning around and around forever. Yet they
reach each other! This is not a paradox because the length of this spiral is finite. They
trace out the same equiangular spiral.
Now since all these spirals are self-similar they look the same at every scale - the scale
does not matter. What matters is the proportion - these spirals have a fixed proportion
determining their shape. It turns out that this proportion is the same as the proportions
generated by successive entries in the Fibonacci sequence: 5:3, 8:5,13:8, and so on. Here
is the calculation:
Fibonacci Proportions

As we go further out in the sequence, the proportions of adjacent terms begins to

approach a fixed limiting value of 1.618034 . . . This is a very famous ratio with a long
and honored history; the Golden Mean of Euclid and Aristotle, the divine proportion of
Leonardo daVinci, considered the most beautiful and important of quantities. This
number has more tantalizing properties than you can imagine.
By simple calculation, we see that if we subtract 1 we get .618 . . which is its reciprocal.
If we add 1 we get 2.618 . . . which is its square.
Using the traditional name for this number, the Greek letter  ("phi") we can write
symbolically:

Solving this quadratic equation we obtain

Here are some other strange but fascinating expressions that can be derived:
, an infinite cascade of square roots.
 , an infinite cascade of fractions.

Using this golden ratio as a foundation, we can build an explicit formula for the
Fibonacci numbers:
Formula for the Fibonacci numbers:

But the Greeks had a more visual point of view about the golden mean. They asked:
what is the most natural and well-proportioned way to divide a line into 2 pieces? They
called this a section. The Greeks felt strongly that the ideal should match the proportion
between the parts with that of the parts to the whole. This results in a proportion of
exactly .
Forming a rectangle with the sections of the line as sides results in a visually pleasing
shape that was the basis of their art and architecture. This esthetic was adopted by the
great Renaissance artists in their painting, and is still with us today.

https://math.temple.edu/~reich/Fib/fibo.html
http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fib.html