Chapter 1

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department
CE502
Reinforced Concrete DEsign
DESIGN OF FOUR-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE OFFICE BUILDING
PREPARED BY:
TUAZON, CHRISTINE
CE51FA2
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. RHONNIE C. ESTORES
Instructor
October 17, 2019

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 The Project .......................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Project Location ................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Project Objectives .............................................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 General Objectives: .......................................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives: ...................................................................................................................................3
1.5 The Client .........................................................................................................................................................3
1.6 Project Scope and Limitation ............................................................................................................................3
1.7 Project Development.........................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................5
2.1 Description of the Structure ..............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Classification of the Structure ...........................................................................................................................5
2.3 Room Classification ..........................................................................................................................................6
2.4 Architectural Plans ............................................................................................................................................7
2.4.1 Floor Plans ................................................................................................................................................7
2.4.2 Elevation Plan..........................................................................................................................................13
2.5 Related Literature ...........................................................................................................................................17
2.5.1 Damage Control Seismic Design of RC Moment Resisting Frame ..........................................................17
2.5.2 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool ................................................................................17
2.5.3 Comparative Study of OMRF and SMRF.................................................................................................17
2.5.4 St. Francis Shangri-La Place in Manila ....................................................................................................17
2.5.5 Comparative Analysis of RC Buildings in Different Seismic Provisions ...................................................18
2.5.6 Lateral Stability of Multistory Building ......................................................................................................18
2.5.7 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use ..................................................................................................18
2.5.8 Four Storey School Building in Hualian Taiwan .......................................................................................19
2.5.9 Multiple Structural Framing System .........................................................................................................19
2.5.10 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool ..............................................................................19
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS, AND STANDARDS ..........................................................................20
3.1 Design Constraints..........................................................................................................................................20
3.1.1 Economic (Cost) ......................................................................................................................................20
3.1.2 Safety (Serviceability) ..............................................................................................................................20
3.1.3 Constructability (Duration of Construction) ..............................................................................................20
3.1.4 Sustainability (Life Span) .........................................................................................................................20
3.2 Trade-Offs ..................................................................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF) .................................................................................21
3.2.2 Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (Dual System) .......................................................................22
3.2.3 Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame System (ORMF) ...............................................................................22
3.3 Initial Design Input ..........................................................................................................................................23
3.4 Raw Designer’s Ranking .................................................................................................................................24
3.5 Designer’s Raw Ranking .................................................................................................................................25
3.5.1 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Economic Constraint ..................................................................................25
3.5.2 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Safety Constraint ........................................................................................26
3.5.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Constructability Constraint..........................................................................27
3.5.4 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Sustainability Constraint .............................................................................28
3.6 Trade-off Assessment .....................................................................................................................................29
3.7 Constraint Assessment ...................................................................................................................................29
3.7.1 Economic Assessment ............................................................................................................................29
3.7.2 Safety Assessment ..................................................................................................................................30
3.7.3 Constructability Assessment....................................................................................................................30
3.7.4 Sustainability Assessment .......................................................................................................................30
3.8 Design Standards ...........................................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................31
4.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................31
4.2 Design Inputs ..................................................................................................................................................32
4.2.1 Dead Loads .............................................................................................................................................32
4.2.2 Live Loads ...........................................................................................................................................32
Live Load parameters are conformed to the Table 205-1 of NSCP 2010 .........................................................32
4.2.3 Wind Load ...........................................................................................................................................33
4.2.4 Earthquake Load .................................................................................................................................33
4.3 Trade off A – Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) ................................................................................34
4.3.1 Load Diagrams ........................................................................................................................................34
4.3.2 Load Combinations..................................................................................................................................42
4.3.2.1 Dead Load........................................................................................................................................42
4.3.2.2 Live Load..........................................................................................................................................43
4.3.2.3 Load Case 7 .....................................................................................................................................43
4.3.3 Summary of STAAD Result .....................................................................................................................44
4.4 Structural Design ............................................................................................................................................45
4.4.1 Procedures in Designing of Beams .........................................................................................................45
4.4.2 Procedures in Designing of Slab .............................................................................................................47
4.4.3 Procedures of Designing of Column ........................................................................................................48
4.5 Design Schedule .............................................................................................................................................48
4.5.1 Beam schedule ........................................................................................................................................48
4.5.1.1 Trade off A – Special Moment Resisting Frame ...............................................................................48
4.5.2 Slab Schedule .........................................................................................................................................52
4.5.3 Column Schedule ....................................................................................................................................53
4.5.3.1 Trade A – Special Moment Resisting Frame ....................................................................................53
4.5.3.2 Trade B – Dual Frame System .........................................................................................................53
4.5.3.3 Trade C – Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame ..................................................................................53
4.6 Validation of Multiple Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards ..........................................................................53
4.6.1 Final Estimate of Trade-offs.....................................................................................................................54
4.6.2 Final Designer’s Ranking .........................................................................................................................54
4.7 Influence of Constraints, Trade-offs and Standards in the Final Design. ........................................................60
4.7.1 Cost Variation of Trade offs .....................................................................................................................60
4.7.2 Safety Variation of Trade offs ..................................................................................................................61
4.7.3 Constructability Variation of Trade offs ....................................................................................................61
4.7.4 Sustainability Variation of Trade offs .......................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................63
5.1.1 Beams – Dual System Frame ..................................................................................................................63
5.1.2 Slabs – Dual Frame .................................................................................................................................65
5.2 Design Details .................................................................................................................................................65
5.2.1 Beam Details ...........................................................................................................................................65
5.2.2 Slab Details .............................................................................................................................................67
5.2.3 Column Details ........................................................................................................................................68
APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS, SYMBOLS AND CODES................................................................................71
APPENDIX B: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF A – SMRF ....................................................................81
APPENDIX C: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF B – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM........................................85
APPENDIX D: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF C – OMRF ...................................................................89
APPENDIX E: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – SMRF Max Moment in 2nd Floor Beams: ...............92
APPENDIX F: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM ......................................108
APPENDIX G: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – OMRF .................................................................123
APPENDIX H: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF SLAB .................................................................................140
APPENDIX J: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF COLUMN – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM .................................154
APPENDIX K: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF COLUMN – OMRF.............................................................156
List of Tables
Table 3-1: Summary of Initial Estimate of Values ......................................................................................................24
Table 3-2: Table Ranking per Trade-off ....................................................................................................................25
Table 4.1: Minimum Densities ...................................................................................................................................32
Table 4-4: Occupancy Load ......................................................................................................................................33
Table 4-5: Wind Load Design Inputs .........................................................................................................................33
Table 4-6: Earthquake Load Design Inputs ...............................................................................................................34
Table 4-7: Summary of Maximum values of Beams in each floor of SMRF ..............................................................44
Table 4-9: 2nd to 4th Floor Beams ..............................................................................................................................49
Table 4-16: Slab Schedule ........................................................................................................................................52
Table 4-17: Final Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................................54
Table 4-18: Cost Estimate .........................................................................................................................................54
Table 4-19: Final Designer's Ranking .......................................................................................................................54
Table 4-22: Life Span of Moment Frame ...................................................................................................................56
Table 4-21: Deflection of Moment Frame ..................................................................................................................57
Table 4-22: Life Span of Moment Frame ...................................................................................................................59
Table 5-1: Beam Dual System 2nd to 3rd Floor Beams...............................................................................................63
Table 5-4: Dual System Frame for Slabs ..................................................................................................................65
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Perspective View of the Building ...............................................................................................................2
Figure 1.2: Vicinity Map of the Proposed Project ........................................................................................................2
Figure 1.7 Project Development Process ....................................................................................................................4
Figure 2.1: Structural Model of the Building ................................................................................................................5
Figure 2.2: Ground Floor Plan .....................................................................................................................................8
Figure 2.3: Second Floor Plan.....................................................................................................................................9
Figure 2.4: Third Floor Plan.......................................................................................................................................10
Figure 2.5: Fourth Floor Plan ....................................................................................................................................11
Figure 2.6: Roof Plan ................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 2.6: Front Elevation ........................................................................................................................................13
Figure 2.7: Rear Elevation.........................................................................................................................................14
Figure 2.8: Right Elevation ........................................................................................................................................15
Figure 2.9: Left Elevation ..........................................................................................................................................16
Figure 3-1: Special Moment Resisting Frame ...........................................................................................................21
Figure 3-2: Dual System Frame ................................................................................................................................22
Figure 3-3: Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame .........................................................................................................23
Figure 3.10: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference .............................................................................................24
Figure 4-5: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off C ......................................................................................26
Figure 4-6: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A.......................................................................................26
Figure 4-8: Safety Difference of Trade-off A and Trade-off B ....................................................................................27
Figure 4-9: Duration Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A ................................................................................27
Figure 4-10: Duration Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A ..............................................................................28
Figure 3-11: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A .......................................................................29
Figure 3-12: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off ...........................................................................29
Figure 4.1: Design Methodology ...............................................................................................................................31
Figure 4.2: Axial Diagram - SMRF ............................................................................................................................34
Figure 4.3: Bending Moment @ Y axis - SMRF ........................................................................................................35
Figure 4.4: Bending Moment @ Z aixs - SMRF.........................................................................................................36
Figure 4.5: Shear Diagram @ Y axix .........................................................................................................................36
Figure 4.6: Shear Diagram @ Z axis .........................................................................................................................36
Figure 4.7: Torsion Diagram......................................................................................................................................37
Figure 4.8: Wind Load Diagram @ +X axis ...............................................................................................................37
Figure 4-9: Wind Load Diagram @ -X axis ................................................................................................................38
Figure 4.10: Wind Load Diagram @ +Z axis .............................................................................................................39
Figure 4.11: Wind Load Diagram @ -Z axis ..............................................................................................................39
Figure 4.12: Earthquake Load Diagram @ +X axis ..................................................................................................39
Figure 4.13: Earthquake Load Diagram @ -X axis ....................................................................................................40
Figure 4.14: Earthquake Load Diagram @ +Z axis ...................................................................................................41
Figure 4.15: Earthquake Load Diagram @ -Z axis ....................................................................................................41
Figure 4.16: Dead Load ............................................................................................................................................42
Figure 4.17: Live Load ..............................................................................................................................................43
Figure 4.18: Load Case 7 ..........................................................................................................................................43
Figure 4-19: Cost Difference of Trade off C and Trade off A .....................................................................................55
Figure 4-20: Cost Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A .....................................................................................55
Figure 4-21: Safety Difference of Trade off B and Trade off C ..................................................................................56
Figure 4-22: Safety Difference of Trade off A and Trade off B ..................................................................................57
Figure 4-23: Duration Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A ...............................................................................58
Figure 4-24: Duration Difference of Trade off A and Trade off C...............................................................................58
Figure 4-25: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A .......................................................................59
Figure 4-26: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off C .......................................................................60
Figure 4-27: Graphical Comparisons of Cost Estimate .............................................................................................60
Figure 4-28: Graphical Comparisons of Deflection ....................................................................................................61
Figure 4-29: Graphical Comparisons of Duration of Construction .............................................................................61
Figure 4-30: Graphical Comparisons of Additional Life Span ....................................................................................62
Figure 5-1: Beam Design for 2nd to 3rd Floor .............................................................................................................65
Figure 5-2: Beam Design for 3rd Floor to Roof ..........................................................................................................66
Figure 5-3: Beam Details...........................................................................................................................................67
Figure 5-4: Slab Design ............................................................................................................................................67
Figure 5-5: Slab Details .............................................................................................................................................68
Figure 5-6: Column Details........................................................................................................................................69
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
For many years structural analysis and design is known during the human civilization in ancient times. Many of
these structures still stand today and are examples of remarkable achievements of Engineering since they were
built using primitive tools and technologies that were far ahead of time. These are the following oldest building
which are still free- standing structures that exist in the world today, Necrpolis of Bougon built in 4800 BC, Tarxian
Temples built in 3100 BC, Pyramid of Gza built in 2560 BC, Parthenon built in 432 BC and many more.
Nowadays we see around innumerable houses, bridges, fly-overs, high-rise buildings and spacious shopping malls.
Planning, analysis and construction of these buildings is a science by itself. In the early periods houses were
constructed along the riverbanks using the locally available material. Today structures are designed to withstand
earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones and blast loadings. These have been made possible with the advances in
structural engineering and a revolution in electronic computation in the past 50 years. The construction material
industry has also undergone a revolution in the last four decades resulting in new materials having more strength
and stiffness than the traditional construction material. The main purpose of structural design is to produce a safe,
economic and functional building.
1.2 The Project

The project aims to develop a Structural Reinforced Concrete design of a four (4) storey office building. It is
intended to be built in Maraga, Cauayan City, Isabela. The building is rectangular shaped building which has a
dimension of 40m by 16m and with a total lot area of 640 square meters. The building contains two (2) adjacent
elevator and two (2) opposite staircases that will cater the needs of the people.
The purpose of this project is to cater the needs of people when it comes to engineering and construction, and to
support its occupants in performing their jobs. It consists of different work spaces used for conventional office
activities. This infrastructure will be significant for those who are seeking job inside their community.
It is design with the principles of Reinforced Concrete Design and under the standard and specifications of National
Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) and National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), 2010, Volume 1,
6th Edition.
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Figure 1.1: Perspective View of the Building
1.3 Project Location
The proposed four storey office building will be located at Maramag, Cauayan City, Isabela. Maramag is surrounded
by commercial establishments and industrial workplaces. The location of your business is an essential aspect to
your overall success. Your business need to be situated in a safe neighborhood, eco-friendly and ideally, one that is
helpful for your customers or clients.
Figure 1.2: Vicinity Map of the Proposed Project
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1.4 Project Objectives
1.4.1 General Objectives:
The main objective of this is to design a four storey office building and to analyse it in accordance with the
principles written in NSCP 2010 code provisions.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives:

 To design office that will have an acceptable probability of performing satisfactorily during its intended life
time.
 To design and provide an efficient cost and estimate of the structure.
 To evaluate the effect of multiple constraints, trade-offs and standards in the final design
1.5 The Client
The client of this project will be Engr. Bernard Dela Cruz, a civil engineer and also a businessman who wants to
expand his company in provincial municipalities like Isabela.
1.6 Project Scope and Limitation

The following were the scope of the design project:
 All architectural plans such as floor plan and perspective of the building were provided.
 To provide design drawings as well as structural member details.
 The analysis of the loads and moments was done using STAAD Pro.
 Conceptualized to the National Building Code of the Philippines and National Structural Code of the
Philippines.
The following were the limitations of the design project:
 The cost estimates for the mechanical, plumbing and architectural plan were not included.
 The plumbing and electrical plans are not included in this design.
 The project will only focus on designing Reinforced Concrete.
1.7 Project Development
Stages of the Design Project show the process in designing the office building. Conceptualization is the first step in
designing the library to determine what dimensions of the materials and trade-offs are used. The next process is that
the designer determines the design codes and standards that will satisfy the design constraints and valid the proposed
design.
Identification of constraints and trade-offs is the next, we should know the constraints that cause the project to fail
and also what the possible solution or best design that will give the client satisfaction to the project. The trade-offs
are presented by the designers to achieve the best solution that possess the best qualities prescribe in the criteria.
The multiple constraints are taken into deliberations by their respective effects that will affect the decision making of
the designers. Furthermore, the design standards are taking into considerations that will sets the parameters
resulting with an outcome in accordance with the code.
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After the design standards and considering the constraints, choosing the location of the building where it will be
build is the next process. Then the designer will come up in making the floor plans, elevation and perspective of the
design project. The next process is to work on the geometric design computation using excel and generate a design
model using STAAD Pro. Then the designer will come up with the final design that determines the most convenient
material in the building.
The last stage is Final Design. By this time, the output is presented to the client with the following detailed structural
plans of the design. The final design provides the best outcome that possesses the qualities that client desires.
Also, it is design structurally sound with the accordance to the code.
START
CONCEPTUALIZATION
DATA GATHERING
CONSIDERATION OF MULTIPLE
CONSTRAINTS IN TRADE OFF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
FINAL DESIGN
END
Figure 1.7 Project Development Process
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CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Description of the Structure

The structure will be an office building. The structure contains four floors with each floor having different function
from the other. The building contains two (2) adjacent elevator and two (2) opposite staircases that will cater the
needs of the people. The figure below shows the geometric model of the main frame system of the four-storey
building. It is modeled through STAAD Pro V8i software and used for structural analysis.
Figure 2.1: Structural Model of the Building
2.2 Classification of the Structure

Using the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010). The structure which is an office is classified as
a standard occupancy structure in accordance with the NSCP 2010. It is also classified as a Special Moment
Resisting Force (SMRF) for the structural components. From these classifications, the designer will identify all the
parameters involved in designing the structure especially for seismic and earthquake.
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2.3 Room Classification
FLOOR NO. OF
DESCRIPTION TOTAL AREA (𝒎𝟐 )
LEVEL ROOMS
Utility Room 1 25
Human Resources Department 1 60

FIRST FLOOR
Information Desk 1 30
Accounting 1 60
Cafeteria 1 60
Chapel 1 30
Pantry 1 30
Restroom 1 25
Storage Room 1 25
Project Management Department 1 60
SECOND LEVEL
IT Department 1 30
Print and Copy Area 1 30
Civil Works Department 1 30
Conference Room 1 60
Clinic 1 30
Pantry 1 30
Restroom 1 25
Storage Room 1 25
Business Development Department 1 60
Structural Design Department 1 30
THIRD FLOOR

EE Department 1 30
Mechanical Department 1 30
Pantry 1 30
Restroom 1 25
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Storage Room 1 25
Office of the CEO 1 60
FOURTH FLOOR
Office of the Vice President 1 60

Security Room 1 30
Pantry 1 30
Restroom 1 25
2.4 Architectural Plans

The structural design of the proposed office building will conform to its architectural plans composed of its floor
plans and its elevation plans.
2.4.1 Floor Plans
7
Figure 2.2: Ground Floor Plan
8
Figure 2.3: Second Floor Plan
9
Figure 2.4: Third Floor Plan
10
Figure 2.5: Fourth Floor Plan
11
Figure 2.6: Roof Plan
12
2.4.2 Elevation Plan
Figure 2.6: Front Elevation
13
Figure 2.7: Rear Elevation
14
Figure 2.8: Right Elevation
15
Figure 2.9: Left Elevation
16
2.5 Related Literature
2.5.1 Damage Control Seismic Design of RC Moment Resisting Frame

As stated by H. Jiang, B. Fu and L. Chen (2013), they proposes a new seismic design for directly and efficiently
controlling damage to structural and non-structural components of momemt resisting reinforced concrete building.
Using their proposed design method for a typical six storey moment resisting RC frame building under the standard
of Chinese Seismic Design Code. The seismic performance of the structure was evaluated under different levels of
earthquake intensity/magnitude by conducting a non-linear time history analysis. The results showed that the pre-
determined seismic performance objectives as design with their proposed method can be achieved resulting in
great efficiency.
2.5.2 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool

Based on the paper of M. Zarco, Ph.D, et.al., (2013), it describes the development of a pre-earthquake
assessment tool based on the structural condition of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame buildings in Metro
Manila. Their analysis uses the Rapid Condition Assessment Tool (RCAsT). The score gathered by an existing
building was used to derive a fragility curves. A near source score was used to account a larger earthquake motion.
Also, the researchers, established damage modification factors for seismic capacity considering damages
witnessed from structural elements like beams and columns.
2.5.3 Comparative Study of OMRF and SMRF

Based on the comparative study of G.V.S SivaPrasad and S. Adiseshu (2013), the objective of their study to
analyze the seismic behavior of Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) and Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame
(OMRF) in the scenario of five storey, ten storey, fifteen storey and twenty storey reinforced concrete structure
located at seismic zone II. The standards used by the researchers were under IS 1893:2000 and IS 456:2000. The
design was also composed of alternate shear wall in the structural frame. Furthermore, with the progress of the new
method that the designers used and the evaluation and analysis of shear wall system and the serviceability done by
the researchers, the engineers who are able to do the same method as it was stated by the designers, will be able
to select the most economic system resulting in safety of the structure planning to built. Due to the intensive
comparative study done by the researchers, they found that SMRF system was cost effective and resisting to high
rise structures.
2.5.4 St. Francis Shangri-La Place in Manila

As stated by M. R. Willford and R.J. Smith (2008), the St. Francis Shangri-La Place in Manila was constructed in
UBC-97 seismic zone 4. It was constructed following the standards of International Building Code (IBC 2006), the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and Eurocode (2004) although the said building was a 60 storey
twin towers and considered as high rise building. The perimeter of the building was a moment resistant frame to
provided additional resistance to lateral and gravity. But because the said codes they used is for low and medium
rise building the safety of the occupants were at risk. Without following considering the fitted code for the structure
17
restricted the design for strong earthquake and ground motions. The required flexural ductility at the base would not
achieve. Using the performance based seismic design, the changes made to the St. Francis Shangri-La Towers.
One of them was the moment resisting frame to resist 25% base shear using dual system or Special Moment
Resisting Frame (SMRF) with shear walls.
2.5.5 Comparative Analysis of RC Buildings in Different Seismic Provisions

Based on the research paper of J. Landing et.al., (2013), two types of reinforced concrete structures have been
considered in their research. One type was reinforced concrete moment resisting frame regular building and the
second type was frame shear wall irregular building. The two type of structures was a four storey building. They
made seismic comparisons of each type of structures with three seismic design codes namely National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP), the Eurocode 8 and the International Building Code (IBC), 2009. Each reinforced
frame structure had five representative columns for the analyzation. Based on the results gathered, of the column
axial load – bending moment interaction diagram, Eurocode 2008 was the most conventional compared to the other
two provisions. They concluded that in designing and analysis of ordinary reinforced concrete residential building
with present irregularity, Eurocode 8 was considered among the three provisions stated by the researchers for
seismic comparisons.
2.5.6 Lateral Stability of Multistory Building

Based on the research article conducted by K. Ahmed and S. Shinde (2014), they determined the lateral stability
of multistory building that was subjected to seismic forces with variations in geometric plans specifically square,
circle and equilateral triangle with the same plan area. The calculation of lateral forces is done by equivalent static
analysis and by dynamic response method under the Bureau of Indian Standard. The type of structure was
multistory reinforced concrete moment resisting frame under the seismic zone II of IS 1983-Part 1. They concluded
that story drift of circular geometric model is minimum compared to square and equilateral triangle geometric model.
They concluded that as the area increases for a particular geometric shape, deflection also increases. By gathering
all the results of story drift and deflections, the optimum shape is for lateral stability is in circular geometric model.
2.5.7 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use

As explained by Jannete Worm and Tim van Hattum, people collect and store rainwater in buckets, tanks, ponds
and wells. This is commonly referred to as rainwater harvesting and has been practiced for centuries. Rainwater
can be used for multiple purposes ranging from irrigating crops to washing, cooking and drinking. Rainwater
harvesting is a simple low-cost technique that requires minimum specific expertise or knowledge and offers many
benefits. Collected rainwater can supplement other water sources when they become scarce or are of low quality
like brackish groundwater or polluted surface water in the rainy season. It also provides a good alternative and
replacement in times of drought or when the water table drops and wells go dry.
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2.5.8 Four Storey School Building in Hualian Taiwan
As explained by R. Khan, et al., (2014), there seismic study of seismic assessment of the existing four storey school
building design as reinforced concrete building was due to seismic vulnerabilities by the changes in zoning of the
area in Indian Code. They assessed the condition of building with the Pre-standard for Tier 1 Checklist as modified
for Pakistan condition and conducted Tier 2 of linear static structural analysis using ETABS.
2.5.9 Multiple Structural Framing System

As stated by A. Titiksh and Dr. M.K. Gupta (2015), the objective their study is to investigate the behavior of
Special Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (SMRCF), Ordinary Moment Resisting Concrete Frame (OMRCF) and
Brace Steel Frames (BSF) for seismic loads in Indian situation with framing conditions in Seismic Zone V of Indian
Code. A typical five storey reinforced concrete building is used in their seismic evaluation. They evaluate the storey
drifts, base and structural efficiencies of structural elements.
2.5.10 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool

Based on the paper of M. Zarco, Ph.D, et.al., (2013), it describes the development of a pre-earthquake
assessment tool based on the structural condition of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame buildings in Metro
Manila. Their analysis uses the Rapid Condition Assessment Tool (RCAsT). The score gathered by an existing
building was used to derive a fragility curves. A near source score was used to account a larger earthquake motion.
Also, the researchers, established damage modification factors for seismic capacity considering damages
witnessed from structural elements like beams and columns.
19
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS, AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints

Constraints are the factors or hindrance affects the design or refers to some limitations under the desire project to
be constructed or developed. In the design of the project, it is important to consider the different effects of the
design constraints and limitations to the structure. Constraint is defined as the limiting condition that may affect the
design and construction of the project. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such
as a required time frame for completion. The following were considered to have relevant impact on the design of the
School building:
3.1.1 Economic (Cost)

Economic constraint has a great effect on the designing of the structural details of the Office Building because
budget is one of the relevant things to be considered in any design process. As a result, the designer came up with
two possible trade-offs. The floor framing plan having an intermediate beam around the perimeter beams is one of
possible trade-off and the other one is removing the intermediate beam for its floor framing plan. In this case,
Economic Constraint will be evaluated dependent to the resulting weight of the bars on beams and columns that
will be resulted from the design process for the two trade-offs.
3.1.2 Safety (Serviceability)

In contrast with the economic constraints, the two trade-offs that the designer come up to will be evaluated based
on the safety of the structure. The safety of the structure must be taken into account since risks or dangers must be
avoided. The design that would have the highest factor safety will be the most effective to use.
3.1.3 Constructability (Duration of Construction)

Constructability constraint also has a great effect on the project. Immediate occupancy of the facility due to
increasing population of the employee on the Company is one of the factors for this constraint .Constructability is
also affected by the two proposed trade-off for Economic Constraints. Removing the conventional intermediate
beams on a framing plan can make the construction faster instead of using a floor framing plan with intermediate
beam. On this case, Constructability Constraint will be evaluated dependent to the Man Hour needed that will reflect
to the Labor and material cost for the installation of rebars for beam and column in connecting the structural
members of the two trade-offs such as beams and columns.
3.1.4 Sustainability (Life Span)

Considering different factors affecting the final design of the project, the life span of each moment resisting frame
system incorporated in the residential apartment building will determine if the project is sustainable or not. The
designer’s final design recommendation will be chosen by the client because of the satisfaction from the longer life
span of the building. Correspondingly, the longer the life span, the favorable it is for the designer and for the client.
20
3.2 Trade-Offs
The designer chose the three trade-offs under the Moment-Resisting Frame System which classified as structural
systems. These moment frame systems are a box-shaped frame with special moment connections or joints that
support to resist the wind and earthquake damage. The frame helps a building to flex as necessary to remain the
building's integrity. The behavior of SMRF, OMRF and Dual System structures is studied under seismic loads. The
lateral loads, dead loads, live loads and wind loads are taken into consideration for designing the school building.
3.2.1 Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF)

The Special Moment-Resisting Frame System (SMRF) is a type of frame system detailed to provide ductile
behavior and comply with requirements in Chapter 4 or 5 of National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP).
The ductile behavior is the response to stress of concrete material which undergoes permanent deformation without
fracturing. Also, ductile behavior of concrete is enhanced in high confining pressures are combined with high
temperatures and low rates of strain. Special Moment Resisting Frames are designed so that beams, columns, and
beam-column joints in moment frames are proportioned and detailed to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions
that result as a building sways through multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground shaking.
Figure 3-1: Special Moment Resisting Frame
21
3.2.2 Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (Dual System)
Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls or Dual System is a combination of moment resisting frame and shear
wall or braced frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Section 208.4.6.4. Dual frame-wall system is
a Hybrid Lateral Load-Resisting System. It is an essentially complete frame provides support for gravity loads, and
resistance to lateral loads are provided by a specially detailed moment-resisting frame and shear walls or braced
frames.
Figure 3-2: Dual System Frame
3.2.3 Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame System (ORMF)

The Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame System (OMRF) is a type of frame system not meeting special detailing
requirements for ductile behavior under National Code of the Philippines (NSCP). OMRF is used in low-seismic
areas and expected to remain elastic through regular conditions. They do not have the rigid standards in place that
a moment frame used in a high seismic region.
22
Figure 3-3: Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame
3.3 Initial Design Input

To define the difference among the three trade-offs presented, specific methods were considered by the designer.
For the economic constraint, a cost estimate was provided. For the constructability constraint, an estimate of the
number of working days was provided, at the rate of 50 workers for construction of each trade-off. For the safety
constraint, the deflection of the most critical beam was considered. For the sustainability constraint, the life span of
the building with a certain moment resisting frame system was considered.
In this part, a rough computation of the estimates was utilized. The values written in the table below were just an
assumption by the designer with the basis coming from his experience. In the given table below shows the initial
estimates of the trade-offs performed by the designers. Furthermore, the data indicated in the table will be used for
the initial comparative analysis of the trade-offs.
Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
Constraint
SMRF Dual System OMRF
Economic PHP 16,466,245.25 PHP 17,123,456.78 PHP 15,200,000.50
Safety 8.5 mm 11.20 mm 12 mm
Constructability 380 days 436 days 364 days
Sustainability 30 % additional lifespan 45 % additional lifespan 15 % additional lifespan
23
Table 3-1: Summary of Initial Estimate of Values
3.4 Raw Designer’s Ranking

For the client to have an overview on how the designers choose among the mentioned trade-offs based on
their constraints, Trade-off Strategies in Engineering Design by Otto and Antonsson (1991) will be used.
The use of the table of Designer’s Raw Ranking is to rate each constraints based on its importance to the
designer’s perspective and also, to rate each design methodology’s ability to satisfy the given criterion by rating on
a scale of 0 to 10, where 10 is the highest. Equation to be used in the computation of ranking for the ability to satisfy
the criterion:
Computation of ranking ability to satisfy criterion of materials:
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

%difference = Equation 1.1
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Subordinate Rank = Governing Rank – (%difference)*(10) Equation 2.2
The governing rank is the subjective choice of the designer. In assigning the value for the criterion’s importance and
the ability to satisfy the criterion, the designers would subjectively choose any desired value. This subjective value
depends on the initial estimate, say for economic criterion, which the designer can initially select. The subordinate
rank is a
variable that corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
Figure 3.10: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference
24
As shown in the figure, the distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number
of scale which is 10. The product will be the number of intervals from the governing value. After considering the
design constraints, the designers will come up with the initial rankings on the section to be used and the connection
joining them. Table 3-1 shows the initial estimate from the quantifiable constraints selected by the
designers.
Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale -10 to 10)

Criterion’s
Importance Special Moment Dual Frame Ordinary Moment
Design Criteria
(on a scale of 0 to Resisting Frame System Resisting Frame
10)
1. Economic (Cost) 10 8.69 9.5 9.22
2. Safety 10 8.26 8.5 7.53
(Serviceability)
3. Constructability 9 9.8 8.8 7.1
(Duration of
Construction)
4. Sustainability 9 8.75 7.54 -6.64
(Life Span)
98.95 95.36 55.59
Table 3-2: Table Ranking per Trade-off

3.5 Designer’s Raw Ranking
3.5.1 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Economic Constraint
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
16,000,000−15,200,000 16,000,000
16,000,000
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.5
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)
25
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − (0.5)
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗.𝟓
Figure 4-5: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off C

15,500,000 − 15,200,000
15,500,000
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 0.19
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗.𝟖𝟏
Figure 4-6: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A

3.5.2 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Safety Constraint

12 − 8
12
26
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔.𝟔𝟕
Figure 4-8: Safety Difference of Trade-off A and Trade-off B

3.5.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Constructability Constraint

400 − 376
400
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗.𝟒
Figure 4-9: Duration Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A
27
385 − 37
385
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗.𝟕𝟕
Figure 4-10: Duration Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A

3.5.4 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Sustainability Constraint

45 − 30
45
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔.𝟔𝟕
28
Figure 3-11: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A
30−15
30
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟓
Figure 3-12: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off

3.6 Trade-off Assessment
Since the criterion’s importance is subjective, its value will then depend on the client’s and designers’ decision.
Subsequently, the design of the slab is subject for deliberation, thus it is important to consider on how to make the
expense as cheaper as possible. In this case, economic constraint was given an importance of ten (10). The
constructability constraint is given an importance of 5 since its significance will be based on the after construction of
the roofing. Also, safety constraint was given importance of ten (10) for the quality and integrity of the project. The
constructability constraint is given an importance of nine (9) since it will be based on the duration of construction
phase. The sustainability constraint is given an importance of nine (9) since the life span of the building in different
factors arises will determine if the project is sustainable or not.
3.7 Constraint Assessment
3.7.1 Economic Assessment

The designer calculated the difference between the tradeoffs based on economic constraint. Based on the initial
cost formulated by the designer, the Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame is cheaper than the two other trade-offs
namely Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) and Dual Frame System considering the material used in each
trade off.
29
3.7.2 Safety Assessment
For the assessment of safety constraint, the designer researched different project similarly to the trade-offs used in
this project. The difference in deflection in the structural member of the projects is focused in this constraint. It
shows that the Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame has the highest value of deflection experienced by the structural
member than the other two trade-offs.
3.7.3 Constructability Assessment

For the assessment of constructability constraint, the designer researched different projects showing the duration of
the whole project involving designing Moment Resisting Frames. The Dual System Frame explicit and requires
more duration of time involving its construction.
3.7.4 Sustainability Assessment

For the assessment of sustainability constraint, the designer researched different projects involving the life span of
each building designed as Moment Resisting Frames. The Dual System Frame shows that upon the completion of
the building, it sustains more life span than other two trade-offs.
3.8 Design Standards

The designers some come up with the design of the hospital building with accordance to the following codes and
standards:
1. National Building Code of the Philippines
2. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1-2010 edition (PD1096)
The National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096). The National Building Code of the Philippines, also known
as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was formulated and adopted as a uniform building code to embody up-to-date and
modern technical knowledge on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code
provides for all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and
control location, site, design, and quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.
The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. This code provides minimum standards to safeguard life or
limb, property and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials
pertaining to the structural aspects of all buildings and structures within its jurisdiction. The provision of this code
shall apply to the construction, alteration, moving, demolition, repair, maintenance and use of any building or
structure within its jurisdiction, except work located primarily in a public way, public utility towers and poles,
hydraulic flood control structures, and indigenous family dwellings.
30
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
4.1 Methodology
The design of the proposed Four-Storey Office Building project was in accordance in the standard and codes stated
in Chapter 3. Also, the methodology of the building was in accordance in the standard stated in Chapter 3The
design of the structure will use the used ultimate Strength design (USD) conforming to the 2010 Edition of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines, 6th Edition in computing for the structural members of the structure.
Four- Storey
Office Building
Geometric
Modelling
Design
Specifications
Material
Properties
Structure
Models
Load Models
Structural
Analysis
Structural
Design
Figure 4.1: Design Methodology
31
4.2 Design Inputs
The design loads and parameters of different loads are provided below are in accordance with the National
Structural Code of the Philippines (2010).
4.2.1 Dead Loads

Material Density (kN/m3)
Concrete (Reinforced) 23.54
Aluminum 26.7
Glass 25.1
Table 4.1: Minimum Densities
Material Design Load (kPa)

Acoustical Fiber Board (16mm) 0.80
Mechanical Duct Allowance 0.20
Suspended Steel Channel System 0.10
Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 25mm mortar bed 1.10
Plaster on both sides 0.48
CHB Wall, 150 mm (Full Grout) 2.82
Table 4.2: Minimum Design Loads for Ceiling, Floors and Walls
Item Design Load (kPa)
Elevator (includes passenger capacity, self-weight and counter weight 17.34
Table 4-3: Other Minimum Design Loads
4.2.2 Live Loads
Live Load parameters are conformed to the Table 205-1 of NSCP 2010
Use or Occupancy Uniform Load (kPa)
Offices 2.4
32
Roof 1.9
Office Corridor 3.8
Table 4-4: Occupancy Load
4.2.3 Wind Load

Parameters
Zone Classification (V) 200 kph
Directionality Factor (Kd) 0.85
Importance Factor (Iw) 1.00
Exposure Category B
Enclosure Classification Enclosed
Table 4-5: Wind Load Design Inputs
4.2.4 Earthquake Load

Parameters
Seismic Importance Factor 1.00
Soil Profile Type Sd, Stiff Soil Profile
Seismic Zone Factor Zone 4, 0.40
Seismic Source Type A
Distance to Nearest Seismic Source 1.87 km

Near-Source Factor (Na) 1.2
Near-Source Factory (Nv) 1.2
Ct 0.0731
R for SMRF 8.5
R for Dual System Frame 8.5
R for OMRF 3.5
33
Table 4-6: Earthquake Load Design Inputs
4.3 Trade off A – Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)

This shows the following diagrams and results of Trade off A – SMRF when using the structural analysis of
STAAD.Pro V8i.
4.3.1 Load Diagrams
Figure 4.2: Axial Diagram - SMRF
34
Figure 4.3: Bending Moment @ Y axis - SMRF
35
Figure 4.4: Bending Moment @ Z aixs - SMRF
Figure 4.5: Shear Diagram @ Y axix
Figure 4.6: Shear Diagram @ Z axis
36
Figure 4.7: Torsion Diagram
Figure 4.8: Wind Load Diagram @ +X axis
37
Figure 4-9: Wind Load Diagram @ -X axis
38
Figure 4.10: Wind Load Diagram @ +Z axis
Figure 4.11: Wind Load Diagram @ -Z axis
Figure 4.12: Earthquake Load Diagram @ +X axis
39
Figure 4.13: Earthquake Load Diagram @ -X axis
40
Figure 4.14: Earthquake Load Diagram @ +Z axis
Figure 4.15: Earthquake Load Diagram @ -Z axis
41
4.3.2 Load Combinations
4.3.2.1 Dead Load
Figure 4.16: Dead Load
42
4.3.2.2 Live Load
Figure 4.17: Live Load

4.3.2.3 Load Case 7 (0.9DL + 1.0EL)
Figure 4.18: Load Case 7
43
4.3.3 Summary of STAAD Result
The designer considered the maximum moments, bending, and forces in each floor that is used in design the
beams and columns of Special Moment Resisting Frame Building.
For Beams:
Table 4-7: Summary of Maximum values of Beams in each floor of SMRF

For Columns:
44
Table 4-8: Summary of Maximum values of Columns in each floor of SMRF
4.4 Structural Design
4.4.1 Procedures in Designing of Beams
Step 1: Determine Mu using Moment Diagram of STAAD Pro.

Step 2: Compute for Balanced Steel Ratio, Pb
45
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
Step 3: Compute for Maximum Steel Ratio, Pmax

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑃𝑏
Step 4: Get the value of 𝜔
𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐
Step 5: Determine Moment Capacity, Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
Step 6: If Mcap is greater than Mu, proceed to Step 7, if Mcap is less than Mu, proceed to Step 10.
Step 7: Beam is Singly Reinforced. Compute for area of steel, As
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Step 8: Compute for Area of Reinforcing Bars
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑏 = (𝑑 )
4
Step 9: Determine number of bars, n.
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
10: Beam is Doubly Reinforced. Solve for As1.
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑑
Step 11: Solve for Mn1, Mn2 and As2.
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
Step 12: Solve for a and c
46
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
Step 13: Solve for stress of compression steel, f’s.

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
𝑐
Step 14: If f’s is greater than fy, proceed to Step 15. If f’s is less than fy, proceed to Step 17.
Step 15: Use f’s = fy and A’s = As2.
Step 16: As = As1 + As2. Then compute for number of bars, n.
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
𝑓𝑦
Step 17: 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 and 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2. Then compute for number of bars, n.
𝑓′𝑠
𝐴𝑠′
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
4.4.2 Procedures in Designing of Slab

Step 1: Identify the uniform floor pressure (kPa) to be carried by the slab.
Step 2: Determine the minimum slab thickness “h” from NSCP 2010.
Step 3: Compute the weight of slab (kPa).
Step 4: Calculate the factored moment (Mu) to be carried by the slab per meter strip
Step 5: Compute the effective depth of the slab. Clear cover must at least 20mm
Step 6: Compute the required steel ratio, ρ:
Step 7: Solve for Rn from Mu= ∅Rnbd2 where b= 1000 mm ρ= 0.85 f′cfy(1−√1−2Rn0.85 f′c)
Step 8: Solve for ρmax and ρmin
a. If ρ is less than ρmax and greater than ρmin, use ρ
b. If ρ is greater than ρmax , increase depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
c. If ρ is less than ρmin , use ρ= ρmin
Step 9: Use DDM for computation of Moments in middle and column strip in long span and short span
47
Step 10: Compute for spacing in accordance in NSCP 2010.
4.4.3 Procedures of Designing of Column

Step 1: Determine the Factored Axial Load Pu acting on column using structural analysis of STAAD Pro.
Step 2: Choose the reinforcement ratio ρ ranging between 0.01 to 0.08
Step 3: Compute for the gross sectional area, Ag.
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑0.8𝐴𝑔(0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(1 − 𝜌𝑔) + 𝑓𝑦𝜌𝑔)
Step 4: Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape. For rectangular section, the ratio of the
longer and shorter side is recommended to not exceed 3.
Step 5: Adjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area. The ration has to fall to the
specified code limits.
Step 6: Calculate the needed area of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted reinforced ratio and
the chosen concrete dimension.
Step 7: Choose the number and diameter of needed reinforcing bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four
bars is needed.
Step 8: Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or spirals.
Use the smallest of the following:
<16db
<48 tie db
< least dimension of column
Step 9: Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies the NSCP 2010 code
requirements.
4.5 Design Schedule
4.5.1 Beam schedule

4.5.1.1 Trade off A – Special Moment Resisting Frame
2nd Floor to 4th Floor Beams:
48
Diameter
base thickness d' Effective Area of Main of
Mark Fy f'c Fyt β ⌀
(mm) (mm) (mm) Depth Bars Stirrups
(mm)
10 mm @
B1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601 150 mm
spacing
10 mm @
B2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601 150 mm
spacing
10 mm @
B3 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601 150 mm
spacing
LEFT END MIDSPAN RIGHT END

BEAM REMARKS
TOP BARS BOTTOM BARS TOP BARS
B1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM 4 - 25 mm ⌀ 4 - 25 mm ⌀ 4 - 25 mm ⌀
Table 4-9: 2nd to 4th Floor Beams

Roof Beams:
Diameter of
base thickness d' Effective Area of
Mark Fy f'c Fyt β ⌀ Stirrups
(mm) (mm) (mm) Depth Main Bars
(mm)
10 mm @ 150
RB-1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 150
RB-2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS
RB-1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM 4 - 25 mm ⌀ 4 - 25 mm ⌀ 4 - 25 mm ⌀

Table 4-10: Roof Beams

49
4.5.1.2 Trade off B – Dual System Frame
2nd Floor to 3rd Floor Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 90
B1 400 24 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 90
B2 400 24 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 90
B3 400 24 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS

Table 4-11: 2nd to 3rd Floor Beams

4th Floor to Roof Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 85
B1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
B2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
B3 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS

50
Table 4-12: 4th Floor to Roof Beams

Roof Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 85
RB-1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
RB-2 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
400 mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS

4.5.1.3 Trade off C – Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame
2nd Floor to 5th Floor Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 170
B1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 314.1592654
mm spacing
10 mm @ 170
B2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 314.1592654
mm spacing
10 mm @ 170
B3 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 314.1592654
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS

51
Table 4-14: 2nd to 5th Floor Beams
Roof Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 170
RB-1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 314.1592654
mm spacing
10 mm @ 170
RB-2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 314.1592654
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS


4.5.2 Slab Schedule
For Trade off A, Trade off B and Trade off C.
Length Reinforcements
Diameter Long Short
Mark Thickness Top bar Bottom Bar
Bar Span Span
10 mm 10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟
S-1 6 meters 5 meters 120 mm 10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
Table 4-16: Slab Schedule
52
4.5.3 Column Schedule
4.5.3.1 Trade A – Special Moment Resisting Frame
GROUND FLOOR TO 4TH FLOOR

Column Dimension No. of Bars Lateral Ties of 10 mm ∅ Bars
C-1 400mm x 400mm 14 - 28mm Ø 5 @ 50 mm, 5 @ 100 mm, 4 @150 mm, rest @400 mm
4.5.3.2 Trade B – Dual Frame System

4.5.3.3 Trade C – Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame

4.6 Validation of Multiple Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards

This validation will show the certainty of the assumptions done by the designer’s through the initial estimates
presented in Chapter 3 and compared to the final estimates. This validation will show the true value of the following
constraints.
The trade-offs were compared through initial estimates by a cost consumption for a four storey apartment building
with roof deck. The table shows the following cost from the three trade-offs, the cost of cement, sand, gravel and steel
including the laborer cost for the construction of structural elements, beams, slab and columns. The comparison of
the trade-offs shows that the cost of Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame is higher than the other two trade-offs, namely
Special Moment Resisting Frame and Dual Frame System.
COST OF THE PROJECT
Description SMRF Dual Frame OMRF
Beam Cost Php 1,448,928 Php 1,206,738 Php 2,123,843.28
Slab Cost Php 1,921,296 Php 2,341,716 Php 1,741,116
Column Cost Php 128,887.2 Php 132,032.2 Php 139,052.2

Total Project Cost Php 17,500,000 Php 18,450,000 Php 20,100,000
53
Table 4-17: Final Cost Estimate
4.6.1 Final Estimate of Trade-offs
Framing System Cost
Special Moment Resisting Frame Php 17,500,000
Dual System Frame Php 18,450,000
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame Php 20,100,000
Table 4-18: Cost Estimate
4.6.2 Final Designer’s Ranking

The designer computed the ranking of the trade-offs according to the Trade-off strategies in engineering design.
Research in engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991). The table shows the constraints and its rank based
on the computation of estimates.
Ability to satisfy the criterion

Criterion’s (on a scale from -5 to 5)
Importance
Design Criteria Special Moment Dual Frame Ordinary Moment Resisting
(on a scale of 0
to 5) Resisting Frame System Frame
1. Economic 5 5 4.49 3.7
2. Safety 5 2.79 5 1.72
3. Constructability 4 4.33 4.03 5
4. Sustainability 4 2.78 5 -2.14

Over-all Rank 67.39 83.57 38.54
Table 4-19: Final Designer's Ranking

20,100,000 − 17,500,000
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 20,100,000
𝑥 10
% difference = 1.30
54
Subordinate rank = Governing rank − %difference
Subordinate rank = 10 − 1.30
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟖.𝟕
Figure 4-19: Cost Difference of Trade off C and Trade off A

18,450,000 − 17,500,000
18,450,000
% difference = 0.51
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟗.𝟒𝟗
Figure 4-20: Cost Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A
Framing System Life Span
55
Special Moment Resisting Frame 35 % additional life span
Dual System Frame 45 % additional life span

Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame 10 % additional life span
Table 4-22: Life Span of Moment Frame

11.158 − 7.5
11.158

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟔.𝟕𝟐
Figure 4-21: Safety Difference of Trade off B and Trade off C

9.623 − 7.5
9.623
% difference = 2.21 Subordinate rank = Governing rank –

%difference Subordinate rank = 10 − 2.21
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟕.𝟕𝟗
56
Figure 4-22: Safety Difference of Trade off A and Trade off B
Framing
Construction Duration
System
Special Moment Resisting
375 days
Frame
Dual System Frame 415 days
Ordinary Moment Resisting
350 days
Frame
Table 4-21: Deflection of Moment Frame

415 − 375
415
% difference = 0.97 Subordinate rank = Governing rank –

%difference Subordinate rank = 10 − 0.97
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟗.𝟎𝟑
57
Figure 4-23: Duration Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A

375 − 350
375
% difference = 0.67
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟗.𝟑𝟑
Figure 4-24: Duration Difference of Trade off A and Trade off C
Framing System Life Span

Special Moment Resisting
35 % additional life span
Frame
Dual System Frame 45 % additional life span
58
Ordinary Moment Resisting
10 % additional life span
Frame
Table 4-22: Life Span of Moment Frame

45 − 35
45
% difference = 2.22
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = 𝟕.𝟕𝟖
Figure 4-25: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A

35 − 10
35
% difference = 7.14
59
𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 = −𝟕.𝟏𝟒
Figure 4-26: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off C
4.7 Influence of Constraints, Trade-offs and Standards in the Final Design.

The engineering standards provided for the design of the four -storey office building with roof deck helped the
designer to have a safe design. The designs were in accordance to the codes and standards and the data are in
between the parameters provided by the codes and standards. Through the consideration of multiple constraints,
the designer chose what particular design among the tradeoffs that were designed.
4.7.1 Cost Variation of Trade offs
OMRF 20,100,000
DUAL SYSTEM 18,450,000
SMRF 17,500,000
16,000,000 17,000,000 18,000,000 19,000,000 20,000,000 21,000,000
Project Cost
Figure 4-27: Graphical Comparisons of Cost Estimate
60
4.7.2 Safety Variation of Trade offs
OMRF 11
DUAL SYSTEM 8
SMRF 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection
Figure 4-28: Graphical Comparisons of Deflection
4.7.3 Constructability Variation of Trade offs
OMRF 350
DUAL SYSTEM 415
SMRF 375
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
Duration
Figure 4-29: Graphical Comparisons of Duration of Construction
61
4.7.4 Sustainability Variation of Trade offs
OMRF 10
DUAL SYSTEM 45
SMRF 35
0 10 20 30 40 50
Additional Life Span
Figure 4-30: Graphical Comparisons of Additional Life Span
After the calculation has been made

regarding the cost, deflection, duration of construction and additional life span of each trade-off, the designer chose
Dual Frame System for the Four Storey Office Building.
62
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN
The purpose of the project is to design the structural detailing of the Four -story Office Building in Maraga, Cauayan
City, Isabela in consideration with the multiple constraints, trade-offs and standards. The designers have come up
to use the National Building Code of the Philippines and the National Structural Code of the Philippines. The
structural parts of the design were able to pass the necessary test for adequacy needed for the design. The details
of the structural members were specified in this paper and the cost estimates were also provided for the client.
For addressing the economic, safety, constructability and sustainability constraints the design that will be used for
the Four Storey Apartment Building is Dual System Frame. This chapter shows the following results and design
schedules and details of structural elements for the winning trade-off.
5.1 Design Schedule
5.1.1 Beams – Dual System Frame
2nd Floor to 3rd Floor Beams:
Diameter of
base thickness d' Effective Area of Main
(mm) (mm) (mm) Depth Bars
(mm)
10 mm @ 85
B1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
B2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
B3 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing

BEAM REMARKS

Table 5-1: Beam Dual System 2nd to 3rd Floor Beams
63
4th Floor to 5th Floor Beams
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 85 mm
B1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
spacing
10 mm @ 85 mm
B2 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
spacing
10 mm @ 85 mm
B3 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
spacing

BEAM REMARKS

Table 5-2: Beam Dual System 4th to 5th Floor Beams
Roof Beams:
Diameter of
(mm)
10 mm @ 85
RB-1 400 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
mm spacing
10 mm @ 85
RB-2 27.58 275 0.85 0.9 200 400 60 340 615.7521601
400 mm spacing
BEAM REMARKS LEFT END MIDSPAN RIGHT END


Table 5-3: Beam Dual System Roof Beams
64
5.1.2 Slabs – Dual Frame
Length Reinforcements
Mark Diameter Bar Long Span Short Span Thickness Top bar Bottom Bar
10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @
S-1 10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 6 meters 5 meters 120 mm 10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @ 270 mm
270 mm
10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @
270 mm
10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @
270 mm
10 mm ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 @
270 mm
Table 5-4: Dual System Frame for Slabs
5.2 Design Details
5.2.1 Beam Details

For 2nd Floor to 3rd Floor Beams
Figure 5-1: Beam Design for 2nd to 3rd Floor
65
For 3rd Floor to Roof Beam Details
Figure 5-2: Beam Design for 3rd Floor to Roof
66
5.2.2 Slab Details
Figure 5-3: Beam Details
Figure 5-4: Slab Design
67
Figure 5-5: Slab Details
5.2.3 Column Details
400
14 – 28 mm ∅ bars
400
68
Figure 5-6: Column Details
REFERENCES
National Structural code of the Philippines 2010, Volume 1, Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
Microcadd (Student Manual)
Jack C. McC. & Russel H. B. Design of Reinforced Concrete (Eight Edition, AC1 318-08 Code Edition)
http://www.concastprecast.co.uk/index.php/sectors/detail/industrial-frames/category/industry-energy
http://www.mecengineers.net/How-to-Calculate-Reinforcement-Weights-Rebar-Weights-Bar-Reinforcement-
Weights.html
http://www.pinoyexchange.com/forums/showthread.php?t=506920
http://www.lkg-group.com/index.php/price-list
Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering
Design,volume3,number2,pages87-104.Retrievedfromhttp://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf
69
70
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS, SYMBOLS AND CODES

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) C101-10
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
NBC National Building Code
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
STAAD Structural Analysis and Design
Notation;
𝐴𝑔 = gross area of section, mm2.
𝐴𝑠 = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement (bars and steel shapes), mm2.
𝐴𝑣 = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2.
𝐴𝑣𝑓 = area of shear-friction reinforcement, mm2.
𝐴′𝑠 = area of compression reinforcement, mm2.
𝑏 = width of compression face of member, mm.
𝑏𝑤 = web width, mm.
𝑐 = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
𝑐𝑐 = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension
reinforcement, mm.
𝐶𝑚 = a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram.
𝐷 = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑏 = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm.
𝑑𝑐 = thickness of concrete cover measure from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire
located closest thereto, mm.
𝑑𝑠 = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
𝑑𝑡 = distance from extreme compression fiber to extreme tension steel, mm.
𝐸 = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐸𝑐 = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa.
𝐸𝐼 = flexural stiffness of compression member, N-mm2.
𝐹 = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and controllable
maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
𝑓′𝑐 = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa.
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = specified yield strength fy
ℎ = overall thickness of member, mm.
𝐼 = moment of inertia of section beam about the centroidal axis, mm4.
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, mm4.
𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4.
71
𝐼𝑔 = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement, mm4.
𝐿 = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
𝐿𝑑 = development length, mm.
𝑙𝑛 = length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
𝑀𝑎 = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = cracking moment. See Equation 409-9.
𝑃𝑏 = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions
𝑃𝑛 = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.
𝑉𝑐 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
𝑊 = wind load, or related integral moments and forces.
𝑤𝑐 = unit weight of concrete, kN/m3.
𝑤𝑢 = factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
𝛽1 = factor defined in Section 410.3.7.3
𝜀𝑡 = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
𝜆 = modification factor reflection the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete.
𝜆𝛥 = multiplier for additional long-time deflection as defined in Section 409.6.2.5
𝜌 = ration of nonprestressed tension reinforcement = 𝐴𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑
𝜌′ = ratio of nonprestressed compression reinforcement = 𝐴′𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑏 = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions. See Section 410.4.2
𝛷 = strength-reduction factor. See Section 409.4
401.2 Scope
401.2.1 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete elements
of any building or other structure under requirements of the National Building Code of the Philippines of which this
Section I, forms a part of. This section also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures.
For structural concrete, 𝑓′𝑐 shall not be less than 17MPa. No maximum value of 𝑓′𝑐 shall apply unless restricted by
a specific code provision.
403.4 Aggregates
403.4.2 The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregates shall not be larger than:
One fifth (1/5) the narrowest dimension between sides of forms; or
One third (1/3) the depth of slabs; or
Three fourths (3/4) the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or
prestressing tendons or ducts.
407.2 Standard Hooks

“Standard hook” as used in this code is one of the following:
407.2.1 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar.
407.2.2 90-degree bend plus 12dbextension at free end of bar
407.2.3 For stirrup and tie hooks:
1. Ø16 mm bar end smaller, 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar; or
2. Ø20 mm bar and Ø25 mm bar, 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar; or
72
3. Ø25 mm bar and smaller, 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar.
407.8 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
407.8.1 Cast-in-Place Concrete (Nonprestressed)
Unless a greater cover is required by Section 407.8.6 or 407.8.8, specified cover for reinforcement shall not less than
the following:
Minimum Cover
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth ……………………… 75 mm

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
1. Ø20 mm bar through Ø36 mm bar ……………………………………………. 50 mm
2. Ø16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller ………………………….. 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists:
Ø42 mm and Ø58 mm bars …………………………………………… 40 mm
Ø36 mm bars and smaller ……………………………………………. 20 mm
b. Beams, Columns:
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals ……………………… 40 mm
408.6 Modulus of Elasticity
408.6.1 Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as 𝑤𝑐 1.5 0.043√𝑓′𝑐 (in MPa) for values
of wc between 1,500 and 2,500 kg/m3. For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be permitted to be taken as 4700√𝑓′𝑐
408.6.2 Modulus of elasticity Es for nonprestressed reinforcement shall be permitted to be taken as 200,000 MPa.
408.10 Span Length
408.10.1 Span length of members not built integrally with supports shall be considered the clear span plus depth of
member, but need not exceed distance between centers of supports.
408.10.2 In analysis of frames or continuous construction for determination of moments, span length shall be taken
as the distance center to center of supports.
408.10.3 For beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of moments at faces of support shall be
permitted.
409.4.2 Strength-Reduction Factor

Strength-reduction factor Φ shall be given in Sections 409.4.2.1 through 409.2.7:
409.4.2.1 Tension controlled sections as defined in Section 410.4.4 …………….……….. 0.90
73
409.4.2.2 Compression controlled sections, as defined in Section 410.4.3:
1. Members with spiral reinforcements conforming to Section 410.10.3 ……………. 0.75
2. Other reinforced members ………………………………………………………… 0.65
409.6 Control of Deflections
409.6.1 Reinforced concrete members subject to flexure shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflections or any deformations that adversely affect strength or serviceability of a structure.
409.6.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, immediate deflection shall be
computed with the modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete as specified in Section 408.6.1 (normal-weight or lightweight
concrete) and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than Ig.
𝑀 3 𝑀 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 (409-8)
𝑎 𝑎
where:
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = (409-9)
𝑦𝑡
409.6.2.5 Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, additional longtime deflection resulting from
creep and shrinkage of flexural members (normal-weight or lightweight) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor λΔ.
𝜉
𝜆𝛥 = 1+50𝜌′ (409-11)
Where ρ’ shall be the value at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at support for cantilevers. It is permitted
to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained loads to be equal to:
5 years or more ………………………………………………… 2.0
12 months ……………………………………………………… 1.4
6 months ……………………………………………………….. 1.2
3 months ……………………………………………………….. 1.0
410.3 Design Assumptions
410.3.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based in assumptions given in Sections
410.3.2 through 410.3.7 and on satisfaction of applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.
410.3.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral
axis, except that, for deep flexural beams as defined in Section 410.8.1, an analysis that considers a nonlinear
distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-and-tie model.
410.3.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.
410.3.4 Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade of reinforcement used shall be taken as ES
times steel strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy stress in reinforcement shall be considered
independent of strain and equal to fy.
74
410.3.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of reinforced concrete, except
where meeting requirements of Section 418.5.410.3.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress
distribution and concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape that
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.
410.3.7 Requirements of Section 410.3.6 may be considered satisfied by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress
distribution defined by the following:
410.3.7.1 Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone
bounded by edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.
410.3.7.2 Distance from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, Shall be measured in a direction perpendicular
to the axis.
410.3.7.3 Factor β1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths f’cfor 17 MPa up to 28 MPa. For strengths above 28
MPa, β1 shall be reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 7MPa of strength in excess of 28MPa, but β1 shall not be
taken less than 0.65.
410.4.6 Design axial load strength 𝛷𝑃𝑛 of compression members shall not be taken greater than the following.
410.4.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to Section 407.11.4 or composite
members conforming to Section 410.17:
𝛷𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0.85𝛷[0.85𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ] (410-1)
410.4.6.2 For nonprestressed members with the reinforcement conforming to Section 407.11.5:
𝛷𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0.80𝛷[0.85𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ] (410-2)
410.5 Distances between Lateral Supports of Flexural Members

410.5.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the least width of compression flange or
face.
410.5.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in determining spacing of lateral supports.
410.6 Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members

410.6.1 At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is reinforcement is required by analysis,
except as provided shall not be less than that given by:
√𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (410-3)
4𝑓𝑦
And not less than 1.4bwd/fy
410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need not be applied if at every section, As provided is at
least one-third greater than that required by analysis.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness the minimum area of tensile reinforcement in the
direction of span shall be the same as that required by Section 407.13.2.1. Maximum spacing of this reinforcement
shall not exceed the lesser of three times the thickness nor 450 mm.
410.9 Design Dimension for Compression Members

410.9.4 Limits of Section For a compression member with a cross section larger than required by considerations of
loading, it shall be permitted to base the minimum reinforcement and design strength on a reduced effective area Ag
75
not less than one half of the total area. This provision shall not apply to special moment frames or special structural
walls in Seismic Zone 4 that are designed in accordance with Section 421.
410.10 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members

410.10.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast for non-composite compression members shall not be less than 0.01
or more than 0.08 times gross area Ag of section.
410.10.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars within rectangular or
circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals conforming to Section 410.10.3.
410.11 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members

410.11.1 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected in the following cases:
1. For compression members not braced against sidesway when:
𝑘𝑙𝑢
≤ 22 (410-7)
𝑟
2. For compression members braced against sidesway when:
𝑘𝑙𝑢 𝑀
≤ 34 − 12 (𝑀1 ) ≤ 40 (410-8)
𝑟 2
Where M1/M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature, and negative if the member is bent in double
curvature.
411.2 Shear Strength

411.2.1 Except for members designed in accordance with Section 427, design of cross sections subject to shear shall
be based on
𝛷𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 (411-1)
Where Vu is factored shear force at section considered and Vn is nominal shear strength computed by;
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 (411-2)
Where Vc is nominal shear strength provided by concrete in accordance with Section 411.4 or Section 411.5, and Vs
is nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in accordance with Section 411.6.6.
411.2.1.1 In determining shear strength Vn the effect of any openings in members shall be considered.
411.2.1.2 In determining shear strength Vc whenever applicable, effects of axial tension due to creep and shrinkage
in restrained members shall be considered and effects of inclined flexural compression in variable-depth members
shall be permitted to be included.
411.2.2 The values of √𝑓′𝑐 used in Section 411 shall not exceed 8.0 MPa, except as allowed in Section 411.2.2.1.
411.2.2.1 Values of √𝑓′𝑐 greater than 8.0 MPa are allowed in computing Vc ,Vci and Vcw for reinforced or prestressed
concrete beams and concrete joist construction having minimum web reinforcement in accordance with Sections
411.6.6.3, 411.6.6.4 and 411.7.5.2.
411.2.3 Computations of maximum factored shear force Vu at supports in accordance with Section 411.2.3.1 or
411.2.3.2 shall be permitted if all of the following three conditions are satisfied:
76
1. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end regions of member;
2. Loads are applied at or near the top of the member: and
3. No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of critical section defined in Sections
411.2.3.1 and 411.2.3.2.
411.2.3.1 For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from face of support shall be
permitted to be designed for the same shear Vu as that computed at a distance d.
411.2.3.2 For prestressed members, sections located less than a distance h/2 from face of support shall be permitted
to be designed for the same shear Vu as computed at distance d.
411.4 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete for Nonprestressed Members
411.4.1 Simplified Calculations for Vc

Shear strength Vc shall be computed by provisions of Sections 411.4.1.1 through 411.4.1.3 unless a more detailed
calculation is made in accordance with Section 411.4.2. Throughout this Section, except in Section 411.8, λ shall be
defined in Section 408.7.1.
411.4.1.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only:
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (411-3)
411.4.1.2 For members subject to axial compression,

𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + 14𝐴𝑢 ) 𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (411-4)
𝑔
Quantity Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa.
411.4.2 Detailed Calculation for Vc

Shear strength Vc shall be permitted to be computed by the more detailed calculation of Sections 411.4.2.1 through
411.4.2.3.
411.4.2.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only.
𝑉 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = (0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑀𝑢 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (411-5)
𝑢
but not greater than 0.29√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑. When computing Vc by Eq. 411-5, Vud/Mu shall not be greater than 1.0, where
Mu occurs simultaneously with Vn at section considered.
411.4.2.2 For members subject to axial compression, it shall be permitted to compute Vc using Eq.411-5 with Mm
substituted for Mu and Vud/Mu not then limited to 1.0,
4ℎ−𝑑
where: 𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 ( 8 ) (411-6)
However, Vc shall not be taken greater than:

0.29𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.29 (√1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (411-7)
𝐴𝑔
Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa. When Mm as computed by Eq. 411-6 is negative, Vc shall be computed by Equation
411-7.
77
411.4.2.3 For members subject to significant axial tension,
0.29𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (411-8)
𝐴𝑔
but not less than zero, where Nu is negative for tension. Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa.
411.6 Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
411.6.1 Types of Shear Reinforcement

411.6.1.1 Shear reinforcement consisting of the following shall be permitted:
1. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member;
2. Welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular to axis of member; and
3. Spirals, circular ties, or hoops.
411.6.2 The values of fy and fyt used in the design of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 415 MPa, except the value
shall not exceed 550 MPa for a welded deformed wire reinforcement.
411.6.4 Stirrups and other bars or wires used as shear reinforcement shall extend to a distance d from extreme
compression fiber and shall be anchored at both ends according to Section 412.14 to develop the design yield
strength of reinforcement.
411.6.5.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall not exceed d/2 in
nonprestressed members and 0.75h in presstressed members, nor 600 mm.
411.6.5.2 Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45-degree line, extending
toward the reaction from mid-depth of member d/2 to longitudinal tension reinforcement, shall be crossed by atleast
one line of shear reinforcement.
411.6.5.3 Where Vs exceeds 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 maximum spacing given in Sections 411.6.5.1 and 411.6.5.2 shall be
reduced by one half.
411.6.6.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, As,min shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members
(prestressed and nonprestressed) where Vu exceeds 0.5ΦVc except in members satisfying one or more of (1) through
(6):
Solid slabs and footings;
1. Hollow-core units with total untopped depth not greater than 300 mm and hollow-core units where.
Vu is not greater than 0.5ΦVcw;
2. Concrete joist construction defined by Section 408.14;
3. Beams with total depth, h not greater than 250 mm;
4. Beams integral with slabs with total depth, h not greater than 600 mm, and not greater than 2.5 times
thickness of flange or 0.50 the width of web;
5. Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete with f’c not exceeding 40 MPa, h not greater
than 600 mm, and Vu not greater than0.17𝛷√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
411.6.6.2 Minimum shear reinforcement requirements of Section 411.6.6.1 shall be waived if shown by test that
required nominal flexural, Mn and shear strength, Vn can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. Such
tests shall simulate effects of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage and temperature change, based on a realistic
assessment of such effects occurring in service.
411.6.6.3 Where shear reinforcement is required by section 411.6.6.1 or for strength and where section 411.7.1
allows torsion to be neglected, the minimum area of shear reinforcement for prestressed (except as provided in
section 411.6.6.4) and nonprestressed members shall be computed by:
𝑏 𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤 (411-13)
𝑦𝑡
78
but shall not be less than (0.35bws)/fyt, , where bw and s are in millimeters.
411.6.7 Design of Shear Reinforcement
411.6.7.1 Where factored shear force Vu exceeds shear strength ØV c, shear reinforcement shall be provided to
satisfy Equations (411-1) and (411-2), where shear strength Vs shall be computed in accordance with section
411.6.7.2 through 411.6.7.9
411.6.7.2 Where shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of members is used,
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠 (411-15)
411.6.7.9 Shear strength Vs shall not be taken greater than 0.66√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP)

SECTION 401 – Types of Construction
Type IV – Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent
partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-
hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
SECTION 701 – Occupancy Classified

Group E - Business and Mercantile
SECTION 704 – Location on Property

No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to a public space, yard or street on at least
one of its sides.
SECTION 705 – Allowable Floor Areas The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-
storey shall not exceed the limits prescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of
construction. For purposes of this Section, each portion of a building separated by one or more area separation
walls may be considered a separate building provided the area separation walls meet the requirements prescribed
there for by the Secretary.
SECTION 707 – Maximum Height of Buildings

The maximum height and number of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy and the
type of construction as determined by the Secretary considering population density, building bulk widths of streets
ad car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface:
Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by
more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as part of a building and not used for
habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or
may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.
SECTION 803 – Percentage of Site Occupancy

Maximum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the building and the use,
area, nature and location of the site; and subject to the provisions of the local zoning requirements and in
accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary.
SECTION 806 – Size and Dimensions of Rooms

Minimum seizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
79
1. Rooms for Human Habitations 6.00 square meters with at least dimension of 2.00 meters;
2. Kitchens – 3.00 square meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet 1.20 square meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meter.
80
APPENDIX B: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF A – SMRF
Beam Estimate
81
Slab Estimate
82
Column Estimate
83
TOTAL COST ESTIMATE: PHP 17,495,556
84
APPENDIX C: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF B – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM
Beam Estimate
85
Slab Estimate
86
Column Estimate
87
TOTAL COST ESTIMATE: PHP 18,402,430.8
88
APPENDIX D: COST ESTIMATE OF TRADE OFF C – OMRF
Beam Estimate
89
Slab Estimate
90
Column Estimate
TOTAL COST ESTIMATE: PHP 20,020,057.2
91
APPENDIX E: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – SMRF
Max Moment in 2nd Floor Beams:
Beam / Girder Axial Shear Torsion Bending

Mark Sign Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kNm) My (kNm) Mz (kNm)
Max +ve 27.408 194.893 2.753 16.046 2.22 185.859
Max -ve -83.06 -194.893 -2.393 -15.972 -1.96 -121.212
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
f’c = 27.58 MPa (based on STAAD Analysis)
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
concrete cover = 60 mm
𝑏𝑎𝑟∅ = 28 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑎𝑟∅ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 12 𝑚𝑚
Area of Main Bars, Ab = 615.75216 mm2

Effective depth = 340 mm
Positive Moment:
1) Computation of Pb, Pmax and Pmin
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
92
2) Computation of ω
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 185.859 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝑮𝑳𝒀 𝑹𝑬𝑰𝑵𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑪𝑬𝑫 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴.
4) Compute for the area of steel, As

𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2
5) Compute for the number of bars, N

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
93
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(−) = 121.212 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Max Moment in 3rd Floor Beams:

Max +ve 30.859 186.68 4.803 15.663 3.847 161.628
Max -ve -6.953 -186.68 -4.019 -15.283 -3.358 -121.44
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
Positive Moment:
94
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
8) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
95
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
8) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Max Moment in 4th Floor Beams:

Max +ve 17.023 148.539 7.078 12.947 5.637 131.53
Max -ve -4.506 -148.539 -5.909 -12.638 -4.98 -102.013
96
Assume:
L=6m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
13) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
97

𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
13) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

98
𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

Max +ve 7.812 127.391 9.287 11.045 7.379 126.121
Max -ve -18.956 -127.391 -7.79 -11.045 -6.581 -95.027
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Max Moment in Roof Beams:

Max +ve 87.243 111.748 10.711 9.61 8.486 125.835
Max -ve -9.975 -124.049 -9.118 -9.61 -7.72 -98.488
Assume:
L=6m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
99
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
18) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
100
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
18) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Shear Design for 2nd Floor Beams to Roof Beams:

1. Determine the Factored Shear Force, Vu, in the STAAD Pro Structural Analysis.
𝑉𝑢 = 87.243 𝑘𝑁
2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete, Vc.
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17λ√𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√27.58(200)(340)
𝑉𝑐 = 60.70926361 𝑘𝑁
3. If Vu > ⌀Vc, stirrups are necessary
𝑏 𝑠 𝑏 𝑠
If Vu < ⌀Vc but Vu > ½ ⌀Vc ; Asmin = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤 > 0.35 𝑓𝑤
𝑦𝑡 𝑦𝑡
If Vu < ½ ⌀Vc, beam section is capable to carry the required shear
∅𝑉𝑐 = 45.53194771𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 22.76597385 𝑘𝑁
2
101
Then stirrups are necessary, using 10 mm ∅ bar
4. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrup

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = 𝛷𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑐 ; 𝑉𝑛 = 𝛷 = 116.324 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠 = 116.324 − 60.70926361
𝑉𝑠 = 55.61473639 𝑘𝑁
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝐺𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑠 ≥ 0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, = 235.6947881
5. Spacing of stirrups
𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑉𝑦𝑡
𝑠
𝑆 = 265 𝑚𝑚
6. Get the maximum spacing, S

𝑑
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 600 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑
𝑉𝑠 ≥ 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑑 340
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 170 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Use spacing of stirrups = 170 mm
Deflection: 2nd Floor

1) Get the Modulus of Rupture, fr
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2) Compute for the Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899
102
3) Compute for the Moment of Inertia of gross section, Ig
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4
4) Get the Cracked Moment of Inertia, Mcr

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
5) Location of neutral axis

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑐)2
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
185.859 185.859
𝐼𝑒 = 891304928.8 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒
5(305.941))(2.7)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(891304928.8 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 9.623 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
103
Deflection: 3rd Floor
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
104
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
161.628 126.121
𝐼𝑒 = 891379447. 4 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(266.054)(2.7)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(891379447. 4 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 8.3677 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
Deflection: 4th Floor

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4
105
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
131.53 131.53
𝐼𝑒 = 891565678.9 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(43.843)(6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(891565678.9)
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3.3619 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.67 𝑚𝑚
Deflection: Roof Beam

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
106
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
125.835 125.835
𝐼𝑒 = 891623037.4 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
107
5(41.945)(6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(891623037.4)
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3.2162 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
APPENDIX F: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM
108
Mark Sign Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kNm) My Mz (kNm)
(kNm)
Max +ve 403.386 764.661 14.045 34.903 14.217 668.7
Max -ve -438.41 -781.893 -13.9 -34.981 -14.807 -599.49
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
109
23) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 668.7 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑫𝑶𝑼𝑩𝑳𝒀 𝑹𝑬𝑰𝑵𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑪𝑬𝑫 𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑴.
24) Compute for As1

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.022417368(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠1 = 1524.381024 𝑚𝑚2
25) Solve for Mn1, Mn2 and As2.

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
193.891424
𝐴𝑠2 =
400(340 − 60)
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
26) Solve for a and c

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
1524.381024(400)
𝑎=
0.85(27.58)(200)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
130.0499956
𝑐=
0.85
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎
27) Solve for stress of compression steel, f’s.

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
𝑐
152.9999949 − 60
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
152.9999949
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝒇𝒚
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
110
28) If f’s is greater than fy, solve for As and number of bars. If f’s is less than fy, compute for A’s and compute for number
of bars.
𝑓𝑦
𝐴′ 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2
𝑓′𝑠
400
𝐴 𝑠 = 1731.173429 (346.7058745)
′
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
29) Compute for the number of bars

𝐴𝑠′
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1997.281911
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 3.2346 ≈ 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(−) = 599.49 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

4) Compute for As1
111
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.022417368(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠1 = 1524.381024 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
193.891424
𝐴𝑠2 =
400(340 − 60)
𝐴𝑠2 = 1731.173429 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
1524.381024(400)
𝑎=
0.85(27.58)(200)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
130.0499956
𝑐=
0.85
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
𝑐
152.9999949 − 60
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
152.9999949
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝒇𝒚
of bars.
𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑠
400
𝐴 𝑠 = 1731.173429 (346.7058745)
′
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴𝑠′
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
112
1997.281911
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 3.2346 ≈ 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓

Max +ve 106.782 641.502 14.421 28.559 11.937 527.492
Max -ve -105.381 -656.596 -14.407 -29.304 -11.927 -535.809
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
113
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 527.492 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

4) Compute for As1

𝐴𝑠1 = 0.022417368(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠1 = 1524.381024 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
193.891424
𝐴𝑠2 =
400(340 − 60)
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
1524.381024(400)
𝑎=
0.85(27.58)(200)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
130.0499956
𝑐=
0.85
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎
114
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
𝑐
152.9999949 − 60
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
152.9999949
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝒇𝒚
of bars.
𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑠
400
𝐴 𝑠 = 1731.173429 (346.7058745)
′
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴𝑠′
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1997.281911
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 3.2346 ≈ 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
12) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
115
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(−) = 535.809 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

13) Compute for As1

𝐴𝑠1 = 0.022417368(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠1 = 1524.381024 𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
193.891424
𝐴𝑠2 =
400(340 − 60)
𝐴𝑠2 = 1731.173429 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
1524.381024(400)
𝑎=
0.85(27.58)(200)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
130.0499956
𝑐=
0.85
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
𝑐
152.9999949 − 60
𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 600
152.9999949
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝒇𝒚
of bars.
𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑠
116
400
𝐴′ 𝑠 = 1731.173429 (346.7058745)
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝐴𝑠′
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1997.281911
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 3.2346 ≈ 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓

Max +ve 120.451 566.169 24.216 26.468 19.969 455.004
Max -ve -126.793 -562.006 -24.205 -26.565 -19.699 -455.395
Assume:
L = 1.65 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
117
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 455.004 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
118
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
23) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅

Max +ve 135.301 340.717 38.616 16.766 31.617 265.761
Max -ve -91.051 -339.479 -38.483 -17.385 -31.54 -273.202
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm
119
Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
3) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 265.761 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
120
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
8) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(−) = 273. 202 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216 mm2
𝑛 = 2.228 ≈ 𝟑 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
121
𝑉𝑢 = 135.301 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√27.58(200)(340)
𝑉𝑐 = 60.70926361 𝑘𝑁

𝑏 𝑠 𝑏 𝑠
If Vu < ⌀Vc but Vu > ½ ⌀Vc ; Asmin = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐 𝑤 > 0.35 𝑤
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
∅𝑉𝑐 = 45.53194771𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 22.76597385 𝑘𝑁
2

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = 𝛷𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑐 ; 𝑉𝑛 = = 180.4013333 𝑘𝑁
𝛷
𝑉𝑠 = 180.4013333 − 60.70926361
𝑉𝑠 = 119.6920697 𝑘𝑁

0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, = 235.6947881

𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑉𝑦𝑡
𝑠
𝑆 = 125 𝑚𝑚

𝑑
2
𝒅
𝑽𝒔 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅, 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟒
𝑑 340
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 85𝑚𝑚
2 4
122
APPENDIX G: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF BEAM – OMRF

Max +ve 7.681 215.631 0.675 17.289 0.518 204.426
Max -ve -86.001 -215.631 -0.675 -17.289 -0.596 -135.902
123
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
32) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

124
𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
28) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2
125
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅

Max +ve 34.052 191.931 0.222 15.276 0.203 165.413
Max -ve -2.609 -191.931 -0.222 -15.276 -0.195 -126.32
Assume:
L = 2.7 m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
126
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
37) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
127
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
33) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅

Max +ve 13.933 153.582 0.078 12.684 0.082 134.939
Max -ve -0.885 -153.582 -0.078 -12.684 -0.063 -104.786
Assume:
L=6m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

128
Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
42) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(+) = 134. 939 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
129
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
38) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢(−) = 104. 786 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
130
Max +ve 90.066 111.729 1.055 10.021 1.063 125.821
Max -ve -10.002 -125.719 -1.055 -10.021 -1.063 -98.192
Assume:
L=6m
fy = 400 MPa
∅ = 0.9
𝛽 = 0.85
b = 200 mm
t = 400 mm

Positive Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
131
47) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
615.75216
𝑛 = 4.367 ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅
Negative Moment:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽600
𝑃𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85(27.58)(0.85)(600)
𝑃𝑏 =
400(600 + 400)
𝑃𝑏 = 0.029889825
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.029889825)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.022417368
𝑃 = 0.9(0.022417368)
𝑃 = 0.02017563
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓′𝑐
400
𝜔 = (0.02017563)
27.58
𝜔 = 0.292612
43) Compute Mcap
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ∅𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
132
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9(27.58)(200)(3402 )(1 − 0.59(0.292612))
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 474.808576 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚


𝐴𝑠 = 0.02017563(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 1371.94284 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝐴𝑏
1371.94284
𝑛=
314.1592654
𝑛 = 4367. ≈ 𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒔. 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ∅

𝑉𝑢 = 90.066 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√27.58(200)(340)
𝑉𝑐 = 60.70926361 𝑘𝑁

𝑏 𝑠 𝑏 𝑠
If Vu < ⌀Vc but Vu > ½ ⌀Vc ; Asmin = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤 > 0.35 𝑓𝑤
𝑦𝑡 𝑦𝑡
∅𝑉𝑐 = 45.53194771𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉𝑐 = 22.76597385 𝑘𝑁
2

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = 𝛷𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑐 ; 𝑉𝑛 = 𝛷 = 120.088 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 120.088 − 60.70926361
𝑉𝑠 = 59.37873639𝑘𝑁
133
0.66√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, = 235.6947881

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆= 𝑉
𝑠
𝑆 = 250 𝑚𝑚

𝑑
2
𝑑
𝑉𝑠 ≥ 0.33√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑑 340
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 170 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Deflection: 2nd Floor Beam

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4
134
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
204.426 204.426
𝐼𝑒 = 891708049.9 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(336.504)(6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(891708049.9 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.58 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
2.7
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
Deflection: 3rd Floor Beam

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
135
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
165.413 165.413
𝐼𝑒 = 890130653.1 𝑚𝑚4
136
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(227.285)(3.6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(890130653.1)
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 11.158 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
3.6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
Deflection: 4th Floor Beam

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
137
𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
134.939 134.939
𝐼𝑒 = 889262418 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(44.9797)(6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(889262418 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3.458𝑚𝑚
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
Deflection: Roof Beam

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62√27.58
𝑓𝑟 = 3.256033169 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√27.58
𝐸𝑐 = 24682.83209 𝑀𝑃𝑎
138
𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
200000
𝑛=
24682.83209
𝑛 = 8.102797899

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
200(400)3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝐼𝑔 = 1066666667 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
3.256033169 (1066666667 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
200
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 17.36551024 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
200(𝑐) ( ) = 8.102797899(196𝜋)(340 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐 = 107.6656542 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑐3
3
200(107.6656542 )3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 8.102797899(196𝜋 𝑥 3)(340 − 107.6656542)2
3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 891161775.6 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
17.36551024 17.36551024 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( )3 (1066666667) + [1 − ( ) ] (891161775.6 )
125.821 125.821
𝐼𝑒 = 888978748.1 𝑚𝑚4
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
5(41.940)(6)4 (10003 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
384(24682.83209)(888978748.1 )
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 3.225𝑚𝑚
139
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
6
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
360
APPENDIX H: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF SLAB
140
Given:
Beam dimension: 200mm x 400mm
Thickness: 120 mm
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2𝑥
x = hw but not more than 4h
4h = 120(4) = 480
Then x = 280 mm
𝑏𝑒 = 200 + 2(280) = 760 𝑚𝑚
Moment of Inertia of the T-Beam

A1 = 120(760) = 91,200 mm2
A2 = 250(500) = 80,000 mm2
AT = A1 + A2 = 171200 mm2
Y1 = 60 mm
Y2 = 400 mm
𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2
𝑦𝑛.𝑎 =
𝐴𝑇
91200(60) + 80000(400)
𝑦𝑛.𝑎 =
171200
𝑦𝑛.𝑎 = 218.879 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 219 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒ℎ3
𝐼𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = ∑ + 𝐴𝑑2
12
760(120)3 2
280(400)3
𝐼𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = + 91200(60 − 219) + + 80000(400 − 219 )2
12 12
𝐼𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 6529.280533𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
Moment of Inertia of Slab (Long span and Short span)
𝐿𝑡 3
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 =
12
6000(120)3
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 12
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 864 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐿𝑡 3
𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 12
5000(120)3
𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 12
141
𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 720 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
Ratio of Flexural Stiffness of Beam – Slab ( )

𝐼𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝛼1 = 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
6529.280533𝑥 106
𝛼1 = 864 𝑥 106
𝛼1 = 7.557037654
𝐼𝑇𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝛼2 =
𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
6529.280533𝑥 106
𝛼2 = 720 𝑥 106
𝛼2 = 9.068445185
7.557037654 + 9.068445185
𝛼𝑓𝑚 = = 8.312741419
2
Use Minimum Thickness Formula

𝐿𝑛1 6000
𝛽= = = 1.2
𝐿𝑛2 5000
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑓𝑚 > 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3

𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑛(0.8+ )
1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 36+9𝛽
400
6000(0.8+ )
1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 36+9(1.2)
hmin = 130.8089501mm ≈ 𝟏4𝟎𝐦𝐦 < 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡𝑜 150 𝑚𝑚
Direct Design Method for S-1

Superimposed Loads
Material Design Load (kPa)
Acoustical Fiber Board (16mm) 0.80
Mechanical Duct Allowance 0.20
Suspended Steel Channel System 0.10
Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 25mm mortar bed 1.10
Plaster on both sides 0.48
CHB Wall, 150 mm (Full Grout) 2.82
Total 4.75
142
Self weight = Density of Concrete Slab x Thickness of Slab
= 23.54 x 0.12m
= 2.8248 kPa
Total Loads on Slab

Dead load = Superimposed loads + Slab weight
= 4.75 kPa + 2.8248kPa
Dead load = 7.5748 kPa
Live load = 1.9 kPa
Factored load:
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2 (7.5748) + 1.6 (1.9)
Wu = 12.12976 kPa
A. Interior
𝑊𝑢 𝐿1 (𝐿𝑛2 )2
𝑀𝑜 =
8
12.12976 (5)(6)2
𝑀𝑜 =
8
𝑀𝑜 = 272.9196 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
+(𝑀𝑜 ) = 0.35(𝑀𝑜) = 95.52186 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

−(𝑀𝑜 ) = −0.65(𝑀𝑜) = −177.39774 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Width of the column and middle strip
𝐿2 6
= = 1.2
𝐿1 5
1𝑙2
(8.312741419) = 9.9752897 ≥1
𝑙1
Column Strip: interior (-) moment
L2/L1 0.5 1.0 2.0

α1L2/L1=0 75 75 75
α1L2/L1≥1 90 75 45
1.0 1.2 2.0

75 X 45
Using Interpolation x = 69%

− Mo = 69% (−177.39774 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ) = −122.4044406 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
143
85% (- Mo) = −104.0437745 kN. m (beam)
15% (− Mo) = −18.36066609 kN. m (slab)
Middle Strip: interior (-) moment
(−) Mo = (−177.39774 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 − 122.4044406 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ) = −54.9932994 kN.m
Column Strip: interior (+) moment
L2/L1 0.5 1.0 2.0

α1L2/L1=0 75 75 75
α1L2/L1≥1 90 75 45
1.0 1.2 2.0

75 X 45
(+) Mo = 69% (95.52186 ) = 65.9100834 kN. m

85% (+Mo) = 56.02357089 kN. m (beam)
15% (+ Mo) = 9.88651251 kN. m (slab)
Middle Strip: interior (+) moment

(+) Mo = (95.52186 ) – (65.9100834) = 29.611776 kN.m
Column Strip (kN-m) Middle Strip (kN-m)

Beam (85%) Slab (15%)
Negative −104.0437745 kN. m −18.36066609 kN. m −54.9932994 kN.m
Positive 56.02357089 kN. m 9.88651251 kN. m 29.611776 kN.m
−𝑀
𝑀(−)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
−18.36066609
2
𝑀(−)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = −9.180333 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
+𝑀
𝑀(+)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
9.88651251
𝑀(+)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(+)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 4.943256 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
−𝑀
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
144
−54.9932994
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = − 27.4966497 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀
𝑀+𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
29.611776
𝑀(+)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(+)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 14.805888 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Width of the column and middle strip

𝐿2 5
= = 0.83333
𝐿1 6
𝛼𝑓1𝑙2
= 6.9272568 ≥1
𝑙1
Column Strip: interior (-) moment
L2/L1 0.5 1.0 2.0

α1L2/L1=0 75 75 75
α1L2/L1≥1 90 75 45
0.5 0.83333 1.0

90 X 75
− Mo = 80% (−177.39774 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 ) = −141.918192 kN. m

85% (- Mo) = −120.6304632 kN. m (beam)
15% (− Mo) = −21.2877288 kN. m (slab)
Middle Strip: interior (-) moment
(−) Mo = (−177.39774 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 )– (−141.918192) = −35.479548 kN.m
Column Strip: interior (+) moment

L2/L1 0.5 1.0 2.0
α1L2/L1=0 75 75 75
α1L2/L1≥1 90 75 45
0.5 0.83333 1.0

90 X 75
145
(+) Mo = 80% (95.52186 ) = 76.417488 kN. m
85% (+Mo) = 64.9548648 kN. m (beam)
15% (+ Mo) = 11.4626232 kN. m (slab)
Middle Strip: interior (+) moment
(+) Mo = (95.52186 ) – (76.417488) = 19.104372 kN.m
Column Strip (kN-m) Middle Strip (kN-m)

Beam(85%) Slab(15%)
Negative −120.6304632 kN. m −21.2877288 kN. m −35.479548 kN.m
Positive 64.9548648 kN. m 11.4626232 kN. m 19.104372 kN.m
−𝑀
2
−21.2877288
𝑀(−)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(−)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = −10.6438644 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
+𝑀
2
11.4626232
2
𝑀(+)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 5.731316𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
−𝑀
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
−35.479548
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(−)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = −17.739774 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
+𝑀
𝑀(+)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 =
2
19.104372
𝑀(+)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 2
𝑀(+)𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 9.552186 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Get the spacing of bars in each strip using the moments calculated.
SHORT SPAN
Designing Column Strip (-) (kN-m) = -9.180333
Mu = -9.180333 & d = 125 mm
146
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
−9.180333
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.52943
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.52943)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.00133
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Designing Column Strip (+) (kN-m) = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟔

Mu = 4.943256 & d = 125 mm
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
4.943256
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.285078
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.285078)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.000717
147
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Designing Middle Strip (-) (kN-m) = 27.4966497
Mu = 27.4966497 & d = 125 mm

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
27.4966497
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.001586
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.001586)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.00396
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.00396
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00396(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 269.28 𝑚𝑚2
148
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 291.666 ≈ 290 𝑚𝑚
Designing Middle Strip (+) (kN-m) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟖
Mu = 14.805888 & d = 125 mm

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
14.805888
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.000854
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.000854)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.00213
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Get the spacing of bars in each strip using the moments calculated.
LONG SPAN
Designing Column Strip (-) (kN-m) = 10.6438644
Mu = 10.6438644 & d = 125 mm
149
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
10.6438644
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.000614
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.000614)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.001535
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Designing Column Strip (+) (kN-m) = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟔

Mu = 5.731316 & d = 125 mm
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
5.731316
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.3305
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.3305)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.000832
150
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Designing Middle Strip (-) (kN-m) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟒
Mu = 17.739774 & d = 125 mm

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
17.739774
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.00102
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.00102)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.00255
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
151
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
Designing Middle Strip (-) (kN-m) = 9.552186
Mu = 9.552186 & d = 125 mm

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑2
9.552186
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.00055
0.75(200)(340)2
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
0.85(27.58) 2(0.00055)
𝑃= (1 − √1 − )
400 0.85(27.58
𝑃 = 0.00136
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
400
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑃 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035(200)(340)
𝐴𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑏(1000)
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝑆 = 280.499 ≈ 270 𝑚𝑚
APPENDIX I: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF COLUMN – SMRF
Description Variable Value Unit

actual ultimate axial load Pu 3454.719 KN
actual nominal axial load Pn 5314.952308 KN
concrete compressive strength f'c 27.58 MPa
steel tensile strength fy 400 MPa
152
strength reduction factor φ 0.65
factor defined in NSCP Sec. β 0.85
410.4
base of cross section b 400 mm
thickness of cross section t 400 mm
effective depth d 340 mm
concrete cover d' 60 mm
diameter of steel bars ᴓ 28 mm
Get Ast using the equation:
0.80𝛷 [0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡] = 𝛷𝑃𝑛

𝑃𝑛
− 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.80
𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7682.264 𝑚𝑚2
Get the number of steel bars needed

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑛=
𝜋ᴓ2
( 4 )
Using 28 mm bars:
n= 14 pcs
As Actual = 8620.55 mm^2
Checking if value of ρ is acceptable:

(Value should lie between 0.01 to 0.08)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ρ= 0.063386
𝜌 =
TOTAL 𝑏𝑑AREA OF STEEL IS ACCEPTABLE
COLUMN IS REINFORCED WITH 14 - 28mm BARS
Using 10 mm diameter bar ties for 28 mm longitudinal bars

Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed the following:
a. 16db 448 mm
b. 48xdties 480 mm
c. Least dimension of column 400 mm
153
APPENDIX J: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF COLUMN – DUAL FRAME SYSTEM
factor defined in NSCP Sec. 410.4 β 0.85

𝑃𝑛
− 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.80
𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7571.335 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑛=
𝜋ᴓ2
( 4 )
Using 28 mm bars:
n= 14 pcs

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜌 = ρ= 0.063386
𝑏𝑑
TOTAL AREA OF STEEL IS ACCEPTABLE
154

a. 16db 448 mm
b. 48xdties 480 mm
155
APPENDIX K: MANUAL COMPUTATION OF COLUMN – OMRF
factor defined in NSCP Sec. 410.4 β 0.85

𝑃𝑛
− 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.80
𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 9390.531 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑛=
𝜋ᴓ2
( 4 )
Using 28 mm bars:
n= 14 pcs

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜌 = ρ= 0.072442
𝑏𝑑
TOTAL AREA OF STEEL IS ACCEPTABLE
156

a. 16db 448 mm
b. 48xdties 480 mm
157

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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN OF FOUR-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE OFFICE BUILDING

October 17, 2019

1.2 The Project

Figure 1.2: Vicinity Map of the Proposed Project

1.4.2 Specific Objectives:

1.6 Project Scope and Limitation

Figure 1.7 Project Development Process

2.1 Description of the Structure

Figure 2.1: Structural Model of the Building

2.2 Classification of the Structure

Human Resources Department 1 60

Print and Copy Area 1 30

Office of the Vice President 1 60

2.4 Architectural Plans

2.4.1 Floor Plans

Figure 2.6: Front Elevation

2.5.1 Damage Control Seismic Design of RC Moment Resisting Frame

2.5.2 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool

2.5.3 Comparative Study of OMRF and SMRF

2.5.4 St. Francis Shangri-La Place in Manila

2.5.5 Comparative Analysis of RC Buildings in Different Seismic Provisions

2.5.6 Lateral Stability of Multistory Building

2.5.7 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use

2.5.9 Multiple Structural Framing System

2.5.10 Advancement of Rapid Condition Assessment Tool

3.1 Design Constraints

3.1.1 Economic (Cost)

3.1.2 Safety (Serviceability)

3.1.3 Constructability (Duration of Construction)

3.1.4 Sustainability (Life Span)

3.2.1 Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF)

Figure 3-1: Special Moment Resisting Frame

Figure 3-2: Dual System Frame

3.2.3 Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame System (ORMF)

3.3 Initial Design Input

Sustainability 30 % additional lifespan 45 % additional lifespan 15 % additional lifespan

3.4 Raw Designer’s Ranking

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Subordinate Rank = Governing Rank – (%difference)*(10) Equation 2.2

Figure 3.10: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale -10 to 10)

Table 3-2: Table Ranking per Trade-off

3.5.1 Designer’s Raw Ranking for Economic Constraint

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Figure 4-5: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off C

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Figure 4-6: Cost Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Figure 4-8: Safety Difference of Trade-off A and Trade-off B

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Figure 4-9: Duration Difference of Trade-off B and Trade-off A

Figure 4-10: Duration Difference of Trade off B and Trade off A

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Figure 3-12: Sustainability Difference of Trade off B and Trade off

3.7 Constraint Assessment

3.7.1 Economic Assessment

3.7.3 Constructability Assessment

3.7.4 Sustainability Assessment

3.8 Design Standards

Figure 4.1: Design Methodology