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Delft M515/CEN/TC250/SC7 Working Groups meeting

Session on
Implementing Rock Engineering into EN1997
Discussion and next steps
6 December 2019

Integration of rock engineering into Eurocode 7 –


Progress made, challenges ahead and the role of WG1/TG3

Luís Lamas
Convenor of WG1/TG3 – Rock Engineering
LNEC – Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering
Issues concerning integration of rock engineering in EC7
Scope of Eurocodes (EN 1990):
• “the design of buildings and civil engineering works”.
Many rock engineering problems are not in the scope of EC7.
• Rock engineering includes issues not related to civil engineering.
• Many rock engineers are not civil engineers and have little interest for or
knowledge of the EC7.
Issues inherent to the nature of rock masses:
• Discontinuous medium: rock matrix + discontinuities = rock mass.
• Competence of rock masses when compared to soils.
Objective: the revised EC7 will treat soil and rock on an equal basis.
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Issues concerning integration of rock engineering in EC7
<REQ>
Continuous Small
versus discontinuity
discontinuous spacing
rock mass
behaviour
shall be
considered.
Discontinuous
behaviour

Large
(AFTES – GT30 discontinuity
recommendation) spacing

High stress Low stress 3


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Main progress made so far
EN 1990
• Recognizes difficulties in the use of partial factor (PF) design in rock engineering
• Opens the possibility to apply reliability-based approaches (RBA).
• Recognizes that material properties are not independent of the geometrical data,
namely the discontinuity network. Introduce concept of discontinuous material.
• However, does not address the observational method for geotechnical design.

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Main progress made so far
EN1997-1 and -2
• Scope of Parts 1 and 2 applicable to other geotechnical structures.
• Definition of rock, rock mass and discontinuities.
• Rock introduced in most sections alongside with soil.
• Observational method definition is generally appropriate for rock.
• Reference to back analysis for determination of rock mass properties.
• Rock mass classification systems for determination of rock mass properties.
• Evaluation of in situ stress for rock.
• Evaluation of strength parameters for rock (M-C, H-B, B failure envelopes).

Many of these aspects still require considerable improvement and development 7


Main challenges ahead
The use of rock mass classification systems (RMCS):
• Can they be used for design, as prescriptive measures?
• Can they only be used for determination of rock mass properties? Derived values.
• How developed should they be in Part 2 for strength and stiffness?
The use of back analysis (BA):
• Can they be used only for analysis of the behaviour of geotechnical structures
(e.g. displacements) in the framework of the observational method?
• Can they be used for deriving strength properties or resistances? Derived values.
No EN standards for lab tests (NWI under CEN TC341 / ISO TC 182)

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Main challenges ahead
The use of partial factors
• Values of M and R for rock
• No relevant and readily usable
work has been done to calibrate
M and R values for rock
with existing practice.
• Can the values of M be the same for rock and soil properties?
• Can the values of R for resistance be the same for geotechnical structures in soil
and rock?
• Is it feasible to propose different values of M and R for rock?
• Can we run some calculation examples comparing with existing practice?
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Main challenges ahead
Use of partial factors in a rock engineering problem

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EN 1997 Part 3 – Geotechnical structures
Progress made so far
• Little progress on integrating rock engineering
Main challenges ahead
• Inclusion of most rock related issues still to be done.
• Very technical and specific issues require experts.
• A full revision of the text is needed.
• Upgrade of Part 3 to cover rock engineering is a Herculean challenge.
• Cooperation between SC7, PT6 and WG1/TG3 members is important.

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EN 1997 Part 3 – Geotechnical structures
Clause Comments Integration of Rock Engineering
4. Slopes Placeholders. Some materials added on rock properties. doable and not too complex
5. Spread No new rock material added. Few placeholders. Graphs with
foundations presumed bearing resistances for rock were kept.
doable and not too complex

6. Piled No new rock material added. Few placeholders added. doable but requires new
foundations Consider including deep foundations on or in rock masses. materials and may be complex
7. Retaining Consider including flexible rockfall barriers, slope protection doable but requires new
structures barriers (Cl. 7 or 9?) materials and may be complex
8. Anchors Few placeholders added. doable and not too complex
Placeholders. Includes “bolt structures”, but text to be
9. Reinforced doable but requires new
added. Sprayed concrete: just mentions the standard. Wired
ground materials and will be complex
mesh as surface reinforcement: to be written.
Scope includes groundwater control: grouting and drains.
10. Ground needs to be done, but scope still
Relevant for rock. To what extent shall it be included and
improvement uncertain
where? Is improving or modifying ground relevant in rock?
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Proposed support of WG1/TG3 to PT6 on rock issues
Support to PT6 on rock engineering issues
• Continued interaction PT6-WG1/TG3 is important throughout 2020.
• In coordination with and at the request of PT6.
• Work depends on the April 2020 drafts of Parts 2 and 3.
• Schedule in accordance with the progress of PT6 work and the availability of
WG1/TG3 volunteers.
• Can include providing contents and text.
• Final drafting is the responsibility of PT6.

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Proposed support of WG1/TG3 to PT6 on rock issues
Proposed specialized teams, each with 2-4 WG1/TG3 members.
• Team 1 – Part 1 (including interaction with groups 3-7 on partial factors)
• Team 2 – Part 2
• Team 3 – Part 3, Clause 4: Slopes, cuts and embankments (Annex A)
• Team 4 – Part 3, Clause 5: Spread foundations (Annex B)
Clause 6: Piled foundations (Annex C)
• Team 5 – Part 3, Clause 7: Retaining structures (Annex D)
Clause 8: Anchors (Annex E)
• Team 6 – Part 3, Clause 9: Reinforced ground (Annex F)
• Team 7 – Part 3, Clause 10: Ground improvement (Annex G)

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Final remarks on implementing rock engineering
Part 1 – General rules
• Significant progress has been achieved.
Part 2 – Ground investigation
• Work is lagging behind Part 1 but is progressing in a positive way.
It is reasonable to expect that rock engineering in Parts 1 and 2 of the second
generation of Eurocode 7 will achieve a significant upgrade.
Part 3 – Geotechnical structures
• A great amount of effort must be put in the evolution of Part 3. Time is very short.
It is possible that Part 3, will not be perfect with regard to rock engineering.
Work on this will have to continue during the future revision phase.
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