CONTENTS

1.0 SYNOPSIS
1.1 Topic Title
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Aim of the Thesis
1.4 Objective of Thesis
1.5 Hypothesis
1.6 Methodology
1.7 Conclusion
1.8 Bibliography
2.0 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Introduction and intention of Thesis
2.2 Dictionary meaning and elaboration of key words
2.3 Elaborating on issue
2.3.1 Characteristics, Aspect of the issue
2.3.2 Historical Aspect of the phenomenon
2.4 Architectural dealing with the issue
2.4.1 Chronological documentation of architecture dealing in
that phenomenon
2.4.2 Contemporary Stands
2.5 Opinions of experts on the issue and architecture dealing with it.
3.0 CASE STUDIES
3.1 Live case studies
3.1.1 C&D waste recycling plant, Burari (2000 TDP Capacity)
3.1.2 Organic Recycling Systems Pvt. Ltd. , Solapur
3.1.3 The International Institute of Waste Management (IIWM),
Bangalore (2009)
3.2 Literature case studies
3.2.1 The ETH Zurich Pavilions, New York
3.2.2 The Debris House , Pathanamthitta , Kerala
3.2.3 Manav Sadhana Campus, Ahemdabad
ABSTRACT:
“Larger than life but a part of it”, infrastructure has an
immediate presence; it shapes our environment and urban life in
vital, authentic, and often messy ways…
We look at the physical elements of infrastructure and the
often marginalized sites they produce as possible contributors to
a meaningful public.
What if a new paradigm for infrastructure existed? What if
the very hard lines between landscape, architecture, engineering,
and urbanism could find a more synthetic convergence???
-Weiss/Manfredi, Public Natures: Evolutionary Infrastructures

Waste Management is a commonly used term defined as the

application of techniques to ensure an orderly execution of the various
functions of collection, transport, processing, treatment, and disposal
of waste.
It is not just a civic problem, but a reflection of our own
consumerist lifestyle and how we treat our resources.
Redefining our lives and the systems that propel us habitually in the
ways we make, produce, work, eat, and live. To do this we must re-
examine new and existing systems from socioeconomic to the natural
cycles.
We must re-define the way we live, on all levels, from how we
live and what we use to what we actually need to survive happily and
harmoniously. The key – Design.

THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS “AWAY”.

WHEN WE THROW ANYTHING AWAY, IT MUST GO
SOMEWHERE.
- ANNIE LEONARD
1.0 SYNOPSIS
1.1 Title:
(Re)DESIGNING FROM WASTE

1.2 Introduction:
The topic of research for this thesis is based on the relationship
between Urbanism, Sustainability and Waste, where Urbanism is a
rapid growth of Architecture, Sustainability is one major component of
Architecture which can be achieved by the process of Reuse-Recycle-
Reduce but Waste on the contrary is the factor not commonly related
to the field of Architecture but definitely a by-product of it which cannot
be denied.
Can we design waste? This is a question I seek to answer through the
research of design and systems. Waste is an ever evolving and
growing issue in our world today. Buildings and the spaces we inhabit
contribute to the vast destruction and increasing detriment to our
natural world. There are many “remedies” in the construction industry
that attempt to regulate building waste and inspire sustainability, but
are merely used for a much deep rooted problem than sustaining the
way we live. Sustainability is not enough, it simply means we are
doing less bad while still keep the problem of waste as it is.
Design, architecture, and construction must go beyond this to
eradicate the issue; producing “less” waste is not a solution, but a
redefining of the essence in which we live is a mandate.
Sustainability has risen rapidly in the construction agenda over the
past few years. Designers play a key role in helping to deliver projects
that are sustainable in terms of their environmental, social and
economic impacts. One important impact is waste, particularly waste
arising during construction.
The relationship between construction waste and Urbanism is one
undesirable situation with problems across the country, rather across
the world. The interrelated nature of these systems of flows is in a
critical need of re- evaluation.
Construction Waste Management is one of the major concern that
needs to be in focus, because with rapid growth in urbanism comes
rapid waste generation.
As an Architect’s understanding, we can create value in
general, construction and industrial environments and promote
healthier communities through design.
1.3 Aim:
The ultimate goal is to repair the physical and mental detachment of
the public towards waste by creating a sustainable infrastructure of
waste management and public activities through architecture.

1.4 Objectives:
a. Addressing the issue of how a city can support itself, in terms of waste
it generates during any project of construction or demolition, in a way
that is sustainable into the future through the process of recycling.
b. To create awareness about waste management using the concept of
the 3R’s – (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle) to the public, by creating avenues
and informative centers to break the barrier between waste and public
through architecture and landscape.
c. Focus on the urban level interventions and highlight lack of waste
management as a social issue of a urban dweller with relationship with
waste generated during construction.

1.5 Hypothesis:
It is time for sustainable infrastructures and designs to be put in place
to create awareness about waste generated during construction and
demolition to support the current trends of waste generation.
1.6 Methodology:

C & D WASTE MANAGEMENT

LITERATURE STUDY LIVE CASE STUDIES SURVEYS & OTHERS

BOOKS ORGANIC PREPARATION OF

RECYCLING QUESTIONARE
ARTICLES SYSTEMS PVT.LTD AND GETTING
SOLAPUR (2008) INPUTS FROM
RESEARCH PAPERS
STAKE HOLDERS
GAZZETEIRS C&D WASTE ( RESIDENTS,
RECYCLING PLANT, SOCIAL WORKERS,
RELATIVE CASE BURARI (2000 OFFICERS,
STUDIES TDPCAPACITY) ENGINEERS)

SMART CITY – BGM

ANNEXURES THE TALKING TO
INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS IN THIS
INSTITUTE OF FIELD.
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
(IIWM) ,
ANALYSING THE
BANGALORE
VIDEOCLIPS OF
(2009)
THE SIMILAR
TOPIC TO
UNDERSTAND THE
SCENARIO
BETTER.
2.0 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Introduction of the topic and intension of the thesis:

Categorizing Types of Waste-

a. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
b. Construction and Demolition Waste
c. Agricultural Waste
d. Industrial Waste
e. Biomedical Waste
f. Sewage

3%
Municipal Solid
Waste 2% 4%
5%
Construction and
Demolition Waste
Agricultural
18%
Waste
Industrial Waste
68%
Biomedical Waste

Sewage

 Municipal Solid Waste:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), commonly called “trash” or “garbage”,
includes wastes such as durable goods (e.g., tires, furniture), non
durable goods (e.g., newspaper, plastic plates/cups), containers and
packaging (e.g. milk cartons, plastic wrap), and other wastes (e.g.
yard waste, food). This category of waste generally refers to common
household waste, as well as office and retail wastes, but excludes
industrial, hazardous, and construction wastes. The handling and
disposal of MSW is a growing concern as the volume of waste
generated continues to increase.

Fig. 1: Categories of MSW Fig 2: Tin cans Fig 3: Household plastics

 Construction and Demolition Waste:

Construction and Demolition (C&D) materials consist of the debris
generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of
buildings, roads, and bridges. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
promotes a Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) approach that
identifies certain C&D materials as commodities that can be used in
 new building projects, thus avoiding the need to mine and process
virgin materials.

Fig 4: Demolished bricks Fig 5: Metal and Reinforcement Fig 6: Wood waste

 Agricultural Waste:
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural
operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farm, poultry
houses and slaughter houses, harvest waste, fertilizer run- off from
fields, pesticides that enter into water, soil, air and salt and silt drained
from fields.

Fig 7: Weeds and other green waste Fig 8: Yield waste Fig 9: Dry waste

 Industrial Waste:
The major generators of industrial solid wastes are the thermal power
plants producing coal ash, the integrated Iron and Steel mills
producing blast furnace slag and steel melting slag, non-ferrous
industries like aluminum, zinc and copper producing red mud and
tailings, sugar industries generating press mud, pulp and paper
industries producing lime and fertilizer and allied industries producing
gypsum.

Fig 10: Metal scrap Fig 11: Digital waste Fig 12: Paper Industry waste

 Biomedical waste:
It is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious)
materials
Types of Bio-medical waste:
 Human anatomical waste like tissues, organs and body parts.
 Animal wastes generated during research from veterinary hospitals.
 Microbiology and biotechnology wastes.
 Waste sharps like hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels and broken
glass.
 Discarded medicines and toxic drugs.

Fig 13: Medical Syringes Fig 14: Expired medicines Fig 15: Used saline drips

 Sewage:
It is wastewater from people living in a community. It is the water
released from households after use for various purposes like washing
dishes, laundry, and flushing the toilet, thus the name wastewater.
Black water is the waste water from toilets.

Fig 16: Drains Fig 17: Stagnant sewage Fig 18: Man holes

Elaborating on Construction and Demolition (C & D) Waste:

With increasing urbanization, construction and demolition activities will
increase, resulting in the C & D waste generation. The C & D waste
and its processing is a new phenomenon in Indian context and is
catching up slowly as the quantum of waste generating in metro and
other big cities is becoming a nuisance because of haphazard
dumping of waste along the highways and low lying areas.

As per Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment

Council (TIFAC) of Department of Science and Technology,
Government of India thumb rule, a new construction generated 40-60
Kg of C & D waste per sq. m, taking average of 50 Kg per sqm.
The composition construction waste depends on the type of structure.
For example if the structure is flyover or bridge structures the
composition will be usually concrete and steel. On the other hand, if
the residential structures are built or demolished the composition will
 be in verity, it consists of concrete, steel, wood, tiles, paints, plastics
etc.
ULBs shall encourage the usage of C & D waste in building
and infrastructure works by giving property tax benefits to the user
builders and agencies and also the usage of waste can be
encouraged in brick manufacturing, as getting natural raw materials for
brick manufacturing is becoming difficult.
Based on discussion with ULB officials, it is been informed
that the C & D waste generation in ULB varies from 0.2 - 0.3 TPD
which is very less to be processed in a processing unit, however, with
increase in residential and commercial construction sector, the
quantity may increase in future. Following are the management
options for C&D waste.
Construction waste is any substance, matter, or thing that is
produced as a result of construction work and is abandoned. This
waste can be a mixture of surplus materials resulting from site
clearance, construction, excavation, renovation, refurbishment,
demolition, and even road works. Construction waste includes a huge
variety of materials. Few of which can be recycled and few cannot, in
addition to this there are some waste which are hazardous in nature.
According to Construction and Demolition Recycling, by 2020, the
overall volume of construction waste generated worldwide annually
will nearly double to 2.2 billion tons. Managing waste efficiently is the
need of the hour, and to do that effectually it needs to be identified and
classified into different types. Building on this, knowing the different
types of construction waste is important.

Based on the kind of material, construction waste can be categorized

into the following types:

a) Dredging Materials:
These materials are those which are evacuated during the preparation
phase of a construction or demolition site. Trees, tree stumps, dirt,
rocks etc are few examples of the same.

b) Insulation and Asbestos Material:

In simple terms, Asbestos is a mineral which provides resistance to
corrosion and heat. It is because of these properties that asbestos is
used in several building materials. Few examples of asbestos
containing materials are floor backing, gaskets, resilient floor tile,
asphalt roofing, pipe insulation and boiler coverings, ceiling tiles and
damaged material which were originally non – friable. Materials which
contain asbestos are highly hazardous and pose a health risk to
 humans.

c) Concrete, Bricks, Tiles, And Ceramics:

The below list excludes asbestos – containing materials:
 Concrete – Non hazardous
 Brick - Non hazardous
 Tiles and ceramics - Non hazardous
 Concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics (alone or in mixture) containing
hazardous substances – Hazardous
 Concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics in mixture, containing no
hazardous substance - Non hazardous
Concrete and bricks form most of the construction and demolition
waste and dumping it in landfills. But again, these can be recycled by
crushing it into rubble.

d) Wood, Glass, and Plastic:

Demolition of temporary structures and houses generate wood, glass,
and plastic waste. These non – inert materials can be recycled or
reused and as a last option disposed of to the landfill.
Wood materials which are predominately new wood from new
construction include plywood, chip wood, dimensional lumber,
shavings, and sawdust, in addition to this, plastic waste materials used
in new construction, this includes PVC, PVC sliding, plumbing pipes,
plastic sheet and Styrofoam insulation. Glass materials include wastes
from glass windows or door panels, glass from sky lighting or glass
shelves. Most of these materials when untreated or uncontaminated
are non – hazardous but may sometimes contain hazardous
substances.
e) Metallic Waste:
Metallic waste in construction includes copper, bronze, brass,
aluminum, lead, iron, steel, tin, and mixed metals; all of these are non
hazardous and can be easily recycled. However, metals containing
hazardous substances, cables containing oil, coal tar are highly
hazardous and demand careful handling.

f) Drywall: A construction site can contain huge amounts of masonry

and dry wall waste. Typically, drywall is constructed using gypsum
wallboard, and mostly excess wall board is left over after the
construction of a new building.

g) Cement: Waste during construction activity also relates to excessive

cement, in which is left after the work is over, sometimes rejection/
demolition caused due to change in design or even wrong
workmanship. It is important to note that un- used or un- set cement is
always hazardous in nature.
h) Paints, Varnishes, Adhesives and Sealants:
Paints, Varnishes, Adhesives and Sealants are used in new
construction which is left after work or wasted due to an accident.
Paints can, removers, varnish removers, organic solvents, adhesive
containers, and sealant containers are extremely hazardous waste.
According to sources, almost 90% of construction wastes are inert or
non hazardous. These can be reclaimed, reused and recycled.
However, the non-recyclable, non-hazardous and hazardous waste
materials comprise the remaining 10%. The hazardous waste
materials include contaminated soil, leftover paints, solvent, aerosol
cans, asbestos, paint thinners, striping paint, contaminated empty
containers and non- inert materials include trees, green vegetation,
trash, and other organic materials.

Some major C&D wastes - recycled and used:

MATERIAL PROCESS END USE IMAGE

Plain concrete Crushed and Aggregate

Sorted

Fresh concrete Washed to Aggregate

remove
cement and
recover
aggregate

Reinforced Crushed, Crushed

concrete sorted and concrete,
steel bars reused as
removed. aggregate.

Steel recycled New

reinforcement
steel

Clay bricks Cleaned, Reused as

crushed masonry
aggregate

Roof tiles Pulverized Mixed with lime

to produce
mortar, or
components
like jaali.
Calcium Cleaned, Reused for
silicate bricks crushed and masonry
pulverized aggregate or
recycled into
new calcium
silicate bricks.

Natural stone Cleaned, Reused for

masonry crushed masonry
aggregate or
aesthetical use

Ceramic tiles Cleaned and Flooring,

crushed cladding,
aggregate

Asphalt paving Crushed and Roads, paving

cold mixed

Crushed and
hot mixed

Mixed crushed filling

demolition
waste – ABC

(Asphalt, brick,
concrete)

Steel Cleaned, Reused steel

recycled component or
new steel
component

Aluminum Cleaned, Window frames

recycled

Timber beam, Cleaned Reused as

doors etc. beams, doors
etc, (if free of
hazardous
preservatives)
Timber boards Cleaned reused as
shuttering and
other products

Glass Clean , Composite

crushed, glass worktops,
recycled glass tiles,
glassphalt
pavers

Plastics recycled Bricks, roofing

materials etc.

The construction industry forms an integral part of the growing

economy of India and is estimated to be the third largest economy by
2050 driven by industrialization, urbanization, economic development
and people's rising expectations for improved quality of living. The
Indian construction industry has been playing a vital role in overall
economic development of the country, growing at over 20%
Compound Annual Growth Rate over the past 5 years and contributing
approximately 8% to GDP.
Infrastructure growth is a stepping stone of a stable and
productive society, by not only presenting unique challenges but also
by bringing opportunities for private and public sectors in the field of
construction. The construction activity is accompanied by production
of debris material which is becoming increasingly difficult and
expensive to discard. Further, it is environmentally unfriendly, and
costly to project budgets. In a survey, it was found out that waste
disposal costs negatively affected the economy of construction
companies and therefore, site waste management programs are being
implemented as a critical component of the construction process.
If we go back to history, Romans disposed of solid wastes by
throwing them into open, unlined dumps of which gullies, swamps, and
abandoned quarries were common sites. By 1970s, these unlined
dumps were replaced by monitored sanitary landfills as serious
contamination of ground and surface water was discovered occurring
due to unlined dumps. During this same time period the amount of
solid waste being generated increased dramatically leading to
increased waste disposal costs due to less availability of space for
landfills.
Consequently, this forced government to enforce construction
companies to develop effective site waste management plan for
achieving sustainability and increasing living quality of the planet.
Nothing is waste until it cannot be used anymore in any way.
We generally see wastes piled up but do not think deep enough on
how to use them. Today there are many innovations available in waste
 management like recycling wastes into usable products, generating
methane or fuels, manufacturing new products for home/commercial
usage such as fence posts, furniture and so on. Therefore, the
importance of managing waste in a very effective way has enhanced
many folds now-a-days.

2.2 Key Words:

Waste Management, Infrastructure, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Urbanism, Sustainable.

 Dictionary meanings:
 Waste management: It is the collection, transport, processing or
disposal managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term
usually relates to materials produced by human activities, and the
process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics.
 Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and
facilities (eg: buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the
operations of a society or enterprise.
 Reduce: Make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.
 Reuse: The action of using something again or more than once.
 Recycle: Convert (waste) into reusable material.
 Urbanism: The development and planning of cities and towns.
 Sustainable: Causing little or no damage to the environment and
therefore able to continue for a long time. (Cambridge Dictionary).

2.3 Elaborating on the issue:

2.3.1 Characteristics, Aspects of the issue:
It is commonly understood that C&D waste can be considered a
resource and can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled. Central
Pollution Control Board has estimated current quantum of solid waste
generation in India to the tune of 48 million tons per annum out of
which, waste from construction industry only accounts for more than
25%. Management of such high quantum of waste, puts enormous
pressure on solid waste management system.
C&D waste can be characterized based on the source of generation or
the components of the waste as shown in following figures.
2.3.2 Historical Aspect:
Approximately during 3000 BC:
From time immemorial, protecting the environment has always been a
priority and legal protocols were implemented wherever necessary.
Ancient Indian civilization always believed to live in harmony with
nature and traditionally toned hygienic environment as described in
Vedas, Upanishads, Smiritis and Dharmashastras.

Approximately during 26th BCE:

However gradually the concept of urban areas started coming into
picture and some examples are seen in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
The sanitization and waste management techniques spread through
trade route around India.
The Waste Management Techniques used in Ancient India were
successful enough to recycle the household wastage. Burning of wood
or coal was used for cooking purpose and the carbon was
decomposed underground. People used to consume freshly prepared
food, so no packaging was done to pollute the environment.

Approximately during 1950 (After world war 2) – current year

Recycling of construction and demolition waste was first carried out
after the Second World War in Germany to tackle the problem of
disposing large amount of demolition waste caused by the war and
simultaneously generate raw material for reconstruction. Considerable
research has been carried out in U.S.A, Japan, U.K, France,
Germany, Denmark etc. for recycling concrete, masonry, bricks,
bituminous and other constituents of waste from Construction Industry.
These studies have demonstrated possibility of using construction
waste to substitute new materials of recycling. Work on recycling of
aggregates has been done at Central Building Research Institute
(CBRI), Roorkee, and Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New
Delhi. The study report stresses the importance of recycling
construction waste, creating awareness about the problem of waste
management and the availability of technologies for recycling.
According to a study commissioned by Technology Information,
Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), 70% of the
construction industry is not aware of recycling techniques. The study
recommends establishment of quality standards for recycled
aggregate materials and recycled aggregate concrete. This would help
in setting up a target product quality for producers and assure the user
of a minimum quality requirement, thus encouraging him to use it.
The real problem of Waste started through the invention of the
plastic in the name of modernization. At the same time we are not
following the grandeur and brevity of the Vedas in the disciplines of
modern era. It is time that we need to understand the legacy of art and
science of our ancient traditions with precisely focusing on sustainable
consumption and production patterns of solid waste to promote
concepts like ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’, ‘Zero Waste’ and ‘Circular
Economy’. We should not forget our ancient legacy of waste
 management and need to take corrective measures which will surely
make our future generations proud.

2.4 Architectural dealing with the issue:

2.4.1 Chronological documentation of Architecture with the issue:
Recycling has started centuries ago, there are records based on
archaeologists that back in 400 BC people where very much conserve
all the sources that they had, since there was a lack of pretty much
everything, what made human daily like easier. Saving ashes or
broken tools were constancy reused to create some new ones.

Moving on pre-industrial times, Japanese culture were already

appreciating the value of paper and in 1031 there was found a record
about paper reusing. Additionally, in Europe old or broken sculptures
out of bronze and other metals were collected and reused for both the
same purpose as well as for secondary usage, for instance, weapon
casting. There is also known about wood, coal being collected and
reused. (Cleveland & Morris, 2013).

When industrialization period occurred, the appeal of affordable

materials has increased, such as metals, wood, for then existing
economic situation it was more beneficial to amass old materials
instead of getting virgin ones. In early 20s century when railroads and
automobiles industries were leading, buying scrap and using it was
one of the most popular ways to provide mention industries with metal
sources. (Zimrin, 2005).

Furthermore, World War II affected the demand of recycling all kind of

materials and use it for war purposes dramatically. Recycling of
demolition waste was first carried out after the world war II in
Germany to tackle the problem of disposing large amounts of
demolition waste caused by the war and simultaneously generate
raw material for reconstruction. Every home, touched by war was
greatly encouraged to save all possible waste, since the majority of
materials was assigned for military while civilian population was left
short on pretty much everything essential. With the help of
government promotions and propagandas about importance of the
war, there was created an image of being patriot once the important
materials were donated for war purposes, so it could be reused to fight
enemy. (Brinker, 1949).

Fortunately, post-war/modern times started to be more appealing

towards sustainability. The stimulation was inspired by increasing
costs of energy, which started happening in 1970s and was mainly
caused because of aluminum, other metals, paper and glass. Since
today the main motivation to recycle materials is the positive effect on
budget, there is known, that for example about 30% of the house cost
goes to building’s foundation - reusing some of these materials can be
extremely beneficial. Additionally, according to researches on
 statistics, the EU average of recycling waste is 38% (up to 63% for
dominant countries) by 2013

2.4.2 Contemporary Stands:

India is urbanizing faster than its urban planners can handle. We are
building roads, bridges, fly-over’s, factories, commercial complexes
and also building and renovating our homes and residential properties
(sometimes to upgrade the buildings or to take advantage of higher
FSI regulations now allowed in many cities). But we do not pay
sufficient heed to the construction and demolition (C&D) waste we
generate, for example, bricks, concrete, stones, hard core subsoil,
topsoil, timber, glass, gypsum, ceramics and also plastics. Neglecting
this waste has consequences for public health as well as the
environment.
There is no agreement on the volume of C&D waste. The Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change in 2010, put the annual
estimate of C&D waste at 10-12 million tons. The Central Pollution
Control Board settled for 12 million tonnes in 2011, but its Guidelines
Document of 2017 has increased the estimate to 25-30 million tonnes,
based on information from the Ministry of Urban Development. The
Centre for Science and Environment swung to the other extreme and
estimated C&D waste at a humongous 530 million tonnes for 2013, as
they include the waste from renovations/repairs, assuming that one-
third of the existing stock of buildings carried out renovations/repairs in
2013.
The most recent annual estimate of C&D waste in Indian cities is 165-
175 million tonnes, jointly prepared for the period 2005 to 2013, by two
government agencies, the Building Materials and Technology
Promotion Council, and the Centre for Fly Ash Research and
Management. This waste is dumped illegally on vacant sites, on the
sides of highways, below fly-over’s, beside lakes and rivers, in other
low-lying areas and open storm water drains. Delhi and Bangalore
provide glaring examples of this practice, commonly known as “fly-
tipping”. In Bangalore, C&D waste is increasingly being used to
encroach on lake-bed land for construction.
Delhi’s air pollution is in no small measure due to the high presence of
particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), resulting from the construction
debris strewn around the city. Water logging, with all its adverse
impact on public health and the environment, is another consequence
as the runoff from smooth surfaces is trapped in the debris.
Other countries have faced similar challenges and have done
something about it. Germany faced huge issues in disposing of the
post-war bomb rubble. Stuttgart solved this problem by creating a
mini-hillock outside the town which is now a recreational hand-gliding
spot. While C&D waste was earlier typically sent to dump sites in
many countries, in the past 20 years or so there has been a greater
appreciation of the reuse and recycling possibilities of the waste into
construction material (recycled aggregate concrete, manufactured
sand, etc.) and its implication for the conservation of natural
resources.
An European Union (EU) study has calculated that an average of 28
per cent of all C&D waste was recycled in EU countries in the late
1990s. Since then, most EU members have set goals for recycling
C&D waste that range from 50 per cent to 90 per cent of their C&D
waste production. The UK’s use of recycled aggregates (materials
formed from a mass of fragments or particles loosely compacted
together) is the highest in Europe and accounts for 25 per cent of all
aggregates used in construction. This has created a vibrant recycling
industry, which promotes innovation and new products and their uses,
while the International Recycling Federation works to harmonize
quality standards for recycled materials.
Even in the US which is known for its proliferation of landfills,
California, the most progressive state, has promulgated an ordinance
which requires 50 per cent recycling of C&D waste and 75 per cent
diversion of inert away from landfills.
India’s record, by comparison, is very poor. Until two years ago, C&D
waste was not even looked at separately from the municipal solid
waste (MSW). The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000, merely stated that C&D waste be “separately
collected and disposed of in accordance with State laws”. Only there
were hardly any state laws! But in 2016, recognizing the importance of
growing volumes of C&D waste in urban areas and the significant
differences in the origin and quality of this waste and in the methods of
its recycling and reuse, the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules 2016 were separately notified by the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change, and the Solid Waste
Management Rules (2016) superseded the 2000 Rules. This reflected
the growing recognition of the need to manage C&D waste separately
from the municipal solid waste.
The presence of C&D waste in the mixed waste reduces the
effectiveness of composting or biomethanation and also reduces the
calorific value and combustibility of the MSW. The presence of MSW
in debris similarly reduces the quality of recycled C&D waste. While
builders and renovators must keep C&D waste unmixed, urban local
bodies must ensure that the Rules are enforced. For example, the
Rules specify that all government construction projects, at all levels,
should utilize between 10 and 20 per cent of C&D recycled products
(aggregates, kerb stones, paver blocks, tiles and manufactured sand).
This has not happened despite the orders of the National Green
Tribunal and other regulatory bodies.
In Delhi itself, which has three C&D waste recycling plants set up by
IL&FS Environment, at Burari (2000 TPD capacity), Shastri Park (500
TPD capacity) and Mundka (150 TPD capacity), the government
projects have used only 200,000 tonnes of recycled material per
annum even as the C&D waste generated has reached 1.5 million
tonnes per annum.
The C&D waste recycling industry is in a very nascent stage in India.
The challenge is to ensure that C&D waste comes to the recycling
plants as segregated input, and the recycled products are picked up
for use in construction. The government has to build awareness of the
 value of recycled products and also provide standard codes to ensure
adherence to quality. The government also has to set an example in
its own construction activity by complying with the Rules. At the same
time, the incentives also have to be aligned for the private sector, for
example, the imposition of a reasonable charge for disposal at
dumpsites can induce builders or owners to divert the C&D waste to
recycling plants. An important additional step in this direction would be
to reduce GST rates on products using recycled materials
Last but not least, effective management of C&D waste helps in
curbing excessive consumption of natural resources and contributes to
sustainable development. For example, the demand for sand is
expected to more than double between 2010 and 2020. In India, we
primarily use river sand for construction. The Supreme Court has
recently warned about the adverse environmental consequences of
riparian sand mining. Increasing demand, easy availability and limited
government oversight have given rise to a thriving illegal trade in sand.
Manufactured sand from C&D waste provides an environmentally
sustainable alternative.

2.4.3 Contemporary Architecture Dealing with the issue:

Designing buildings and physical environments depends on
social structure, social needs, economic data, environment, and
technological development. Planning these environments is heavily
influenced by cultural and regional need, the existing environment,
and the materials available.
Recycled, Reusable and Sustainable Building Materials in
Architecture is an essential reference source that discusses the
shaping of building design through culture and materials as well as the
influence of environment on building design.

Some examples of contemporary buildings are as follows:

 SOS Children’s Villages Lavezzorio Community Center
This project was done by Studio Gang Architects who used concrete
aggregate. They recycled the concrete found from construction sites
around Chicago. These aggregates were used in various ways to
bring out a beautiful façade full of artistic expression.

 Recycled Materials Cottage

Sometimes not much can be found within an existing site, and
Architect Jaun Luis Matinez did just this with his recycled materials
cottage in Chile. He recycled building materials from demolished sites
 in the surrounding area and made them into a beautiful home. The
façade is made from glazing from an old patio.

2.5 Opinions of the experts:

“There are three kinds of obligations any architect has to create-
timeless aesthetics because buildings last beyond you; socio-cultural
appropriateness because its always for somebody to live in; and
environment efficiency because we are responsible for energy,
material, space and all resource consumption. As an architect, if you
do your job well, with certain concerns and an open mind, you can
actually influence a much larger part of the population.”
– Ar. Yatin Pandya

“Once again, it’s coming back to the Gandhian philosophy of utilizing

material found within a five-mile radius. Just look around when you
walk out. You will find lots of waste material like plastic and
construction debris strewn around. Abiding by that principle, I cannot
ignore this waste. One must start thinking maybe this is new material
because this is all we may have in the future. We must prepare
ourselves for the day when resources we take for granted no longer
exist,”
- Ar. Vinu Daniel
3.0 CASE STUDIES
 3.1 Live Case Studies:

3.1.1 C&D waste recycling plant, Burari (2000 TDP Capacity)

3.1.2 Organic Recycling Systems Pvt. Ltd. , Solapur
3.1.3 The International Institute of Waste Management (IIWM), Bangalore

3.2 Literature Case Studies:

3.2.1 The ETH Zurich Pavilions, New York

3.2.2 The Debris House, Kerala
3.2.3 Manav Sadhana Campus, Ahemdabad
THE ETH ZURICH PAVILION, NEW YORK
 The project was led by Dirk E Hebel, an ETH Zurich architecture and
construction professor, and the Block Research Group. A program
within the university that explores and develops structural innovations.
The designers hope the pavilion underscores how trash can be seen
as a legitimate building material. "Waste could be understood as an
integral part of what we define as a resource," explained the
designers, adding that it could be used to "construct or configure our
new cities".

Site plan

Functional layout
 Architects and engineers from ETH Zurich University have
used waste material to create a vaulted pavilion for New York City's
Ideas City festival.
The ETH Future Pavilion was designed to demonstrate how
trash can be transformed into a viable building material. The
temporary structure was constructed within a narrow park that
stretches between two buildings in New York's East Village.

The pavilion's arched canopy comprised waterproof panels made of

discarded beverage containers. The canopy was anchored to a base
composed of stacked, wooden pallets.
"The shape follows the flow of forces, resulting in a
compression-only vaulted structure," said the designers. "Thanks to its
double curvature and triangular-beam section, which give the structure
a higher depth for the same thickness and weight, the shell is very
stable and safe for all loading combinations."
The panels were supplied by Rewall, a US company that
fabricates boards out of shredded beverage cartons.
Made of paper, polyethylene and aluminum, the cartons typically end
up in landfills. In the past year, more than 180 billion such containers
were consumed in the US, according to the designers.
 Roof plan

Longitudinal section

Cross section

While the ReWall boards are intended for interior cladding, the ETH Zurich
team used them as a structural material. "The structure visualizes the
potential of design to utilize such a standardized and weak material in
construction," said the designers. To further minimize the structure's
environmental impact, the design team packaging straps to connect all of the
components rather than glue, metal fixings or non-recyclable materials.
Within the pavilion, ETH Zurich presented Building from Waste, an
exhibition showcasing 25 different construction materials derived from
trash. Several events were also hosted within the space, including a
panel discussion about the use of garbage in construction.

Full scale testing of the structure

The site – First street garden, New York

THE DEBRIS HOUSE, KERALA
3.2.2 The Debris House

Nestled in a quaint township, this is a rammed earth residence

for a family of six. The site was at a slope with remnants of many
demolished buildings. Maximizing the given area the building is set in
multiple levels to accommodate the family and to meet the client’s
dreams in the most feasible way.

Site Plan Front view of the building

 Architect: Wallmakers
 Project: Debris House – Residence for Mr. Biju Mathew
 Location: St.Peter’s Junction, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India
 Photography:Anand Jaju
 Lead Architects: Vinu Daniel
 Team: Archana Nambiar, Jinsy Ann Rajan, Shobitha Jacob, Melvin
Davis, Vijith, Abdul Aseeb, Sagar Kudtarkar, Dawal Dasari, Suhaas,
Shekkizar, Srivarshini JM
 Masonry Contractors: P.S. Suresh – Shivranjini Constructions,
Pondicherry
 Fabrication Team: Kunjumon James -J.K steels
 MEP: Unni Krishnan, Sajith Lal
 Gross Built Area (square meters or square foot): 194 sq m
 Completion Year: 2015

iew from entrance

This house employs recycled and eco-sensitive materials in its making

with much care all the while ensuring that the material limitations are
overcome and an expressive architecture is allowed to emerge from
the constraints. The Debris wall is built over a discovered foundation
and with materials that are recycled from the site. The coconut shell
filler slab enables the architect to reduce concrete in the same. While
the house uses numerous alternate technologies, there is a certain
whimsy and playfulness in its design
.

Living Area Central Courtyard

The small court ensures ventilation and the windows made from scrap
but with a certain careful detailing. The levels of the site are explored
for connections within and the house maintains a scale with sensitivity
towards the neighborhood.
As urban influence spreads in smaller towns, many aspire for homes
that often mimic the city with use of glass, concrete, steel and other
urban materials that dominate the imagery. By resisting this
omnipresent phenomenon and generating an architecture that is
modern and yet, responsive to the specific conditions of its context will
perhaps enable the towns to find their unique language.

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan Ceiling Plan

Section

Project Technology:
Considering the local nuances and the economic constraints, the
materials were responsibly chosen; the walls rose out from the earth
that was dug out within the site, the debris from the earlier building
is turned to a curvilinear wall that forms the central courtyard and
becomes the central focus of the house which is called the
Debris Wall and is also the advent of a new technology.
Recycled wood is used to create the furniture which derives it form
from boxes to store lots of books for the client who is a school teacher.
Further green initiatives include a rainwater harvesting and recycling
system and a responsive passive air circulation achieved through the
careful planning of the courtyard and the facades. The windows
protected with meter boxes from a local scrap yard create a mural on
the rammed earth walls as the day goes by. Coconut shells used as
fillers in the concrete roof give a contemporary touch to the structure.
The latter half of the house incorporates Ferrocement shell roofs.
Looking at the local context, the project strikes out, humbly
maintaining its commitment to the society and the environment.

Debris Wall:
Using meshed (22 gauge chicken mesh )casing reinforced with 6mm
bars at 2 feet intervals vertically and horizontally, lump sized Debris
added with 10% gravel and 5% cement and 5%manufactured sand
with water was slightly tamped in 2cm layers to form the set of walls
defining the entrance.

Flowchart of Debris wall

 View from Mezzanine Floor Staircase cum utility rack

Initial Embodied Energy:

 Debris walls consume 5 times less energy than a fired brick wall:
 Embodied energy of Debris wall = 850 MJ/m3
 Country fired brick Wall = 4,501.25 MJ/m3

Carbon Footprint
 Rammed earth walls are polluting 4 times less than country fired brick
walls.
 Carbon footprint of Rammed earth wall cement = 110.11 Kg of CO2
/m3
 Country fired brick wall = 444.12 Kg of CO2 /m3

Master bedroom Toilet

Rammed Earth:
The other walls of the building are made of rammed earth directly from
raw earth with 5% cement stabilization. Not only is the technique
highly effective but it is also very strong with dry crushing compressive
strength ranging from 6mpa-8mpa.

Front wavy wall Open to sky courtyard

Ferrocement Shells:
Roof is made of precast ferrocement shells lifted and placed in
position manually.
These wafer-like structures are steel reinforced arched shells with
effective thickness of 1.5cm and they take equal load of respective
R.C.C slabs. They effectively reduce the overall cement consumption
by 40% and steel consumption by 30%.These replace the R.C.C Slab
in roofing as they are as strong as 1200 kg/m2.

Open to sky courtyard Open to sky courtyard

Special Features:
Further green initiatives include a rainwater harvesting and recycling
system and a responsive passive air circulation achieved through the
careful planning of the courtyard and the facades. The windows
protected with meter boxes from a local scrap yard create a mural on
the rammed earth walls as the day goes by. Coconut shells used as
fillers in the concrete roof give a contemporary touch to the structure.
The latter half of the house incorporates Ferrocement shell roofs.
Looking at the local context, the project strikes out, humbly
maintaining its commitment to the society and the environment.

Central curvilinear debris wall

Flowchart of Shuttered Debris wall
MANAV SADHANA CAMPUS, AHMEDABAD
Architect: Yatin Pandya
Architectural Design (Manav Sadhna Activity Centre): Yatin Pandya
(Principal Architect and project in charge- Vastu Shilpa Foundation)
Architectural Design (Manav Sadhna Creche):Yatin Pandya
(Footprints E. A. R. T. H.)
Structural Design V.V Rangarao Structural Consortium
Site area :1100 sq.mts
Total Built -up Area : 515 Sq.mts.
Plinth Area: 438 Sq.mts
Total Cost: Rs. 31 lakhs with Landscape and Interiors
Set amidst the largest slum of the city, Manav Sadhna centers are a cluster
of multipurpose activity campuses consisting of school for the young,
vocational training centre for the ladies, gymnasium for the men, crèche for
the toddler, health camp on weekends, craft production unit for women and
community centre for festive celebrations and events. The centre is an apt
example of sustainable design using recycled waste as the building
components.
Waste such as fly ash, dump fill site waste, crate packaging, plastic water
bottles, glass bottles, rag, wrappers, metals crap and broken ceramic wares,
compact disc and electronic hardware etc. have been transformed into
walling, roofing, flooring and fenestration elements. The architecture thus
creatively demonstrates environmental concern by reducing pollution and
energy through recycling of waste, empowers the poor economically by
generating economic opportunities through value addition processes and
improves their quality of life by developing affordable and durable alternative
building products for their homes.

PROJECT HISTORY: Nearly 27.4 million tonnes of waste is produced daily

in the urban centers of India. Cities like Ahmedabad alone produce 2750
metric tonnes. Unfortunately nothing really gets processed of the same.
This waste is simply dumped openly in the landfill sites, which uses
enormous volumes of fossil fuel, creating an altered, polluted, unsafe and
unhealthy landscape. Food along with many other objects, are given added
value for their multiple uses and diverse applications even after its primary
life cycle.
The activity centre is located amidst the largest squatter settlement of
Ahmedabad, and was created under the initiative of the social NGO, Manav
Sadhna. The multi-purpose activity centre serves as an informal school for
young children in the mornings, provides evening education for adults and
serves as a vocational training centre and activity workshop for the
manufacturing of craft based products by women and elderly during the day.
The campus also includes a dormitory, an administrative unit and an all-
religion meditation unit. A crèche has been added later to look after the
young children when their parents are away earning wages. The community
centre apart from becoming interactive place during festivities also doubles
up as health centre and Gym on the routine basis.

The campus is built using components prepared through recycling

municipal/domestic waste. This process simultaneously addresses
environmental concerns, economic issues and affordable housing. As
municipal waste from the domestic sector is used for producing building
components, it helps to reduce pollution. Through value addition processes
of recycling the waste, it provides an economic activity for the poor as well as
a sense of empowerment. Finally as the recycled building components are
cheaper and of higher quality than the conventional materials, they provide
affordable and superior quality building alternatives for the urban poor. Thus
a holistic improvement in the quality of life.
PROJECT TECHNOLOGY/ MATERIALS
The campus is built as a live demonstration for the application of recycled
waste as affordable, aesthetically pleasing and efficient building
components. The products developed for this project, which incorporate
municipal/domestic waste and are prepared with simple hand operated tools,
and produced partly through local help of the end users, are demonstrated in
the walls, roofs/slabs, doors and windows.
There are five types of materials and techniques used in the making of the
walls.
These include: cement bonded fly ash bricks, mould-compressed bricks
made from landfill site waste residue, recycled glass bottles, recycled plastic
bottles filled with ash and waste residue, and vegetable crate wood paneling
in the inner partition walls.

WALL TYPE 1 – FLY ASH

WALL

WALL TYPE 2 – WASTE

RESIDUE BRICK WALL
WALL TYPE 3 - PLASTIC BOTTLE
WALL

WALL TYPE 4 – GLASS BOTTLE

WALL

WALL TYPE 5 – WOODEN

CRATE WALL
Similarly the floor and roof slabs as applied in the activity centre include:
filler slab with glass bottles, plastic bottles and bricks, stone slab, cement
bonded particle board with clay tile cover, as well as light conduit pipe truss
with G.I. sheet with clay tile roof.
FLOOR TYPE 1 – FLY ASH AND
GALVANIZED CERAMIC MOSAIC
TILES

The door paneling uses shredded packaging wrapper and coated paper
waste as reinforcement substitute for fiber reinforced plastic (FRP).
Vegetable crate wood as a frame and oil tin container as blades make the
ventilation louvers in the toilets. A paneled door using vegetable crate wood
and oil tin containers for the frame and cladding respectively is also provided
in the administrative block office toilet. Fly ash and waste residue molded
tiles with inlaid ceramic industry waste as china mosaic (applied during tile
molding itself) is also applied in patches for their demonstration.
All of these products are developed and produced first hand. The products
thus produced have been lab tested for their engineered performance and
they prove to be economical, environmentally friendly, participatory and
aesthetically pleasing solutions and express alternatives to contemporary
practices.

DOOR TYPE 1 – WOODEN CRATE

AND OIL TIN DOOR
 DOOR TYPE 2 – INTERACTIVEDOOR
WITH CYCLE WHEEL MECHANICS
USING WHEEL JUNK

WINDOW TYPE 1 – WOODEN CRATE

AND REINFORCED BAR

ARCHITECTURAL REPORT:
Non-polluting environment, economic empowerment and affordable built
forms are the three key dimensions of this initiative.
The project is an outcome of over three years of empirical research, with the
goal of effectively converting municipal waste from the domestic sector into
functional building components.
The project also demonstrates that building can become an economic
activity, empowering the poor.
Manav sadhna activity centre and the crèche are located amidst one of the
largest squatter settlements of Ahmedabad. As multi activity centre it
performs as school in the morning, vocational training centre in the
afternoons, health centre and gymnasium in the evening and as community
centre and festivity point in the late evening hours.
The building, apart from its flexible layout allowing the multipurpose
activities, serves as an open book, demonstrating the conversion of the
domestic and municipal waste into affordable, effective and aesthetic building
components. This is conceived as a live demonstration of these concerns
and placed amongst the people so users can emulate them in their own
habitat.
The project has ably demonstrated application of nearly twenty types
of recycled waste. These applications cover the alternative components for
Roofing, flooring, walling as well as fenestrations.

The demonstration has had several positive indicators and spinoffs so

far. The activity centre has been in intense use for nearly past three years.
The centre has become identity and landmark of the settlement where all
festivals are celebrated collectively.
Many activities for youth and community have grown and added over
time and this has demanded expansion of the premise. After the activity
centre, the campus of crèche has been added in the adjoining site.
One more centre for the economic and craft based production activity
of the local women is also currently being built on the similar concepts. Even
local people have emulated some basic components such as t in paneling
doors, crate walls etc.
The centre construction process was participatory and many local
people participated with their skilled and unskilled labor and earned wages
through the same. So building activity in itself proved to be the economic
one.
The project got nearly ten National and International awards for its
design, innovative use of construction material to environmental concerns.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT:
Manav Sadhna activity centre is worthy for consideration of the award as it is
an apt example of innovative, contextually appropriate, socially responsible
and environmentally sensitive architecture for the improved quality of life if
the urban poor. It has demonstrated that waste can become a resource and
can be recycled as affordable and durable alternative building components. It
has aptly shown that building and recycling processes can become economic
empowerment for the poor through value addition process of material
transformation. It has become the most plural and lively node for the
community providing education, vocational training, health case as well as
day care facility much needed in poor neighborhood. It has been an example
of participatory process of building using local skills and resources. It has
also ably personified that design can help improve quality of life and
aesthetics can be personified. Having begun as first centre of its kind in poor
neighborhood every year new centre is added to the cluster proving its worth
as well as social acceptance. Its demonstration value can be seen by
emulations in their residences. Recognition of such efforts can go long way in
mainstreaming their worthy approach to architecture as prototype to improve
lives of million. Project has won national and international awards for design.
a. Program Formulation- (Tentative)
 Industrial Component-
 Offices
 Weighing stations
 Control rooms
 Sampling station
 Maintenance room
 Storage pit
 Public Component-
 Lobby
 Shops
 Cafes
 Park pavilion
 Circulation
 Exhibition spaces
 Auditorium
 Recycling center
 Parking
 Visitor center plaza

Conclusion:
Currently there is a gap between the waste and public, so I believe
that after the research and study I would try to fix the difference and
needs of this issue through architectural design intervention and
landscaping.
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