Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DRAMA – The word drama is used in the sense of the theatre. Drama refers to
the set up of the play which includes the theater, s, the hall, the accessories,
the green room, costumes, music, and the like. A person who is skilled in the
production of a play is called a dramatist. He is well versed with the rudiments and the principles of
theater art such as the measurement of the stage on which the play has to be staged, the nature of
characters, the costumes that fit the characters, the music to be played, the music room, the green
room, the synchronization of music and dialogue delivery, and the like. It should be noted that it is the
playwright who writes a tragedy, a comedy or a satire for that matter. Drama refers to acting.
PLAY – The word play is used in the sense of a “literary composition”. A play is a literary piece
consisting of dialogues, between various characters, epilogue, monologue, prologue and an end. It is
a literary composition that should be written in a specific number of acts and scenes. In other words,
each act should contain a few scenes as well.
The author of a play is called playwright. The duty of a playwright is to follow to the principles
of composing a play. He or she should not stray from the rules pertaining to literary composition. A
play should be staged on a stage. A dramatist is the one who produces the play.
Sometimes, the playwright and the dramatist are both one and the same person. In other
words, a person who composes the play can produce the play as well. He becomes both the
playwright and dramatist at the same time.
Therefore, while drama refers to acting, play refers to composition.
THEATER – (also theatre) refers to the place for plays: a building, room, or other setting where plays
or other dramatic presentations are performed.
SCRIPT – refers to the text of a play including the words to be spoken and often also the technical
directions.
ONE-ACT PLAY – a play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over several acts.
One-act plays may consist of one or more scenes. A scene is a division of an act of a play, presenting
continuous action I one place.
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plots or side actions that may distract attention for the single purpose and effect being developed.
Characters are few in number, quickly introduced, and very limited in character development. Dialogue
and plot must carry the action forward smoothly and quickly.
One-acts can run anywhere from fifteen minutes to an hour or more. While technically, the one-act
play gets its name from having only one act (however long that might be), it's more commonly thought
of as a play that isn't long enough to constitute a full evening. Arguably the most popular length for one-
acts is around a half-hour.
E. THEME - an idea or point that is central to a story. It is the central topic that a play delivers.
F. SUSPENSE AND ATMOSPHERE - Suspense is a feeling of tense excitement about how the
play will end. It is a feeling of pleasurable fascination and excitement mixed with apprehension,
tension, and anxiety. Atmosphere refers to the prevailing emotional tone or attitude of a play.
The atmosphere and mood of the drama is created by the set, the lighting, the furnishings, the music
or sound effects, the opening dialogue, the facial expressions and gestures of the actors, and the
growing tension of the plot.
Elements Details
Setting
Plot
Characters and
characterization
Theme
Suspense and
Atmosphere
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LESSON 3: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (Summary)
A long-standing feud between the Montague and Capulet families continues to disrupt
the peace of Verona, a city in northern Italy. A brawl between the servants of the feuding
households prompts the Prince to threaten both sides to keep the peace on pain of death.
Benvolio advises his lovesick friend Romeo, (son of Montague), to abandon his
unrequited love for Rosaline and seek another.
That night, Capulet holds a masked ball to encourage a courtship between his
daughter, Juliet, and Paris, a relative of the Prince. Concealing their identities behind masks,
Romeo and Benvolio go to the ball, where Romeo and Juliet fall in love at first sight, but at the
end of the evening discover their identities as members of the opposed families. On his way
home from the feast, Romeo climbs into Capulet's orchard to glimpse Juliet again. Juliet
appears at her balcony, and the couple exchange vows of love, agreeing to marry the next
day.
Romeo asks Friar Laurence to perform the marriage ceremony. Though initially
reluctant, he finally agrees, hoping to reconcile the families, and marries Romeo and Juliet
that afternoon.
Meanwhile, Tybalt, Juliet's cousin, sends Romeo a challenge to a duel. Romeo refuses
to fight when Tybalt confronts him because they're now related. However, Mercutio, Romeo's
quick-tempered friend, intervenes and accepts the challenge. Romeo tries to part the other
two as they fight, but Mercutio is fatally wounded under Romeo's arm. To avenge Mercutio's
death, Romeo kills Tybalt and then flees.
The Prince announces Romeo's banishment for Tybalt's murder. Romeo, in hiding at the
Friar's cell, becomes hysterical at the news of his sentence and tries to kill himself, but the
Friar promises to make Romeo's marriage to Juliet public and gain the Prince's pardon.
Romeo and Juliet celebrate their wedding night before he leaves at dawn for Mantua.
That morning, Juliet discovers that her father has arranged for her to marry Paris on
Thursday. The Capulets, unaware that Juliet is grieving for Romeo's exile rather than Tybalt's
death, believe the wedding will distract her from mourning. Distressed at the prospect of a
false marriage and isolated from her family, Juliet seeks advice from Friar Laurence, who
offers her a sleeping potion to make her appear dead for 42 hours. During this time, the Friar
will send a message to Romeo in Mantua so that Romeo can return to Verona in time for Juliet
to awake.
Juliet returns home and agrees to marry Paris. In a moment of euphoria, Capulet brings
the wedding forward from Thursday to Wednesday, thereby forcing Juliet to take the potion
that night and reducing the time for the message to reach Romeo.
Early on Wednesday morning, Juliet's seemingly lifeless body is discovered and she is
placed in the family tomb. Because an outbreak of the plague prevents the Friar's messenger
from leaving Verona, Romeo now receives news of Juliet's death instead. Desperate, Romeo
buys poison from an apothecary and returns to Verona.
Late that night, Romeo enters the Capulet tomb, but is confronted by Paris, whom he
fights and kills.
Still unaware that Juliet is in fact alive, Romeo takes the poison and dies. The Friar,
arriving too late, discovers the bodies as Juliet begins to stir. He begs her to leave with him,
but Juliet refuses, and then stabs herself with Romeo's dagger.
As dawn breaks, the Watch arrives, closely followed by the Prince, who demands a full
inquiry into what has happened. The two families then arrive, and the Friar comes forward to
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explain the tragic sequence of events. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet finally bring the feud to
an end as Montague and Capulet join hands in peace.
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12. Who died first, Romeo or Juliet?
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13. How did Romeo die?
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14. How did Juliet die?
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15. What ended the feud between the two families?
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Characters
Major Characters
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Minor Characters
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Setting
Time_________________________
Place_________________________
Plot
Introduction
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Rising Action
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Climax
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Falling Action
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Denouement
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Theme:
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Reflection Questions:
1. What part of the story do you think should have been revised?
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2. If you were to make an ending for the story, how should it end?
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3. Will you sacrifice your life for a love one? Why? Or Why not?
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VERBALS
Gerund
Gerund is verbal which functions as noun in sentences. It has five functions in the sentences.
1. Subject
Basketball is his only hobby.
Singing is his only hobby.
2. Subject complement or Predicate noun
My wife’s first love is theatre.
My wife’s first love is singing.
3. Object of the Preposition
He earned his money through YouTube.
He earned money by singing.
4. Direct Object
Leila enjoyed the game.
Leila enjoyed singing.
5. Appositive
Marquin’s favorite pastime, golf, brought him to fame.
Marquin’s favorite pastime, singing, brought him to fame.
Module Exercise Verbals3.2
Box the verb in the present participle form then identify whether it is gerund or not.
Determine how the gerund was used in the sentence. Write your answer on the space before the
number.
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______________1. Practicing is very important to a successful team.
______________2. They gave rehearsing all of their free time.
______________3. Wipe your feet before entering.
______________4. She has a great talent, acting.
______________5. Sailing is my favorite sport.
______________6. Filling out a job application takes a long time.
______________7. Credit for introducing tennis to the United States is usually given to Mary
Ewing Outerbridge.
______________8. Goldenrod has been falsely accused of causing hay fever.
______________9. We appreciated Mr. Morrison’s judging the art contest.
______________10. Until 1912, women were barred from participating in Olympic events,
______________11. Keith has a new goal, writing programs for his computer.
______________12. Landing a jet plane on the deck of an aircraft carrier is one of the most
difficult maneuvers in aviation.
______________13. My weekend job is parking cars at a restaurant.
______________14. After Thanksgiving I like eating leftover turkey.
______________15. A grasshopper is capable of jumping a distance of about two feet.
______________16. A flea is capable of jumping 13 inches in a single leap.
______________17. Your next chore is taking out the trash.
______________18. Flying in a helicopter is very noisy.
______________19. I don’t like going to the movies.
______________20. My uncle enjoys a different type of sport, hunting animals.
Write a sentence for each present participle form of the verb for them to function as gerund.
1. Announcing (subject)
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2. Dancing (object of the preposition)
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3. Examining (direct object)
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4. Hugging (subject complement)
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5. Counting(appositive)
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Participles
Participles are verbals used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. They function as adjectives.
a. Present participle
b. Past participle
Tip: You can “part” with participles. It means that even if there is no participle, the sentence’s
idea will still be complete.
Examples
______________________1. Practice
______________________2. Award
______________________3. Buy
______________________4. Swing
______________________5. Stick
______________________6. Bite
______________________7. Write
______________________8. Anticipate
______________________9. Bring
______________________10. Wake
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_______5. The broken glass caused the bleeding wound of Kyle.
_______6. Three whining horse caught our attention.
_______7. My growing son underwent a basketball clinic last summer.
_______8. Working together, the class performed well in Filipino.
_______9. My confused boyfriend left me alone in the dark.
_______10. Her crushed car needs to be repaired.
Encircle the participle or participial phrase then underline the word/s it modify.
Infinitives
An infinitive phrase is a verb phrase constructed with the verb in infinitive form. This consists of the
verb together with its objects and other complements and modifiers.
Examples:
To swim
To clean
To wipe
To plant
1. Noun
It functions as noun when it is used as
Subject
To dream is my only hobby.
Subject complement
The nature of my job is to educate the young ones.
Direct object
I really want to help you.
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Appositive
My dream, to break into the space, will soon come to reality
2. Adjective
When it describes a noun
I told Lina to wait.
He wants me to leave the country.
3. Adverb
When it describes a verb
We must study to learn.
I want to learn to survive.
A. Write 10 infinitives.
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
8. ________________________
9. ________________________
10. ________________________
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
Pick out the infinitive or infinitive phrase in the sentence. Then identify if it was used as noun,
adjective or adverb. If it was used as a noun determine the function of the infinitive in the sentence. If
it is used as an adjective or an adverb write down the word or phrase it modifies.
Example
He needs to know the truth. Ans. to know the truth – noun – direct object
Jon’s friends will stay here to eat lunch. Ans. to eat lunch – to eat lunch – will stay
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1. It is difficult to see through the fog.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
2. They love to swim in the beach.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
3. His wish is to bring her mom to Italy.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
4. Kobe went to France to teach the young ones basketball.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
5. Mark’s dream, to play in the NBA, was impossible.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
6. We must study to learn.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
7. She is glad to help us.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
8. I want to sit at the back.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
9. Her job is to assist the elderly.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
10. To do the right thing is never easy.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
11. He wants to leave the country.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
12. Bimby was the last boy to learn the alphabet.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
13. The best place to buy milk is the grocery store.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
14. Karl’s family dreams to open a business.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
15. I want to learn to sing.
__________________-_________________________-____________________
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_______1. I am playing basketball right now.
_______2. Painting is an artist’s product.
_______3. She is leaving the country soon.
_______4. It is hard to heal a broken heart.
_______5. You learn something by applying it.
_______6. Klea is planning to bring her mom to Kansas.
_______7. Vince is going to dunk the ball in your face.
_______8. To break the law is an offense.
_______9. I caught him dating another guy.
_______10. They love to sing in weddings.
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9. He bought five bottled water for us. ________________
10. Ken’s family plans to sell the house next year. ________________
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Although similes and
metaphors are similar, similes use connecting words such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such
as resemble.
Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between
two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. ... Furthermore, a metaphor
develops a comparison which is different from a simile i.e. we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a
comparison in a metaphor.
Personification
Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used in place of another.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be used
to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally.
Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect.
Irony
Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning
is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a
different way than what is generally anticipated.
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Awesome, another homework.
Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The
common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting
meanings, e.g. “cruel kindness” or “living death”. However, the contrasting words/phrases are not
always glued together.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. ... In addition
to the sound they represent.
Paradox
Alliteration
Alliteration is a figure of speech in which a series of words, usually two or more neighboring
words, have the same first consonant sound; however, sometimes repetition of sounds occur inside a
word.
Apostrophe
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____________________6. Variety is the spice of life.
____________________15. The walls here are the witness of students who come and go in this
institution.
____________________9. "Then come, sweet death, and rid me of this grief." - Christopher Malowe
____________________10. Baby Bobby bed bounced better by bedtime before Billy bounced.
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Imagery: Sensory Devices
As a literary device, imagery consists of descriptive language that can function as a way for the
reader to better imagine the world of the piece of literature and also add symbolism to the work.
Imagery draws on the five senses, namely the details of taste, touch, sight, smell, and sound.
Imagery can also pertain to details about movement or a sense of a body in motion (kinesthetic
imagery) or the emotions or sensations of person, such as fear or hunger (organic imagery or subjective
imagery).
We use imagery in everyday speech to convey our meaning. Here are some examples of
imagery from each of the five senses:
1. Taste
The familiar tang of his grandmother’s cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth.
2. Sound
The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward.
3. Sight
The sunset was the most gorgeous they’d ever seen; the clouds were edged with pink
and gold.
4. Smell
5. Touch
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2. The honk of car horns
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3. Birds in the sky
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4. A wad of chewing gum under your shoe
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20. “To you from failing hands we throw / The torch…”
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Score Sheet
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