Ground Water Flow Studies

CHAPTER - VII
GROUNDWATER FLOW STUDIES

7.1 Introduction

Life depends on water. Our complete living world plants, animals, and humans
are unthinkable without abundant water. Human cultures and societies have
meeting around water resources for tens of thousands of years for drinking, for
food production, for transportation, and for recreation. Worldwide, more than a
third of all water used by humans originates from ground water. In rural areas
the percentage is even higher: more than half of all drinking water worldwide is
supplied from ground water.

Quantification of the ground water recharge is a basic pre-requisite for efficient

ground water reserve development and this is chiefly vital for India with broadly
prevalent semi-arid and arid climate. The soil and water resources are restricted
often being in a delicate balance. For fast expanding urban, industrial and
agricultural water requirement of the country, ground water utilization is of
fundamental importance. Reliable estimation of ground water resource is
therefore, a major requirement.

Groundwater in the study area occurs under water table conditions. The main
source of groundwater recharge to the water table is mainly via direct
infiltration of rainfall. The study area by and large contains nearly level slope and
this factor influences the less runoff of surface water at the time of low intensity
rainfall. Some recharge from streams also occurs in check dams as well as
reservoirs like Hesarghatta, Hosakote and Chamarajanagara (T G Halli)
Reservoir. The study area majorly comprises metamorphosed rocks of gneissic
terrain with numbers of structural lineaments like joints, fractures and dykes are
leads to recharge the groundwater.

7.2 Aquifers, Aquitards and Springs

A geologic formation from which significant amounts of ground water can be

pumped for domestic, municipal, or agricultural uses is known as an aquifer. In
certain circumstances, aquifers are vertically divided from each other by geologic

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formations that permit little or no water to flow in or out. A formation that

performing as such a water barrier is called aquitard if it is much less permeable
than a adjoining aquifer but still permits flow (e.g., sandy clay). If the water
barrier is more or less impermeable (e.g., clay) and forms a formidable flow
barrier between aquifers, it is known as an aquiclude. Aquifers can be of two
major types: unconfined or confined. An unconfined aquifer has no overlying
aquitard or aquiclude. Where there are multiple levels of aquifers, the uppermost
aquifer typically is unconfined. Vertical recharge of an unconfined aquifer by
rainwater or irrigation water that filters downward through the soil is not
restricted. The water table at the top of the unconfined aquifer can migrate freely
up and down within the sediment formation, depending on how much water is
stored there. The water level in a borehole drilled into an unconfined aquifer will
be at the same depth as the water table in the aquifer. A confined aquifer, on the
other hand, is sandwiched between an aquitard above and an aquiclude or
aquitard (e.g., bedrock) below. Because the water table in the recharge area of
the confined aquifer is much higher than the top of the confined aquifer itself,
water in a confined aquifer is pressurized. This pressurization means that the
water level in a borehole drilled into a confined aquifer will rise significantly
above the top of the aquifer.

Figure 7.1: Properties of Rocks

A flowing artesian well occurs where the pressure is so high that the water level
in a well drilled into the confined aquifer rises above the land surface in other
words, an open well flows freely with no pumping. Occasionally hydrogeologists
use the term semi-confined aquifer if an aquifer acts partly like a confined

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aquifer (particularly if pumping rates are low or if pumping is necessary only

over a relatively short period of time) and partly like an unconfined aquifer (for
example, after long periods of heavy pumping). Springs form where the water
table intersects with the land surface: for example, in a small depression
(common on hillsides).

7.3 Data Used

The present investigation is initiated setting up of pre monsoon and post

monsoon water levels data to study the groundwater conditions in the sub-
basins and understand the behaviour and movement of groundwater. The
studies mainly concentrated on data collected from Department of Mines and
Geology, Bangalore in Table 7.1 and spatial distribution is shown in Figure 7.2.
Water level data consists for three different seasons of pre-monsoon (May 2011),
August 2011, Post Monsoon (October 2011); pre-monsoon (May 2012), August
2012, Post Monsoon (October 2012). Seasonal, Annual and Decadal fluctuation
analysis have been carried out from the point of groundwater management.

Figure 7.2: Location map of Ground Water Monitoring wells

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Table 7.1: List of Groundwater Monitoring Wells

Sl
Longitude Latitude Altitude Taluk Village
No
1 77.789000 12.858000 880 Anekal Sarjapura
2 77.446000 13.068000 849 Bangalore North Adikemaranahalli
3 77.499000 12.986000 876 Bangalore North Byadarahalli
4 77.501000 13.083000 879 Bangalore North Chikkabanavara
5 77.597000 12.978000 920 Bangalore North High_Court
6 77.571000 13.177000 914 Bangalore North Rajanukunte
7 77.628000 13.017000 838 Bangalore North Sondekoppa
8 77.536000 12.976000 880 Bangalore North Thimmenahalli
9 77.596000 13.095000 906 Bangalore North Yelahanka
10 77.405000 12.907000 810 Bangalore South Kethohalli
11 77.728000 13.246000 902 Devanahalli Devanahalli
12 77.801000 13.252000 880 Devanahalli Dinnur
13 77.629000 13.293000 928 Devanahalli Jyothipura
14 77.701000 13.300000 927 Devanahalli Kodagurki
15 77.648000 13.299000 930 Devanahalli Mudiganahalli
16 77.705000 13.259000 880 Devanahalli Solur
17 77.808000 13.302000 900 Devanahalli Vijayapura
18 77.371000 13.356000 840 Doddaballapura Bhaktarahalli
19 77.554000 13.279000 892 Doddaballapura Doddaballapur
20 77.436000 13.203000 880 Doddaballapura Kanasawadi
21 77.380000 13.279000 921 Doddaballapura Kattihosalli
22 77.626000 13.363000 935 Doddaballapura Melekote
23 77.442000 13.292000 924 Doddaballapura Naranahalli
24 77.594000 13.325000 917 Doddaballapura Rajaghatta
25 77.388000 13.408000 756 Doddaballapura Sasalu
26 77.572000 13.368000 939 Doddaballapura Tubugere
27 77.453000 13.347000 921 Doddaballapura Vanigarahalli
28 77.814000 12.956000 867 Hosakote Anugondanahalli
29 77.737000 13.036000 877 Hosakote Avalahalli
30 77.868000 13.107000 882 Hosakote Channapura
31 77.916000 13.221000 883 Hosakote Hindiganal
32 77.739000 13.081000 880 Hosakote Mandoor
33 77.929000 13.131000 890 Hosakote Tavarekere
34 77.781000 13.090000 875 Hosakote Upparahalli
35 77.169000 12.907000 860 Magadi Agalakote
36 77.211000 13.094000 884 Magadi Arasinakunte
37 77.268000 13.062000 880 Magadi Gudemaranahallii
38 77.149000 13.137000 820 Magadi Hulikal
39 77.144000 12.889000 869 Magadi Hulikatte
40 77.290000 12.960000 793 Magadi Thagachaguppe
41 77.278000 12.894000 823 Magadi Veeregowdanadoddi

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42 77.320000 13.066000 857 Nelamangala Mahadevapura

43 77.242000 13.253000 920 Nelamangala Narasipura
44 77.349000 13.140000 863 Nelamangala Thonachanakuppe
45 77.302000 13.219000 898 Nelamangala Thyamagondlu
46 77.300000 12.854000 820 Ramanagar Doddasulikere
47 77.222000 12.789000 790 Ramanagar Kanchidoddi

7.4 Behaviour of Groundwater Level

Behaviour of ground water level is fundamentally controlled by physiography,

lithology and rainfall. Ground water level behaviour is analysed based on
monitoring of ground water level at representative network hydrograph stations
established by Department of Mines and Geology, Bangalore. In normal
conditions in a normal year deepest ground water level is generally recorded
during April-May and shallow water level during October-November. Water level
in general shows recession from November to May.

7.4.1 Depth to Water Level (Pre-monsoon, August & Post Monsoon 2011)

Depth to water level for Pre-Monsoon 2011 (Figure: 7.3) is ranging from 5.75 m
bgl to 50.47 m bgl; in northern fringe of the study area is shows lower level of
5.75 to 10 m bgl. Central and eastern part of the study area representing level of
20 to 30 m bgl and nearly 60% of the study area is consisting of 20 to 40 m bgl.
Depth to water level for August 2011 (Figure: 7.4) is ranging from 4.5 m bgl to 40
m bgl; in northern fringe of the study area is shows lower level of 4.5 to 10 m bgl.
Central and eastern part of the study area representing level of 20 to 40 m bgl
and nearly 60% of the study area is consisting of 20 to 40 m bgl. Depth to water
level for Post Monsoon 2011 (Figure: 7.5) is ranging from 4.5 m bgl to 40 m bgl;
in northern fringe of the study area is shows lower level of 4.5 to 10 m bgl.
Central and eastern part of the study area representing level of 20 to 40 m bgl
and nearly 60% of the study area is consisting of 20 to 40 m bgl.

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Table 7.2a: Depth to Water Level for 2011 and 2012

Sl No Village P M 2011 Aug 2011 Po M 2011 P M 2012 Aug 2012 Po M 2012
1 Sarjapura 30 27.31 27.05 33.24 41.72 43.53
2 Adikemaranahalli 28 27.15 26.96 31.65 38.86 40.38
3 Byadarahalli 29.45 26.95 26.11 33.6 41.68 42.91
4 Chikkabanavara 23.4 22.25 21.24 28.76 36.66 38.62
5 High_Court 7.8 6.2 6.8 8.6 8.8 9
6 Rajanukunte 43 42.95 42.5 48.83 52.46 54.48
7 Sondekoppa 14 11.75 11.05 13.29 13.86 13.5
8 Thimmenahalli 14.1 15.5 15.09 22.36 25.11 24.98
9 Yelahanka 8.1 7 6.62 8.92 11 11.6
10 Kethohalli 17 17 16.1 20.93 24.86 25.48
11 Devanahalli 25.44 24.46 24.07 29.26 29.96 29.63
12 Dinnur 47 45.75 45.03 47.04 48.51 48.39
13 Jyothipura 23 22 21.68 24.76 27.78 28.33
14 Kodagurki 6.97 6.25 5.96 7.11 5.96 5.13
15 Mudiganahalli 15.84 15 14.06 18.96 20.86 20.31
16 Solur 22.6 21 21.8 24 23.8 24
17 Vijayapura 32.42 30.15 28.61 36.43 40.07 39.96
18 Bhaktarahalli 15 12.78 12.6 15.26 17.79 16.17
19 Doddaballapur 58.21 57.45 57 60.15 61.17 59.13
20 Kanasawadi 43.4 42 41.4 46.29 48.28 50.19
21 Kattihosalli 33.6 34 33.16 37.12 39.22 37.25
22 Melekote 20.7 19.45 18.53 21.95 22.15 22
23 Naranahalli 27.35 28 27.28 31.08 32.7 32.56
24 Rajaghatta 26 25 24.53 27.07 27.36 26.3
25 Sasalu 5.75 4.5 4.08 6.16 5.13 5.3

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Table 7.2b: Depth to Water Level for 2011 and 2012

Sl No Village P M 2011 Aug-11 Po M 2011 P M 2012 Aug-12 Po M 2012
26 Tubugere 32 31 30.16 34.28 35.47 34.3
27 Vanigarahalli 19 20 19.1 27.08 31.86 31.15
28 Anugondanahalli 37.21 36.75 36.42 40.13 43.49 43.97
29 Avalahalli 16.51 15.95 15.61 18.72 20.55 21.07
30 Channapura 42.8 72 72.83 76.5 80.12 80.83
31 Hindiganal 38.82 37.56 36.53 42.42 45.1 45.66
32 Mandoor 15 14.85 14.55 16.93 17.94 17.79
33 Tavarekere 19.12 19.92 19.24 20.75 22.62 21.45
34 Upparahalli 27.65 25 24 27.65 29.79 30.02
35 Agalakote 9.8 9.6 8.8 14 10.2 11
36 Arasinakunte 26.3 24 23 28 26 26.5
37 Gudemaranahallii 12 11.6 8.8 14 15 15.2
38 Hulikal 28.6 29 31 32 30.8 31
39 Hulikatte 38 36 34 39 40 42
40 Thagachaguppe 22.89 21.74 22.56 26.04 27.87 27.69
41 Veeregowdanadoddi 17.95 17.6 17.8 13.8 15 15.2
42 Mahadevapura 11 9.8 9.2 12.17 13.18 13.4
43 Narasipura 25 24.75 23.42 26.55 27.65 27.49
44 Thonachanakuppe 24 25.6 19 30 27 26
45 Thyamagondlu 10 8 6.5 12.76 16.71 15.65
46 Doddasulikere 43.2 42 41 44 41 41.2
47 Kanchidoddi 13 14 12 16 15 15.8

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Table 7.3a: Annual Water Level fluctuation for 2011 and 2012
Sl No Village PM2010 to PM2011 PM2011 to PM2012 Aug2010 to Aug2011 Aug2011 to Aug2012
1 Sarjapura 1.2 -3.24 2.09 -14.41
2 Adikemaranahalli 1.15 -3.65 1.6 -11.71
3 Byadarahalli -4.45 -4.15 -3.7 -14.73
4 Chikkabanavara -5.1 -5.36 -7.25 -14.41
5 High_Court -2.7 -0.8 -1.35 -2.6
6 Rajanukunte 2 -5.83 0.75 -9.51
7 Sondekoppa -2.4 0.71 -1.9 -2.11
8 Thimmenahalli -1.75 -8.26 -4.15 -9.61
9 Yelahanka 0.3 -0.82 0.65 -4
10 Kethohalli -2.8 -3.93 -4.4 -7.86
11 Devanahalli 3.16 -3.82 1.99 -5.5
12 Dinnur 1 -0.04 0.75 -2.76
13 Jyothipura 4.4 -1.76 4 -5.78
14 Kodagurki 3.38 -0.14 2.75 0.29
15 Mudiganahalli 5.06 -3.12 4.25 -5.86
16 Solur -0.3 -1.4 -2 -2.8
17 Vijayapura 0.98 -4.01 1.1 -9.92
18 Bhaktarahalli 1.4 -0.26 1.82 -5.01
19 Doddaballapur 4.26 -1.94 2.65 -3.72
20 Kanasawadi 1.25 -2.89 1.2 -6.28
21 Kattihosalli 2.5 -3.52 0 -5.22
22 Melekote 7.2 -1.25 6.97 -2.7
23 Naranahalli 0.25 -3.73 -1.9 -4.7
24 Rajaghatta 8.7 -1.07 8.25 -2.36
25 Sasalu 2.4 -0.41 3.04 -0.63

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Table 7.3b: Annual Water Level fluctuation for 2011 and 2012
Sl
Village PM2010 to PM2011 PM2011 to PM2012 Aug2010 to Aug2011 Aug2011 to Aug2012
No
26 Tubugere 6.35 -2.28 5.4 -4.47
27 Vanigarahalli 10.7 -8.08 8.5 -11.86
28 Anugondanahalli -0.96 -2.92 -2.15 -6.74
29 Avalahalli 1.79 -2.21 0.9 -4.6
30 Channapura -7.7 -33.7 -38.5 -8.12
31 Hindiganal 4.48 -3.6 3.69 -7.54
32 Mandoor 3.1 -1.93 1.45 -3.09
33 Tavarekere -2.82 -1.63 -5.32 -2.7
34 Upparahalli -2.25 0 -1.5 -4.79
35 Agalakote -0.25 -4.2 -0.2 -0.6
36 Arasinakunte -4.3 -1.7 -4 -2
37 Gudemaranahallii 1 -2 0.1 -3.4
38 Hulikal 1.25 -3.4 2.05 -1.8
39 Hulikatte -3.25 -1 -2.15 -4
40 Thagachaguppe 1.71 -3.15 0.96 -6.13
41 Veeregowdanadoddi -3.2 4.15 -2.8 2.6
42 Mahadevapura 2 -1.17 3.2 -3.38
43 Narasipura 4.1 -1.55 2.15 -2.9
44 Thonachanakuppe -2 -2 -1.6 -1.4
45 Thyamagondlu 0 -2.76 1 -8.71
46 Doddasulikere 3.45 -0.8 3.35 1
47 Kanchidoddi 4.05 -3 1.15 -1

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Table 7.4a: Seasonal Water Level fluctuation for 2011 and 2012
Sl No Village PM2011 to Aug2011 PM2011 to PostM2011 PM2012 to Aug2012 PM2012 to PostM2012
1 Sarjapura 2.69 2.95 -8.48 -10.29
2 Adikemaranahalli 0.85 1.04 -7.21 -8.73
3 Byadarahalli 2.5 3.34 -8.08 -9.31
4 Chikkabanavara 1.15 2.16 -7.9 -9.86
5 High_Court 1.6 1 -0.2 -0.4
6 Rajanukunte 0.05 0.5 -3.63 -5.65
7 Sondekoppa 2.25 2.95 -0.57 -0.21
8 Thimmenahalli -1.4 -0.99 -2.75 -2.62
9 Yelahanka 1.1 1.48 -2.08 -2.68
10 Kethohalli 0 0.9 -3.93 -4.55
11 Devanahalli 0.98 1.37 -0.7 -0.37
12 Dinnur 1.25 1.97 -1.47 -1.35
13 Jyothipura 1 1.32 -3.02 -3.57
14 Kodagurki 0.72 1.01 1.15 1.98
15 Mudiganahalli 0.84 1.78 -1.9 -1.35
16 Solur 1.6 0.8 0.2 0
17 Vijayapura 2.27 3.81 -3.64 -3.53
18 Bhaktarahalli 2.22 2.4 -2.53 -0.91
19 Doddaballapur 0.76 1.21 -1.02 1.02
20 Kanasawadi 1.4 2 -1.99 -3.9
21 Kattihosalli -0.4 0.44 -2.1 -0.13
22 Melekote 1.25 2.17 -0.2 -0.05
23 Naranahalli -0.65 0.07 -1.62 -1.48
24 Rajaghatta 1 1.47 -0.29 0.77
25 Sasalu 1.25 1.67 1.03 0.86

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Table 7.4b: Seasonal Water Level fluctuation for 2011 and 2012
Sl No Village PM2011 to Aug2011 PM2011 to PostM2011 PM2012 to Aug2012 PM2012 to PostM2012
26 Tubugere 1 1.84 -1.19 -0.02
27 Vanigarahalli -1 -0.1 -4.78 -4.07
28 Anugondanahalli 0.46 0.79 -3.36 -3.84
29 Avalahalli 0.56 0.9 -1.83 -2.35
30 Channapura -29.2 -30.03 -3.62 -4.33
31 Hindiganal 1.26 2.29 -2.68 -3.24
32 Mandoor 0.15 0.45 -1.01 -0.86
33 Tavarekere -0.8 -0.12 -1.87 -0.7
34 Upparahalli 2.65 3.65 -2.14 -2.37
35 Agalakote 0.2 1 3.8 3
36 Arasinakunte 2.3 3.3 2 1.5
37 Gudemaranahallii 0.4 3.2 -1 -1.2
38 Hulikal -0.4 -2.4 1.2 1
39 Hulikatte 2 4 -1 -3
40 Thagachaguppe 1.15 0.33 -1.83 -1.65
41 Veeregowdanadoddi 0.35 0.15 -1.2 -1.4
42 Mahadevapura 1.2 1.8 -1.01 -1.23
43 Narasipura 0.25 1.58 -1.1 -0.94
44 Thonachanakuppe 2.4 1.2 3 4
45 Thyamagondlu 2 3.5 -3.95 -2.89
46 Doddasulikere 1.2 -0.8 3 2.8
47 Kanchidoddi -1 1 1 0.2

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Table 7.5a: Decadal Water Level fluctuation for 2012

Sl No Village PM (2002-11) vs PM 2012 Aug (2002-11) vs Aug 2012 PostM (2002-11) vs Post M 2012
1 Sarjapura -5.37 -14.191 -16.519
2 Adikemaranahalli -3.157 -9.965 -12.877
3 Byadarahalli -13.485 -21.797 -24.33
4 Chikkabanavara -16.918 -25.484 -28.513
5 High_Court -3.539 -4.058 -4.512
6 Rajanukunte -2.325 -8.115 -10.3
7 Sondekoppa -2.748 -4.297 -4.629
8 Thimmenahalli -11.319 -15.272 -16.203
9 Yelahanka -4.09 -6.436 -7.76
10 Kethohalli -6.807 -10.534 -12.854
11 Devanahalli -3.719 -5.281 -6.809
12 Dinnur -3.894 -4.767 -4.838
13 Jyothipura -5.921 -9.973 -10.28
14 Kodagurki -2.236 -1.72 -1.134
15 Mudiganahalli -3.008 -6.074 -9.064
16 Solur -6.9677 -7.186 -7.044
17 Vijayapura -6.705 -10.785 -11.439
18 Bhaktarahalli -3.378 -6.803 -6.716
19 Doddaballapur -11.727 -11.957 -9.814
20 Kanasawadi -7.504 -9.696 -12.372
21 Kattihosalli -7.894 -10.253 -10.239
22 Melekote -1.217 -1.727 -2.317
23 Naranahalli -5.552 -8.447777778 -9.142
24 Rajaghatta 0.114 -0.411 0.087
25 Sasalu -1.057 -0.015 -1.176

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Table 7.5b: Decadal Water Level fluctuation for 2012

Sl No Village PM (2002-11) vs PM 2012 Aug (2002-11) vs Aug 2012 PostM (2002-11) vs PostM 2012
26 Tubugere -4.798 -5.853 -5.664
27 Vanigarahalli -0.348 -5.328 -5.93
28 Anugondanahalli -1.663 -4.477 -6.439
29 Avalahalli 1.02 -1.369 -2.531
30 Channapura -51.435 -52.106 -52.757
31 Hindiganal -5.992 -9.568 -9.813
32 Mandoor -2.017 -3.049 -3.9156
33 Tavarekere -0.555 -3.32875 -3.476
34 Upparahalli -8.206 -10.133 -11.185
35 Agalakote -5.037 -1.604 -2.754
36 Arasinakunte -8.295 -7.322 -9.331
37 Gudemaranahallii -1.235 -3.79 -4.39
38 Hulikal -7.054 -7.03 -7.171
39 Hulikatte -10.137 -12.088 -15.238
40 Thagachaguppe -5.056 -6.965 -7.649
41 Veeregowdanadoddi 2.093 0.553 -0.658
42 Mahadevapura -1.935 -3.959 -4.566
43 Narasipura -2.358 -3.778 -5.244
44 Thonachanakuppe -8.365 -5.579 -5.28
45 Thyamagondlu -3.896 -8.749 -8.716
46 Doddasulikere -17.985 -16.281 -21.21
47 Kanchidoddi -2.46 -1.332 -3.658

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Figure 7.3: Depth to water Level Map (Pre Monsoon 2011)

Figure 7.4: Depth to water Level Map (August 2011)

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Figure 7.5: Depth to water Level Map (Post Monsoon 2011)

7.4.2 Depth to Water Level (Pre-Monsoon, August & Post Monsoon 2012)

Depth to water level for Pre-Monsoon 2011, August 2011 and Post-Monsoon is
ranges from 5.75-50.47, 4.50-40 and 4.00-40 m bgl respectively in the study area
(Figure: 7.6, 7.7 and 7.8). In Northern fringe of the study area is shows patches of
lower level of 4 to 10 m bgl. Nearly 60% of North Metropolitan region is
consisting of 20 to 30 m bgl. Central and eastern part of the study area
representing level of 20 to 30 m bgl.

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Figure 7.6: Depth to water Level Map (Pre Monsoon 2012)

Figure 7.7: Depth to water Level Map (Pre Monsoon 2012)

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Figure 7.8: Depth to water Level Map (Pre Monsoon 2012)

7.5 Groundwater Level Fluctuation Method:

This is an indirect procedure of assuming the recharge from the fluctuation of

the water table. The increase in the water table during the rainy season is used to
estimate the recharge, provided that there is a distinct rainy season with the
remainder of the year being comparatively dry. The basic assumption is that the
rise in the water table is primarily due to the rainfall recharge. It is recognized
that other factors such as pumping or irrigation during the rainy season do not
have an influence. If the rise in water table is >Ds, the rainfall recharge, Ri is
given by,

The basic limitation of the above equation is that it neglects the subsurface
inflow and outflow and assumes that every inflow and outflow is uniformly
distributed over the area. This may be approximately true for the rainfall and
even for the return flow from irrigation but it is rarely true for the abstraction

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from the aquifer. When pumping is reduced or ceases during the rainy seasons, a
redistribution of ground water heads occurs so that part of the observed
increase in water level may be due to normal well recovery. Moreover, the above
equation is dependent on the value of the specific yield, which is difficult to
determine since the water table fluctuation occurs in the partially saturated
zone.

7.5.1 Annual water Level Fluctuation

Annual water level fluctuation for pre-Monsoon 2010 to pre-Monsoon 2011 is

indicating increase of water levels of 0 to 6 m bgl in northern part, whereas 0 to
4 m bgl decrease of water levels in south-western part and in south-eastern
(Hoskote Taluk) part illustrates 4 to 6 m bgl decrease of water levels (Figure:
7.9). Annual water level fluctuation in pre-monsoon 2011 to pre-monsoon 2012
is depicting that the complete study area highlighting the decrease of water
levels from 0 to 35 m bgl. Maximum fall of ground water level 15 to 35 m bgl is in
south-eastern (Hoskote Taluk) part (Figure: 7.10). In August 2010 to August
2011 indicating increase of water levels of 0 to 6 m bgl in northern part and
decrease of 0 to 10 m bgl in south and southeast (Figure: 7.11). At August 2011 to
August 2012 indicating increase of water levels of 0 to 4 m bgl in western part
and the remaining part of the area is decrease of 0 to 10 m bgl (Figure: 7.12). In
post-monsoon 2010 to post-monsoon 2011 highlighting increase of water levels
of 0 to 6 m bgl in northern part and decrease of 0 to 6 m bgl in the remaining part
except 5 to 20 m bgl at eastern (Hoskote Taluk) part (Figure: 7.13). In Post-
Monsoon 2011 to Post-Monsoon 2012 highlighting increase of water levels of 0
to 4 m bgl in extreme west and decrease of 0 to 15 m bgl in the remaining part
except 15 to 18 m bgl at central part (Figure: 7.14) of the area.

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Figure 7.9: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2010 to Pre
Monsoon 2011)

Figure 7.10: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2011 to Pre
Monsoon 2012)

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Figure 7.11: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (August 2010 to August 2011)

Figure 7.12: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (August 2011 to August 2012)

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Figure 7.13: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (Post Monsoon 2010 to Post
Monsoon 2011)

Figure 7.14: Annual Water Level Fluctuation (Post Monsoon 2011 to Post
Monsoon 2012)

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7.5.2 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation

Seasonal water level fluctuation for pre-monsoon 2011 to august 2011 is

indicating increase of water levels of 0 to 4 m bgl in utmost area, except fall of 0
to 32 m bgl in eastern (Hoskote Taluk) part (Figure: 7.15). Seasonal water
level fluctuation in pre-monsoon 2011 to post-monsoon 2011 is depicting
increase of water levels of 0 to 4 m bgl in utmost area and 0 to 32 m bgl fall in
eastern (Hoskote Taluk) part (Figure: 7.16). In Pre-Monsoon 2012 to August
2012 is indicating increase of water levels of 0 to 4 m bgl in western part and 0
to 6 m bgl fall in remaining area (Figure: 7.17). Fluctuation in Pre-Monsoon
2012 to Post-Monsoon 2012 is depicting rise of water levels of 0to 4m bgl in
western part and fall of 0 to 10 m bgl in the remaining area (Figure: 7.18).

Figure 7.15: Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2011 to August
2011)

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Figure 7.16: Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2011 to Post
Monsoon 2011)

Figure 7.17: Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2012 to August
2012)

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Figure 7.18: Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2012 to Post
Monsoon 2012)

7.6 Long Term behaviour of Water Table

The behaviour of long-term water level trend in ground water level has been
arrived at based on the data during the decade 2002-2011. The decadal mean
depth to water level studies of 2002 to 2011 for pre monsoon, august and post
monsoon indicating water levels ranging 5 to 35 m bgl in pre monsoon (Figure:
7.19) and 4 to 30 m bgl in august and post monsoon (Figure: 7.20 and 7.21). The
northern, southern and western part of the study area indicating water levels at
5 to 25 m bgl in pre monsoon and 4 to 25 m bgl in august as well as in post
monsoon. The central and eastern part of the area in highlighting 25 to 35 m bgl
in pre monsoon and 25 to 30 m bgl in august as well as in post monsoon.

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Figure 7.19: Depth to Water Level (Decadal Mean Pre Monsoon 2002-11)

Figure 7.20: Depth to Water Level (Decadal Mean August 2002-11)

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Figure 7.21: Depth to Water Level (Decadal Mean Post Monsoon 2002-11)

Long-term water level fluctuation for pre monsoon 2012 with respect to decadal
2002-11 pre monsoon mean is illustrates 0 to 2 m bgl general rise in a small
patch at south-western part and 5 to 15 m bgl fall in utmost area except in 15 to
50 m bgl in eastern part (Figure: 7.22). For august 2012 with respect to decadal
2002-11 august mean is indicates fall from 5 to 20 m bgl in north-western part
and 20 to 50 m bgl in central and eastern part (Figure: 7.23). In post monsoon
2012 with respect to decadal 2002-11 post monsoon mean is illustrating that fall
in water level of 5 to 20 m bgl in north-western part and 20 to 50 m bgl in central
and eastern part (Figure: 7.24).

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Figure 7.22: Decadal Water Level Fluctuation (Pre Monsoon 2002-11 vs Pre
Monsoon 2012)

Figure 7.23: Decadal Water Level Fluctuation (August 2002-11 vs August 2012)

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Figure 7.24: Decadal Water Level Fluctuation (Post Monsoon 2002-11 vs Post
Monsoon 2012)

7.7 Significance of weathered Zones

The weathered zone is of significant rank to the groundwater occurrence,

because the fresh granitic and gneissic rocks have no primary porosity. They can
only store and transmit water via open fractures, and a universal characteristic
of such aquifers is that they generally have very low hydraulic conductivity and a
high degree of lateral in-homogeneity. In some rock types, the weathering
process may increase the hydraulic conductivity by widening the fracture
openings, and/or by creating a small amount of inter-granular space as some of
the weathering products are removed by solution. The depth of weathering may
be greater along the linear features, and there is some possibility that the degree
of fracturing and the resultant hydraulic conductivity will be more near the
intersection of linear features.

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7.8 Flow Net Analysis

Ground water travels in the path of declining head or potential. The head at a
specified point within the saturation zone is taken as the elevation, above a
chosen datum, of the top of a static column of water that can be supported above
the point. Areal variation in the head of water in an aquifer is represented by the
potentiometric surface that defines the levels to which water will rise in tightly
cased wells open to the aquifer. A line linking points of identical head on the
potentiometric surface is called an equipotential line. At right angles to the
tangent of the equipotential lines is the flow line, which specifies the course of
flow of ground water. Water tables and piezometric surfaces are precise kinds of
potentiometric surfaces. Flow lines and equipotential lines forming a system of
approximate squares constitute a flow net. Based upon water piezometric water
level contours, the map of groundwater flow direction is generated using Surfer
Software for pre monsoon 2012(Figure: 7.25) and post monsoon 2012 (Figure:
7.26) was prepared. Pre Monsoon 2012 and Post Monsoon 2012 groundwater
flow direction are presenting similar flow direction. The northern and eastern
part is displays peak head and artificial recharge structures could construct in
declining head or potential zones at western and southern part of the study area
for groundwater development.

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Figure 7.25: Groundwater Flow Direction for Pre Monsoon 2012

Figure 7.26: Groundwater Flow Direction for Post Monsoon 2012

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7.9 Groundwater Depletion Method

Groundwater is a valuable resource throughout the world. Where surface water,

such as lakes and rivers, are scarce or inaccessible, groundwater supplies many
of the hydrologic needs of people everywhere. It is the source of drinking water
for about half the total population and nearly all of the rural population, and it
provides for agricultural needs. Groundwater depletion, a term often defined as
long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a
key issue associated with groundwater use. Many areas of the study area are
experiencing groundwater depletion.

Table 7.6: Groundwater depletion % for Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon
Pre Monsoon Avg Post Monsoon Avg
Sl No DWL in m bgl Difference DWL in m bgl Difference
2001 2010 2001 2010
1 14.4 25.5 -11.1 13.1 22.4 -9.2

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Figure 7.27: Pre Monsoon (2001 vs 2010) Decadal Fluctuation

Figure 7.28: Post Monsoon (2001 vs 2010) Decadal Fluctuation

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7.10 Delineation of Groundwater Potential zones

First stage includes development of spatial data base by using Survey of India
(SOI) toposheets on a 1: 50,000 scale. Overlays several rasters using a common
measurement scale and weights each according to its importance (Figure: 7.27).

Figure 7.29: Illustration of Raster Data Processing

In the illustration, the two input rasters have been reclassified to a common
measurement scale of 1 to 3. Each raster is assigned a percentage influence. The
cell values are multiplied by their percentage influence, and the results are added
together to create the output raster. For example, consider the top left cell. The
values for the two inputs become (2 * 0.75) = 1.5 and (3 * 0.25) = 0.75. The sum
of 1.5 and 0.75 is 2.25. Because the output raster from Weighted Overlay is
integer, the final value is rounded to 2.

Figure 7.30: Flow chart depicting for groundwater potential zones

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Lineament
A lineament is a linear feature in a landscape which is an expression of an
underlying geological structure such as a fault. Typically a lineament will
comprise a fault-aligned valley, a series of fault or fold-aligned hills, a straight
coastline or indeed a combination of these features. Fracture zones, shear
zones and igneous intrusions such as dykes can also give rise to lineaments. The
different types of lineaments from the point of groundwater acts as a recharge
zones, 50 mts buffering is given to lineaments.

7.10.1 Assigning Rank and Weight

The groundwater potential zones are obtained by overlaying all the thematic
maps in terms of weighted overlay method using the spatial analysis tool in
ArcGIS 10.2. During the weighted overlay analysis, the ranks have been given for
each individual parameter of each thematic map and the weight is assigned
according to the influence of the different parameters. The weights and rank
have been taken considering the works carried out by researchers such as
(Krishnamurthty et al 1996, Saraf and Chowdhary 1998). All the thematic maps
are converted into raster format and superimposed by weighted overlay method
(rank and weight wise thematic maps and integrated with one another through
GIS (Arc/Info grid environment). For assigning the weight, the slope and
geomorphology were assigned higher weight, whereas the lineament density and
drainage density were assigned lower weight. After assigning weights to
different parameters, individual ranks are given for sub variable. In this process,
the GIS layer on lineament density, geomorphology, and slope and drainage
density were analyzed carefully and ranks are assigned to their sub variable
(Butler et al., 2002, Asadi et al., 2007, Yammani, 2007). The maximum value is
given to the feature with highest groundwater potentiality and the minimum
given to the lowest potential feature. The landforms such as moderately
dissected plateau are given highest rank and lower value is assigned for
pediplain. As far as slope is concerned, the highest rank value is assigned for
gentle slope and low rank value is assigned to higher slope. The higher rank
factors are assigned to low drainage density because the low drainage density
factor favours more infiltration than surface runoff. Lower value followed by

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higher drainage density. Among the various lineament density classes the very
high lineament density category is assigned higher rank value as this category
has greater chance for groundwater infiltration. Lower value is assigned for very
low lineament density. In LULC high rank is assigned to crop land and low value
is assigned to barren land. The overall analysis is tabulated in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7: Rank and weight for different parameter of groundwater potential zone
Sl Groundwater Weights
Criteria Classes Rank
No Prospect (%)
Pediplain Very good 5
Plateau Good 4
Geomorphology
1 Water body Good 40 4
Valley fill, filled-in valley Good 4
Structural hills Very poor 1
Nearly level (0°-1°) Very good 5
Very gently sloping (1°-3°) Good 4
2 Slope Classes Gently Sloping (3°-5°) Moderate 30 3
Moderately Sloping (5°-10°) Poor 2
Strong Sloping (>10°) Very poor 1
Crop Land Very good 5
Water body Good 4
Land use/ land
Other/mixed vegetation Land Moderate 3
3 cover 20
Scrub Land/Forest Moderate 2
Settlement Poor 1
Barren Land Very poor 1
Quartzite(Charnockite) Very good 5
Chlorite Schist Very good 5
Amphibolite/Hornblende Schist Very good 5
Ultra Mafic Schist Very good 5
Migmatites and Granodiorite – Very good 5
4 Geology 5
Tonolitic gneiss Good 4
Granite Good 4
Pink Granulite Good 4
Granodiorite and granite Poor 2
Laterite Poor 2
Present Good 4
5 Lineament 5
Not Present Poor 2

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Figure 7.31: Groundwater Potential Zone Map

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Table 7.8: Groundwater Potential zones are correlated with yield data
Type of Depth Yield
Village Name Casing Fractures GWPZ Validation
well in ft in lps
Anchepalya Bore well 350 240 60, 200 6.67 Excellent Matching
Anchepalya Bore well 350 240 6.67 Excellent Matching
Anchepalya Bore well 450 200 80, 150 6.67 Excellent Matching
Anchepalya Bore well 750 240 100, 180 6.67 Excellent Matching
Madavara Bore well 210 40 120 6.67 Excellent Matching
Madavara Bore well 480 60 80, 150 Poor Matching
Madavara Bore well 700 80 60 Poor Matching
Madavara Open Well 600 100, 160 6.67 Excellent Matching
Nearly
2.22
Bhairaveswaranagara Bore well 600 200 Moderate Matching
Bhairaveswaranagara Bore well 800 240 6.67 Excellent Matching
Nearly
200 1.11
Bhairaveswaranagara Bore well 300 80 Moderate Matching
Bhairaveswaranagara Bore well 650 80 150 6.67 Excellent Matching
Nearly
250, 600 4.44
Bhairaveswaranagara Bore well 800 160 Excellent Matching
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 1000 600 350 4.44 Good Matching
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 800 200 150, 350 3.33 Good Matching
Nearly
200 4.44
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 800 300 Excellent Matching
Nearly
80 3.33
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 450 450 Moderate Matching
Nearly
60, 100, 150 3.33
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 350 80 Moderate Matching
Nearly
100 2.22
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 450 80 Moderate Matching
Dhadaphir Layout Bore well 600 80 150, 300 6.67 Excellent Matching
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 1000 300 300 7.78 Excellent Matching
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 800 80 250 7.78 Excellent Matching
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 800 240 300 7.78 Excellent Matching
Nearly
350 4.44
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 1000 300 Excellent Matching
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 800 240 250 7.78 Excellent Matching
Nearly
400 4.44
Nelamangala Toll Bore well 1000 300 Excellent Matching
Nearly
80, 220 3.33
T Begur Bore well 600 400 Excellent Matching
Nearly
100, 160 3.33
T Begur Bore well 800 Excellent Matching
Not
200, 350 2.22
T Begur Bore well 700 Excellent Matching
T Begur Bore well 600 150, 250 2.22 Moderate Matching
Nearly
70, 90, 135 4.44
Dodderi Bore well 135 60 Excellent Matching
Nearly
80, 120 4.44
Dodderi Bore well 450 60 Excellent Matching
Nearly
120 3.33
Dodderi Bore well 450 60 Excellent Matching
Dodderi Bore well 350 90 110 1.11 Excellent Not

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Matching
Not
150 2.22
Dodderi Bore well 600 120 Excellent Matching
Dodderi Bore well 750 200 300 3.33 Moderate Matching
Nearly
4.44
Kuluvanahalli Bore well 150 40 Excellent Matching
Not
1.11
Kuluvanahalli Bore well 150 60 Excellent Matching
Kuluvanahalli Bore well 650 120 260 3.33 Moderate Matching
Kuluvanahalli Bore well 800 300 450 2.22 Moderate Matching
120, 160,
1.11
Nijagal Bore well 650 90 300 Poor Matching
Nijagal Bore well 800 90 150, 240 Very Poor Matching
Kengal Kempohalli Bore well 800 80 120, 200 2.22 Moderate Matching
Nearly
150, 240 6.67
Kengal Kempohalli Bore well 800 80 Excellent Matching
Nearly
200, 260 4.44
Billanakote Bore well 600 80 Excellent Matching
Billanakote Bore well 600 80 120 4.44 Good Matching
100, 140, Nearly
4.44
Arisinakunte Bore well 600 80 350 Excellent Matching
Nearly
140, 260 4.44
Arisinakunte Bore well 600 120 Excellent Matching
Nearly
200, 350 4.44
Adakamaranahalli Bore well 600 140 Excellent Matching
Adakamaranahalli Bore well 800 200 3.33 Moderate Matching
Nearly
350 4.44
Maranayakanahalli Bore well 800 240 Excellent Matching

7.10.2 Model validation

Groundwater Potential zone map derived from Geographic Information System

technique has been validated by superimposing the yield of water in bore wells data.
Comparison of Groundwater Potential zone and their respective yield has been verified.
Total 51 bore well information in a stretch of Bangalore North and Nelamangala has
been collected, 27 bore well information data has matching with the derived map, 23
data nearly matching and the one data is not matching with the model, which is
considered to be Excellent and very good to moderate zone. One open well confined to
semi confined aquifer are examined and it getting very good yield in the hard rock
terrain with all its complex nature of the aquifer. Ground water potential zone are
matching of about 85 Percent in the stretch.

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Plate 7.1: Groundwater level is 30 feet from ground level at Madavara

Plate 7.2: High Yield Borewells at Bommanahalli

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