Exam Question Paper

College/ Institute College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences

Department Civil & Environmental Engineering

Exam Author(s) Dr Mohammad Heidarzadeh

Module Code CE2001

Module Title Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Month May Year 2018

Paper Type Full

Duration 2 Hours

Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal

Question Instructions
marks.

Are Calculators
Yes
Permitted?

Permitted Reference
None
Materials

Required Stationery None

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Question 1:

Water is flowing inside a loop as shown in the figure below. The elevations of
all three nodes “A”, “B” and “C” are the same. The table below gives the
information about lengths, diameters and friction factors of the three pipes of
this loop.
At node “A”, the inflow is 25 kg/s. At node “B”, the outflow is 10 kg/s. At node
“C”, the outflow is 15 kg/s. Take density (𝜌𝜌) of water as 1000 kg/m3 and “g” as
10 m/s2.

a) Apply the Hardy-cross iterative method to calculate the mass flow rates
in all three pipes (m AB =?, m BC =?, m AC =?) [21 marks]

b) Explain the method that can be used to check if the final answer of
section “a” is correct or not? Apply this method to control the results of
“section a”. [4 marks]

f
Pipe Length Diameter
(friction factor)
Section (m) (mm)

AB 1000 250 0.02

BC 1200 150 0.02
AC 1750 200 0.02

8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − ∑ ℎ𝐿𝐿
Some equations: 𝑅𝑅 = ; ℎ𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚2 ; ∆𝑚𝑚 = ℎ
𝑔𝑔𝜌𝜌2 𝜋𝜋2 𝐷𝐷5 2 ∑� 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿 �
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Question 2:

a) A centrifugal pump develops a pressure of 90 kPa when

operating at zero flow rate and a flow rate of 200 l/s when
operating at zero pressure difference. Sketch the pump curve and
determine the values of A and B in the pump characteristic.

P p = A - BQ2
where pressure is in kPa and Q is in l/s.
[6 marks]

b) The pump in part (a) is installed in a pipeline connecting two

reservoirs with a difference in water level height of 1.5 m (it
means: ∆𝑍𝑍 = 1.5 𝑚𝑚). The pipeline has a resistance (R) of 0.005
kPa/(l/s)2. Determine the flow rate achieved by the pump.

Take the density of water as 1000kg/m3 and g as 10 m/s2.

[10 marks]

c) A second identical pump is now added to the system described in

part (b) so that the pumps are connected in parallel. Determine
the volume flow rate if both pumps are running.
[9 marks]
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Question 3:

a) Define and explain the “best hydraulic cross-section” (the other name
for this term is “the most efficient cross-section”). What are the two
engineering criteria for defining “the most efficient cross-section”?
[5 marks]

b) For the trapezoidal channel shown below with side slope “m” (one
vertical to “m” horizontal), base width B and depth of flow y, prove that
the most hydraulically efficient channel is achieved by the following
equations [assume “m” and “A” are fixed; A is the cross-section area]:

[10 marks]

c) In a rectangular open channel, which has the most efficient cross

section, the Manning roughness coefficient is n = 0.015 and the slope of
the channel is 81×10-6. If the flow rate is 4.8 m3/s, calculate the flow
depth (y=?). [10
marks]
Question 4:

a) By creating a downward or an upward step in a channel, the specific

energy (E) will be changed. By writing the equations for total energy and
specific energy (E) for each case (downward or upward step), explain
the changes (increase or decrease) that are made in the specific energy
(E). Show the “E” for the section before the step (section 1) and on the
step (section 2) using the E-y diagram (Specific Energy- Depth).
[6 marks]

b) By sketching the E-y diagram for each case (downward and upward
step) discuss the type of changes that will be made in the water depth
(y) (either increase or decrease in “y”). [6 marks]

c) Water flow in a wide channel approaches a 10 cm high hump (upward

step; ∆𝑧𝑧 = 0.1 𝑚𝑚) at 1.5 m/s velocity (V 1 = 1.5 m/s) and a depth of 1 m
(y 1 = 1 m). Estimate the water depth over the step (y 2 = ?).

[13 marks]

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