①

PSS Solutions

1 .
Irreversible reaction in a thin film
as in 2 of Mathematica
example examples
:

Governing Equation for CA

:

-
Y - L Ca Cao
-

A -
B
O DA
dd÷A Kca
=

Yeo ca Cao
-
- -
-

General Solution :

Ca G) =
a cosh Hy) tbsinhfxy) where X -
-

4th
" "
Afb determined from Bcs in this case CAG ) Cao & ca Cy L)
Cao
-
-

-0
-
-
- -

(c) a cosh ( o) tbsinh Co) =

Cao →
a -
Cao

la Cao cosh GL) tbsinh (XL) -

Cao →
b -

-
Cao (l-cosh)
Sinh (XL)

full solution
CAG)=Cao[coshGy)tsighn{3¥-cothCX4sinhG#
(a) Calculate flux @ x -0 & x =L .
Notice the plot looks like :

" '

nx:*
:* ! .

Nx DA
/
-

- -

.
,

x =L
slope @ x -
o is
negative at
slope @ x =L

so we
expect that Nxo = -

Na

daff -
Cao 't ( Sinh Hy) t
fishy} -
Cotham
)
shay)
recall Sinha)
cosh (o) =
-
-

I
o

Nxo
Daffy ! ! Dah
.it/s.!n,y-cothH4)Nxo---th-CaAftc:snhff
-
- -
-
 ②

( )
d¥¥=
NK = -

Da -

Da CAA Sinh GL) tooth (XL)

-

Colma L) cosh CX)

(
sinhhhtcg.sh.Ma=
cn#-osh4)aHfas÷f?¥
ideYjsnf7s:sh.fsi n
= -

Da

Ccnfirned:N×o=-N
-

H# t.com.cn#--tHxxxfossinEYTaD
- -

r
cosh (XL) I cosh CAL) I
-
= -

(b) integrate Rua over the film

total amount of A consumed in the film =

{ Run dy
.
=

Jo-

Kealy ) dy

Hao
f! @ shifty) signhnqy.pe, coth Calls in hay)
) dy
=
t
- -

( sinhtxyltcg.sn#Yyy-cothCx4coshHyY!
=

g.hn#ytcothCX4)=-kIaofSinh474t2coshCXL)-coshTXL
k¥0 ( Sinh txt) tooth (XL)
= - -

coth CH) cosh HH -

) - I

2k¥ of costly ) kfyao CAPE

Note K
Kfz
:

Cao
= -

=
=

DA Cao
Ea DA CAN
=
=
 ③

totalanantind.fm?qnsmed---2DaCaA(cosshinHYI
(c) total amant of A consumed =
2 Nxo
flux into the film @x O -

ALSO =

Nyt f- Nq)
-

RHS total flux d- A the film

entering
=

Note the convention :

flux into the film @ x =L
= -

N×
sign ,

because direction into film :

←

tinny
 ④
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39

C1
CB (r) = − + C2
r
CB (∞) = CB0 = C2
C1
CB (a + b) = 0 = CB0 − ⇒ C1 = (a + b)CB0
a+b
! "
(a + b)
CB (r) = CB0 1 −
r

Reaction rate per molecule of A:

dCB
m = 4π(a + b)2 DB (a + b)
# $% &
area # dr$% &
flux

dCB (a + b)CB0 dCB CB0

(r) = , (a + b) =
dr r2 dr a+b

m = 4π(a + b)DB CB0

(b) A and B both mobile

From Problem 2-9, the effective diffusivity is DA + DB . Replace DB in part (a) by DA + DB :

m = 4π(a + b)(DA + DB )CB0

(c) Volumetric rate of reaction for A and B both mobile

' (' (' (

mol/s molec. of A mol. of A
−RV A = −RV B =
molecule of A mol of A volume
# $% &# $% &# $% &
m NAv (Avogadro) CA∞

= 4π(a + b)(DA + DB )NAv CA0 CB0

k = 4π(a + b)(DA + DB )NAv Apparent 2nd-order rate constant

For small molecules in water:

)
a = b = 10−10 m
typical
DA = DB = 1 × 10−9 m2/s
' (
liters
k = 4π(2 × 10−10 m)(2 × 10−9 m2/s)(6.0 × 1023 mol−1 ) 103 3
m
= 3 × 109 M−1 s−1 (M = mol/liter)
k = 1 × 1010 M−1 s−1 if DA = DB = 2 × 10−9 m2/s.
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46

(b) Determine T (y) for vx = U in plate 2.

−−−−

−−−
∂T ∂T
v · ∇T = vx + vy = 0 even with vx = U .

→
∂x ∂y

−→
0
0
· The conservation equations are the same as before, and T1 (y) and T2 (y) are still linear.
··
BCs (1), (2), and (4) are unchanged.

To account for frictional heating at the surface, BC (3) becomes

qy (L− +
1 ) + HS = qy (L1 )
dT1 dT2
−k1 (L1 ) + cσ U = −k2 (L1 )
dy dy
force
σ = (beyond ambient pressure)
area
ρ2 L2 Ag
= (A = plate area, AL2 = plate volume)
A
= ρ2 L2 g.
The new BC is then
dT1 dT2
k1 (L1 ) = k2 (L2 ) + cρ2 L2 gU . (3# )
dy dy
The constants (a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 ) can be found now, similar to part (a). The friction will increase T for all y > 0.

3-13. Morphogen Diffusion

(a) Governing equations for C(r, z):
! "
1 ∂ ∂C ∂ 2C
r + 2 =0 steady, axisymmetric
r ∂r ∂r ∂z
∂C
(0, z) = 0 symmetry
∂r
C(∞, z) = 0 no ligand far from sources
#
∂C −N0 /D r<a
(r, 0) = secretory flux
∂z 0 r>a
∂C k
(r, h) = − C(r, h) binding rate = flux at top
∂z D

(b) Conditions for lumping in z direction:

$h
Want to replace C(r, z) by C(r) = h1 o C(r, z)dz
Need $C/C % 1 where $C is change in z direction.
From BC at z = h and all r:
$C kC $C kh
∼ or ∼ ≡ Da
h D C D
The BC at z = 0 and r < a indicates that $C ∼ N0 h/D but does not affect $C/C.
Summary:
kh
Da = %1
D
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47

(c) Calculate affected radius (C ≥ C0 for r ≤ b).

Lumped model (dimensional):

 
C(r)

−→
% &  kC(h, r) 
1 N0 

−−−
1 h
∂ 2C 1 ∂C &&z=h  
r<a: dz = = − + 
h 0 ∂z2 h ∂z &z=0 h D D
 

N0 − kC
=
hD
%
1 ∂ 2C
h
kC
r>a: 2
dz = −
h 0 ∂z hD
% ! " ! " % - .
1 h
1 ∂ ∂C 1 d d 1 h 1 d dC
r dz = r C dz = r
h 0 r ∂r ∂r r dr dr h 0 r dr dr

- . /
−N0
1 d dC kC r<a
r − = hD
r dr dr hD 0 r>a
dC
(0) = 0, C(∞) = 0
dr

Dimensionless variables (not scaled):

r CD kh
η= , Θ= , Da =
h N0 h D
! " #
1 d dΘ −1 η < a/h
η − DaΘ =
η dη dη 0 η > a/h
dΘ
(0) = 0, Θ(∞) = 0
dη

Solution for η < a/h: nonhomogeneous modified Bessel:

1
−−−

Θ(η) = AI0 (Da1/2 η) + B K0 (Da1/2 η) +

Da
→

0 because K0 (0) = ∞.
Solution for η > a/h: homogeneous modified Bessel:
−−−

Θ(η) = E I0 (Da1/2 η) + F K0 (Da1/2 η)

→

0 because I0 (∞) = ∞
Match concentrations at η = a/h:
1
AI0 (Da1/2 a/h) + = F k0 (Da1/2 a/h)
0 12 3 Da 0 12 3
1/2 a λ
≡λ=( kh
D ) h

Match fluxes (conc. gradients) at η = a/h:

ADa1/2 I1 (λ) = −F Da1/2 K1 (λ)
 ⑦
Ahh
48

Solve for A and F :

I1 (λ)
F = −A
K1 (λ)
1 −AK0 (λ)I1 (λ)
AI0 (λ) + =
Da K1 (λ)
4 5
1 K1 (λ)
A=−
Da I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ)
4 5
1 I1 (λ)
F =
Da I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ)
Concentration profile:

 4 5
 1 I0 (Da1/2 η)K1 (λ)

 1− η < a/h
Da I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ)
Θ(η) = 4 5

 1 I1 (λ)K0 (Da1/2 η)
 η > a/h
Da I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ)

Affected radius: C > C0 ⇒ Θ = NCD 0h

> CN00Dh
Assuming that b > a, the threshold is at
! " 4 5
b C0 D D I1 (λ)K0 (λb/a)
Θ = =
h N0 h kh I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ)
I1 (λ)K0 (λb/a) kC0
or =
I0 (λ)K1 (λ) + I1 (λ)K0 (λ) N0
Solve iteratively for b/a. If b/a > 1, as assumed, then stop. If b/a < 1, repeat using the other part of the concentration
solution.

3-14. Heat Transfer in Soldering

(a) Governing equations for T (r, z) in wire. With v = −U ez ,
 
 ∂T 
−−−−

−−−−

−−−

DT  
ρS Ĉp = ρS Ĉp  + v.∇T = kS ∇ 2 T + Hv (s = solid)
→

Dt  ∂t 
−→

−→

0
0 −U ∂T
∂z

! "
1 ∂ ∂T ∂ 2T U ∂T
r + + =0
r ∂r ∂r ∂z2 αS ∂z
T (r, 0) = Tm melting temp. at z = 0
T (r, ∞) = T∞ ambient temp. for z → ∞
∂T h
(R, z) = − [T (R, z) − T∞ ] convective BC
∂r kS
(b) Radially averaged temperature, T (z).

Radial variations will be negligible if Bi = hR/k % 1.

Reformulate for T (z) :
$R % R
T r dr 2
T (z) = $0 R = 2 T r dr
rdr R 0
0
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49

Average each term and use T (R, z) ∼

= T (z) :

% ! " &
R
1 ∂ ∂T ∂T &&r=R hR : ;
rrdr = r & =− T − T∞
0 r ∂r ∂r ∂r r=0 kS
% R 2 2 % R 2 2
∂ T d R d T
rdr = 2 T r dr =
0 ∂z 2 dz 0 2 dz2
% R
∂T R 2 dT
r dr =
0 ∂z 2 dz

Assemble terms:

−hR R2 d 2T U R 2 dT
(T − T∞ ) + + =0
k 2 dz 2 α 2 dz

d 2T U dT 2h
+ − (T − T∞ ) = 0
dz2 αS dz kS R
T (0) = Tm , T (∞) = T∞

Convert to dimensionless variables:

T − T∞ z UR hR
Θ= , ζ = , Pe = , Bi =
Tm − T ∞ R αS kS
d 2Θ dΘ
+ Pe − 2BiΘ = 0
dζ 2 dζ
Θ(0) = 1, Θ(∞) = 0

The second-order DE with const. coefficients will have a solution of the form Θ = eρζ , where

p2 + Pep − 2Bi = 0
<
−Pe ± Pe2 + 8Bi
or p=
2

Θ(∞) = 0 cannot be satisfied if p > 0, so discard the “+” root.

Solution (satisfying both BCs):

= < >
(Pe + Pe2 + 8Bi)
Θ(ζ ) = exp − ζ
2

(c) Estimate height H .

From Eq. (2.5-12), with 1 = solid (S), 2 = liquid (L), and n = −ez :
 
& & &
−−−

−−−

−qz &S + qz &L = λ̂ρS vz &S − vI z  at z = 0

→

U 0
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met
50

Use results from (b) to get qz in solid:

& &
& dT && −kS (Tm − T∞ ) dΘ &&
qz &S = −kS =
dz &z=0 R dζ &ζ =0
& <
dΘ && Pe + Pe2 + 8Bi
=−
dζ &ζ =0 2
<
& k (T − T ∞ ) Pe + Pe2 + 8Bi ckS (Tm − T∞ )
qz & S =
S m
=
R 0 2
12 3 R
≡c

One-dimensional approximation for liquid:

& kL (TS − Tm )
qz &L ∼
=
H
Back to interfacial energy balance:
−ckS (Tm − T∞ ) kL (TS − Tm ) ∼
+ = ρS U λ̂
R H
Solving for H ,
H ∼ kL (TS − Tm )
=
R ckS (Tm − T∞ ) + ρS UR λ̂

Problem 3-15: Heat Transfer in Unidirectional Solidification

MELT
R = radius of ampoule
T = T1 T = T1 k = thermal conductivity of
Z ampoule and contents
h = heat transfer coefficient
r ampoule to furnace
T = T2 T = T2 Tm = melting temperature
R T2 < Tm < T 1
SOLID
AMPOULE

(a) Compare radiative and “convective” heat transfer, and show that radial temperature gradients are small.

hrad = effective heat transfer coefficient for radiation

: ;
∼
= σSB Tm2 + T12 (Tm + T1 )
(assumes view factor = 1, solid temp. ∼ = Tm , surrounding temp. ∼
= T1 )
: −12 −2 −4
; : 2 2 2
;
hrad = 5.7 × 10 W cm K 500 + 600 K (1100 K)
= 3.8 × 10−3 W cm−2 K −1 (using data given)
−2 −2 −1
h = 5 × 10 W cm K - hrad (neglect radiation)

To assess radial gradients, check Bi:

hR (5 × 10−2 W cm−2 K −1 )(1 cm)

Bi = = = 0.1
k (0.5 W cm−1 K −1 )
This is just small enough to neglect radial temperature variations in the melt and solid.