1.

Ganglion
Grey matter

Dorsal root

Central canal

2.

Direction
of
impulse
Receptor cell Cell body axon

Myelin sheath

Synaptic
terminals Direction
of
impulse Dendrite

(a) P :afferent neurone Q :efferent neurone

3(a) (i) Mitochondria provide the energy (ATP) to run the synaptic process.

(ii) Alzheimer, Parkinson

(b) When an impulse reaches at the synapse, it releases a chemical

substance called a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter diffuses
across the synaptic cleft to the dendrite of the nearby neurone. In the

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 dendrite, the neurotransmitter stimulates the neurone to produce new
nerve impulse. The new impulse will be carried by this neurone to the
next neurone.

4. Match the following hormones to their functions.

Hormone Function
Antidiuretic hormone Stimulate development of male secondary sexual
(ADH) characteristics and spermatogenesis.

Insulin Stimulates development of the uterine lining and

formation of the placenta.

Androgens Decreases blood glucose levels and promotes

conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Prolactin Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

Growth hormone Stimulates milk production and secretion from

mammary glands.

Progesterone Stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat

metabolism.

5.

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland
Pancreas

Ovary

testis

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 6. The schematic diagram above shows the regulation of blood glucose level.
Choose the correct answers for the empty boxes labelled as A, B, C, D and E.

Insulin also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in B

liver and muscle cells, for storage.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. D

Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown, which releases fatty acids E

that can be metabolized for energy.

The adipose cells use the breakdown of glucose to form fats. C

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle and adipose cells, A
for respiration.

7. P : Ultrafiltration,
Q : Reabsorption of glucose,
R : Reabsorption of water and mineral salts

8. (a) P : synaptic knob

Q : synaptic vesicle
R :mitochondrion
S : neurotransmitter molecule
T :receptor molecule
U : post-synaptic neurone

(b) neurotransmitter

(c) Energy expenditure is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitter and

the transmission of impulses.

This energy is obtained from ATP, generated by mitochondrion during

cellular respiration.

(d) The arrival of an impulse causes the synaptic vesicle to fuse with the
membrane of the synaptic knob.

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic

cleft.

The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft.

The neurotransmitter binds to the receptor of the postsynaptic neurone to

generate a new impulse.

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 (e) Neurotransmitter molecules are only produced by synaptic knobs found at the
terminal end of axon of an presynaptic neurone.

9. (a) L : pituitary gland

M : thyroid gland
N : adrenal gland
O : pancreas

(b) Testis

(c) (i) Pituitary gland

(ii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(d) (i) Thyroxine

(ii) Increases or control basal metabolic rate.
Regulates growth and development.

(e) Iodine is required for synthesis of the hormone thyroxine.

Deficiency of the hormone in early childhood causes cretinism.
There is retardation in physical growth and mental development.

10. (a) (i) Ultrafiltration

(ii) Reabsorption
(iii) Tubular secretion

(b) (i) Ultrafiltration

(ii) The arteriole diameter is wider than the efferent arteriole.

A high hydrostatic pressure is produced which forces the fluid
from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

© (i) Red blood cells, Plasma proteins

(ii) The large size of the two components do not permit their
movement through the small pores in the capillary wall and the
inner wall of Bowman’s capsule.

(d) The filtrate flows from Bowman’s capsule to the proximal tubule. In the
proximal tubule :
- a large volume (about 80%) of the water is reabsorbed
- all the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed
- a small amount of urea is reabsorbed
- the filtrate in the loop of Henle is more concentrated, containing
no glucose or amino acids but having a higher concentration

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 (e) Kidneys

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. (i) Describe the reflex action in Diagram 1(a)

A sharp pin pierces the skin, causing the sensory receptors in the skin to
generate nerve impulses.

The nerve impulses are transmitted along an afferent neurone toward the spinal
cord.

In the spinal cord, the nerve impulses are transmitted from the afferent neurone to
an interneurone.

From the interneurone, the nerve impulses are transmitted to an efferent neurone.

The efferent neurone carries the nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the
effector (muscle tissue) so that the pin can be pulled out from the skin
immediately.

(ii) Compare the coordination system shown in Diagram 1(a) and 1(b).

Comparison 1(a) 1(b)

Efferent pathway Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Stimuli from External environment Internal environment

Characteristic Involuntary actions (reflexes) Involuntary actions

Muscles/glands Skeletal muscles Glands, the cardiac muscles of

involved the heart and smooth muscles of
the internal organs such as the
intestines.

Integrating centre Spinal cord Medulla oblongata

Hypothalamus

Action Removing hand from a sharp Regulates the internal body

object, hot stove and knee-jerk processes such as the
reflex. heartbeats and blood circulation
(medulla oblongata)
Regulates the internal
environment such as blood
sugar level, body temperature
and water balance

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 (hypothalamus)

2. - Tissue P is ligament
- strong and elastic / fibrous
- allow the bones to move at the joints
- it binds two bones together at the joints

- Tissue Q is tendon
- strong and inelastic
- binds skeletal muscles to the bones across the joints
- causes the pulling / action force passes to the skeleton / limbs

- Tissue R is (skeletal) muscle

- which has the ability to contract and relax
- during contraction causes a force which move the bones
- skeletal muscle exist in pair / act antigonistically

- Tissue S is bone
- surface of the bone is covered with cartilage
- avoid the bone from worn out

3. -The knee jerk action

- involves afferent neurons and efferent neurons.
- When a hammer hits a tendon that connect to quadriceps muscle in the thigh to a
bone in the lower leg
-The force stretches the quadriceps muscle and stimulates the stretch receptors in
the muscles,triggering nerve impulses
- Nerve impulses is transmitted in the afferent neurone to the spinal cord
-Afferent neurones transsmit the information to the efferent neurone in the spinal
Cord
- The efferent neurones transmit the information to the quadriceps muscle
- The muscle contracts and swing the leg forward
- If the patient is able to swing the leg forward, it indicates that the patient’s nerve
system is still functioning
- If there is no response, it shows that the patient’s nervous system fails to function
properly

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 4. How hypothalamus, skin and adrenal gland function in osmoregulating the
student’s body temperature that skate in the skating ring?

- Temperature on the surface of the skin decrease is detected by receptor in the

skin
- Impulses are generated and sent to the hypothalamus
- Thermoreceptor in the hypothalamus is stimulated to produce impulses and
sent to organ / skin /glands
- Hair is raised to trap heat
- arteriole contracts / vasoconstriction // decrease the flow of blood to the
surface of the skin
- decrease sweating / the activity of sweat glands
- Impulse stimulate the adrenal glands
-More adrenaline is secreted
-More glycogen is converted into glucose
-Metabolism rate increases to produce more heat.

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1. Diagram below shows a cross section of the spinal cord. Name the parts of the
spinal cord labelled as P, Q, R and S.

2. Diagram below shows two types of neurones.

(a) Identify P and Q.

P :____________________________ Q :___________________________

(b) Label P with the following terms :

Receptor cell cell body axon

(c) Label Q with the following terms :

Dendrite synaptic terminals myelin sheath

(d) Show the direction of flow of an impulse in P and Q during the transmission of an
impulse from a receptor.

3. Diagram below shows a synapse.

 (a) (i) What is the role of mitochondria in a synapse?

____________________________________________________

(ii) State two neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with

the decrease in secretion of neurotransmitters.

____________________________________________________

(b) Describe the transmission of information across a synapse.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

4. Match the following hormones to their functions.

Hormone Function
Antidiuretic Stimulate development of male secondary sexual
hormone (ADH) characteristics and spermatogenesis.
Insulin Stimulates development of the uterine lining and
formation of the placenta.
Androgens Decreases blood glucose levels and promotes
conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Prolactin Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

 Growth hormone Stimulates milk production and secretion from
mammary glands.

Progesterone Stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat

metabolism.

5.

Diagram above shows the position of the major endocrine organs in the human
body. Label the main glands of the endocrine system.
 Islet cells in
pancreas stimulated
to secrete insulin

Blood glucose A B C
rises

Normal blood Normal blood

glucose level glucose level

Blood glucose
drops D E

Islet cells in
pancreas stimulated
to secrete glucagon

6. The schematic diagram above shows the regulation of blood glucose level.
Choose the correct answers for the empty boxes labelled as A, B, C, D and E.

Insulin also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle cells,
for storage.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.

Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown, which releases fatty acids that can be
metabolized for energy.

The adipose cells use the breakdown of glucose to form fats.

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle and adipose cells, for
respiration.
 P

7. Diagram above shows a part of nephron. Name the processes that occur in
parts P, Q and R

P :________________________________________

Q :________________________________________

R :________________________________________

8. The diagram below shows the structure of a synapse.

(a) Name the parts labelled P-U.

P : ____________________________________

Q : ____________________________________

R : ____________________________________

S : ____________________________________

T : ____________________________________
 U : ____________________________________

(b) Name the chemical substances found in Q

__________________________________________________________________

(c) State the importance of organelle R existing in large number in structure P.

__________________________________________________________________

(d) Describe briefly how a nerve impulse crosses a synaptic cleft.

__________________________________________________________________

(e) Explain why a nerve impulse is transmitted in only one direction from one
neurone to the next neurone.

__________________________________________________________________

9. Diagram below shows the position of some endocrine glands in a human body.

(a) Name the endocrine glands labelled L, M, N and O.

L : _______________________________________

M : _______________________________________

N : _______________________________________
 O : _______________________________________

(b) Name an endocrine gland in the human male that controls his sexual
characteristics.

__________________________________________________________________

(c) (i) Name the main gland in the body that controls the activities of many other
endocrine glands.

__________________________________________________________

(ii) Name a hormone that is produced by the main gland that controls the secretion
of gland M.

__________________________________________________________

(d) (i) Name a hormone that is secreted by gland M.

__________________________________________________________

(ii) State two functions of hormone in (d)(i).

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(e) Explain what would happen if a diet for a young child is deficient in iodine.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

10. Diagram below shows the structure of a kidney nephron.

(a) Formation of urine involves three main processes. Name these processes.

(i) ___________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________

(iii) ___________________________________________

(b) (i) Name the process that occurs between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s
capsule.

__________________________________________________________

(ii) Describe briefly how process in (b)(i) occurs.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

(c) (i) Name two blood components found in the glomerulus but not in the
filtrate.

__________________________________________________________

(ii) Suggest a reason for the component difference in (c) (i).

__________________________________________________________

(d) Why is there a difference in the chemical composition of the filtrate in the
Bowman’s capsule and the filtrate in the loop of Henle? Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(e) Name the organ in the human body where urea is produced.

__________________________________________________________________
ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Diagram 1(a) shows a reflex arc and Diagram 1(b) shows the regulation of glucose
in the blood. Both figures illustrate coordination systems in the human body.

Diagram 1(a)

Diagram 1(b)

(i) Describe the reflex action in Diagram 1(a)

(ii) Compare the coordination system shown in Diagram1(a) and 1(b).

2. Diagram 2 shows a ball and socket joint with tissues P, Q , R and S which are
responsible for locomotion in a human.

S
Diagram 2

Based on Diagram 2 discuss how the structure and organization of P,Q,R and
S produced movement at the joints.

3. A doctor is going to do a test to examine a patient’s nervous system.

Diagram 3
Based on Diagram 3, describe the pathway transmission of nerve impulses to
show whether the patient’s nervous system is normal or not.
4. Diagram 4 shows the organs and glands involved in regulating the human
temperature.

Diagram 4
A student skates on an ice skating.

Based on Diagram 4, explain how regulation of the student’s body temperature

occurs.