The Contemporary World
(4CONWORLD)
Unit 1 The Structures of Globalization
Lesson 1 What is Globalization
1. Nokia: Finland
2. Wii Games: MNC in Kyoto, Japan
3. H&M fashion: Swedish company
4. L’Oreal: Paris suburb
5. Samsung : Seoul, South Korea
6. UniQlo fashion: Japan
7. Birkenstocks socks: Germany
8. Diesel jeans: Molvena, Italy
9. Apple iPhone: established in California, parts
from China
10. American Express credit card: New York City
Why bother studying the world?
• “contemporary” = present time
• “world” = earth together with all its countries,
peoples and natural resources;
• Media and internet as windows to the
contemporary world
• A cure to “parochialism”: an outlook that is
limited to one’s immediate community
parochial person: concerned only with
his/her family, village or even country.
• It can teach you more about yourself.
Anyone who has learned about the
world will be haunted by the “ghost of
comparisons” – Jose Rizal
• You will be interacting with the world.
You cannot avoid globalization, we
might as well study it.
Globalization: Two Premises
1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon
2. Globalization is an uneven process that affects
people differently
“The Six Blind Men and the Elephant”
Interdisciplinary – viewing the process of globalization
through various lenses that consider multiple theories
and perspectives
Globalization
• Manfred Steger
– “the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness
across world-time and across world-
space”
“expansion” – creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional political, economic, cultural and geographic
boundaries.
“intensification” – expansion, stretching, and
acceleration of these networks.
“globalization” 9. You can drink Starbucks café latte and still be a
parochial person. Agree or Disagree? Justify your
≠ answer.
“globalism” 10. Can ethnoscape exist without mediascape? Yes or
- widespread belief among powerful people that the No? Cite a concrete example to support your answer.
global integration of economic markets is beneficial for 11. What is the issue between nations pursuing Free
everyone. Trade as against Protectionism in this age of
globalization?

12-14 Three entities that are moving across borders in

economic globalization processes

15. What is the significant difference between the “Silk

Road” and “Galleon Trade” in relation to globalization?

Lesson 2 The Globalization of World Economics

• The Bretton Woods System

• World Bank & IMF

• Global Keynesianism

• Neoliberalism

• The Washington Consensus

THINK PAIR SHARE 15PTS. The Globalization of World Economics

1. Identify the main social actors and their Economic globalization

experience of globalization as shown in the film.
- “historical process representing the result of
2. In what way did the actors’ social network and human innovation and technological progress”
consciousness expand and intensify under this (International Monetary Fund)
experience?
- Characterized by increasing integration of
3. Identify aspects of globalization that are economies around the world through
intersecting in this experience. Explain how movement of goods, services, and capital across
these aspects intersect . borders

- “increasing integration” – qualitative and

Quiz /CM-102/11-21-2019/20 minutes subjective

1. Since globalization is a complex experience, what is

the appropriate approach to study it?
International Trading Systems
2. Is it possible to be a parochial person and at the same
1. “Silk Road”
a global citizen? Yes or No? Justify your answer.
2. Galleon Trade / Age of Mercantilism
3. What can we learn about globalization through the
story of “The Six Blind Men and the Elephant”? 3. “ Gold Standard” of 1867
4-8 Five (5) “kinds” of Globalizations according to 4. The Bretton Woods System
anthropologist Appadurai and brief description of each
 FIVE TYPES OF TRADE BARRIERS
to FREE TRADE

1. TARIFF – tax on imported goods

2. SUBSIDIES – support from gov’t. for domestic

goods to cost less

3. QUOTA –physical limit on the amount of goods

that can be imported

4. EMBARGO – total or partial ban on imported

good

5. NATIONALISTIC CAMPAIGNS – encourage local

patronage of goods
INTERNATIONAL BUT NOT GLOBAL
Gold standard = money : gold
Galleon Trade
Age of Mercantilism PREVENT THE ISOLATIONISM OF THE MERCANTILIST
ERA

THINK PAIR SHARE 15PTS.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of

economic globalization on both countries as
shown in the film? Be specific with your
answers.

2. If you are the president of any of the African

countries mentioned, what economic policy
would you enforce when trading with a country
like China?

3. How will the increasing inter-racial marriages

between Chinese and Africans affect its
economic relationship with each other in the
future? Offer a scenario

The Bretton Woods System

• Inaugurated during the 1944 United Nations

Momentary and Financial Conference; prevent
the catastrophes of global crisis (e.g. Great
Depression of the 1920s)

• Influenced by British economist John Maynard

Keynes; economic crises happen not because a
country does not have money but when money
is not being spent

• “Global Keynesianism” – active role of

governments in spending to reinvigorate the
economy

• Created the International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or
World Bank), and

• International Momentary Fund (IMF)


Neoliberalism & Its Discontents
• Neoliberalism – a new form of economic
thinking which replaced Global Keynesianism
• Argued government spending/pouring out
money into their economies has caused
inflation by increasing demand for goods
without necessarily increasing supply
• Government intervention distort the
functioning of the market (free market)
The Washington Consensus
• Dominated global economic policies from 1980s
until the early 2000s
• Advocated for minimal government spending to
reduce government debt
• Called for the privatization of government-
controlled services like water, power,
communications and transport
• Pressured government to reduce tariffs and
open up their economies
Quiz /1CE-109/12-7-2018/50 minutes
1-4 Four attributes of today’s Global system
5. What are the important decisions that were made
during the Bretton Woods system in 1944? (4 pts.)
6-9 Four attributes of a State
10. Differentiate global Keynesianism from
neoliberalism and discuss the main advantage and
disadvantage of each. (6 pts.)
11. How is the Philippines central to the history of
economic globalization (5 pts.)
12. Describe the global trade during the age of
mercantilism (6 pts.)
13. “Globalization is an uneven process.” Elaborate and
cite an example (6 pts.)
MIDTERM EXAMINATION SCOPE
Lesson 1 What is Globalization
Lesson 2 The Globalization of World Economics
Lesson 3 A History of Global Politics
Lesson 4 The United Nations and Contemporary Global
Governance
Lesson 5 A World of Regions
Lesson 6 The Globalization of Religion
Lesson 3 A History of Global Politics: Creating an
International Order
Attributes of Today’s Global System
1. Countries or states that are independent and
govern themselves
2. Countries interact with each other, through
diplomacy
3. International organizations, like the UN, that
facilitate these interactions
4. International organizations take on lives of their
own
Nature of Nation-State
• Composed of two non-interchangeable terms
• Nation – an “imagined community” (Benedict
Anderson)
 • State – a country and its government
• Not all states are nations, and not all nations
are states.
• But nations facilitates the formation of states
Four (4) Attributes of a State
1. It exercises authority over a specific population
(citizens)
2. It governs a specific territory
3. It has a structure of government that crafts
various rules that people (society) will follow
4. Has sovereignty over its territory
Nature of a Nation
• Allows one to feel a connection with a
community of people
• Limited; does not go beyond a given “official
boundary”
• Nations often limit themselves to people who
have imbibed a particular culture, speak a
common language and live in a specific territory
Origin of the Concept of Sovereignty
• Treaty of Westphalia
– a set of agreements signed in 1648 to
end the Thirty Years’ War between the
major continental powers of Europe
– treaty signers exercise complete control
over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each others’ affairs
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Believed in spreading the principles of the
French Revolution – liberty, equality and
fraternity – to the rest of Europe via Napoleonic
Wars (1803-1815)
• Napoleonic Code – implemented to forbade
birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion
and promoted meritocracy to the shock of the
monarchies
• Was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815
• This restored the “Westphalian System” via
“Concert of Europe” – alliance of “great powers”
Internationalism
- refers to a system of heightened interaction between
various sovereign states.
- the desire for greater cooperation and unity among
states and people.
• Broad Categories
– liberal internationalism
– socialist internationalism
Liberal internationalism
• Immanuel Kant (18th century)
– States, like citizens, must give up some
freedom and establish a form of global
government
• Jeremy Bernham (18th century)
– coined the word “international” in
1870)
– advocated the creation of international
law that would govern inter-state
relations
• Giuseppe Mazzini (19th century)
– a nationalist internationalist; believes
that free, unified nation-states should
be the basis of global cooperation
• Woodrow Wilson (20th US President)
– saw nationalism as a prerequisite to
internationalism
– “self-determination” – the belief that
the world’s nations had a right to a free,
and sovereign government
– advocated for the creation of League of
Nations that will become a venue for
conciliation and arbitration to prevent
war
– For such efforts, Wilson was awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919
Socialist internationalism
• Karl Marx (German socialist philosopher)
– True form of internationalism should
reject nationalism
 – Nationalism prevented the unification
of world’s workers; placed premium on
economic inequality
– The world is not divided into countries
but into classes: Capitalist class (owners
of production) and Proletariat class
(workers for the capitalists)
International Organizations (IOs)
- refer to international intergovernmental
organizations or groups that are primarily made
up of member-states.
- ex. UN (World Bank, IMF, etc.), European Union,
ASEAN, NAFTA

Quiz /1CE-109/12-7-2018/50 minutes - Though International NGO’s are also referred as

1-4 Four attributes of State
5. What are the important decisions that were made
during the Bretton Woods system in 1944? (4 pts.)
IOs (ex. Greenpeace, PETA)
- Not just a union of various state interests
- Has, in recent years, took on lives of their own

6-10 Five types of trade barriers that a country Powers of IOs

implements to protect its domestic economy from free • IOs have the power of classification
trade.
• IOs have the power to fix meanings
10. Differentiate global Keynesianism from
neoliberalism and discuss the main advantage and • IOs have the power to diffuse norms
disadvantage of each. (6 pts.)
The United Nations
11. How is the Philippines central to the history of
• Was created in 1945 after World War 2 and
economic globalization (5 pts.)
after the collapse of the League of Nations
12. Describe the global trade during the mercantilist
• Has achieved its primary goal of averting
era. (5 pts.)
another global war
13. Differentiate internal sovereignty from external
sovereignty (6 pts.)

Scope:

Lesson 3 – Sub-Topics on Sovereignty & Internationalism

Lesson 4 – The United Nations and Contemporary

Governance

Lesson 5 – A World of Regions

United Nations and the

Contemporary Global Governance

global governance

- refers to the various intersecting processes that create

this order
 A World of Regions

• “regions”

– a group of countries located in the

same geographically specified area;

– an amalgamation of two regions or a

combination of more than two regions
organized to regulate and “oversee
flows and policy choices”
Challenges of the United Nations
– “regionalization”
• There’s a limit placed upon its various organs
• regional concentration of
and programs by the need to respect state
economic flows
sovereignty.
• “regionalism”
• There are issues of security and military
intervention. – political processes characterized by
economic cooperation and coordination
among countries

Reasons for forming regional associations

• For military defense ( ex. NATO was formed

during the Cold War against Soviet Union’s
threats)

• To pool resources ( ex. OPEC (1960) regulates

the production and sale of oil)

• To protect their independence from the

pressures of superpower politics (ex. Non-
Aligned Movement in 1961)

• Economic crisis compels countries to come

together (ex. ASEAN during 1990 financial crisis
 9. At the moment, how many member-states does
United Nations has? (2 pts.)

10-13 Reasons why countries form regional

associations/organizations

14. Do you think internationalism destroys the

sovereignty of states? Justify your position. (4 pts.)

15. Explain Wilson’s principle of self-determination (4

pts.)

16. What makes the UN Security Council the most

powerful among the five agencies of the United
Nations? (4 pts.)

17-18 Two types of internationalism

19. The primary goal why United Nations was

established (2 pts.)

20. Three powers of International Organizations (IOs)

Non-State Regionalism
Lesson 6
• “new regionalism”
Globalization of Religion
• Rely on the power of individuals, NGOs, and
1. Explain how globalization affects religious
associations
practices and beliefs;
• Their forms and goals vary; specialized causes
2. Identify the various religious responses to
• Some organizations partner with governments globalization; and
to initiate social change
3. Discuss the future of religion in a globalized
• Most are poorly financed compared to stae world
counterparts
The Globalization of Religion
Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
• Resurgence of militant nationalism and CULTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
populism

• Sovereignty versus regional stability

• Differing visions of what regionalism should be

for

Quiz /RT-101/12-20-2018/50 minutes/30 pts.

1-5 Five key/principal agencies of the United Nations

6. What is the difference between liberal from socialist

form of internationalism? (3 pts.)

8. Cite one (1) challenge that United Nations is

confronted with in relation to its member-states.
Support it with example. (4 pts.)
Manfred Steger’s definitions

• Globalization – “the expansion and

intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world-
space”

• Globalism – “widespread belief among

powerful people that the global integration of
economic markets is beneficial for everyone
since it spreads freedom and democracy across
the world”

RELIGION

• Ascetics; Less concerned with wealth (along

with higher social status, top-of-the-line
education etc.)

• Religious evangelization (i.e. concerned with

spreading holy ideas); globalist identities are
seen as inferior and narrow because they are
earthly categories

• Aspires to be a SAINT

• Detest politics and quest for power

GLOBALISM

• Aim to seal trade deals, raise the profits of

private enterprise, improve gov’t. collections,
protect the elites from heavily taxed by the
state

• Globalist wishes to spread goods and services

• Aspires to be a SHREWD BUSINESSPERSON

• Values politics and power as both means and

ends to open further economies of the world

RELIGION FOR

• Non-fundamentalist Islam & Christianity see

globalization less as an obstacle and more as an
opportunity to expand their reach all over the
world

• Religion does not stop or slow down

globalization; not a “repressive force” but a
“pro-active force”

RELIGION AGAINST

• Religious fundamentalism dislike’s

globalization’s materialism despite using the
 modern means of communication and
organization associated with globalization

• Some Muslims view “globalization” as a Trojan

Horse hiding supporters of Western values and
secularism