The principles of signal

theory
 Signal Theory
 Signal theory is basically signal processing as it
involves the representation and transmission of
information.
 How data is sent from one computer to another
on a network
 Computers are able to communicate either by
electrical, light, mirowave or radio.
 Binary
Binary numbers and arithmetic let you Deci 1 is binar 0001
mal y
represent any amount you want using
Decim 3 is binary 0011
just two numbers: 0 and 1 al
 Binary is organized into chains of 8 Decim 6 is binary 0110
bits called bytes for stance al

01001100 is a single byte which Decim 9 is binary 1001

al
represents the value 76 or the letter
V – what it represents depends on
what system is used.
 Sending data from one computer to
another is called encoding
Synchronous and Asynchronous
Transmission
 Both of these are forms of communication are a
means of transmitting data. The difference
between them is in the format that the data is
transmitted.
 Synchronous Transmission does not start & stop
bits for sending data segments while
Asynchronous transmission uses start & stop bits
which are added at the start & end of data
segments.
Synchronous transmission provides 64 or 128 Kbps
speed but
asynchronous transmission provides 38.4 Kbps
speed.

 Error correction and detection
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
(1) Original Data - to be sent (0) The checksum of the
with a checksum of 1 corrupted data should be zero
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
(1) Corrupted Data - data gets 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
corrupted on the way The computer checks the
original checksum against the
Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC for short is
an error detection mechanism used to one received and realises there
ensure that your data is OK when is an error and asks for the
transfering CRC can quickly identifies when data to be resent
data has been damaged. If you ever get
this message, it means that the file being
 Error correction and detection are managed by
read by your PC or software has been techniques such as parity checking and the cyclic
corrupted. However, it does not mean all redundancy check.
the data is irretrievable. When data is  In the transmission of data networks, it is important to
transfered, it’s generally in small blocks and check the integrity (quality) of data, as error, failure
each block is given a CRC value. The most and interference are always likely. To do this, the data
typical time you will see the CRC error is sent with a small checksum,Parity Checking involves
message is when trying to read data from a the counting of either the odd or even numbers.
damaged CD or DVD.
 Aspects that effect data
transmission
Bandwidth is the amount of information
that can be sent.
A higher bandwidth results in the ability to
carry more information or the same
information much faster.
A small bandwidth means that the
amount and speed of information is
reduced.
 Data Compression
Data compression is necessary
on low bandwidth services to E 0
improve the rate of data A 1
transmission. There are many I 10
formats used on different O 11

systems. U 100
S 101
A average formats adopted in
T 110
data transmission and D 111
compression of files is Huffman ……… ………
coding. X 11010
 Channel Types
The transmission of data is also reliant on the channel type, that is the
medium used to transmit the data across large distances. Wireless, fiber
and copper have distances limitations. The following common
communications channels are frequent use today.
Telephone links referred to as pretty old telephone system
(POTS) for short is still in operation in mostly developing coutries.
ISDN (integrated services digital network) used for sending voice,
data and video at the same time.
Microwaves are used in transmitting data by Bluetooth or with
wireless any networks
Radio is mostly operated by emergency services for stance,
police, ambulance, fire to communicate
Satellite depend upon, line of sight communication with a
satellite
asymmetric digital subscriber service ADSL for short and
broadband accesses unused bandwidth on telecommunications
systems. Limited by distance from a relay point.
 Different transmission methods
 A transmission medium is used to
carry the signal from one device
to another across a network. The
choice of media depends on
factors cost, quality speed and
the distance of data travel.The
types of transmission methods
include:
 Coaxial Cabling
 UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
STP (shielded twisted pair)
 Fibre Optic
 Coaxial Cabling
Coalxial cable a type of wire that Advantages Disadvantages
has a centre wire surrounded by
insulation and then a grounded Very strong can Susceptible to
be bent in half and external
shield of braided wire. The shield still function, Easy interference and
minimizes the chances of to modify and split noise
electrical and radio frequency the signal
interference.
Can run up to 185 Costly to install as
Coalxial is anolder method of metres before the a higher quality
cabling networks. Its been the signal becomes cable costs more
networking medium of chocie weak and to produce
During the late 80s going into unreliable
the early 90s, it was briskly sufficient more expensive to
replaced by UTP stands frequency range to install compared
(unshielded twisted pair). support multiple to other cabling
However, now recently coaxial channel
cabling has made comeback
with home broadband services
and for terrestrial TV.
 UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
STP (shielded twisted pair)
unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair UTP and
STP for short a type of copper wiring in which each of Advantages Disadvantages
the two copper wires that are twisted together are
coated with an insulating coating that works as a Low cost UTP is
ground for the wires. The extra covering in shielded (compared to susceptible to
twisted pair wiring protects the line from coaxial cabling interference
electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the and fibre optic)
cable. STP cabling is commonly used in Ethernet
Versatile and STP cabling is
networks, particularly fast data rate Ethernets said be
to the most common cable used in computer
can be adapted expensive
networking. These eight cables come as coloured pairs. to many uses.
blue, blue with a white stripe , brown , brown with a Can adapt to
white stripe, green , green with a white stripe, changing
Orange,Orange with a white stripe UTP is the most speeds and
popular cable type in use on academic and standards.
commerical networks throuhout the world. UTP and
STP came around when a change in phone technology
during 80s and have endured many changes. UTP and
STP are still in use for multiple reasons: they are cheap
in camparsion to coaxial cabling and fiber optic ; they
are versaltile and can be conditioned to many uses;
they can adapt to changing speeds and standards.
 Fibre optic cabling
 Unlike both coaxial and UTP who both advantages disadvantages
reply on transmission of data using
electrical pulses down a copper cable. No other cable- Beavers and other
using electrical pulses down a copper based data rodents use
cable. Fiber optic cable use light to transmission can exposed fiber cable
transmit the data so can acquire greater
speeds and ranges that their copper compare with the to sharpen their
counterparts. The two most common bandwidth that fiber teeth and insects
types of cable in use: singlemode, which is does. such as ants desire
8 microns in diamoeter, and multimode, the plastic shielding
which is 125 mirons in diameter (with an
in their diet, so they
inner core of 62.5 microns). Fibre Optic
cable is surrounded by Kevlar Fibre – can often be found
this allows it to bent and adapted nibbling at the fiber
physically to fit into areas. optic cabling.
Fibre Optic is more costly than Fiber has a very low Despite the cost of
copper based cables (coaxial, UTP, rate of bit error as a installingng fiber
STP) result of fiber being optic has dropped
so resistant to by as much as 60%
electromagnetic a year, installing
interference. Fiber- fiber optic cabling is
optic transmission stilla costly process
are virtually noise
free.