Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Why distinguish?
• Some values have moral implications and some don’t
• To avoid unnecessary imposition of one’s own cultural standard on others
• To find a common moral ground that cuts across cultures
Moral standardS
involve serious wrongs or significant benefits
ought to be preferred to other values
Promote the well-being of humans, animals and the environment
are not established by authority figures
have the trait of universalizability
are based on impartial considerations
are associated with special emotions (guilt, shame or remorse)
Non-Moral standardS
• Standards by which our judgement has no moral implication
• Standards of etiquette
• Standards of law
• Standards of aesthetics
• Performance standards
Moral dilemma
• Two actions that one can possibly choose
• There is a moral reason for choosing
• One cannot possibly choose all possible actions
Personal Moral Dilemma
• experieced and resolved in the personal level
Organizational moral Dilemma
• members of the organization are in involved in a moral conflict
• involves issues on corporate practices, policies relationship with workers and clients
Structural Moral DIlemma
• person or group of persons who holds a high position in society faces a morally
conflicting situation that will affect the entire society
Elements of culture
Cultural Relativism
The idea of universal truth in ethics is a myth.
The customs of different societies are all that exist.
Our own code of ethics has no special status, it is merely one among many
To say that a custom is ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ would imply that we can judge that custom
by some independent standard of right and wrong, but no such standard exists.
We could no longer honestly say that the customs of other societies are morally inferior
to our own.
We could no longer justifiably criticize the code of our own society.
The idea of moral progress is called into doubt.
2. There are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times.
In order to criticize other cultures, however, we can appeal to broad principles.
3. The moral code of a society determines what is right or wrong within that society.
This is closely tied to what people believe to be right; however, the code and the
people can be in error.
4. The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is but one among many.
True, but one moral code might be better or worse than others.
5. It is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them.
We shouldn’t tolerate everything. Human societies have done terrible things, and
we can acknowledge moral progress.
What We Can Learn from Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism rightly warns us about the danger of assuming that all our preferences
are based on some absolute rational standard.
Cultural relativism has us keep an open mind regarding the practices of both our culture
and the cultures of other societies.
7. Right mindfulness (be aware of what you feel, think and do).
8. Right meditation (calm mind, practice meditation which leads to nirvana)
Confucianism
Social order would flow naturally if they were cultivatedin the realm of everyday interaction
which centers on the family
PRECEPTS of Confucianism
Collectivism. Confucianism is known for collectivism. Collectivism promotes the welfare of the
group.
Filial Piety. Confucianism emphasizes filial piety in relationship between parent and child.
Mentoring. Mentoring is a process of helping a less-experienced person by a more mature
individual
Reciprocity. Relationships connote mutual attitudes and responses
Seniority. Seniority is a value in setting up social hierarchies.
Moral authority. Moral ascendancy over subordinates
Universal values
• Generally shared by all cultures
• Behavioral standards that are necessary to live in a harmonious and peaceful society
Examples of Universal values
• Happiness
• Peace
• Love
• Freedom
• Safety
• Intelligence
• Truth
• Human respect
• Equality
• Justice
• Nature
• Health
• Life
• Human dignity
Moral Character
• Character – set of qualities that make us unique and stand out from others
• Moral character can be conceptualized as an individual's disposition to think, feel, and
behave in an ethical versus unethical manner (Cohen, 2014)
• Good moral character
• A person with the (right) values
Determinants of moral character (Plato)
• Native traits – genetic characteristics
• Early childhood development – social influence is strongest during the you age
• Surrounding culture – social factors that influence our behavior
• Age – as a person advances, his worldview is changing
• Gender - a person is expected to conduct himself/herself according to the roles of
his/her gender
Conventional
• Stage 3 Good boy/Good girl orientation
• Stage 4 Authority orientation
Post Conventional
• Stage 5 Social Contract – based on personal moral standards and acceptance of rules
(social contract orientation):
• Stage 6 Morality of Individual principles – guided by self-chosen universal ethical
principles
Sources:
De Guzman, Jens Micah., et al.(2018) Ethics: Principles of Ethical behavior in society.Mutya
Gallinero, Winston B., et al. (2018). Ethics. Mutya Pub.: Malabon.
Gazzingan, Leslie B., et al (2018). Panday Lahi: Muntilupa.
Leano, Roman & Guia-on, Arthur. (2018). Ethics for College students. Mindshapers Co.: Manila.
MacKinnon, Barbara & Fiala, Anrew. Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues. Cengage: USA.
Pub.: Malabon.
Ocampo, Ma. Liza Ruth. (2018). Ethics Primer: A young person's guide to moral reasoning.
Vibal Pub.: Manila.
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development