INTRODUCTION

Malnutrition is the unhealthy condition that results from not eating enough food
or not eating enough healthy foods either unbalanced intake of nutrients can cause
malnourished body of children and adults.

According to Giao Huynh et al., malnutrition is one of the most significant child
health issues in developing countries such as Philippines, more than a half of all stunted
children under five years old. Stunting refers to the children who is too short for his/ her
age. These children could suffer severe irreversible, physical, cognition damage can
affect a lifetime and even in the next generation.

In addition, malnutrition is also one of the important risk factors in the onset of
many communicable and un-communicable diseases in both children and adults. During
infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the growth, health and development
of children to their potential. Giao Huynh et al.

Malnutrition is widely recognized as a major public health concern, this condition

mostly affect children, and its hypothesized role as determinant of immune dysfuretions
as well as morability and mortability from infection diseases has been outlined in several
recent research. Emmanuel et al. 2013.
 Children malnutrition is the single biggest contributors to under-five mortability due
to greater susceptibility to infections and slow recovery from illness. Children who do not
reach their optimum height or consistently experience both of weight loss during
childhood are affected in the long term in numerous ways. Such as, maternal
malnutrition increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes including obstracted labour.
Premature and directly babies, severe anaemia during pregnancy is likely to increased
morability at labour. Mother child nutrition 2017.

In a certain Barangay of Poblacion, Columbio Sultan Kudarat among the

malnourished children proposes greater burden in the community, particularly, in Brgy.
Lebertad, Mayo, and Sitio New Ilocos, children age (7-13) years old are more
vulnerable to malnutrition because they don’t have enough food sources that highly rich
of nutrients such as; vegetables, root crops and Multi-Vitamins given by the government
employees (RHU) etc.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this research work is to find out the causes of poor nutrition on
children (7-13) years of age in Barangay Libertad, Mayo, and Sitio New Ilocos. Over the
years the problem of the study, therefore come in the form.

Specifically it seeks to answers the following questions;

1. What is the Demographic Profile of the respondents?

2. What are the causes of malnutrition in terms of height and weight?

3. What is the relationship of malnutrition to the physical growth of the children in

school?

4. Is there a significant relationship between malnutrition and physical growth?

 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study involves purposive sampling to identify the respondents in

selected Barangay in Columbio, namely; Libertad, Mayo, and Sitio New Ilocos.
Above has already the ability to answer the questions provided by the
researchers who were in the malnourished.

This research focuses on the age bracket of malnutrition

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The benefits that could be deriving from the outcomes of the research work are the
following;

To the Parents, who always supporting in every activity, which guiding their children
to put them in to right way, who inspired their children despite of struggles that they
encountered, must to know their responsibilities about their children.

The School Administrators, for them to not allow the vendors/Seller to sale any
unhealthy foods in there canteens because it is also can give a risk factor to become
malnourished the children.

The Teachers, for them to educate and guide their children’s in order to know,
what are the effect of eating unhealthy foods and also to educate children how to
engage proper hygiene.

The Pupils/Children’s, for them to be able know this kind of research of

malnutrition, should be their guide of what are the causes and effects to the physical
growth of the children in selected Barangay in Columbio, namely; Libertad, Mayo, and
Sitio New Ilocos.
 The Future Researchers, for them to import their knowledge and give an idea about the
possible causes of malnutrition and gathering the data’s who were done by the previews
researchers.

Lastly, this research works tends to make the researchers findings and
recommendation in related field in the near future.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following related literature cited in this chapter are several sources of
information and ideas that helped enhance the knowledge of the research on how other
things or phenomena are associated to the concern of this study.

In the Philippines, malnutrition remains a significant public health concern with a

staggering 3.5 million children’s who are stunted (short for the age) and more than
300,000 children’s under 5 years old who are severely wasted, this continuo’s to be a
serious child health problem. With the Philippines being highly disaster-pron., the risk of
malnutrition increase in the aftermath of emergencies. - UNICEF PHILIPPINES 2015.

A national nutrition survey reveals that, 20% percent of of Filipino children, age
zero (0) to five (5) are underweight while 30% percent are stunted or too short for their
age, The Philippines ranked 9th in the world with the most number of stunted children
according to (UNICEF PHILIPPINES 2015) studies.
 According to the world health organization 2016, malnutrition in every form,
presents significant threats to human health. Today the world, focus a double burden of
malnutrition that includes both under-nutrition and over- weight, especially in developing
country. Hunger and inadequate nutrition contributed to early deaths for mother, infants
and young children and impaired physical and brain development in the young children
at the same time, growing rates of overweight and obesity worldwide are likely to a rise
in chronic disease such as; cancer, cardio vascular diseases and diabetes, conditions
that are life threatening and very difficult to treat in place with limited resources and
already overburdened health systems.
 Megha Mittal 2013, conducted a cross-sectional survey using both qualitative
and quantitative data collection methods, this study involved interviews using a
questions for measurement of food nutrients intake, anthropometry observation of
chemical sign of morbidities and assessment of their general knowledge and awareness
about health, nutrition and sanitation.

The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of the women was found to be 21.12(±3.7)
kg/m2 with 25% percent of being underweight and 16% percent being overweight or
obese. The overall quality of food and nutrients intake was poor among all the food
groups. Researchers felt that efforts are need to improve diet quality and education for
rural women so that they rise in economic status and are better nourished. -International
Journal of Scientific and Research publication. Volume3. issue9. September, 2013.
 In one article, child growth is internationally recognized as an important public
health indicator for monitoring nutritional status and health in population. Children who
suffer from growth retardation as a result of poor diet and recurrent infections tend to
have more frequent episodes of severe diarrhoea and are more susceptible to several
infection diseases such as malaria, meningitis, pneumonia, a number of studies. (Brown
1998 ojeitimi and others. 2003; and Benson, and others 2004) have demonstrated the
associations between increasing severity of anthropometric deficits and mortability.

The substantial contribution to child mortability of all degrees of malnutrition is

now widely accepted.

In addition, there is strong evidence that impaired growth is associated with

delayed mental development, poor school performance and reduced intellectual
capacity. (WFD 2005)
 Nutritional status refers to the state of nurture of an individual or a specific group.
The term refers specific nutrients or a class of nutrients and many apply to either
nutritional deficiency or excess. Nutritional status of a community attempts to map out
the magnitudes and geographical distribution of malnutrition as a public health concern
and to identify and analyse ecological causes that are directly responsible for such a
situation and formulation of guidelines for improving nutrition and health status.

Nutritional status of the population has a vital role in overall socio-economic

development of the country. Diet and nutrition play important roles in the maintenance
of the health and prevention of diseases. -US Department of Health and Human
Services, 1998; Food and Nutrition Board, on Diet and Health 1989.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Causes of malnutrition Physical Growth

-weight -stunting

-height -underweight

-hygiene

- Demographic profile
- Financial problems

INTERVENING VARIABLE

FIGURE 1: The conceptual framework of the study Columbio, SK 2019.

 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework and conceptual framework attempts to show the

variables that is operated this study. It referring the factors why many of the children
age (7-13) are stunted and severely wasted that might be considered malnourished, the
researcher conducting their research through the questionnaires and critical
observation.

The independent variable in this research referred the causes of malnutrition to the
physical growth of the children in school, the dependent variable which including the
factors of causes that might be the results.

Demographic profile which one of the intervening variables and financial problem
is one of the reason why the researcher get hard to find the exact information in the
areas.
 HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

The result of the questionnaires from the study were used ton empirically test the
following hypothesis according to our observation. 20% percent of malnourished
children in school at Barangay Libertad elementary school, 20% percent in Mayo
integrated school and 20% percent in Sitio New ilocos elementary school who are
belongs to the children in this various issue;

1. There’s a changes about the behaviour of the children who are belong to the
malnourished.

2. The knowledge of the readers will improve because they already have back-
round knowledge about what are the causes of poor nutrition.

3. We assumed that the readers realized how important to avoid about this problem
which is malnutrition.

4. We believe that malnutrition is one of the worst problems especially in children

because it affect to their physical growth.

5. We assumed that the research we conducted should be one of the materials that
can be the sources of the next researchers.
 DEFINATION OF TERMS

Age the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.

BMI body mass index (BMI) is a person’s weight in kilograms divided

by the square of height in meters.

Children a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal

age of majority.

Demographic Profile is a tool used by marketers so that they may be as efficient

as possible with advertising product or services and

identifying any possible gaps in their marketing strategy.

Financial problem pressure is a situation where money worries are causing you

Stress.

Height the measurement from base to top or from head to foot

Hygiene condition or practices conductive to maintaining health and

preventing disease, especially though cleanliness.

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or

more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such such

that the diet causes health problems.

Malnourished suffering from malnutrition

Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 or more, thus it includes

Pre-obesity defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 and

Obesity as defined by a BMI of 30 or more.

Pupil a student in school

Stunted having been prevented from growing or developing

property.

Sex organism of many species are specialized into male and

female varieties, each know as a sex.

Underweight an underweight person is a type of person whose body weight

is considered too low to be healthy.

Washing hands hand washing is also one of the best to remove germs,

help to avoid getting sick, and prevent the spread germs.

Weight in science and engineering, the weight of an objects, either

due to gravity or to a reaction force that holds it in place.

Virus an infective agent that typically consists of an nucleic acid

molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light

microscopy, and its able to multiply one within the living cells of

a cost.
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It covers the
Research design, Locale of the study, Subjects, Research Instrument, data gathering
procedure and the Statistical treatment of the data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will use quantitative research, descriptive correlation. Descriptive

correlation is a study in which the research is primarily interested in describing
relationship among variable without seeking to establish a casual connections.
 LOCALE OF THE STUDTY

The study will conducting in selected Barangay in Columbio, Sultan Kudarat

Namely; Libertad elementary school, Mayo integrated school, and Sitio New ilocos
elementary school.
 SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

The subject of the study, were sixty (60) pupils from Barangay Libertad, Mayo,
and Sitio New illocos. The (60) respondents we will divide the population into three (3),

20 pupils from Libertad, 20 pupils from Mayo, and 20 pupils from Sitio new ilocos, were
in located at Columbio, Sultan kudarat who compused total of 60 pupils in school.

Results of their situation will be the basis for calculation and will defined by the
researcher.

Table 1;the population of the subjects.

Name of school Male Female Total

Libertad Elementary
school 10 10 20
Mayo integrated
school 10 10 20
Sitio new ilocos
Elementary school 10 10 20
Total 30 30 60
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

To provide and gather as much descriptive correlation method was used.

This method includes of questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The tools used by
the researcher are discussed.

The first research instrument is questionnaires, it is useful and helpful the

researchers to easily gathered a data from respondents.

The second research instrument is interview, it can help the researcher to

gathered data based on their heard and see the opinions, explanations, behaviour,
experience, better understand and knowledge of the respondents.

The last research instrument is observation, it can help the researcher to gather data by
the use of their senses like; Touch, Heard and see to examine people in natural setting
or in naturally occurring situations.
 VALIDATION PROCEDURE

The study about malnutrition; Its causes to the physical growth of the children in
school was given by the practical research 2 teacher who analyse, evaluates and valid
the data for the purpose of getting their assessment, comments, suggestions, or other
cause of actions.

Researchers will ask English teachers to check the grammars of their

questionnaires, If, it is correct, and right to ask to the respondents and it is answerable
by the respondents at age (7-13).

Researchers also ask the health majors to validate the provided questions if it is
related to the topic.

Unfortunately, this discussion is not the final answer regarding process of

validation and verification because accepted best practices are still involving and the
regulatory framework is not fully in phase.

During the interviewing time the questionnaires were evaluate and validate by the
examining committees.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This study will conduct on until at

selected Barangay in Columbio, namely; Libertad, Mayo, Sitio new ilocos. To get the
data, we will sent first a communication letter to the principals in every school to request
and allow us to conduct a research about malnutrition on their respective schools.

Finding the sources, before start, we humble ask to the advisers to gather all their
children’s to get inside the classrooms and generally ask some questions that related to
health and hygiene.

Data, we ask also the advisers to please us the Body mass index (BMI) of their
children’s to get easily to know who among the pupils are belong to malnourished stage.

Interviewing, we will ask some children’s who are involve to malnourished to

answer the questionnaires provided by the researchers.
 We will use also survey through asking them. We provide questionnaires, this
questionnaires is basic questions that easily to answer because the questionnaires has
already the choices answer, in which answerable.

After the survey and gather the data base on the (BMI) Body Mass Index we will
please them to participate in simple challenge like; Zumba, although it is time
consuming you can still have very credible results from this.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The study utilized frequency count, standard deviation, means to answer the
questions provided by the researchers.

In the tabulation and calculation of the data, the researcher were used of
Microsoft excel if needed to maximize errors.

After conducting the activity, the validating survey and questionnaires will
tabulated and analyse to determine the frequency of the dependent variable to the
independent variable. The data were then presented in graphs and tabulated
presentations.