649108.dekanic WASTEWATER

University of Zagreb
Faculty of Textile Technology

Prilaz baruna Filipovica 28a, Zagreb, Croatia
www.ttf.unizg.hr
Welcome
Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

History:
 The independent study of the textile technology in Croatia

started at the beginning of 1960 as a study at the Faculty of
Technology in Zagreb
 first only textile chemical engineering, then later mechanical

and clothing engineering
 and at three independent colleges of textiles in Duga Resa,

Varaždin and Zagreb
 In 1991 the Institute of Textile and Clothing was organized as

an independent Institution named Faculty of Textile
Technology of the University of Zagreb

Departments:
 Department of Materials, Fibres and Textile Testing

 Department of Textile Design and Management
 Department of Clothing Technology
 Department of Textile and Clothing Design
 Department of Fundamental Natural and Engineering Sciences
 Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology
 Department of Applied Chemistry
 Study in Varaždin
 Centre for Development and Transfer of Textile and Clothing
Technologies and Fashion Design

Wastewater
of Textile Industry
with an emphasis on laundries
Tihana Dekanic, B.Sc.

e-mail: tdekanic@ttf.hr

1. INTRODUCTION
The Textile industry:
use high volume of water throughout its operation
produce large quantities of wastewaters
is very diverse
broad manufacturing sector
main pollution come from dyeing and finishing processes (require
the input of a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs – organic
compounds of complex structure)
Major pollutants are:

high suspended solids
heat
colour
acidity or alkalinity
other soluble substances
2. FIBERS
Classification of fibers:
 by TYPE
 by LENGTH
 by SIZE

COTTON
Features:
 soft fibers
 fiber – single elongated cell – twisted and ribbon like – wide inner
hollow (lumen)
 90% cellulose, 6% moisture, other fats and impurities
Properties:
 strength
 durability
 absorbent
 comfortable
 flexible
 good resistant to alkalis
 poor acid resistant
 poor wrinkle resistance

Features:
WOOL
 fibre – irregular, roughly cylindrical, multi cellular
structure
 three basic layers: epidermis (outer layer), cortex
(middle layer) and medulla (inner layer)
Properties:
 absorbent
 lightweight
 versatile
 naturally UV protection
 durable and elastic
 non allergenic
 biodegradable
 flame retardant
 easy care

Features:
POLYESTER
 smooth, straight, round cross sectionally
 rod-like shape
 term „polyester” – mostly refers to polyethylene
terephalate (PET)
Properties:
 high melting temperature

 strong
 hydrophobic
 resistant to stretching and shrinking
 resistant to most chemicals
 wrinkle resistant
 abrasion resistant
 easily washed

Cotton fibres
before washing after 6 washing

cycles
I. II.
after 11 washing III. IV. after 50 washing

cycles cycles
 visible changes of mechanical properties during washing and

drying
3. THE NATURE OF WATER
Water:
 water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms
connected by covalent bonds
 three states of matter:
 solid
 liquid
 gas
 covers 71% of the Earth surface (96,5% in oceans,
1,7% in ground water, 1,7% in glaciers and ice
caps and 0,001% in the air)
 only 2,5% is fresh water and 98,8% of that water is in ice and
groundwater
 less than 0,3% of all fresh water is in rivers, lakes and the
atmosphere

Chemical and physical properties:
 is liquid at standard temperature and pressure

 polar molecule with electrical dipole moment due to non linear
structure
 high surface tension
 have cappilary action
 universal solvent
 low electrical conductivity
 density
 thermal: specific heat and latent heat
 viscosity
 osmotic pressure
 optical properties
 electrical properties: dielectric constant, electrical conductivity

4. WATER QUALITY
INDICATORS
Absolutely pure water is never found in nature!
According to Regulation on Water Classification, there are two groups

of indicators of water quality:
1st groups: mandatory indicators (physical and chemical parameters,

oxygen demand, microbiological and biological indicators)
2nd groups: metals, organic compounds, radioactivity

1. PHYSICAL INDICATORS:
1.1. Suspended matters

This includes all matter suspended in water that is large enough to be
retained on a filter with a given porosity.
1.2. Turbidity
Measures the amount of suspended particles in water
1.3. Colour
The color of a water sample can be reported as:
Apparent color is the color of the whole water sample, and
consists of color from both dissolved and suspended
components
True color is measured after filtering the water sample to
remove all suspended materials

1.4. Transparency
Transparency measures how far light can penetrate a body of water.
1.5. Conductivity
Conductivity (k) is transmission speed of electrical charge through the
material (mS/cm).
In water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such
as chloride, sulfate, sodium, calcium and others.
1.6. Odour and taste

Water odour can cause organic substances. Taste water could be
indicators of changes in water sources or treatment process.
Inorganic compounds such as magnesium, calcium, sodium,
copper, iron, and zinc are generally detected by the taste of water.

1.7. Temperature
Normal temperature: 22°C (limit value of wastewater temperature is 30°C)
Sources: sunlight, thermal pollution
Effects: amount of oxygen that can dissolve, photosynthetic rate,
metabolic rates change, senitivity to toxic wastes.
Water temperature fluctuates seasonally, resulting in thermal
stratification in deeper water.
Wastewater: commonly higher; vary from
season to season and with geographic
location
The stratification of a lake in the

summer

2. CHEMICAL INDICATORS
2.1. Total dissolved solids

TDS is a measure of the combined content of all organic and inorganic
substances contained in a water in: molecular, ionized or micro-
granular suspended form
2.2. pH
pH is measure of acidity in water (hydrogen ion concentration)
pH = - log [ H+ ]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acid neutral alkaline

2.3. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the quantitative capacity of water to neutralize an acid.
Expressed in mg/l CaCO3. Wastewater is normally alkaline.
2.4. Hardness
Calcium and magnesium salt content
 Temporary hardness - carbonates and bicarbonates, can be removed
by boiling
equilibrium: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3−
 Permanent hardness - sulfates, chlorides, other anions
Classification of water
by German Hardness

2.5. Dissolved gases
Prime importance in considering the quality of water along with the
other physical and chemical characteristics.
Important gases dissolved in waters:
 oxygen
 carbon dioxide
 nitrogen
 ammonia
 hydrogen sulfide
 sulfur dioxide
 chlorine etc.
2.6. Organic matters
Organic matter - organic material present in surface or ground water.
Division to: biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
Three major sources:
 the breakdown of naturally occurring organic materials
 commercial and domestic chemical wastes
 chemical reactions that occur during water treatment and filtration
processes
2.7. Nutrients
Nutrients in wastewater:
 organic carbon
 nitrogen
 phosphorus
 potassium
Required for the primary production of organic matter
2.8. Metals
Most of them are dissolved in water. Can cause public health or
aesthetic problems (taste, odour, colour) if not removed.
Can be divided into:
 non-toxic: arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead,
mercury, silver
 toxic: sodium, iron, manganese, aluminum, copper and zinc

2.9. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

The amount of oxygen (mg O2/l) required by aerobic microorganisms to
decompose the organic matter in a sample of water at 20°C.
Measured after 5, 20 or 100 days (BOD5, BOD20 or BOD100).
2.10. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

The amount of oxygen which is needed for the oxidation of all organic
substances (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) in water (mg/l
or g/m3).
2.11. TOC (Total Organic Carbon)
To characterize the dissolved and suspended organic matter in water.
2.12. DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon)

To characterize only organic material that is actually dissolved, not
suspended.
2.13. AOX (Adsorbable organic halogens)

The sum of parameters for water soluble "adsorbable organic
halogens" in which 'A' stands for adsorbable, 'O' for organic and 'X'
for the halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine.
2.14. Other
 fluorides (smaller amounts are good in preventing tooth decay)
 chlorides (give salty taste, can cause corrosion)
 sulfates (due to the dissolution of minerals can cause indigestion)
 cyanides (very dangerous, point to pollution waste water)
 radioactive substances (cause mutagenic changes, sterility, cancer)

3. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS:
Biological indicators (bioindicators) are organisms or communities

of organisms, which reactions are observed representatively to
evaluate a situation, giving clues for the condition of the whole
ecosystem.
Measurement:
 saprobic index
 the degree of biological production
 microbiological indicators (coliform bacteria, E-coli, faecal
streptococcus)
 the degree of toxicity

3. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS:
Surface water quality monitoring in Croatia
continuous monitoring in Republic of Croatia started in the 1950’
water quality monitoring is mainly based on physico-chemical parameters
since 2000 water quality assessment is significantly improved
 sampling and assessment of water quality is done in accordance with
Croatian (HRN) or International norms (ISO-EN) in authorized laboratories
Biological surface water quality determinants being monitored according to
Water Classification Act (“National Gazette” , NN 77/98) are:
Saprobic index (Pantle – Buck),
Extended Biotic Index and
Trophy status (lakes)
Bioindicator system that is currently in use in Croatia:
Wegl (1983)
Analysed communities:
Benthic macroinvertebrates
Periphyton
Bioseston
HRIS - national bioindicator system (2005)

Croatia: the quality indicators of industrial wastewater discharged into
the public sewage system or into surface watercourses and their limits
are prescribed and explained in the Regulation on limit values and other
hazardous substances in wastewater
PUBLIC Parameters and Maximum

SURFACE REFERENCE METHOD OF
INDICATORS AND MEASURES SEWER
WATER MEASUREMENT Permissible Concentration
SYSTEM
(MPC) for laundry
GENERAL INDICATORS wastewater with applicable
pH 6,5-9,0 6,5-9,5 HRN ISO 10523:1998 standards
Temperature [ oC] 30 40 DIN 38404-C4
Deposited matters [ml/l] 0,5 10 DIN 38409-H9
Suspended matters [mg/l] 80 (a) HRN ISO 11923:1998
ORGANIC INDICATORS
BOD5 [mgO2/l] 30 - HRN EN 1899-1:2004
HRN ISO 6060:2003

COD [mgO2/l ] 200 (e) (d)
HRN ISO 15705:2003
TOC [mgC/l] 60 (c) (d) HRN EN 1484:2002
AOX [mg/l] 0,5 0,5 HRN EN 1485:2002
Surfactants, anionic and nononic [mg/l] 1,0 (a) HRN EN 903:2002
Mineral oils [mg/l] 10 20 HRN EN ISO 9377-2:2002

INORGANIC INDICATORS
HRN ISO 10530:1998

Sulphides dissolved S [mg/l] 0,5 1,0
HRN ISO 13358:1998
Sulphates SO4 [mg/l]
Sulfites SO3 [mg/l]
HRN EN ISO7393-1:2001
Free chlorine [mg Cl2/l] 0,2 0,5 HRN EN ISO 7393-2:2001
HRN EN ISO 7393-3:2001
HRN EN ISO 7393-1:2001

Total chlorine [Cl2mg/l] 0,5 1,0 HRN EN ISO 7393-2:2001
HRN EN ISO 7393-3:2001
Total phosphorus [mg P/l] 1,0 - HRN ISO 6878
HRN ISO 5664:1998

Ammonium [mg N/l] 5
HRN ISO 7150-1:1998
HRN EN 1233
Total chromium Cr [mg/l] 1,25 4,0
HRN ISO 8288
Chromium Cr6+ [mg/l] 0,1 0,2 HRN ISO 11083
Ortophosphates [mg P/l] 1-4 - HRN ISO 6878
Nitrites [mg/l] 0,5-2 10 HRN ISO 10304-2
Nitrates [mg/l] 2-10 - HRN EN ISO 10304-2
AOX [mg/l] 0,1-7,5 1 HRN EN 1485
SURFACTANTS
Total surfactant [mg/l] 4-10 20 Σ surfactants
HRN EN 903
ASTM D 4251-89
Anionic surfactant [mg/l] 1-4 10
HRN EN ISO 7875-1
HRN ISO 2271
HRN ISO 2268
Nonionic surfactant [mg/l] 1-4 10
HRN ISO 7875-2
HRN EN ISO 2871-1
Cationic surfactant [mg/l] 0,2-1,0 2 HRN EN ISO 2871-2
ASTM 5070-90
5. WASTEWATER OF
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The common characteristics of textile wastewater are:
 high chemical oxygen demand (COD)
 high biological oxygen demand (BOD)
 high temperature
 high pH
 solid materials
 phenol, sulphure and the colours caused by different dyes
Wastewater of textile industry are changeable in amount and
composition.
The 1st reason of pollutants: is the natural impurity in fibres.
The 2nd reason: is the chemical materials that are used in processes.
A huge amount of dye, carriers, chrome and its derivations
and sulphur are found in wastewater.

Textile industry is a very diverse sector in terms of raw materials,
processes, products and equipment and has very complicated
industrial chain.
Main pollution came from dyeing and finishing processes. These
processes require a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs, which
are generally organic compounds of complex structure.
Because all of them are not contained in the final product, became
waste and caused disposal problems.
Besides its complex forms, textile wastewater creates problems due
to their high volume. This industry takes place in the first ranks on
account of water consumption.
The other problem is that it produces wastewater in different forms
and volumes since textile industry has many subdivisions.

Major pollutants in textile wastewaters are high suspended solids, COD,
heat, colour, acidity and other soluble substances.
Substances which need to be removed from textile wastewater are
mainly COD, BOD, nitrogen, heavy metals and dystuffs.
Process Effluent composition Nature

starch, waxes, carboxymethil cellulose (CMC),
Sizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), wetting agents
high BOD, COD
high BOD, COD, suspended solids,

Desizing starch, CMC, PVA, fats, waxes, pectins
dissolved solids
sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), Cl2, NaOH, H2O2,
hihg alkalinity,
Bleaching acids, surfactants, NaSiO3, sodium phosphate,
high suspended solids
short cotton fibre
high pH, low BOD, high suspended
Mercerizing sodium hydroxide, cotton wax
solids
strongly coloured, high BOD,
dystuffs, urea, reducing agents, oxidizing agents, high dissolved solids,
Dyeing acetic acid, detergents, wetting agents low suspended solids,
heavy metals
highly coloured, high BOD,
pastes, urea, starches, gums, oils, binders, acids, oily appearance,
Printing thickeners, cross-linkers, reducing agents, alkali high suspended solids,
slightly alkaline, low BOD
high alkalinity, high acidity, toxicity,
resins, waxes, chlorinated compounds, acetate,
Finishing softeners, formaldehyde, PVA
high organic and inorganic
suspended solids
Leather sulphite, chromium, synthetic tannins, biocides, toxicity, high organic and inorganic
production lubricants suspended solids, odour
high BOD, high COD, high alkality,

Textile care fats, detergents, chlorine, active oxygen
low suspended solids, toxicity, foam
LAUNDRIES AND
WASTEWATER OF LAUNDRIES
Washing is a complex process that is occurs in an aqueous meduim with the
influence of four parameters:
 temperature
 time
 mechanics
 chemistry
All factors are important and need to be optimized in order to achieve a good
results of washing.
Particulary is important a hygienic aspects of quality control in the textile
laundry from hospital, nursing homes, food and pharmaceutical industries,
where is very important disinfection (thermal, chemical or chemo-thermal).
Disinfection effect depends on temperature, concentration of disinfectants,
time of action, the presence of microorganisms and the structure of the
environment.

Factors that influence on washing effects:
1. WATER
-quantity
-hardness (ratio Ca 2+/Mg2+)
-purity, microbiological composition, content of heavy metals
2. SOILING
-the degree and type of soiling
-interaction with components of detergent
-composition and structure of textile materials
3. TEXTILES
- textiles (fabric, yarn..)
- sweling Tg
- finishing, coloration
- charge (dimenzion, size..)
- purpose, residues

4. WASHING MACHINE
washing temperature (initial, heating, final temperature)
washing time
mechanics of laundering (rotation speed, reversible rotation and drum
diameter), volume, volume baths, weight and dimensions of textiles,
fabrics/friction, foam), washing program (prewash, main wash and rinse)
5. DETERGENT
Active components
anionic surfactant
nonionic surfactant
soap
cationic surfactant
Inorganic components
alkalies (silikates, Na2CO3)
phosphates (sodium triphosphate)
zeolites (sodium aluminosilicate)
chemical bleaches (sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate)
stabilizer (magnesium silicate)
Organic components
cobuilders (NTA, citrates…)
polycarboxylic acid polymers
optical brigheteners
solvents (alcohols)
enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, mananaze)
activators of chemical bleaches (EDTA and NOBS)
graying inhibitors (carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
special polymers (SRP), fragrance)
Generally:
 laundering is an energy intensive process
 more than 90% of energy for washing is used to heat the water - thus low
temperature washing should be a great energy saver
 however an important factor to consider is that reducing the washing
temperature decreases the degree of disinfection and increases the
possibility of cross-infection of textiles washed in the same load

 preparation of technological water (ion exchangers: synthetic resins and ion
exchange)
REQUIREMENTS
Water hardness (°dH) 0
Iron content (mg/l)  0,1
Copper content (mg/l)  0,05
Manganese content (mg/l)  0,03
The total number of microorganisms (CFU/ml) Water-rinse Prewash

100 1000
ANALYSIS AFTER RINSING
organic incrustation(%) 1
inorganic incrustation(%) 1
pH 6,5-8,3
Anionic surfactant (g/g)  200
Nonionic surfactant (g/g)  400

An important criteria at industrial
laundry are hygienic conditions,
especially in the case of hospital
laundry and laundry from food
industry.
It is referring to the disinfection of
all work areas, vehicles, auxiliary
devices (transport truck),
employees and equipment.
Wastewater due to the pollution source

NORMAL HOSPITAL WORKING CLEANING
LAUNDRY LAUNDRY CLOTHES CLOTHES
COD (mg O2/l) 600 - 2500 400 - 1200 1200 - 20000 to 100000
hydrocarbons (mg/l) 0 - 10 - 0 - 20000 to 30000
Surfactant (mg/l) 30 - 150 20 - 120 100 - 600 to 300
AOX (mg/l) 0-4 0 - 12 0-36 to 50
Copper (mg/l) 0 - 0,4 0 - 0,2 1-7 to 100
Lead (mg/l) 0 - 0,2 0 - 0,1 0,7-2,8 to 100
6. PURIFICATION OF
TEXTILE WASTEWATERS
When wastewater (effluent) discharged into a river body such as lake,
river or sea, a number of process occur which cause loss of organisms
It is necessary to treat effluent or waste before discharging in water

body
The types of water treatment are regularly used to:

 improve water quality
 remove microorganisms
 reduce the level of toxic substances
The treatment procedure are generally divided into three groups:

 PRIMARY TREATMENT (mechanical treatment)
 SECONDARY TREATMENT (biological treatment)
 TERTIARY TREATMENT (advanced biological or chemical treatment)

PRIMARY TREATMENT - mechanical treatment
 suspended solids and floating material is removed

 physical and/or chemical treatment
Sedimentation:
 the suspended and colloidal impurities are separated in
sedimentation tank by gravitation
 the main principle: allow water to rest or flow at a very slow
velocity - heavier particles settle down due to gravity
 settling of particles depend on velocity of flow, size, shape and
specific gravity of particles and viscosity of liquid
 the velocity of water decreased by increasing the length of flow

Coagulation/Floculattion:
 sedimentation is not sufficient to remove all the suspended matter

 coagulation is used to remove colloidal particles from water
 coagulation - process in which certain chemical agent is mixed with
water then colloidal and suspended particles are agglomerated and
form insoluble metal hydroxide known as flocks
 coagulation: is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought
about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant
 floculattion: is the agglomeration of particles into microfloc and after
into bulky floccules which can be settled
 the factors which can promote the coagulation-flocculation are:
 the velocity gradient
 the timet
 he pH
Filtration:
 to remove colloidal and suspended matter remaining after

sedimentation
 the water pass through thick layer of sand or porous material which
retain coarse impurities on its surface and in pores
 does not remove dissolved solids
 as filtration media may be used:
 quartz sand
 silica sand
 anthracite coal
 garnet
 magnetite and other materials

SECONDARY TREATMENT - biological treatment
 microorganism play important role for the treatment of effluent

 microorganism decompose the organic waste
 classified into AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC treatment
AEROBIC TREATMENT:
 carried out by microorganism in the presence of oxygen
 based on principle autopurification
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT:
 carried out by aerobes in the absence of oxygen

Major differences in aerobic and anaerobic treatment
Parameter Aerobic treatment Anaerobic Treatment

microbial reactions take place in the microbial reactions take place in the
presence of molecular/free oxygen absence of molecular/free oxygen
Process principle
reactions product are carbon dioxide, reactions products are carbon dioxide,
water and excess biomass methane and excess biomass
Wastewater with low to medium organic Wastewater with medium to high
impurities (COD<1000 ppm) and for organic impurities (COD>1000 ppm) and
Applications wastewater that are difficult to easily biodegradable wastewater e.g.
biodegradable e.g. municipial sewage, from food and baverage wastewater rich
refinery wastewater etc. in starch/sugar/alcohol
Reaction kinetics Relatively fast Relatively slow
Relatively low (generally one fifth to one

Net sludge yield Relatively high
tenth of aerobic treatment process)
Typically direct discharge or filtration/

Post treatment Invariably followed by aerobic treatment
disinfection
Foot-Print Relatively large Relatively small and compact
Capital investment Relatively high Relatively low with pay back

Continuously stirred tank
Activated sludge e.g. etended aeration, MBR,
Example technologies reactor/digester, upflow anaerobic
fixed film processes etc.
sludge blanket etc.

Aerobic
Activated sludge process
 most versatile biological oxidation process
 treatment of waste water contain dissolved solid, collides, rough solid
and organic matter
 sewage from sedimentation tank enter into aeration tank
 active sludge is mixed for about 4 to 8 hours
 the microorganisms oxidize organic matter in the presence of abundant
quantity of oxygen in the aeration tank
 sewage is settle in secondary sedimentation tank
 some portion of activated sludge is recalculated into the aeration tank
 contain a large number of aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms

Aerobic
Trickling filters (TF) - biotowers
 are used to remove organic matter from wastewater
 an aerobic treatment system
 enable organic material in the wastewater to be adsorbed by a
population of microorganisms (aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative
bacteria; fungi; algae; and protozoa) attached to the medium as a
biological film or slime layer
 the wastewater flows over the medium - microorganisms form a film -
the organic material is degraded by the aerobic microorganisms in the
outer part of the layer
 layer thickens through microbial growth - oxygen cannot penetrate the
medium face - anaerobic organisms develop - biological film
continues to grow - microorganisms near the
surface lose their ability to cling to the
medium - a portion of the slime layer falls off
the filter (so-called sloughing)
 sloughed solids are picked up and
transported to a clarifier for removal from
the wastewater
Aerobic Advantages and disadvantages of Trickling filters (biotowers)

Aerobic
Aerated pond - lagoon
 wastewater is purified by action of algae and aerobic bacteria

 organic matter are decomposed by bacteria and are consumed by algae
 oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis
 aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere and convert the organic
matter present in CO2 which is again taken by algae during the process
of photosynthesis

Anaerobic treatment
 biological agents are used to remove the contaminant from water in the
absence of oxygen
 biological agents include microorganisms which break down
biodegradable material present in sludge after it is filtered from polluted
water (so-called anaerobic digestion)
 huge sealed tanks
 microorganisms breakdown the sludge

and convert it to organic acids, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia
 in the later stages the sludge remains are
converted to biogas by methanogen
 biological anaerobic treatment is a very
low energy process
 ideal for treating wastewater which is high in soluble BOD and/or COD

Bioremediation
 process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to

return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original
condition
 types of bioremediation:
 In situ – at the site
 Ex situ – away from the site
 advantages:
 low cost
 minimal site disruption
 simultaneous treatment of contaminated water and soil
 minimal exposure of public and site personnel
 disadvantages:
 time consuming
 seasonal variation
 problematic addition of additives

TERTIARY TREATMENT
- advanced biological or chemical treatment
 to decrease the content of nitrogen and phosphorous

compound in the effluent
Disinfection
Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters and
to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially
harmful microorganisms in the storage and distribution systems
Chlorine disinfection
 the most common disinfection method
 chlorine – a strong oxidant - rapidly kills many harmful microorganisms
danger of a release toxic gases - problem is avoided by the use of sodium
hypochlorite

Chlorine dioxide disinfection
 a faster acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine
 chlorine dioxide is supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to
avoid gas handling problems
 a powerful disinfectant, excellent for removing odours, destroys organic
matter, viruses and spores
 very explosive so cannot be stored
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

the aim of these methods is to mineralize the pollutants, i.e., to convert
them entirely to CO2, H2O, and mineral acids such as HCl
most AOPs are ambient-temperature processes
generation of significant amounts of the hydroxyl free radical (OH ) – in
.
aqueous solution is a very effective oxidizing agent
the hydroxyl radical can initiate the oxidation of a molecule – by extraction
of hydrogen atom, or addition to one atom of a multiple bond, or extract an
electron from an anion

From AOPs the most common are:
 Fenton process
 Ozone oxidation
 Oxidation by UV rays
Fenton process
based on oxidation by Fenton regaens, which is an oxidative mixture of
hydrogen peroxide and Fe2+ ions
effectiveness depends on the pH, temperature and the ratio of the amount of
Fe2 + ions and hydrogen peroxide
Advantages: no formation of chlorinated organic by-products, both

reactants are relatively inexpensive, simple to use and non-toxic

Ozone oxidation
 Ozone: strong oxidizing agent, unstable to store (has to be made as it
isused)
 it is produced by passing an electrical discharge through air which is then
bubbled through the water
 powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms
 some of the advantages include the production of fewer dangerous by-
products (in comparison to chlorination) and the lack of taste and odour
produced by ozonisation
Oxidation by UV rays
 very effective at inactivating cysts
 UV lights disinfection effectiveness decreases as turbidity increases
 the water is passed through banks of cylindrical,quartz-jacketed
fluorescent bulbs
 disadvantages: some dissolved materials (iron and some organic
compounds) can absorb the light, expensive

Other water purification – MEMBRANE PROCESS
Common membrane processes include:
 microfiltration (MF)
 ultrafiltration (UF)
 nanofiltration
 reverse osmosis (RO)
Water can be purified of most contaminant ions, molecules, and small
particles, including viruses and bacteria, by passing it through a membrane in
which the individual holes, called pores, are of uniform and microscopic size
 the pore size of the membrane must be smaller than the contaminant size

 membrane separation processes can be define
as procedures which divide the input current
(feed liquid) into two streams:
permeate (the part of the input current who is
passed through the membrane)
retentate (concentrate) part of the input current
retained by membrane
REVERSE OSMOSIS or HYPERFILTRATION
 water is forced under high pressure to pass through the pores in a

semipermeable membrane, composed of an organic polymeric material
such as cellulose acetate or triacetate or a polyamide
 only water (and other molecules of its small size) can pass through the
pores, the liquid on the other side of the membrane is purified water

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR - MBR
Is an improvement of the conventional activated sludge processes, where

the traditional secondary clarifier is replaced by a membrane unit for the
separation of treated water from the mixed solution in the bioreactor
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology is based on Biological Treatment

followed by membrane separation.
Advantage:
 the high-quality of the purified water
 increased volume efficiency
 stops the pathogenic microorganisms and other pollutants
 enables the growth nitrifying bacteria
 ability to work on high-organic pollution
 biomass growth is significantly reduced
Disadvantage:
 membrane fouling

TYPES / MODULES of membranes:
 plate-and-frame
 tubular
 spiral-wound
 hollow-fiber

CONCLUSIONS
 prior to discharge of industrial water into the drainage
system they need to be purified
 method of treatment depends on the technological

process where are produces wastewater
 the newest and the best effects of water purification

achieved by a combination of purification processes
 modified the process with the task of reducing the

quantity of wastewater
 re-use of purified wastewater

Regarding to laundry:
Sources of pollution:
 from the raw water (salts)

 detergents (surfactants – tenzides; phosphates, silicates)
 dirt from clothes (fiber clothing, colour, fat, oil)
 temperature
Important:
 physical treatment (membrane procesess)

 biological treatment
 combination of procesess

Thank you
for your attention!

649108.dekanic WASTEWATER

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

649108.dekanic WASTEWATER

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

University of Zagreb

Faculty of Textile Technology

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

 The independent study of the textile technology in Croatia

 first only textile chemical engineering, then later mechanical

 and at three independent colleges of textiles in Duga Resa,

 In 1991 the Institute of Textile and Clothing was organized as

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

 Department of Materials, Fibres and Textile Testing

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Tihana Dekanic, B.Sc.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Major pollutants are:

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

 high melting temperature

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

before washing after 6 washing

after 11 washing III. IV. after 50 washing

 visible changes of mechanical properties during washing and

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

 is liquid at standard temperature and pressure

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

According to Regulation on Water Classification, there are two groups

1st groups: mandatory indicators (physical and chemical parameters,

2nd groups: metals, organic compounds, radioactivity

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

1.1. Suspended matters

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

1.6. Odour and taste

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

The stratification of a lake in the

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

2.1. Total dissolved solids

acid neutral alkaline

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

2.9. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

2.10. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

2.12. DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon)

2.13. AOX (Adsorbable organic halogens)

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Biological indicators (bioindicators) are organisms or communities

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

PUBLIC Parameters and Maximum

Deposited matters [ml/l] 0,5 10 DIN 38409-H9

Suspended matters [mg/l] 80 (a) HRN ISO 11923:1998

BOD5 [mgO2/l] 30 - HRN EN 1899-1:2004

HRN ISO 6060:2003

TOC [mgC/l] 60 (c) (d) HRN EN 1484:2002

AOX [mg/l] 0,5 0,5 HRN EN 1485:2002

Surfactants, anionic and nononic [mg/l] 1,0 (a) HRN EN 903:2002

Mineral oils [mg/l] 10 20 HRN EN ISO 9377-2:2002

Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

HRN ISO 10530:1998

Sulphates SO4 [mg/l]

Sulfites SO3 [mg/l]

HRN EN ISO 7393-1:2001

Total phosphorus [mg P/l] 1,0 - HRN ISO 6878