Academic performance or "academic achievement" is the extent to which a

student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational

goals . Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas
and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.

Academic performance is commonly measured through examinations or

continuous assessments but there is no general agreement on how it is best
evaluated or which aspects are most important—procedural knowledge such as
skills or declarative knowledge such as facts.[1] Furthermore, there are
inconclusive results over which individual factors successfully predict academic
performance, elements such as test anxiety, environment, motivation, and emotions
require consideration when developing models of school achievement. Now,
schools are receiving money based on its students academic achievements. A
school with more academic achievements would receive more money than a school
with less achievements.[2]

Individual differences in academic performance have been linked to differences in

intelligence and personality.[3] Students with higher mental ability as
demonstrated by IQ tests and those who are higher in conscientiousness (linked to
effort and achievement motivation) tend to achieve highly in academic settings. A
recent meta-analysis suggested that mental curiosity (as measured by typical
intellectual engagement) has an important influence on academic achievement in
addition to intelligence and conscientiousness.[3]

Children's semi-structured home learning environment transitions into a more

structured learning environment when children start first grade. Early academic
achievement enhances later academic achievement.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement

Kids often dread bringing report cards home for a signature. By the time students
reach higher education, there is a long list of assessments that define their success.
In educational institutions, that success is measured by academic performance.
This is how well a student meets standards set out by the local government and the
institution itself. As career competition grows stronger in the workplace, the
importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents,
legislators and government education departments. In the inverse, employers are
also paying close attention to the education and student performance as well as
they look to hire new graduates.
Performance in school is evaluated in a number of ways. For regular grading,
students demonstrate their knowledge by taking written and oral tests, performing
presentations, turning in homework and participating in class activities and
discussions. Teachers evaluate in the form of letter or number grades and offer
comments to describe how well a student has done or back up the specific grade
that was given. Additionally, in a written assignment, the teacher may also offer
feedback and guidance on improving the writing. At the state level, students are
evaluated by their performance on standardized tests geared toward specific ages
and based on a set of achievements students in each age group are expected to
meet.
https://www.theclassroom.com/define-academic-performance-4740750.html

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The Mozart effect can refer to:

A set of research results indicating that listening to Mozart's music may induce a
short-term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of mental tasks
known as "spatial-temporal reasoning";[1]
Popularized versions of the hypothesis, which suggest that "listening to Mozart
makes you smarter", or that early childhood exposure to classical music has a
beneficial effect on mental development;
A US trademark for a set of commercial recordings and related materials, which
are claimed to harness the effect for a variety of purposes. The trademark owner,
Don Campbell, Inc.,[2] claims benefits far beyond improving spatio-temporal
reasoning or raising intelligence, defining the mark as "an inclusive term signifying
the transformational powers of music in health, education, and well-being."
The term was first coined by Alfred A. Tomatis who used Mozart's music as the
listening stimulus in his work attempting to cure a variety of disorders. The
approach has been popularized in Don Campbell's book, The Mozart Effect,[3]
which is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to
Mozart temporarily boosted scores on one portion of the IQ test.[4] As a result, the
United States' Governor of Georgia, Zell Miller, proposed a budget to provide
every child born in Georgia with a CD of classical music.
While it is clear that exposure to Mozart does not raise IQ, studies of the effects of
music have explored as diverse areas as its links to seizure onset[31][33] or
research in animals suggesting that even exposure in-utero in rats improves their
maze learning[34] The original claim continues to influence public life. For
instance a German sewage treatment plant plays Mozart music to break down the
waste faster, reports the UK Guardian. Anton Stucki, chief operator of the
Treuenbrietzen plant was quoted as saying, "We think the secret is in the vibrations
of the music, which penetrate everything—including the water, the sewage and the
cells."[35]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_effect

Attempts have been made to investigate the electrical discharge patterns of brain
areas after exposure to music. In one study, listening to the Mozart sonata K448 for
10 minutes, in contrast to listening to a short story, resulted in enhanced synchrony
of the firing pattern of the right frontal and left temporoparietal areas of the brain,
which persisted for 12 minutes. Listening to the sonata was also accompanied by
increased power of the beta spectrum of the electroencephalogram in the right
temporal, left temporal and right frontal regions17. In a further study, listening to
music (not that of Mozart) also resulted in greater beta power, particularly in the
area of the precuneus bilaterally18.
An enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning performance after listening to
Mozart's music for 10 minutes has been reported by several, but not all,
researchers. Even in the studies with positive results the enhancement is small and
lasts about 12 minutes. The effect varies between individuals and depends upon the
spatial tasks chosen; general intelligence is not affected. Rather more impressively,
there is a beneficial effect on some patients with epilepsy. The results are not
specific to Mozart's compositions but the exact musical criteria required have not
been completely defined.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281386/

An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands

alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. For
example, someone's age might be an independent variable. Other factors (such as
what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch) aren't
going to change a person's age. In fact, when you are looking for some kind of
relationship between variables you are trying to see if the independent variable
causes some kind of change in the other variable.
https://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/help/user_guide/graph/variables.asp

The independent variable is the factor that you purposely change or control in
order to see what effect it has.
The variable that responds to the change in the independent variable is called the
dependent variable. It depends on the independent variable.
The independent variable is graphed on the x-axis.

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-independent-variable-605238
A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected
during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent
variable. It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable.
In a scientific experiment, you cannot have a dependent variable without an
independent variable.
https://labwrite.ncsu.edu/po/dependentvar.htm

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an

experiment. For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores,
the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores, since that is what is
being measured.
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-dependent-variable-2795099
Variable may refer to:

Variable (computer science), a symbolic name associated with a value and whose
associated value may be changed
Variable (mathematics), a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical
expression, as used in many sciences
Variable (research), a logical set of attributes
Variable star, a type of astronomical star
"The Variable", an episode of the television series Lost
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable
A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. The
dependent variable is the variable a researcher is interested in. An independent
variable is a variable believed to affect the dependent variable. Confounding
variables are defined as interference caused by another variable.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/research-variables-dependent-independent-
control-extraneous-moderator.html

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in
time. General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which
governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter,
and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of
timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound).
Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of
these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal
techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces,
solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and
pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek
μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses").[1] See glossary of musical terminology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music
Music is a form of art; an expression of emotions through harmonic frequencies.
Music is also a form of entertainment that puts sounds together in a way that
people like, find interesting or dance to. Most music includes people singing with
their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drums or
violin.

The word music comes from the Greek word (mousike), which means "(art) of the
Muses". In Ancient Greece the Muses included the goddesses of music, poetry, art,
and dance. Someone who makes music is known as a musician .
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music
Pitch may refer to:
Pitch (music), the perceived frequency of sound including "definite pitch" and
"indefinite pitch"
Absolute pitch or "perfect pitch"
Pitch class, a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart
Relative pitch, the ability to identify a given musical interval between two notes
Pitch accent, a form of emphasis in speech
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch
Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-
related scale,[1] or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to
judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical
melodies.[2] Pitch can be determined only in sounds that have a frequency that is
clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise.[3] Pitch is a major auditory
attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness, and timbre.[4]

Pitch may be quantified as a frequency, but pitch is not a purely objective physical
property; it is a subjective psychoacoustical attribute of sound. Historically, the
study of pitch and pitch perception has been a central problem in psychoacoustics,
and has been instrumental in forming and testing theories of sound representation,
processing, and perception in the auditory system.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)
Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry"
(Liddell and Scott 1996)) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated
succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions"
(Anon. 1971, 2537). This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time
can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or
frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a
rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over
many years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm
Rhythm, in music, the placement of sounds in time. In its most general sense,
rhythm (Greek rhythmos, derived from rhein, “to flow”) is an ordered alternation
of contrasting elements. The notion of rhythm also occurs in other arts (e.g.,
poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture) as well as in nature (e.g., biological
rhythms).

Attempts to define rhythm in music have produced much disagreement, partly

because rhythm has often been identified with one or more of its constituent, but
not wholly separate, elements, such as accent, metre, and tempo. As in the closely
related subjects of verse and metre, opinions differ widely, at least among poets
and linguists, on the nature and movement of rhythm. Theories requiring
“periodicity” as the sine qua non of rhythm are opposed by theories that include in
it even nonrecurrent configurations of movement, as in prose or plainchant.

https://www.britannica.com/art/rhythm-music

tempo ("time" in Italian) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music,
tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often using
conventional Italian terms) and is usually measured in beats per minute (or bpm).
In modern classical compositions, a "metronome mark" in beats per minute may
supplement or replace the normal tempo marking, while in modern genres like
electronic dance music, tempo will typically simply be stated in bpm.
Tempo may be separated from articulation and meter, or these aspects may be
indicated along with tempo, all contributing to the overall texture. While the ability
to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer, tempo is changeable.
Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers' interpretation, a
piece may be played with slight tempo rubato or drastic accelerando. In ensembles,
the tempo is often indicated by a conductor or by one of the instrumentalists, for
instance the drummer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo

Tempo
The speed at which your patterns play back is called the tempo. Tempo is measured
in beats per minute or BPM. So if we talk about a piece of music being "at 120
BPM," we mean that there are 120 beats (pulses) every minute.
Some types of musical patterns have a very clear underlying beat, while others
have a more subtle or implied one. To hear a steady beat, add notes on the Kick
line at the positions labeled 1, 5, 9, and 13.
https://learningmusic.ableton.com/make-beats/beat-and-tempo.html

Metre, also spelled Meter, in music, rhythmic pattern constituted by the grouping
of basic temporal units, called beats, into regular measures, or bars; in Western
notation, each measure is set off from those adjoining it by bar lines.
https://www.britannica.com/art/metre-music
In music, metre (Am. meter) refers to the regularly recurring patterns and accents
such as bars and beats. Unlike rhythm, metric onsets are not necessarily sounded,
but are nevertheless expected by the listener.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(music)

Articulation is a fundamental musical parameter that determines how a single note

or other discrete event is sounded. Articulations primarily structure an event's start
and end, determining the length of its sound and the shape of its attack and decay.
They can also modify an event's timbre, dynamics, and pitch.[1] Musical
articulation is analagous to the articulation of speech, and during the Baroque and
Classical periods it was taught by comparison to oratory.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(music)
Articulation in music refers to the playing method used to transition between notes.
These transitions can range from smooth and connected (legato) to very detached
and separated (staccatissimo). Just like when we are speaking and emphasise
certain words, different combinations of articulation in music helps to
communicate a story with a mood or feeling behind it. Imagine, if you were telling
someone “I love you.” You wouldn’t pronounce those words short and sharply,
almost spitting them out. You would (hopefully) say them with some tenderness.
https://www.theflutecoach.com/articulation-in-music/

In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined
in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece.
Texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and range, or
width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more
specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the
relationship between these voices (see Common types below). For example, a thick
texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One of these layers could be a string
section, or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the
richness of the instruments playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to
thick. A piece's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts
playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the
harmony, tempo, and rhythms used.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(music)
In music, texture is the overall quality of sound of a piece, most often indicated by
the number of voices in the music and by the relationship between these voices
(see types of texture below). A piece's texture may be further described using terms
such as "thick" and "light," "rough" or "smooth." For example, Aaron Copland's
more popular pieces are described as having an "open" texture. The perceived
texture of a piece can be affected by the number and character of parts playing at
once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony,
tempo, and rhythms used. The possibilities of hearing a solo melody, a few
simultaneous melodies, or chords supporting a melody create a musical texture
which acts as a partnership in a harmonious and cooperative accord within a
musical composition. No entity has a purpose of existing in isolation; each entity
has a give and take with other entities and contributes towards an overall harmony
and cooperation.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Texture_(music)

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. It can affect a person's
thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of well-being. It may feature
sadness, difficulty in thinking and concentration and a significant increase/decrease
in appetite and time spent sleeping, and people experiencing depression may have
feelings of dejection, hopelessness and, sometimes, suicidal thoughts. It can either
be short term or long term.[1] The core symptom of depression is said to be
anhedonia, which refers to loss of interest or a loss of feeling of pleasure in certain
activities that usually bring joy to people.[2] Depressed mood is a symptom of
some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia;[3] it is a
normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is
also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and
medical treatments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)
Depression (also called major depressive disorder, unipolar depression or clinical
depression) is a mental illness. Many people think that depression just means a
person is very sad. However, depression can cause many symptoms in the body as
well as mood problems.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mental_illness)
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often
accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic
complaints, and rumination.[1] It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread
over anticipated events, such as the feeling of imminent death.[2][need quotation to
verify]

Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as

an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing.[3] It is
often accompanied by muscular tension,[4] restlessness, fatigue and problems in
concentration. Anxiety can be appropriate, but when experienced regularly the
individual may suffer from an anxiety disorder.[4] Anxiety is not the same as fear,
which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat; anxiety involves the
expectation of future threat.[4][4] People facing anxiety may withdraw from
situations which have provoked anxiety in the past.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety
An anxiety threshold is the level of anxiety that, when reached, can affect a
person's performance. Anxiety is an emotion, similar to fear, that can be created by
insecurities in one’s abilities, concerns for the future, such as financial or
situational circumstances, or past memories of frightening experiences. Anxiety
can affect all age groups and if fears are irrational, it may cause mental
disorders.[1] An individual's anxiety threshold can be measured by the amount of
anxiety consistently manifested from situation to situation.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_threshold

A population is the number of living people that live together in the same place.[1]
A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people are
called inhabitants or residents. The population includes all individuals that live in
that certain area.The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in
April 2017. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants
being 60% of the world population.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population
In biology, a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which
live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of
interbreeding.[1][2] The area of a sexual population is the area where inter-
breeding is potentially possible between any pair within the area, and where the
probability of interbreeding is greater than the probability of cross-breeding with
individuals from other areas.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population

Brainstorming is a method for generating ideas to solve a design problem. It

usually involves a group, under the direction of a facilitator. The strength of
brainstorming is the potential participants have in drawing associations between
their ideas in a free-thinking environment, thereby broadening the solution space.
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/brainstorming
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a
conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously
contributed by its members.

In other words, brainstorming is a situation where a group of people meet to

generate new ideas and solutions around a specific domain of interest by removing
inhibitions. People are able to think more freely and they suggest as many
spontaneous new ideas as possible. All the ideas are noted down without criticism
and after the brainstorming session the ideas are evaluated. The term was
popularized by Alex Faickney Osborn in the 1953 book Applied Imagination.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or

other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
The questionnaire was invented by the Statistical Society of London in 1838.[1][2]

Although questionnaires are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses,
this is not always the case.

Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are
cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone
surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data.
However, such standardized answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also
sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and
respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by
questionnaire may not be concrete.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the
purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires can be thought
of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by
telephone, computer or post.

Questionnaires provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining

large amounts of information from a large sample of people. Data can be collected
relatively quickly because the researcher would not need to be present when the
questionnaires were completed. This is useful for large populations when
interviews would be impractical.

However, a problem with questionnaire is that respondents may lie due to social
desirability. Most people want to present a positive image of themselves and so
may lie or bend the truth to look good, e.g., pupils would exaggerate revision
duration.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/questionnaires.html

Implication may refer to:

Implication table, a tool used to facilitate the minimization of states in a state
machine
Implication graph, a skew-symmetric directed graph used for analyzing complex
Boolean expressions
Implication (information science)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implication
An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you
left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/implication
Significant difference — It is a simple phrase that is essential to science and that
has become common parlance among educated adults. These three words convey a
basic understanding of the scientific process, random events, and the laws of
probability. The term appears almost everywhere that research is discussed — in
newspaper articles, advertisements for "miracle" diets, research publications, and
student laboratory reports, to name just a few of the many diverse contexts where
the term is used. It is a short hand abstraction for a sequence of events that includes
an experiment (or other research design), the specification of a null and alternative
hypothesis, (numerical) data collection, statistical analysis, and the probability of
an unlikely outcome. That is a lot of science conveyed in a few words.
https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11693
It’s a phrase that’s packed with both meaning, and syllables. It’s hard to say and
harder to understand.

Yet it’s one of the most common phrases heard when dealing with quantitative
methods.

While the phrase statistically significant represents the result of a rational exercise
with numbers, it has a way of evoking as much emotion. Bewilderment,
resentment, confusion and even arrogance (for those in the know).
https://measuringu.com/statistically-significant/