Running Head: INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AT THE BEGINNING YWENTY FIRST CENTURY

International Migration at the Beginning

of the Twenty‐First Century: Global
Trends and Issues
International Migration at the Beginning
of the Twenty‐First Century: Global
Trends and Issues
Stephen Castles
First published: 16 December 2002

https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00258

Cited by: 97

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Abstract

Globalisation leads to increases in all kinds of cross‐border flows, including movements of people. In
recent years international migrationhas grown in volume, and is now an important factor of social
transformation in all regions of the world. States classify migrants into certain categories, and seek to
encourage certain types of mobility while restricting others. However,control measures are often
ineffective if they are not based on understanding of the economic, social and cultural dynamics of
migration. The article reviews causes and patterns of migration, and discusses some key issues:
migration anddevelopment, international cooperation, settle‐ment and ethnic diversity, and migration
as a challenge to the nation‐state. It is argued that most national governments have taken a short‐term
and reactive approach to migration. Effortsat international regulation are also relatively under‐
developed. There is a need for long‐term cooperative strategies to achieve agreed goals such as:
ensuring orderly migration and preventing exploitation by agents and recruiters;safeguarding the
human rights of migrants; making migration an instrument of sustainable development; avoiding
conflicts with populations of migrant‐receiving areas, and maximising positive aspects of social and
culturalchange.
 International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty‐First Century: Global Trends and Issues
2

Citing Literature

 Joan Lacomba and Alexis Cloquell, Migration, Productive Return and Human Capital: Lessons from the
new Governmental Policy on Migration in Ecuador, International Migration, 55, 2, (109-125), (2017).

Wiley Online Library

 Monica Laura Vazquez Maggio, The Immigration Process: Do Mexicans Intend to Stay Permanently in
Australia?, Mobility Patterns and Experiences of the Middle Classes in a Globalizing Age, 10.1007/978-3-
319-53393-3_3, (69-85), (2017).

Crossref

 Monica Laura Vazquez Maggio, Reasons for Migrating to Australia, Mobility Patterns and Experiences of
the Middle Classes in a Globalizing Age, 10.1007/978-3-319-53393-3_2, (35-68), (2017).

Crossref

 Jean-Claude Garcia-Zamor, The Global Wave of Refugees and Migrants: Complex Challenges for
European Policy Makers, Public Organization Review, 10.1007/s11115-016-0371-1, 17, 4, (581-
594), (2017).

Crossref

 Gavin George and Bruce Rhodes, Is there a financial incentive to immigrate? Examining of the health
worker salary gap between India and popular destination countries, Human Resources for
Health, 10.1186/s12960-017-0249-5, 15, 1, (2017).

Crossref

 Janine Leschke and Silvana Weiss, Job Search Strategies and Labour Market Outcomes of Young Recent
Migrants from Central & Eastern Europe in EU15 Member States, SSRN Electronic
Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.2932806, (2017).

Crossref

 Saime Ozcurumez and Deniz Yetkin Aker, W

International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty‐First Century: Global Trends and Issues
3

Migration, Productive Return and Human

Capital: Lessons from the new
Governmental Policy on Migration in
Ecuador
Joan Lacomba

Alexis Cloquell

First published: 09 February 2017

https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12314

Cited by: 1

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Abstract

In 2008, the Government of Ecuador initiated a programme for productive return dubbed the Cucayo
Fund, aimed at financing small businesses for migrants who were returning to the country. This
programme has been a cornerstone in the new governmental policy on migration. In 2015, the IOM
considered it an exemplary practice among the instruments enabling the economic and social
reinsertion of returning migrants. In this article, based on the mining and analysis of the implementation
data from the Cucayo Fund in the three provinces comprising Administrative Region No 7, we
specifically examine the incidence of human capital accumulated by the migrants in the success of their
ventures. Our results show that the experience and knowledge attained by the migrants abroad, and
transfer of these to new activities, play a key and relevant role in the financed ventures and that,
therefore, human capital must be incorporated with greater emphasis into debates on return.
 International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty‐First Century: Global Trends and Issues
4

Citing Literature
Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 1

 Giulia Sinatti, Return migration, entrepreneurship and development: Contrasting the economic growth
perspective of Senegal’s diaspora policy through a migrant-centred approach, African
Studies, 10.1080/00020184.2018.1555310, (1-15), (2018).

Crossref

Metrics

Citations:1

Details

© 2017 The Authors. International Migration © 2017 IOM

Publication History

 Issue Online:13 March 2017

 Version of Record online:09 February 2017