2.
Proper technique - An individual needs to
MORALEJO, ALLIZA MARIE G.
GR. 11- ST. GREGORY THE GREAT
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 11
SAFETY PRACTICES IN SPORTS AND
EXERCISE
TENSILE FORCES are those that act away from
the center of the structure, causing a pull or stretch.
COMPRESSIVE FORCES impact the center
causing it to bend or fold.
SHEAR FORCES are opposing forces toward the
different ends of the structure causing it to twist.
ACUTE INJURIES have signs and symptoms (e.g.,
pain, swelling) that manifest immediately after force
application on the other hand, the signs and
symptoms of chronic or overuse injuries occur
after a long period of exposure to the force.
EX. Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations,and wounds
COMMON SPORTS INJURIES
SPRAINS are overstretched ligaments.
STRAIN is a twist, pull, or tear of muscle or tendon.
It is also an acute, non-contact injury that results
from overstretching or over contraction.
FRACTURES are more common in growing bones
because it is less dense.
DISLOCATIONS commonly occur in joints that
allow greater range of motion.
CONCUSSION are life-threatening injuries because
they disrupt the normal function of the brain.
STRESS FRACTURES commonly occur among
runners who train for long periods without adequate
rest periods.
TENDINOPATHY OR TENDINITIS is the most
common overuse injury in sports involve the
muscle-tendon. It is usually due to muscle
imbalance between muscle pairs.
OSTEOARTHRITIS is the wear and tear of a joint
that results to its deterioration.
BURSA is a sac-like musculoskeletal structure that
provides support and cushioning to the joint.
WAYS TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF
GETTING INJURED
1. Proper Attire -The attire should be appropriate
for the chosen activity. It is important to consider
comfort and protection when choosing an
appropriate attire.
consult a trainer and ask for proper instruction in
performing the chose activity or exercise.
3. Gym etiquette - Individuals that subscribe to
gym facilities should be aware of the rules and
etiquette.
4. Proper environmental conditions - It is
advisable to check the environmental conditions
before the exercise session. It is possible that the
area or the weather is not conducive for the activity.
HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT KIND OF
SHOES?
Shoes are very important in preventing injuries
while playing or training. Here are some
recommendations when choosing a right pair of
shoes:
Choose a shoe specific to the sports or activity
- Most of the shoes are designed to function
excellently in the activity it was designed for.
Determine appropriate shoe size
- Try to walk or run with the shoe. It should feel
good and comfortable on your foot while running.
Evaluate foot movement pattern
- Individuals should be aware of how their feet
move during physical activity
SPORTS
Sports is an activity that requires physical actions
and skills where individuals or teams compete
under a set of rules. It is classified into individual,
dual, or team sports.
IMPORTANT FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN
LEARNING A SPORT
1. History – the inventor of the sport, country of
origin, and development of the game
2. Court Dimensions/Venue – where the games
are played (indoor, outdoor, or both), size, different
designs for male or female, and safety procedures
for the players.
3. Equipment and Gear – proper protective gears,
uniforms, and outfits which also involve safety of
players and the officials
4. Technical and Tactical Skills – technical skills
are the basics of playing the game (e.g. basketball
– dribble, shoot, pass) while tactical skills are the
strategies to take advantage during the game.
5. Rules of the Game – set of rules on the game is
played, violations, penalties, how to score points,
how many players are allowed, etc.
6. Officiating – officials of the game, their duties PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 11
and responsibilities of calling for violations,
LOVE
penalties, points, etc. and regulating fair play.
3 STAGES OF LOVE – acc. to Fisher
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
SPORTS EVENT 1. LUST – is driven by the sex hormones,
testosterone and estrogen.
MANAGEMENT
2. ATTRACTION – is described as the love struck
• Assists individuals phase, which involves neurotransmitters in the
• Provides guidelines brain such as dopamine, neropinephrine, and
• Defines development serotonin.
5 MAJOR FUNCTIONs 3. ATTACHMENT – when the couple in love
• Planning (programs) strategies decides to continue with the relationship, they enter
• Organizing (develops) group structures attachment stage where long-lasting commitments
• Staffing (recruits) members are exchanged, and may lead to raising a family.
• Leading (motivates) individuals 3 KINDS OF ATTACHMENT (Primary Caregiver)
• Controlling (ensures) plan execution
- defined by Ainsworth, Blekar, Waters, and Wall
LEADER
1. SECURED – present and available
QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER
2. ANXIOUS AMBIVALENT – not consistent
• Administrative mind 3. AVOIDANT - cold and detached, and even
• Integrity unresponsive to a child’s need.
• Good human relations
TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
• Healthy and fit
• Ready to take responsible - Robert Sternberg
• Awareness of work 1. INTIMACY- closeness, openness – TRUST
• Intellectual capacity
LIKING
OFFICIALS
• Physical Appearance
TYPES OF OFFICIATING
• Propinquity Effect
• Outside officiating - usually hired or • Transference
volunteers assigned by the organizers • Similarity
• Self - officiating - the players themselves • Reciprocity
officiate the games 2. PASSION- motivation- pursue an interest, goal
KINDS OF OFFICIALS or person (INFATUATION)
• Court/field officials - usually the officials 3. COMMITMENT – empty love
within the court
• Table officials - officials who handles the
scores, time, reviews and statistics.
QUALITIES OF AN OFFICIAL

• Confidence
• Consistency
• Decisiveness
• Enjoyment
• Integrity
• Judgment
• Poise
• Rapport
CONFLICT ORIGIN FROM NON-LIVING MATTER – life arose
from inanimate matter after earth had cool
Conflict is the dynamics when two or more
people, organizations, or nations perceive one CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
another as a threat to their needs or interests.
1. CELLULAR ORGANISM – can either made up
NATURE OF CONFLICT of one cell or uni-cellular or two or more or multi-
cellular
Conflict is started by what is known as a
“triggering event,” whic happens when an act of 3 BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL
one party is perceived as a threat by the other
1. CYTOPLASM
party.
2. NUCLEUS
4 STAGES OF CONFLICT
3. CELL MEMBRANCE
1. INTRAPERSONAL – with oneself, like when one
is indecisive about things CELL - basic unit of life
2. INTERPERSONAL – among two or more 2. METABOLISM – the sum of all chemical
individuals, like having a misunderstanding processes that maintain the living stage of
between friends, family members, or lovers organism
3. INTRAGROUP – within the same interest group, 3. HOMEOSTASIS – all living things maintain
like a student organization stable external condition
4. INTERGOUP – between two or more groups, like 4. REPRODUCTION – all living things reproduce
fraternities and involves the transfer of genetic information
from parents to offspring
4 STRATEGIES
ASEXUAL – identical to single parent
1. FIGHT – force the other party to accept a stand
that is against that party’s interest SEXUAL – two parents contributing genetic
information to produce a unique offspring
2. SUBMIT – yield to the demands of other party
and agree to end the conflict 5. HEREDITY – the transmittion of characteristics
from parents to offspring
3. FLEE – leave the situation where the conflict is
occurring or change the topic CELL ENERGY
4. FREEZE – do nothing and just wait for the other CELLS
party’s next move or allow the pressure to build up PLANT CELL
5 MODELS IN DEALING WITH CONFLICT Cell Wall
1. COMPETING – is assertive and uncooperative ANIMAL CELL
2. ACCOMODATING – is unassertive and Cell Membrane
cooperative
Cytoplasm
3. COMPRIMISING – is moderately assertive and
moderately cooperative Rough ER
4. AVOIDING – is unassertive and uncooperative Smooth ER
5. COLLABORATING – is assertive and Centrosome
cooperative Ribosomes
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 Mitochondria
ORIGIN OF LIFE Lysosomes
EXTRA-TERRESTIAL ORIGIN – explains that life Golgi Body
originated on another planet outside the solar
system PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PANSPERMIA – presumes that the seed of life 6CO2 +6H2O =LIGHT= C6H12O6 + 6CO2
exist all over the universe and can be propagated Photosynthesis is the process by which plants,
DIVINE CREATION –life was put by divine forces some bacteria and some protistans use the energy
from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon 4. Mass- produced drugs – Genes that produce
dioxide and water. This glucose can be converted medically important proteins can be inserted into
into pyruvate which releases adenosine bacteria.
triphosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration. Oxygen
DISADVANTAGES
is also formed.
1. Environmental Hazards
STAGE 1 : Capturing Energy from Sunlight
2. Health Risks
STAGE 2 : Making ATP
3. Economy
STAGE 3 : Building Carbohydrates
CHAPTER 12: HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Metabolism
C6H12O6 + 6O = 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP
- where energy is usually consumed when complex
The term cellular respiration refers to the
molecules are broken down
biochemical pathway by which cells release energy
from the chemical bonds of food molecules and Two types of Metabolism
provide that energy for the essential processes of 1. Catabolism
life. All living cells must carry out cellular
respiration. It can be aerobic respiration in the 2.Anabolism
presence of oxygen or anaerobic respiration. Creates : Glucose, proteins and Amino Acids
Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within
the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells. Digestion
More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic -Digest foods through digestive enzymes. It begins
cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of to the mouth and end through the Anus
the reactions. The energy currency of these cells is
ATP, and one way to view the outcome of cellular Parts of the Digestive system
respiration is as a production process for ATP. 1. Large and small Intestines
STAGE 1 : Glycolysis 2. Stomach
STAGE 2 : Krebs Cycle 3. Esophagus
STAGE 3 : Electron Transport Chain GAS EXCHANGE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION Respiration
Takes place in a Takes place in a -The exchange of gas from Carbon dioxide to
chloroplast. mitochondrion. Oxygen
Carbon dioxide and Glucose and oxygen
water react, using light react to produce carbon 2 Major types of Respiration
energy to produce dioxide, water, and 1.Internal- Exchange of gases between RBC(Red
glucose and oxygen. energy (ATP) Blood cells) and cells that make up the various
Light energy is Chemical energy in body.
transformed into glucose is converted
2.External - Exchange of gases between the the
chemical enerhy in into chemical energy in
lungs and the RBC.
glucose. ATP.
CIRCULATION
GMO’s ADVANTAGES
Circulatory System
1. Pest- resistant crops – crops resistant to
destructive insects such as locusts and other pests -Carries Gases, nutrients and etc throughout the
have been produced using GET. body.
2. Disease- resistant crops – same techniques Parts:
have been applied to some plants to make them 1.Heart
resistant to diseases.
2.Blood
3. Productive livestock – GET can also be used
to produce bigger and more productive livestock. 3.Blood Vessels
Excretion - Excrates waste throughout the body
Parts :
- Kidney
- Urethra
- Ureter
- Urinary Bladder
Immune system - Fights off Pathogens
Pathogens are infectious agents that causes
diseases.
The immune system produces anti bodies to fend
of the Pathogens
HORMONES
Endocrine System - Regulates the Hormone
levels of the Body
Types of Hormones
1. Growth Hormone
2. Thyroxin
3. Parathormone
4. Adrenaline
5. Insulin
6. Thymosine
7. Estrogen and Progesterone
Types of Gland
(same order as hormones)
1.Pituitary Gland
2.Thyroid Gland
3.Parathyroid
4.Adrenal Gland
5.Pancreas
6.Thymus Gland
7.Ovaries and Testes
Nervous system -The main control unit of the
Body
-Transmits signals throughout the Body
Parts:
- Brain
- Neuron
- Spinal Column/Cord