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technology Overview
1
Objectives
During this course we are going to focus on:
› An introduction to Optical Transport Networks
› A description of Optical Transport Network technologies
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Optical Transport Networks
Calling from Sweden to Australia
Tr
an
sp
or
t
Transport
Gateway Gateway
3
Optical Transport Networks
Basics
4
Optical Transport Networks
Traditional Network Design
Traditionally, networks have been designed with:
Synchronization layer
DCN layer
Sub 2M layer
Packet layer
SDH layer
Physical layer
Let’s start first with some basic information on transmission network architecture.
The transport networks are designed in multiple layers, so to simplify the management
and provide maximum flexibility as far as transport of services is concerned.
Networks have been designed traditionally with the following layers:
•Physical layer (Optical fibre for this course, but in general can be also copper or
microwave)
•Optical layer (WDM and OTN), allowing for a more efficient use of the optical fibres
•SDH layer, to provide a controlled and reliable transport environment by providing a
specific encapsulation system for information to be transported
•Packet layer, to transport packet based information
•TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) layer, to
transport voice, that is the POTs (Plain Old Telephony system)
•Sub 2M layer, typically to transport low rate data information
•DCN (Data Connectivity Network) layer, to transport the Network Management
information, possibly through embedded channels, so to be able to provide a full FCAPS
(Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security) controlled environment
•Synchronization layer, to provide synchronization information to any element of the
network.
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Optical Transport Networks
Today’s Network Design
Today’s networks are designed with:
Synchronization layer
DCN layer
Packet layer
Physical layer
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Optical Transport Networks
Network Areas
Point to point
Ring
STAR
Ring
Mesh
Ring
Optical Transport Networks are divided in the following areas, in which the NEs
are located according to network topology, switching capacity and also
geographical location:
- Access
- Metro
- Core
The Access Layer is the closest one to business and residential customers. This
layer is composed by all the NEs directly connected to the customer devices or
collecting traffic already multiplexed by other devices. Typical transmission
capacity in this layer starts from Megabits up to hundredth of Megabits and the
network topology can be point-to- point, star or ring.
The Access Layer is usually directly connected to the Metro Layer.
The scope of the Metro Layer is to aggregate the traffic from the Access Layer
and transport it to exchange premises, where the various services (voice, video,
data, mobile and others) are routed to the relevant destinations. Typical
transmission capacity in this layer is measured in Gigabits and the network
topology is usually a ring.
From this Layer it is then possible to access the Core Layer.
The Core Layer is set-up at regional or national or international level and has the
scope to transport traffic already categorized and filtered by the other layers.
Typical transmission capacity in this layer is measured in Terabits and the
network topology can be ring or mesh.
7
Basic Transport Topologies
› Point to Point
› Star
› Ring
› Mesh
8
Network topologies
Mesh or ring networks?
Ring
Mesh
Availability
Distance
Delay
Traffic
9
Model results - Mesh or Ring?
250
Eqt. Network cost (au)
Ring network
100% traffic
protection
200
150
100
Mesh network
50
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Traffic loading (AU) AU: Arbitrary Units
10
Availability
MTBF (c )
A (c ) =
MTTR ( c ) + MTBF (c )
Where:
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures
11
Availability and protection
Network calculation
Unprotected
125 km Calculation
Trib to line 99.9983%
222 km 237 km fibre1 99.8988%
line to line 99.9976%
fibre1 99.9061%
Glasgow 170 km
line to line 99.9976%
206 km 49 km fibre1 99.9271%
line to line 99.9976%
75 km
fibre1 99.9530%
160 km
67 km
line to line 99.9976%
fibre1 99.9708%
82 km line to line 99.9976%
fibre1 99.9312%
126 km
103 km line to line 99.9976%
fibre1 99.9510%
64 km 93 km
line to trib 99.9983%
151 km
London 107 km
TOTAL 99.521%
down 42 hours per year
1
assumes one break per 300km per year that takes 12 hours to fix
12
Availability and protection
Network calculation
99.521% 99.997% 99.998%
42 hours/year 18 min/year 11 min/year
UNPROTECTED 1+1 PROTECTED Restored
125 km
206 km 49 km
75 km
160 km
67 km
82 km
103 km 126 km
64 km 93 km
151 km
London 107 km
Main path
Protection path
13
Optical Transport Networks
Transport technologies
evolution
› FDM
› TDM and PDH
› SDH/SONET, NG-SDH/SONET and MSPP
› WDM
› OTN
› ASON
› Packet Transport
14
FDM
15
TrANSMISSION TECHNIQUES EVOLUTION:
starting from FDM
FDM
16
TDM and PDH
Let’s now move to the TDM and PDH technologies, that have been the first digital
technologies introduced into transport networks.
17
From Voice to Primary rate
TDM
32x64 Kbits/s =
4 kHz
Quantized
& TDM
400 Hz Encoded =64
20 Hz Kbits/s
Conversion of voice from an analogue to a digital signal has been the first step to achieve full digital
transmission.
This was introduced in the early ‘80s.
So let’s start with the digital voice basics.
The voice is an analogue signal that can be perceived by the human ear.
The human hearing range is in the region from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz (20KHz). In telephony, most
information in speech is contained within the range 400 Hz to around 4KHz, so, to get a message
across, we don’t need all the very high and also the very low frequencies. This is why music over the
phone seems very poor quality.
So the voice in the range 400 Hz to around 4KHz is converted into a digital signal by means of an
analogue to digital converter, and this is done by sampling the voice, that means measuring the voice
at specific point in time, at a rate of 8KHz (that is 8 000 sample per second) and providing the value of
the sample with a number of 8 bits, therefore 8 bits time 8000 times per second equal to 64 thousands
bits per second.
Quantization and Encoding are then applied: these means that a few more manipulations are done on
digital signal to allow the proper transmission of the information in a digital environment.
A basic aggregated data stream of 2.048 Mbps can be then obtained by putting together 30 times 64
kbps channels plus two 64 kbps channels used for signalling and synchronization.
All this allows to get more than one phone call on a single pair of wires and is called Time Division
Multiplexing, TDM.
18
TDM: What happens?
Sampling several channels
TDM
19
PDH AND TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
2 Meg
2
TDM
30
PDH:
PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
So with TDM we can create higher capacity data stream in terms of number of
transported voice channels.
And we said that the first step is to create an aggregated stream including 30
voice channels, with a rate of 2.048Mbps.
This 2.048 Mbps signal, called also 2Mb/s to simplify, or even shorter 2 Meg, or
also E1, is the actually first order of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, PDH.
The term plesiochronous is derived from Greek plesio, meaning near, and
chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where
different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronized.
This, in effect, creates some problems, typically individual signal time input /
output slips, that do introduce some transmission errors, but PDH, at the same
time, from a technological point of view, guaranteed a very simple equipment and
network design, with high quality standard for the transmission of voice channels,
therefore has been very appreciated and successful, also taking into account the
mean poor transmission quality of the previous FDM systems, in particular on
long distances.
20
A brief overview of PDH (Plesiochronous
multiplexing)
Bit Interleaved
2
8
8
34
34
8 OTE
2 140Mbit/s
34
8
21
disadvantages of pdh networks
PDH Add/Drop Mountain
2 2
8 8
8
8
34
34
34 34
140 140
OTE OTE
22
disadvantages of pdh networks
Standardization
64 64
1 1544 2048
2 6312 8448
Moreover there aren’t standardized rates above 140 Mbps (565Mb/s was
introduced but only at a proprietary level by some vendors).
Another disadvantage is that the PDH Hierarchy is not unique everywhere in the
world, but has three different standards (European, American and Japanese),
which, while sharing the same basic mechanism, differ in many details of
operation and multiplexing hierarchies that actually hinder interoperability.
Standards in the USA and JAPAN are based on the same initial rate (64kbps),
but with a different coding law for the voice, a basic rate set at 24 times 64Kb/s,
that is 1.5Mb/s (T1), and maximum standardized transmission rates are at
270Mb/s and 100Mb/s respectively.
And, last but not the least, very limited surveillance and management features for
in-band monitoring and self-protection from failures in real time.
This last implies that PDH does not provide standardised traffic protection
capabilities, and, most important, only very limited proprietary network
management.
23
SDH/SONET,
NG-SDH/SONET
MSPP
24
Why SDH/SONET?
› To transport PDH without PDH draw back
› Synchronous networking
25
SDH Traffic mappings
63 x 2M
3 x 34M
3 x 45M STM-
STM-1
1 x 140M
In SDH the incoming PDH signals are mapped inside SDH hierarchy (Container)
and then, by means of a number of multiplexing and by adding several
management bytes (OverHead, OH), the base SDH frame called STM-1
(155Mbs) is built.
According to the incoming PDH traffic type, an STM-1 can contain:
•63x2Mb
•3x34Mb or 45 Mb
•1x140Mb
The PDH signals are considered simple payloads inside the STM-1 frame, while
management bytes are added at different levels in order to monitor and manage
the signals during the transmission.
26
SDH Multiplexing Structure
STM-
STM-1
4x STM-
STM-1 = STM-
STM-4
16x STM-
STM-1 = 4x STM-
STM-4 = STM-
STM-16
64x STM-
STM-1 = 4x STM-
STM-16 = STM-
STM-64
256x STM-
STM-1 = 4x STM-
STM-64 = STM-
STM-256
27
SONET Traffic mappings
SDH STM-
STM-1
155 Mbit/s
STS-
STS-3c
SONET
OC-
OC-3c
STS-
STS-1 = STS-
STS-3c
52 Mbit/s STM-
STM-0
3
As we said, the basic unit of framing in SDH is the STM-1, which operates at
155.52 Mbit/s.
SONET, instead, refers to the basic unit as an STS-3c (Synchronous Transport
Signal 3, concatenated) or OC-3c, depending on whether the signal is carried
electrically (STS) or optically (OC), but its high-level functionality, frame size and
bit-rate are the same as STM-1.
SONET offers an additional basic unit of transmission, the STS-1 or OC-1,
operating at 51.84 Mbit/s - exactly one third of an STM-1/STS-3c/OC-3c carrier.
In SONET, the STS-3c/OC-3c signal is composed of three multiplexed STS-1
signals.
Some manufacturers also support the SDH equivalent of the STS-1/OC-1, known
as STM-0.
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SONET Multiplexing Structure
STS-
STS-3/OC-
3/OC-3 STM-
STM-1
STS-
STS-12/OC-
12/OC-12 STM-
STM-4
STS-
STS-48/OC-
48/OC-48 STM-
STM-16
STS-
STS-192/OC-
192/OC-192 STM-
STM-64
STS-
STS-768/OC-
768/OC-768 STM-
STM-256
Exactly as for SDH, also SONET, starting from the basic unit STS-3/OC-3,
further allow multiplexing in steps of 4, increasing each time the bit rate of
the frame.
Therefore:
4 times STS-3/OC-3 = STS-12/OC-12 = STM-4 (622Mb/s),
4 times STS-12/OC-12 = STS-48/OC-48 = STM-16 (2.5Gb/s),
4 times STS-48/OC-48 = STS-192/OC-192 = STM-64 (10Gb/s),
4 times STS-192/OC-192 = STS-768/OC-768 = STM-256 (40Gb/s).
29
NEXT GENERATION SDH/SONET
European
PDH network
SDH / SONET
Ethernet
transport
American network
pdh network
100%
80%
NG-SDH/SONET fuelled
Next-
Next-Generation
SDH/SONET
by adoption of:
60%
• GFP
40%
Legacy • VCAT
20% SDH/SONET
0%
• LCAS
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2009
Source: RHK (EMEA - October 2004)
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MSPP- MULTI SERVICE PROVISIONING PLATFORM
Switch Switch
Layer 2 Layer 2
SDH Network
Layer 2 Layer 2
Multipoint to Multipoint
Switch
Switch E-LAN Service
And now the last step forward for SDH/SONET technology, the evolution into
Multi Service Provisioning Platforms, MSPPs, that has been achieved starting
from the mid of the 2000s.
MSPPs in effect adds Layer 2 Ethernet switching functionalities embedded in the
same EoS environment, therefore additional Ethernet services can be provided
through the SDH layer, like Ethernet Local Area Network, E-LAN, multipoint to
multipoint services.
With this added capability, complete Ethernet Metro Area networks can be
created embedded into an SDH/SONET layer, that provides the necessary
connectivity, with intrinsic robust network reliability.
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WDM
32
Why WDM?
WDM
Providers needed more capacity between two sites, but higher bit rates or more
fibers were not available. The only options in these situations were either to
install more fiber, which is an expensive and labor-intensive chore, or place
multiple signals on the same fiber.
WDM provided many "virtual" fibers on a single physical fiber.
By transmitting each signal at a different frequency, network providers could send
many signals on one fiber just as though they were each traveling on their own
fiber.
33
CWDM and DWDM
Number of Distance Bit Rates Cost
Channels
CWDM
8 (16) 300 km 2.5G
Coarse WDM
2.5G
DWDM 10G
80 3000 km
Dense WDM 40G
(100G)
34
OTN
35
OTN - ITU-T G.709 digital wrapper
OTN Frame
OTU0
OTU1
OTN OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
36
OTN Benefits
Carrier-class networking
› Transport of any kind of signal
› Transparency
› Flexibility
› Interoperability
37
ASON
Let’s now have a look at ASON and at what it means for an Optical Transport
Network.
38
ASON
True network intelligence
NE NE
NE
NE
OCS/WDM NE
NE
OCS/WDM
OCS/WDM
OCS/WDM
OCS/WDM
NE
NE NE
NE Auto-
Auto-discovery Savings
NE
NE Fast-
Fast-provisioning
Network resilience
39
Packet Transport
40
Ethernet
› Frame-based
41
Ethernet
an evolving technology
42
Ethernet Data rates
10BASE-
10BASE-xx 10 Mb/s
100BASE-
100BASE-xx 100 Mb/s
1000BASE-
1000BASE-xx 1 Gb/s
10GBASE-
10GBASE-xx 10 Gb/s
40GBASE-
40GBASE-xxx 40 Gb/s
100GBASE-
100GBASE-xxx 100 Gb/s
43
Connection-Less and Connection-Oriented
PSN
› Connection-less networks:
– Reliant on unique destination address information
– Information in each packet on where to deliver the data
unit
– Not specified intermediate routing points for the sent
data units
› Connection-oriented networks:
– A logical connection is implemented across the network
– no information from inside the packet for forwarding
decisions
– a “connection identifier” provided
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Carrier Ethernet
Provider packet technologies: connectionless
45
Carrier Ethernet
Provider packet technologies: Connection-oriented
MPLS-
MPLS-TP MPLS Transport Profile
But transport service provider does not like very much the Connection-Less environment
for their large geographical networks, so Ethernet was enhanced even more in the
Connection-Oriented Ethernet environment.
In Connection-Oriented PSN, Ethernet has followed two different routes.
The first starts with MPLS, Multi Protocol Label Switching, that was developed and
standardized by IETF, firstly just with the aim of fast forwarding of IP packets (this is why
we often call it “IP/MPLS), and, later on, extended to any type of traffic with the
introduction of Pseudo Wire technology.
This technology has been widely deployed in operator's core networks and proved to be
powerful and reliable, but how to extend it to several thousands network nodes in the
metro-access area with simplicity, control and same characteristics as traditional
transport networks?
For this purpose modifications were required, so the first attempt was made by ITU-T with
the creation of T-MPLS, meaning Transport MPLS.
Unfortunately major objections were raised by the IETF to T-MPLS, especially on the re-
use of various IP/MPLS code points that were making T-MPLS incompatible with the
IP/MPLS itself.
Therefore T-MPLS was abandoned and a Joint Working Team (JWT) between IETF and
ITU-T created with a new jointly developed project,
called MPLS-TP, that is MPLS Transport Profile.
MPLS-TP is a subset to existing MPLS, that reuses MPLS forwarding component, but
also extends current MPLS scope, adding functionalities like transport OAM and static
control plane without changing the general MPLS architecture.
To be noted that MPLS-TP is just the project for MPLS in transport networks and it is
NOT a new technology!
So, in this way, MPLS becomes an unified data transport technology for all network
layers.
46
Carrier Ethernet
Provider packet technologies: Connection-oriented
PBB-
PBB-TE PBB Traffic Engineering
MPLS-
MPLS-TP
47
Multiprotocol label switching
MPLS
Network
48
MPLS-TP
MPLS-
MPLS-Tp
Transport Network
49
MPLS-TP characteristics
› Connection oriented
› Client agnostic
› OAM functions
50
MPLS and MPLS-TP
IP/MPLS MPLS-
MPLS-Tp
51
Summary
An introduction to Optical Transport Networks
›Network areas
›Network topologies
›Protections
A description of Optical Transport Network technologies
›FDM
›PDH
›SDH/SONET
›WDM
›OTN
›ASON
›Packet Transport
Summary.
This Overview Course has been focused on an introduction to Optical Transport Networks and a
description of Optical Transport Network technologies.
Regarding the first point we made an introduction in terms of capacity, availability and quality. In
particular, we presented network areas (access, metro and core), network topologies (point to
point, star, ring, mesh) and we introduced the benefits of each solution, including protection
concept, which increase the network availability.
Then we gave an overview on the most important technologies used in Optical Communication,
presenting them in a chronological order of appearance, starting from the now disappeared
analogical Frequency Division Multiplexing used in the’70s, and continuing with the digital PDH,
then introducing SDH and SONET technologies, adopted, at the beginning, to transport PDH
traffic without the typical draw backs of this technology.
Moreover, we introduced Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH) or SONET, that became important
when Ethernet traffic started to be a major requirement at the end of the1990s, implementing
carrier-class Ethernet transport through the existing SDH infrastructure, and then Multi Service
Provisioning Platforms (mid of the 2000s), which added new Layer 2 Ethernet services and
features. In this way, complete Ethernet Metro Area Networks can be created embedded into an
SDH/SONET layer.
And then Wavelength Division Multiplexing, introduced so to exploit the full fiber capacity,
transporting multiple signals on the same fiber pair.
Later on, the OTN framing system, providing functionality of transport, multiplexing, switching,
management, supervision and survivability of optical channels carrying client signals.
On top of above, the ASON, Automatic Switched Optical Network technology, allowing for
dynamic policy-driven control of transport networks based on the GMPLS control plane, so to
automate the resource and connection management within the network, minimizing costs.
And finally, a look to Packet Transport Technology, and, in particular, to some details on Ethernet,
MPLS and MPLS-TP, the last one intended to enable next-generation Unified MPLS packet
networks.
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Thank you for attending this technology overview e-learning course. For more
technical information on this subject, please view the relevant Overviews and
Fundamentals technology e-learning courses.
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