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TRAVERSE SURVEY
Sr Abd Sukor bin Sarif
B.Surv(Land) (UTM, Malaysia) M. Geomatic Eng (UTM, Malaysia)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
E-mail : sukor@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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JAN 2017
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 DATA PROCESSING
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• Bearing & Dist. Calculation

• Bearing misclosure & ‘C’ Correction
• Latitude & Departure
• Linear Misclosure
• Coordinates
• Area

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 AREA
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• Coordinates Method
• 2x Latitude & Departure

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 PRECISION
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Latitudes and Departures

o The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the
latitudes and departures of each of it sides

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 PRECISION
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Latitudes and Departures

o The latitudes of a line is its projection on the north south
meridian.

o The departure of a line is

its projection on the east-
west line.
o A northeasterly bearing
has a + latitude and
+ departure
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 PRECISION
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Error of Closure
o When latitudes are added together, the resulting
is called the
error in latitudes (EL)
o The error resulting from adding departures
together is called the
error in departure (ED)

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 PRECISION
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Latitudes and Departures - Example

Departure AB
= (189.53 m)sin(186o15’)= -20.63 m

186o 15’
Latitude AB
189.53
= (189.53 m)cos(186o15’)= -188.40 m

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 PRECISION
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Latitudes and Departures - Example

Departure AB
= (175.18 m)sin(150o22’)= +86.62 m

175.18 m
150o 22’ Latitude AB
= (175.18 m)cos(150o22’)= -152.27 m

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 PRECISION
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Traverse - Example
B

JAN 2017 D
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Latitudes and Departures - Example

Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude
AB 30.141 m 30° 15' 30" 15.1880 m 26.0347 m
BC 38.576 m 100° 10' 00" 37.9703 m -6.8091 m
CD 25.605 m 168° 44' 00" 5.0026 m -25.1116 m
DA 58.437 m 275° 49' 00" -58.1361 m 5.9223 m
Sum 152.759 m 0.0248 m 0.0363 m

0.0248 0.0363 0.044 m

0.044 m

152.759
JAN 2017 m 3470
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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

o Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse is

to attempt to obtain more probable values for the
locations of the corners of the traverse.
o A popular method for balancing errors
is called the compass or Bowditch rule
o The “Bowditch rule” was devised by
Nathaniel Bowditch, surveyor, navigator,
and mathematician.

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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

o The Bowditch method assumes:

1. angles and distances have same error, and

2. errors are accidental

o The rule states:

“The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to the total
error in latitude (departure) as the length of the line is
the perimeter of the traverse”
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Latitudes and Departures - Example

o Recall the results of our example problem

Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude

AB 30.141 m 30° 15' 30" 15.1880 m 26.0347 m
BC 38.576 m 100° 10' 00" 37.9703 m -6.8091 m
CD 25.605 m 168° 44' 00" 5.0026 m -25.1116 m
DA 58.437 m 275° 49' 00" -58.1361 m 5.9223 m
Sum 152.759 m 0.0248 m 0.0363 m

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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

N
Latitude AB
B

= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= -26.035 m

30o15’30”
W E
A

S
Correction in LatAB = 0.0363m (30.141m) 0.0071m
JAN 2017
152.759m
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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

N
Departure AB
B

= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= +15.1880 m

30o15’30”
W E
A

S
Correction in DepAB = 0.0248m (30.141m) 0.0049m
JAN 2017
152.759m
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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure

AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183

BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964

CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145

152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000

Corrections computed on previous slides

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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure

AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183

BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964

CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145

152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000

Corrected latitudes and departures

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 PRECISION
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Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure

AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183

BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964

CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145

152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000

No error in corrected latitudes and departures

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 BEARING CLOSURE
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• Recall traverse definition

“Essentially, traverse is a series of
established stations tied together
by angle and distance”
• Before the areas of a pieces of land can be
computed, it is necessary to have a closed
traverse.
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 BEARING CLOSURE
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Balancing Bearing
Bearing misclose
2 Allowable: 00o02’30’’
1
Applicable for
Second Class Traverse Only
3

Line 2-1 Reading bearing : 250o01’40’’

Line 2-1 True bearing : 250o00’00’’
5

Bearing misclose : +01’40’’

4 JAN 2017
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 BEARING CLOSURE
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Bearing Definite Vertical
Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B A
bearing booking

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

B
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C
Balancing Bearing –

D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
D
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Line A-B true bearing 30°15' 30"
Bearing misclose + JAN
40"2017in 4 stations

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 BEARING CLOSURE
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Bearing Definite Vertical
Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B A
bearing correction

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

B C- 10"
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C C- 20"
Balancing Bearing –

D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A C- 40"
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Line A-B true bearing 30°15' 30"
Bearing misclose + 40" in 4 stations
Correction
JAN 2017 - 10" per station

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 BEARING CLOSURE
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Bearing Definite Vertical
Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A
definite bearing

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C

B C- 10"
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00" 100°09'50"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D
C C- 20"
Balancing Bearing –

D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A
D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B
A C- 40"
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10" 30°15'30"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Line A-B true bearing 30°15' 30"
Bearing misclose + 40" in 4 stations
Correction
JAN 2017 - 10" per station

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 BEARING CLOSURE
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Bearing Definite Vertical
Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance (m)
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A 30.141
definite distance

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C 38.576

B C- 10"
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00" 100°09'50"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D 25.605
C C- 20"
Balancing Bearing –

D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A 58.437
D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B 30.141
A C- 40"
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10" 30°15'30"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Line A-B true bearing 30°15' 30"
Bearing misclose + 40" in 4 stations
Correction
JAN 2017 - 10" per station

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 TRAVERSES CLASSES
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Characteristics Summary

Traverse Precision Observed Observed Plot Bearing Uses

Classes Ratio Distance Bearing Bearing Misclose

Standard 1:25000 0.001 1” 10” 1’ 15” Cadaster

Survey
1 1:8000 0.001 1” 10” 1’ 15” Cadaster
Survey
2 1:4000 0.001 10” 30” 2’ 30” Eng.
Survey
3 1:3000 0.01 1’ 00” 1’ 00” 5’ 00” Eng. & Ind
Survey

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 TRAVERSE COMP.
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Rectangular Coordinates
o Rectangular coordinates are the convenient
method available for describing the horizontal
position of survey points.
o With the application of computers, rectangular
coordinates are used frequently in engineering
projects.
o Normally, the x-axis corresponds to the east-west
direction and the y-axis to the north-south
direction.
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Rectangular Coordinates Example

o In this example, the length of AB is 300 m and bearing is
shown in the figure below. Determine the coordinates of
point B
Y LatitudeAB = 300Cos(42o30’)
= 221.183 m
B
DepartureAB = 300Sin(42o30’)
= 202.677 m

A XB = 200 + 202.677 = 402.667 m

X
YBJAN
= 300 + 221.183 = 521.183 m
2017
Coordinates of Points A (200, 300)
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 TRAVERSE COMP.
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Rectangular Coordinates Example

o In this example, it is assumed that the coordinates of points A and B
are know and we want to calculate the latitude and departure for line
AB

Y
Coordinates of Point A LatitudeAB = YB -YA
A (100,320)
LatitudeAB = -420 m

DepartureAB = XB -XA

B X DepartureAB = 220 m
Coordinates of Point B (320, -100)JAN 2017
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Rectangular Coordinates Example

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Rectangular Coordinates Example

m
m
m
m
m
m
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Rectangular Coordinates Example

m
m
m
m
m
m
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Rectangular Coordinates Example

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Area computed by Coordinates

o The area of a traverse can be computed by taking

each Y coordinated multiplied by the difference in
the two adjacent X coordinates.

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Area computed by Coordinates

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Area computed by Coordinates

m2
m2
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Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat

o Procedure :
o Calculation of 2 X latit started from southernmost
point AND value of the front point should be +ve
value.
o Calculation of 2 X Dipat started from westernmost
point AND value of the front point should be +ve
value.
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Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat

o 2 X Latit (or Dipat) calculation procedure :

o 2 X latit (or dipat) for the first line
= latit (or dipat) of the first line
o 2 X latit (or dipat) for other lines
= 2 x latit (or dipat) previous line + latit (or dipat)
previous line + latit ( or dipat) present line.

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Line Latit Dipat 2 X latit 2 X dipat 2 X latit x 2 X dipat x

dipat latit
2 -3 - 60.113 + 60.109 152.039 152.041 9138.913 -9139.641
4 - 45.963 - 45.965 45.963 166.185 -2112.689 -7638.361
1 + 60.108 - 60.110 60.108 60.110 -3613.092 3613.092

2 + 45.968 + 45.966 166.184 45.966 7638.814 2112.965

+ 11051.94482 - 11051.94482

Average = 2A = 11051.94482
A = 5525.9724 m2
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Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat

o SUMMARY Calculation
o Corrected latit & dipat,
o 2 X latit & 2 X dipat
o 2 X latit x dipat
o 2 X dipat x latit
o Total 1 = Total of (2 X latit x dipat)
o Total 2 = Total of (2 X dipat x latit
o Check !! Total 1 = Total 2
o Average = (Total 1 + Total 2)/2
o 2A = Average
o A = Average/2

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 COMP. SEQUENCE
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 COMP. SEQUENCE
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1. Calculate bearing misclose

2. Calculate & Adjust bearing misclose
3. Calculate final distance
4. Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
5. Calculate error of closure & precision
6. Balancing departure & latitude – corrected
departure & latitude
7. Compute coordinates for each traverse station
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