Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bacolor, Pampanga
LECTURE IN SCIENCE 7

CHEMISTRY

I. METALS & NON METALS

METALS - They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent
conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.

Physical Properties of Metals

Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity. Other properties include:
 State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room
temperature.
 Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished e.g., gold,
silver and copper.
 Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin sheets
known as foils.
 Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires.
 Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and copper are the
two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury
and iron are also poor conductors
 Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points.

NON METALS - They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals can be
gases, liquids or solids.

 Physical State: Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room
temperature.
 Non-Malleable and Ductile: Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded
into sheets.
 Conduction: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
 Luster: These have no metallic luster and do not reflect light.
 Melting and Boiling Points: The melting points of non-metals are generally lower than metals, but
are highly variable.

METALLOIDS - Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. It is a much poorer
conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but
their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic.

II. SOLUTIONS

Pure Substances - only one kind of particle in it.

Mixtures - two or more parts that are not chemically combined, only physically combined.
Suspension - each substance keeps properties and can be separated to original form.
Solution- it is a homogeneous mixture, it appears as one substance.
Solute - the substance that dissolves.
Solvent – the substance in which the solute dissolves.
Soluble – if the particles of the solute are more attracted to the particles of the solvent.
Insoluble – if the particles of the solute are more attracted to their own particles than the solvent.
Concentrated Solution – large mass of dissolved solute for a certain quantity of solvent.
Dilute Solution – small mass of solute for a certain quantity of solvent.
Factors that affect the rate of dissolving: stirring, temperature, size of solute, pressure.

There is a solution in the first beaker (as it is transparent), even though it is colored red.
Milk (second beaker) contains water + fat. The fat has not completely dissolved in the liquid as it is cloudy
(Colloid)
Flour is insoluble. This is why it settles at the bottom (stirring makes it go cloudy, but eventually the flour particles
settle to the bottom) (Suspension)

II. ADCIDS, BASES & SALTS

ACIDS
 pH less than 7
 Neutralizes bases
 Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form hydrogen gas
 Good conductors of electricity
 Tastes Sour
Common Acids
 Hydrochloric- stomach acid
 Sulfuric acid - car batteries
 Nitric acid – explosives
 Acetic acid – vinegar
 Carbonic acid – sodas
 Phosphoric acid -flavorings

BASES
 pH greater than 7
 Feels slippery
 Tastes Bitter
 Neutralizes acids
 Conducts Electricity
Common Bases
 Sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner
 Magnesium hydroxide - antacids
 Aluminum hydroxide - antacids, deodorants
 Ammonium hydroxide - “ammonia”

SALTS
 Composed of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base.
 Are the product of a reaction between an acid and a base, along with water.
 Examples: KCl, NaCl,
III. ENERGY, FORCE & MOTION

ENERGY - is defined as the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

However, it's important to keep in mind that just because energy exists, that doesn't mean it's necessarily
available to do work.
It is never created nor destroyed; it can only be stored or transferred.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
 The energy stored in an object.
 "Potential" simply means the energy has the ability to do something useful later on.
 The higher an object, the more potential energy.
 The more mass an object has, the more potential energy it has.

KINETIC ENERGY
 The energy of a moving object.
 "Kinetic" means movement.
 When stored energy is being used up, it is making things move.
 The faster the object moves, the more kinetic energy is produced.
 The greater the mass and speed of an object, the more kinetic energy there will be.

REMEMBER:
 An object has the MOST kinetic energy when its movement is the GREATEST.
 When an object has the LEAST potential energy, it has the MOST kinetic energy.

FORCE
 The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity (to accelerate).
 Represents as a vector, which means it has both magnitude and direction.

NET FORCE - when two or more forces are combined.

Forces in the same direction- add the two forces together.

Forces in different directions- subtract the two and figure out which direction was the stronger of the two.

Balanced vs. Unbalanced forces

 Unbalanced: when the net force on an object is not zero. These produce a change in motion.
 Balanced: when the net force on an object equals zero. These do NOT produce change in motion.

MOTION
 When an object changes position over time when compared with a reference point we say that the object
is in motion.

SPEED
 The rate at which an object moves.
 Depends on distance travelled and the time it takes to travel that distance.

FORMULA: Average speed = total distance

total time
 VELOCITY
 The speed of an object in a particular direction.
 Velocity must always include a direction.
 Ex: an airplane’s velocity might be 600 km/h south.
 Velocity changes as speed or direction changes.
RESULTANT VELOCITY
SAME DIRECTION: add the two velocities together.
DIFFERENT DIRECTION: subtract the two velocities.

FORMULA: velocity = distance

time

ACCELERATION
 The rate at which velocity changes.
 To change velocity (change speed or direction or both)
 It is not just how much velocity changes, but it is also how fast it changes.
 The faster velocity changes, the greater the acceleration is.

FORMULA: Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity

time it takes to change velocity

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW – LAW OF INERTIA

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

Balanced Force – equal forces in opposite direction produces no motion.

Unbalanced Force - unequal opposing forces produce an unbalanced force causing motion.

Mass (kg) - is the measure of the amount of matter in an object.

INERTIA - is a property of an object that describes how much it will resist change to the motion of the
object.
More mass an object has means more inertia the object will have.

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

Force = Mass x Acceleration
Force is measured in Newtons
ACCELERATION of GRAVITY Earth = 9.8 m/s2
WEIGHT is a measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an object
Weight (force) = mass x gravity (Earth)

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.