SOC SCI 1 EXAM 1 – GEOGRAPHY
There is no such thing as a free
LECTURE
 Geography is the charting of the earth
 4 Types:
1. Physical
- Study of the planet earth and its place
in the universe; study of plants, sooil,
animals, minerals, and weather
- Study of different forms of land, sea,
air
2. Economic
- Study of how people make a living
from earth and its resources
3. Cultural
- Study of the way people live in
different environments
4. Strategic
- Study of how people make the best
use of resources to allow them to
survive and improve themselves
- Zoning is important
 Geography is both physical and social
science
 System
- Made of different parts that works
together
- Ex. Earth system (ecosystem);
ecology which is the study of
environment
- House and earth
 Ecology
- Different Laws of Ecology (by Barry
Commoner on The Closing Circle):
1. Everything is connected to
everything else
 Each has its own
role/function
2. Everything must go somewhere
 Ex. Ondoy calamity; garbage
management
3. Nature knows best
 Nature makes the change
balanced
4.
lunch
 Everything costs something
 Pollution
- Pollution bu Tom Lehrer, 1965
 Space
- Territoriality on land, space, or air
- Systems on earth: land, air, water
 Resources of the Earth
- Total population of the phils as of
June 2018: 106.4 million
- Overcrowding as a result of high
population results to depletion of
resources
- Classifying countries based on
resources:
1. First World Countries
 US, Japan, Western
Countries, Australia, Canada
 Industrialized countries (IC)
 Capitalism (private
companies operate with
little or no control from
govt), free trade
 richest nations, developed
nations
2. Second World Countries
 China, Russia, North Korea,
Cuba, USSR, North Vietnam,
Eastern Europe
 Communist countries
 Govt controls all businesses
 Some ar IC, many are still
developing, some are newly
industrialized countries
(NICs)
3. Third World Countries
 Asia, Africa, latin America,
South America
 NICs; some are less
developed countries
 People are generally poor
 Arab nations and Venezuela
provide oil and petroleum
 that the 1st world countries
need
4. Fourth World Countries
 Hopeless have-not countries
in Asia and Africa
 Very little, if no resources at
all
 Education is almost unheard
of
- Countries with the most # of natural
resources:
1. Russia – wood, coal, gold, oil
2. US – wood, coal
3. Saudi Arabia – oil
4. Canada – oil, wood, uranium
5. Iran – oil
6. China – coal
7. Brazil – wood
8. Australia – gold, uranium
9. Iraq – oil
10. Venezuela – oil
 Poverty
- Substinence level – you make just
enough to get by
- Population problem: 2 theories
1. Isaac Asimov
 Scientist; science-fiction writer
 A time will come when our
earth can no longer support the
population on earth (2060,
around 2B people on Earth)
2. Seymour Hersh
 It is good to share the Earth’s
resources to as many people as
possible
 Problem is in the way we live
 Advocate of simple lifestyle
 Resources
- Rainforest
 Brazil: Amazon Rainforest
 4-8m of rain per year
 Nature’s laboratory for all kinds
of plants, animals, and insect
life
 Critical link to the ecological
chain of life
 2% of the earth’s surface
 4-mile sqr of a rainforest:
~ 750 species of trees
~ 1500 kinds of flowering plants
READINGS
1. Man’s Adaptation Under Changing Physico-
Cultural Environments
 Adaptation – adjustment
 3 critical factors: environment, culture,
biology
 Overview of the physical environment
- Space-time perspective
 brief review of the broad
elements that make up the
physical environment, the
interaction and combination
of these elements resulting
in the specific
environmental regions and
finally the events, past and
recent, that have been
responsible for the
continuing changes of the
physical environment
- Elements of the physical
environment
1. weather and climate
2. landforms or terrain
3. water
4. vegetation
5. fauna or animal
6. minerals
7. soil
- Global Environmental Regions
 Combination anf interaction
of different elements of the
physical environment at
different latitudinal
locations on earth
  Low-latitude, middle  Culture as adaptation
latitudes, high latitude - Culture is viewd as man’s adaptive
 Evolution of distinct cultural kit enabling him o transcend the
systems, self- limitations of his genetic
contained/isolated endowments and natural milieus
 Island environment: - Adaptive process in man is as much
continental and oceanic biological as it is cultural
island (Ph is continental) - Language
- The Changing Physical Environment
 Geology provides a
dynamic, evolutionary 2. Elements of the Physical Environment
explanation of how
 Weather and Climate
historical events and
- Strongly qualifies living
phenomenon were related
conditions for man and affects
to and dependent on each
his main source of food supply:
other
plants, animals, soil
 Mountains, rivers, etc
- Agriculture which is important
- Natural Hazards
to the industrial sector
 Hazards are natural events
- Climate as the average condition
that can interact with
of the earth’s atmosphere
human activities that may or
- Atmospheric conditions are the
may not kill people, destroy
elements of temperature, air
property, or damage the
pressure, winds, moisture
environment
- Weather refers to the actual
 Natural Hazards day-to-day situation of the
1. geophysical atmosphere
a. climatic and - The average and temporary
meteorological atmospheric conditions which
b. geological and help to decide the degree of
geomorphic livability and usefulness of an
2. biological area for man
a. floral  Terrain and Landform
b. faunal - Slope and altitude are the
- Man’s Role in Changing the Physical principal features of terrain
- Environment - Slope
 The process acting on earth a. angle
are mostly cyclical rather b. frequency of dominant angle
than one way c. disposition
- Conservation of the Physical  Steep slopes have less
Environment economic utility
 Natural resources  Massive or complex slope
1. non-renewable or stock - Altitude
2. renewable or flow
 Local relief – the vertical
distance between the
 highest and lowest - In fertilization, construction,
elevations of a particular ceramic industries
area
- Elevation and slope disposition
- Combination of slope and altitude 3. Natural Hazards
a. plains
b. mountains  I. Geophysical
c. hills A. Climatic and meteorological
d. plateau 1. blizzards and snow
- Major categories of landform 2. droughts
1. high mountains 3. floods
2. low mountains 4. fog
3. hills 5. frost
~ local relief of less than 1k 6. hailstorms
4. plains with high relief features 7. heat waves
a. plateaus 8. hurricanes/typhoons
b. plains with basin and range 9. lightning strokes,fire
topography 10. tornadoes
5. plains of moderate relief B. Geological and geomorphic
6. plains of slight relief 1. avalanches
 Water 2. earthquakes
- Waterways, transportation 3. erosion
- Natural resources 4. landslides
 Plant Cover 5. shifting sand
- Vegetation holds the soil in place, 6. tsunami
conservers of water and resources 7. volcanic eruptions
- Tropical rainforest, coniferous II. Biological
forests, savanna, steppe and A. Floral
prairie 1. Fungal diseases
 Animal World -athlete’s foot, dutch
- Ability of animals to transform elm, blister rust
diverse materials into nutritious 2. Infestations
foods - weeds, water hyacinth
- Livestock raising 3. Hay fever
- Transport and clothing and 4. Poison Ivy
fertilizers B. Faunal
- Maintains satisfactory 1. bacterial and viral
ecological equilibrium diseases
 Soil Mantle - influenza, malaria,
- For plants and animals typhus, rabies
- Soil misuse 2. Infestations
 Mineral Basement - rabbits, termites,
- Mineral formation locusts
- Iron, coal, etc
4. Man’s Role in Changing the Land groundwater contamination,
land reclamation)
 1. The environmental impact of a single
- Liquid wastes ( disposal wells,
human action can be enormous when
reservoir)
combined
- Radioactive wastes (sources,
2. we must evaluate the impact of
duration)
human activities in the natural
 Dilute and disperse for
environment over an interval of time
low-level liquid and gas;
3. new advances in technology provides
large bodies of water or
humans great power to make large,
clay in soils to adsorb
instantaneous change
 Delay and decay fpr
4. the fact that humans have the power
substantial amounts of
to alter the natural environment is not
short-lived
necessarily intrinsically bad
radioisotopes; buried
 Forests, fields, and farms
 Concentrate and
- Deforestation
contain for high0level
- Overgrazing
wastes; extensive
 Man and other living creatures
treatment and storage
- Extinction
facilities
- Preserving diversity
 Problems on safety: salt
 Mines and Quarries
formations, deep well
- Mineral production
injections
- Mineral consumption and
dispersal
- Impact on landscapes
 Construction 5. Conservation of the Physical Environment
- Impact on landscapes  Natural resources as renewable or
- Environmental feedback (dam, nonrenewable
fertilizers for soil)  Limits of growth
- Urbanization  Environmental quality
 Groundwater
- Salt water intrusion
- Depletion ECOLOGY ARTICLES
- Subsidence
 Wastes and pollution 1. Aspiring farmers urged to embrace technology
- Impact on natural systems (oil
- 57 to 59 yo
spills)
- 2md poorest sector
- Natural pollutants
- Tech as apps, literacy aids
- Varieties of pollutants
 Industrial and domestic 2. rising temperatures and elimination of male
 Agricultural turtles
 Oil and gas
- Past 20 yrs: 99% F
 Atmospheric
- High temp: F Low temp: M
- Solid wastes (accumulation,
- Adults 1:7 Juvenile 1:116
disposal, climate factor,
3. Deforestation

- 1600 may deforestation na

- 2009: 2nd largest cause of climate change

4. Great barrier reef experienced 5 massive die

offs in 30k years

5. environmental costs of fast fashion

6. ebola death toll in DR Congo rises to 27

7. Marine protected areas aren’t protected

against climate change

8. amazon lookout birds help other species live

in dangerous neighborhood

9. aboitiz power takes lead in fly ash-to-brick

project

10. scientists stumbled upon a plastic-eating

bacterium and accidentally made it stronger

11. antartica’s largest ice berg is about to die

12. limiting global warming to 1.5 deg C would

save majority of global species from climate
change