classVIenglishHome Economic Class Six Final

Prescribed by National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a Textbook
for Class VI from the academic year 1997.
Home Economics
For Class VI
Written by
Suraiya Begum
Feroza Besum
Translated by
Amirun Nesa
Syeda Saliha Saliheen Sultana
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka

Published by
National Curriculum & Textbook Board
69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka.
[All rights reserved by the Publisher]
First Print : 1997

Revised Edition : 2007
Cover
Md. Abdul Halim
Illustration
Samina Nafiz
Computer Compose
Mars Solutions Ltd.
For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh
PREFACE
Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system
largely determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the
hopes and aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the
context of the post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the
beginning of the 1980s following the recommendations of the National Curriculum
and Textbook Committee.
In 1994, in accordance with the need for change and development, the textbooks of
lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary were revised and modified. The
textbooks from classes VI to IX were written in 1995. In 2000, almost all the
textbooks were rationally evaluated and necessary revision were made. In 2008, the
Ministry of Education formed a Task Force for Education. According to the advice
and guidance of the Task Force, the cover, spelling and information in the textbooks
were updated and corrected.
To make assessment more meaningful and in accordance with the need of the
curriculum, Creative Questions and Multiple Choice Questions are given at the end of
each chapter. It is hoped that this will reduce the dependency of students on rote
memorisation. The students will be able to apply the knowledge they have gained to
judge, analyse and evaluate real life situation.
Home Economics is a life skilled based and vocational study. It helps a family
maximise the use of its limited resources. There are four areas of study. These are
interior decoration and home management, child and family, food and knowledge of
nutrition, textiles and dress making. The textbook has been modified after rational
evaluation. It is hoped that the textbook will fulfill the requirements of the learners.
Practical lessons have been included in the text to enable the learners use their skills
in everyday life to solve different problems. We hope that through application of the
knowledge gained through the study of Home Economics development in the
national, social and economic areas will be achieved.
This book of Home Economics for class VI is the English Version of the original
textbook entitled ‘Garhasthya Arthanity’ written in Bangla.
We know that curriculum development is a continuous process on which textbooks
are written. Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be
considered with care. On the event of the golden jubilee of the Independence of
Bangladesh in 2021, we want to be a part of the ceaseless effort to build a prosperous
Bangladesh.
In spite of sincere efforts in translation, editing and printing some inadvertent errors
and omissions may be found in the book. However, our efforts to make it more
refined and impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestion towards its further
improvement will be gratefully considered.
I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and efforts in the writing,
editing and rational evaluation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for
the students for whom it is written.
Prof. Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin
Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board
Dhaka.
CONTENTS
Chapter
Subject Matter Page
Chapter-I Section-1 Home Management and Home Environment ------------- 1
Section-2 Interrior Cleanliness ------------------------------------------- 4
Section-3 Cleanliness of Outside Area of the House -----------------9
Section-4 Preservation of Necessary Things in Proper
Places in Terms of Their Use for Keeping ------------------------- 13
Sound Environment of the House
Section-5 Family Gardens of Fruits and Vegetables ----------------- 19
Chapter-II Section-1 Family and Society ----------------------------------------- 36
Section-2 Difference between Family and Society ----------------- 42
Section-3 Duties and Responsibilities of the Family
and its Members -------------------------------------------------------- 43
Section-4 Position of Children as Members of the Family -------- 48
Section-5 Teaching Good Manners to Children--------------------- 51
Chapter-Ill Section-1 Food, Nutrition and Health -------------------------------- 59
Section-2 Food Stuff of Daily Use and Food Values--------------- 73
Section-3 Misconceptions About Food and its Bad Effects ------- 81
Chapter-IV Section-1 Clothing and Textile Fibres-------------------------------- 87
Section-2 Necessity of Clothing--------------------------------------- 90
Section-3 Purpose of Wearing Clothing ------------------------------ 94
Section-4 Care and Storage of Personal Clothes --------------------- 98
Chapter-V Practicals -----------------------------------------------------------110
Chapter-VI Goat Rearing-------------------------------------------------------134
Chapter-I
Section-1
Home Management and Home
Environment
Home and its Environment
The primitive people did not know how to build homes. They took shelter in
the caves, on the branches of trees or on the peak of the hill. In this way they
saved themselves from the attack of wild animals or from the grasp of storm
and rainfall. Most of the time, they roamed about from one place to another
like gypsies. Gradually they learnt the use of fire. The invention of fire and
rearing of domestic animals brought about the bondage between their lives
and the soil for the first time. Gradually they learnt the use of different
metals like copper, iron etc. In course of time, they also learnt the cultivation
of land. Dwelling houses were set up by levelling the forests. Thus the first
attempt of building homes was started.
Home
An area surrounded by four walls only cannot be called a home. Home
means a particular house where different members of the family live
together. The necessity of home in a man's life is immense. Various needs of
the members of the family are fulfilled at home. These are the needs for
food, clothes, comfort, recreation, hobbies etc. A home satisfies man's needs
and settles their grievances. It preserves their privacy and raises their social
status. It makes opportunities for marriage and living a family life. Though
we are to go out for different work, we come back home to take rest there.
2 Home Economics
Man feels the need of a home for living together, being tied up in the
bondage of affection and love. Home is essential for protecting oneself also
from unfavourable weather. Besides these, a home is needed for preserving
foodgrains and other necessary commodities.
Home Management
A clean, safe and comfortable home environment is desired by everybody.
This kind of environment helps fulfill all the demands of the family through
proper management. The manager of a home with his knowledge, skill,
farsight, ability to judge and experience makes a home beautiful, clean and
comfortable.
Home management is the administrative side of a home. The main objective
of home management is to achieve the desired goal by utilising properly the
resources available in the home. Home environment should be clean and tidy
for manifestation of managerial behaviour. Home manager can make the
home beautiful, clean and comfortable by utilising his/her knowledge, skill,
farsight, power of judgment and past experience.
Home Environment
Home environment is formed with the home itself and all other objects
that exist around it. The happiness and peace along with health and beauty
of the members of the family depend on the sound environment of a
home. Home is the first environment in a child's life. A child after its birth
begins to develop in this environment. As much beautiful, sophisticated
and developed will be this environment so much it will help develop the
body of the child excellent and mind sophisticated and generous. On the
contrary, indecent and indisciplined environment helps child acquire
unknowingly some bad habits. These habits make obstruction in
developing the child properly. The home and its environment have much
Interrior Cleanliness 3
influence on both personal and social life. A child brought up in a nice and
disciplined environment will be well-ordered in his/her future life. He will
be careful in all his performances. Good habit will be formed in him. He will
acquire polite behaviour. He will be generous and broad minded. Whether
the home is in town or village, big or small it must have some I* facilities
such as cooking, eating, bathing, taking rest, studying, entertaining guests
and doing some interesting work. Though the houses of towns have small
area space, they have some features of residential areas- such as, school,
college, market, mosque, hospital, playground, gas, electricity, sewerage
system and improved transport system.
Though the rural houses are built in open environment, they should have
proper arrangements for doing necessary household works. These are-
cooking, sleeping, taking rest, studying, entertaining guests etc. For
maintaining good home environment, there should be no bushes or hedges
around the house. Cowshed should be at a distance from the dwelling house.
There should be arrangements for pure drinking water and hygenic latrines.
Section-2
Interrior Cleanliness- Walls, Floors, Doors,
Grills of Windows, Ceilings and Glasses
To make the environment of a house nice and attractive, internal and

external cleanliness is very important. The comfort, easiness and good health
of the members of the family depend on the neatness and tidiness of the
house. The aim of a housewife is to bring peace of mind by keeping the
house and its environment nice and well ordered. All the nooks and corners
of the house and the space under the furniture should be cleaned and
mopped. Care should be taken properly. Only then, the environment of the
house becomes neat and clean. Otherwise if the environment is dirty, it will
help germs and insects to grow. There will be disturbance of flies and
mosquitoes. It will cause harm to health and create problems for working.
It is very difficult to maintain internal cleanliness and tidiness of the house.

It can be maintained at the cost of much time and energy. It is not possible to
execute all the tasks of cleanliness suddenly in a day. These tasks are the
sweeping and wiping of floors of the rooms, cleaning the walls of rooms,
grills of doors and windows, glasses, ceilings, all the clothes of the house,
bathroom, sink, basins, toilets and dusting the furniture. Attempts should be
made to perform all these tasks accurately through proper planning.
Though sweeping and wiping are done everyday in every house, it is not
possible to remove dust from everything. It is found that the unused
clothes, dishes and plates and furniture remain dirty. The tasks of overall
cleaning of the house should be performed by daily, weekly and yearly

planning.
Daily Cleanliness
To clean the house means to sweep and wipe the rooms and yards, dust the
top of the furniture, make the beds tidy, clean the tables and other objects of
everyday use in different rooms including the kitchen, remove the dirts and
filths etc. Basin, bathroom, toilet and the floor of the tubewell should be
cleaned daily.
Weekly Cleanliness
Weekly cleanliness includes removing soots of the rooms, cleaning the
glasses and grills of doors and windows, washing bed sheets, washing
thoroughly the floor of the kitchen, cleaning the shelves of the kitchen,
laying the carpets in the sun from time to time and brushing them off etc.
Yearly Cleanliness
Yearly cleanliness includes repairing the cracked wall, white washing the
house, burnishing the furniture, shifting the big pieces of furniture, cleaning
the floor and laying the stored clothes, quilts, mattresses and blankets in the
sun. It also includes washing cups and plates made of ceramics and stored in
glass-fitted or wooden cupboard, trunks or boxes etc.
House Cleaning Materials

1. Straw or brooms, brush and mopping brush
2. Floor sweeping cloth
3. Bucket, bowl, mug, waste paper busket
4. Water, phynile, detergent powder
6 Home Economics
Straws or brooms are needed to

clean dust and dirt of the floors
of the rooms, verandahs etc. Soft
cotton clothes which absorb
water easily are to be used for
sweeping floors of the rooms.
Floors should be wiped daily
with clean water. Besides
wiping, mosaic floors should
be rubbed or cleaned once a House cleaning materials
Brush week or a month by brush
and detergent powder mixed
water. It will clean the floor by removing all the stains. A separate
piece of cloth should be used to clean the floor of the kitchen. This
floor should be cleaned once a week by a brush and hot water mixed
with detergent powder or soda. If the floor is made of clay, it is to be
annointed at regular intervals and to be kept dried.
Buckets, bowls and mugs are needed for washing and wiping the floors
of the rooms. These containers may be made of plastic, aluminium tin
or any other materials. In rural areas, earthen bowls are usually used.
Plastic made buckets or mugs do not cause any harm to the floor. In
towns, floors can be wiped in standing position by mopping brushes.
The slippery areas like the floors of kitchen taps, bathrooms etc. should
be cleaned by rubbing with brooms or brushes using detergent. The use
of bleaching powder in the messy and slippery places helps cleaning
those places and sterilise them. Straw brooms can be tied on the top of a
long bamboo and used as brooms, for cleaning the ceilings and walls of the
room.
Separate dusters should be used for cleaning the surface of furniture, dining
table, shelves of the kitchen, doors, grills of the window, glasses etc. Soft
cotton clothes or clothes of guernsey may be used as dusters. To keep the
dusters clean, these should be often washed by boiling water mixed with
soda or soap. If the woods of doors and windows are burnished, they should
be cleaned by dusters. If the woods are painted, they can be rubbed from
time to time by wet towels added with soap. In the grills specially in the
grills of the kitchen more dirts are gathered and stains are formed. These can
be cleaned if rubbed by used-up tooth brush and hot water mixed with
detergent powder and wiped out by cloth or sponge. In this way, grills
should be cleaned at least once a month. Glass fitted doors and
windows are to be softly dusted off daily by a piece of thin cotton cloth.
If too much dirts are gathered and
stains formed, first these should be
rubbed well by a soft and wet
piece of cloth or newspaper. Then
they are to be wiped out by soft
dry cloth. The glasses of windows
of the kitchen are stained by sticky
soots. To clean such windows, a
few drops of ammonia or detergent
powder are to be mixed with water
and used for rubbing.
Wiping the floor of the room with
rubbing. mopping brush in a standing position
8 Home Economics
Removal of Used-up Unnecessary Things
Different household articles become worn out, stained, broken, discoloured

or bent for being used for many days. As a result they become almost
useless. Toys bought from the fairs, old worn-out
Used up unnecessary things
pictures and calendars hung on the wall hamper the decency of the rooms.
Worn out and useless things unnecessarily occupy spaces of the room,
shelves, drawer and cupboard. To clean those spaces and worn out things,
both time and energy are wasted. Many times it is found that worn out things
occupy spaces and no room is available for keeping necessary articles. If
unused things are stored for a long time, they become the dwelling place of
cockroaches. The empty containers of tin, if kept unused for a long time,,are
rusted. Worn out and waste objects, buckets, cooking pots and other broken
furniture should be rejected and removed from the rooms. There is every
possibility of accidents if unnecessary and rejected objects are scattered here
and there. For this reason, the rejected objects of the house should be given
to someone or to be sold or to be removed.
Family and Society 9
Section-3
Cleanliness of Outside Area of the
House, Drains, Bushes arid Hedges,
Gardens, Drainage of Canals
For healthy body and sound mind, both inside and outside of the house
should be kept clean. Dirty water used in household work, liquid waste,
rainwater and latrine water are removed through drainage system of the
canals. The mosquitoes and flies lay eggs if the drains and canals are not
clean. They carry on breeding and spread germs. In such unhealthy
environment, people are attacked with contagious diseases as malaria,
diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera,
dysentery etc. For this
reason, it is very urgent to
keep the outside garden of
the house, hedges and bushes
and drains clean. For the
sake of good health, it is also
urgent to keep running the
drainage system.
Cleaning the Drains

The purpose of keeping
drains on the surface of the
Brash with a long handle for
ground adjacent to the house cleaning the drain
is to eliminate dirty water
produced by various
10 Home Economics
household activities. In towns, there is connection of underground pipe lines

of water with the drains. As the outer surface of the drains remains open,
various types of filths like polythin bags, bisduit packets are thrown into
water. They block the passage for passing water. Water and mosses are
gathered, filths are rotten and bad smell comes out. As a result, the
environment is polluted.
Stagnant water makes the environment damp. This kind of environment

helps flies and mosquitoes breed and multiply. Drains should be cleaned
daily with brushes having long handles. Drains should also be cleaned*. by
brooms and Phynile. DDT powder should be sprinkled in the drains •« from
time to time. These drains are built of mud in rural areas. If the drains are to
be built of mud, the mud should be strong enough so that the edges of the
drains do not collapse. Mosquitoes and flies increase menacingly if rain
water is stagnant in these drains. So these drains should be dug and made
deep by spades from time to time and these should be kept flowing.
Hedges
There should not be hedges around the house because these hedges are the
shelter place of flies, mosquitoes, poisonous insects and snakes. Besides,
hedges hamper the blowing of wind outside the house. They also block the
entrance of sunshine in the house. Soil becomes damp for lack qf sunshine.
Unhealthy environment prevails. Hedges outside the house should "be cut
down. Flowers in the front portion of the house and vegetables at the back
can be grown. It increases the beauty of the house and the mind remains
cheerful. There is also satisfaction of eating fresh vegetables.
Garden
Seasonal flowers, fruits and
vegetable gardens outside the
house increase the beauty of the
house. Proper care of the garden
is needed to keep the
environment neat and clean. Due
Flower garden in the front and -fruit garden at the
to lack of care, weeds grow in the back of a house
garden and form bushes. Growth of

the trees and their production fall
down. It is necessary to make soil soft by regularly digging and turning the
earth up. Weeds should be removed. Children of the family can share this
responsibility among themselves. It helps develop the sense of dignity of
labour among them from the very childhood. Body and mind become sound
owing to working in the garden. The children become accustomed to hard
work.
Canal Extraction
Every house has drains or pipes for carrying away filth like dirty water,
faeces and urine to a large underground sewer. All sorts of filth are carried
away to the river through this sewer. Some mouths of this sewer remain
open upto the surface of the ground. These mouths are closed by iron or
cement made lids. There may be one or two of this sort of lid within the
boundary of the house. If any dirt falls and is fixed in the pipe, it can be
removed by opening the lid of the pipe and pushing by bamboo stick or
anything of this sort.
Any peel of fruits or vegetables or any dry waste should not be thrown
into the pipes of liquid waste. If it is done, the mouth of the pipe will be
12 Home Economics
Lids with net used in pipes mouth under the tap and the basin
blocked and cause problems in passing out water and faeces. If the pipe is
blocked, all the filth of the latrine can not pass through it. It will come to the
bathrooms by overflowing the pan of the latrine. All the used dirty water of
the kitchen will come back to the kitchen through the pipe. As a result the
environment of the house will be polluted. For this rea ;on, nets are fitted at
the top of the mouths of pipes in the bathrooms and the kitchens. As a result
other dirts cannot enter the pipes except water.
Section-4
Preservation of Necessary Things in
Proper Place in Terms of Their Use for
Keeping Sound Environment
of the House
The first and foremost means to maintain decency and discipline of the
house is to put everything in right place and right order. Only then, they will
be available in time of need. Time and energy will not unnecessarily be
wasted. After finishing the task, they should be put in right place in stead of
scattering them here and there. The members of the family should form this
habit. There is the possibility of accident if things are kept scattered. If
things are not available in time of need, one is to be exhausted in looking for
them. Time is wasted and one may loose interest in the work. One feels
interested for doing something in a tidy nice room. The tools and materials
that are used in the house can be divided into following groups:
Household Equipment
Cosmetics
Sewing Equipment
Gardening Equipment
First Aid Equipment and materials
1. Household Equipment
Household Equipment means things that are used in household work
like furniture, utensils and other equipment. Suitable equipment and
commodities are needed to maintain comfort and satisfaction of the
14 Home Economics
members of the family. Some of these may be used in daily life and some
may be needed in future life. So proper care of these things increases their
lasting capacity and brightness is retained for a long time. Cleanliness and
tidiness of a house depends on proper placement and good order of things.
As a result, things are available easily in time of need. Time and energy are
not wasted in searching things if they are properly placed.
Furniture of different families are of different type. They may be big or

small. They should be arranged properly in different rooms according to
the needs. Bedstead, dressing table, rack and almirah etc, should be placed
in suitable places in the bedroom so
that it does not create any problem
in movement and passing light and
air. In this way, the furniture of
other rooms should be set in proper
places according to their use. There
are a few things which are used
frequently in daily work of every
Arranging cooking things in the kitchen
family. Shelves may be used to
keep these things.
If the things of the kitchen are properly placed, it becomes convenient for
doing any work. The used big or small empty containers, boxes with lids
should be washed and wiped. Then they can be used to fill with species and
other food stuff. These containers should be labelled for identifying things in
them and arranged in the shelves. These labels
A Modern Kitchen
are: Flour, Sugar, Pulse etc. If the containers are labelled, one need not
unnecessarily search all "the containers. In the market, plastic or iron shelves
and racks for cups and saucers are available. Cups and plates can be put in
them. These things can also be kept in the shelves. Less used things like big
cauldrons, saucepans should be washed, cleaned and dried in the sun and can
be kept on the upper shelves of the kitchen. Cooking pots and pans which
are used every day can be kept on the lower shelves. Sharp equipment like
chopper, bowl, knife should be kept in one side of a shelf. Additional
equipment of this sort can be kept in the upper shelf of the kitchen by
wrapping cloth around them. If there is no shelf, they can be put in a box.
Otherwise there is possibility of their being rusted.
Now-a-days in modern kitchens, there are arrangements for doing all

sorts of work standing. There are cabinets and drawers of different sizes
in the kitchen for preserving cooking equipment. These equipment can be
16 Home Economics
arranged in the drawers and cabinets according to convenience of working.

2. Cosmetics
Cosmetics include those items which are used for physical cleanliness and
dressing. Babies, Girls, Boys, Man, Woman all use cosmetics. Cosmetics,
are of different types according to age, sex and season. Toilet soap,
shampoo, hair oil, comb, ribbon,
clip, hair-pin, hair band, shaving
brush, cream, razor, blade etc. are
the items for everyday use. It is
convenient to keep them in
places where they are used. They
can be arranged in a shelf or a box.
Cosmetics used for joining any
delightful festival or any outgoing
are snow, powder, cold cream,
lotion, lipstick, eye-brow pencil,
perfume, attar etc. Makeup
materials are to be kept on the Dressing Table with different cosmetics
dressing table or in its drawer or

in its cabinet. Or they can be kept in shelves near the mirror or on the table.
Many persons keep makeup materials in a chain fitted small bag or in a
beauty box. The cosmetics should not be kept within the reach of small
children.
3. Sewing Equipment
The equipment that are necessary for making and repairing of dresses in
the house are needle, thread, scissors, measuring tape, scale, frame,
finger-cap, coloured chalk for marking, button etc. Besides these many
houses may have sewing

machines. Small equipment can be
kept in boxes made of wood or cane,
or in small boxes of biscuits
chocolates or logenzes. Tools and
equipment will be easily available in
time of need if they are kept in order Box with sewing equipment
in a box. The sewing equipment
should be kept beyond the reach of
small children but these should be kept near the sewing machine so that
other members of the family can use in time of need.
4. Gardening Equipment
Gardening of flower, fruit or vegetables gives amusement and pleasure to
both body and mind. Regular nursing is necessary for enhancing the beauty
of the garden. Suitable equipment is necessary for removing weeds from the
garden,watering, cutting bushes etc. Gardening equipment are spade,
ironbar, chopper, weeder, weeding spade, scissors, lattice, plastic pipe for
watering the plants, sprayer for sprinkling medicines, small baskets for
throwing the dirts etc. These equipment may be broken, rusted and stolen if
not preserved carefully. They can be found easily if they are kept in the
adjacent area of the garden. If there is any space or small room under the
stair, these things can be kept by making door with metal string frame. If
there is extra space in the garage, shelves can be made there. The gardening
equipment can be kept there to get them easily in time of need^ If there is no
space outside the house, the equipment can be stored in the storeroom by
dividing the space of the room. Before keeping them in the store, they
should be cleaned and dried. As a result, those things do not set rusted and
become Long lasting.
18 Home Economics
5. First Aid Equipment

Immediate medical treatment provided for a person facing any major or
minor accident is called the primary medical treatment or first aid.
First aid equipment should be kept in every house because they may be
needed at any time. Accidents never comes forecasted. So, appropriate
precautionary measures should
be taken for any adverse
situation. The materials for
initial treatment are burnol,
cotton, bandage, thin clean
cloth, adhesive plaster, first aid
bandage, spirit, scissors, safety-
pin, ice bag and hot water bag,
antiseptic powder or ointment,
dettol, pain killer tablets etc.
First aid treatment equipment are kept in a box which is marked with a red-
coloured plus (+) sign. This box is called First Aid Box. Names should be
written on the bottles of the medicine. If the names are not written, mishap
may occur by using wrong medicine. This box should be kept beyond the
reach of small children. This box should be kept in a high shelf on wall
cupboard so that it can be seen easily. Wherever it may be kept, all the
members of the family should know it so that anyone can use it when
needed.
Section-5
Family Garden of Fruits and
Vegetables
Vegetable gardens are those where different vegetables are planted in
different seasons. When a vegetable garden is made centering round a family
in the adjacent area of a house, it is called family garden of vegetables.
Usually there is little space around the dwelling houses. Different types of
vegetables are planted disorderly in this space. No scientific method is used
in this type of vegetable production. As a result, the production of vegetable
is not enough and on the other hand, the nutritive value-of the vegetable is
not upto the mark. Along with the increase of population, the demand of
food is increasing. So, we are to think how we can get production more than
once a year from the same piece of land. This is why we should increase the
intensiveness of planting vegetables. The method of planting different types
of vegetables in the same land throughout the year is called intensive
vegetable planting. If this method is followed, the land never lies unplanted
throughout the year. For this purpose, a model for plantation of vegetable in
the dwelling house has been innovated. There are a few methods of intensive
plantation of vegetables:
1. Rotational Cultivation method
2. Mixed crop method
3. Relay crop method
4. Shred crop method
5. Row crop method.
20 Home Economics
1. Rotational Cultivation Method

Through this method, vegetables are planted in a piece of land throughout
the year. When one type of vegetable is collected, another type is sown in
that land.
2. Mixed Crop Method

Seeds of different types of vegetables are scattered in the same land at a
time. For example stalk and pepper can be planted along with lady's fingers.
3. Relay Crop Method

In this method, seeds of one kind of vegetable are sown or seedlings are
planted when one kind of vegetables is about to ripe. For example, native
kidney beans may be planted in the regular blank spaces leaving for
'Kakrole'.
4. Shred Crop Method

In this method, a piece of land is divided into several parts. Different types
of vegetables are planted at the same time in different parts of the land.
Generally, family vegetable garden is planted in this method.
5. Row Crop Method

In this method, in between two rows of one type of vegetables, the other
type of vegetable is planted. For example, in the inter spaces of potato rows,
red vegetables, coriander seed and spinach can be planted.
The Purpose and Feature of Vegetable Cultivation

The purposes of intensive vegetable cultivation are:
1. To produce different vegetables throughout the year in the limited
areas of land
2. To motivate the members of the family to eat the produced vegetable.

3. To prevent malnutrition.
4. To encourage women and children of the family to participate actively
in cultivation of vegetables.
5. To make arrangement for extra-income by selling the surplus
vegetables in the market.
6. To expand the field of co-ordination and intimacy among the
members of the family.
7. To maintain the quality and fertility of land for growing plants.
8. To fulfill the interest and have rest and recreation.
Major Features of the Land for Intensive Vegetable Plantation: .,

1. The land for the garden will be levelled. ?
2. The area of land will be 6x6 metres or 36 square metres.
3. There will be arrangement for adequate air and light
4. There must not be any stagnant water in the land.
5. There should have system for irrigation in the land.
6. Fence must be made around the garden.
Design and Set up of Vegetables in the Garden

Generally family vegetable gardens are made according to choice of the
family members. But if vegetables are to be cultivated according to intensive
method, the model innovated by Agricultural Research Institute should be
followed. By following this model, any kind of vegetables can be cultivated
in the garden of the dwelling house throughout the year.
22 Home Economics
Points to be considered for vegetable gardening are as follows:

1. There should have an open area of 50 centimetres around the selected
land for making fence and canals. The rest 55 square metres of land is
to be divided into five equal fragments.
Design and set up of a vegetable garden
2. Each fragment of the land is called a 'bed'. This bed will be 5 metres
in length, 80 centimetres in breadth.
3. The depth of each canal will be 20-25 centimetres. The canal of any -
margin will be a bit deeper so that rain water can flow away soon.
4. Each piece of land should be made high upto 20-25 centimetres by
Lifting up soil from the canal and mixing it with cowdung fertilizer.
In 5 beds of the vegetable garden, fourteen kinds of vegetable can be planted

throughout the year. Besides, the fence around the field can be used as
'bauni. Native kidney bean, bitter gourd, bean etc. during winter season and
cowpea, ghosala, heksa in the summer can be cultivated.
1. Radish/tomato-red pot leaf-spinach

2. Red-pot leaf + brinjal-red pot leaf-lady's finger
3. Red-pot leaf, spinach-garlic, red-pot leaf-'data'
4. Bati leaf-onion or carrot-Ipomoea leaf-red rJbt leaf
5. Cabbage-red pot leaf-bitter gourd-red pot leaf
Iri the first bed, radish seed is to be sown in the first week of October. Two
weeks before collecting radish, tomato seedlings should be planted in the
blank inter spaces in the same area. Red-pot leaf is to be sown in mid
February. This may be collected upto the third week of March. It can again
be sown in the last week of March. This can be collected upto the first week
of May. Spinach should be planted in early May. It can be collected upto
September.
In the second bed, red-pot leaf and brinjal can be cultivated together. Brinjal
could be collected from this bed upto 15 March. After collecting brinjal,
seeds of red-pot leaf can be sown. Collection of red-pot leaf can be started
from 15 April. Lady's fingers should be sown in early May. This can be
collected from 15 June upto the end of August. Red-pot leaf is to be planted
at the beginning of September.
In the third bed, red-pot leaf is to be planted at the end of first week of
September. It should be collected by October 10. When its collection is
completed, spinach is to be planted. Garlic is to be planted at the end of
24 Home Economics
November. After collecting garlic in early March, red-pot leaf is to be sown.

This red-pot leaf can be collected upto April. Data seed is to be sown at the
end of first week of May. It can be collected upto the end of August.
In the fourth bed, 'bati' leaf is to be sown at the beginning of October. After
completing its collection onion or carrot is to be sown, After collecting
onion or carrot by the 15 of April, Ipomoea leaf is to be sown by the end of
last week. This leaf should be collected by the end of July. The seeds of red-
pot leaf should be sown in August.
In the fifth bed, seedlings of cabbage are to be planted by 15 October. After
completing collection of cabbage, by 15 February red pot leaf seed is to be
sown. Bitter gourd seeds are to be sown in mid-April. It can be collected
from mid June to the end of July. When bitter gourd collection is completed,
red pot leaf is to be sown by 15 August.
Planning of Vegetable Seedlings and Their Care

The primary needs of planting vegetable seedlings are-
Preparation of Land
The area of a family garden is normally small. At first the land of the garden
should be dug well by a spade. It should be left for 6-7 days. If there is any
germ in the soil, it would be perished by the heat of the sun.
Soil lumps are to be broken into pieces after six or seven days. Then the area
of the land should be divided into beds. Canals are to be dug between two
beds. Rotten cowdung fertilizer or wastes is to be mixed well with the soil of
the bed. In each bed twenty kgs of cow-dung fertilizer or rotten wastes
should be given.
Sowing Seeds or Seedlings

The second phase of gardening is to sow seeds or seedlings. It is always
better to sow seedlings in rows. At this, production becomes better and the
act of irrigation and putting fertilizer becomes convenient. It also helps to
weed out the garden. Seeds of radish, red pot leaf, data, spinach, carrot and
lady's fingers are to be sown in rows in the beds. These seeds are very
minute. So these should be mixed with pounded soil or ash. It helps sowing
the seeds equally throughout the place and in right distance. The brinjal,
cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, tomato, flakes of garlic, onion seedlings etc.
should be sown in rows. It is better to plant the seedlings generally in the
afternoon. After planting the seedlings, they should be covered by the bark
of banana for three or four days. It is for protecting the seedlings from the
heat of sunshine. The seedlings can not tolerate the intense heat of the sun.
These covers should be removed in the afternoon. When the seedlings are
strong enough to stand on the ground with strong root, coverings are not
required any more.
Nursing
Watering
After sowing the seeds, watering is not necessary for two or three days.
After germination, seedlings are to be watered by a watering pot. If water is
poured from a long height or in excess directly on the roots, roots are rotten.
Loosing the Soil

The soil near the roots of the plants should be loosened from time to time. It
helps passing light and air inside the soil. Weeds should be eliminated.
26 Home Economics
If the plants are thick, they should be made thin by plucking some of them
out. The diseased and weak seedlings should be plucked out and buried in
the ground.
Putting Fertilizer
We should be when we put fertilizer in the field. Fertilizer should not touch
the roots of the plants. It should be mixed with soil and put 15 centimetres
away from the plant.
Fencing
A fence should be made round
the garden to protect it from
the attacks of chicken, cows
and goats. A platform is to be
made for creeping of the plants
like bean, borboti, gourd when
they grow a little.
Unnecessary branches of the
A Vegetable Garden with fencing around it
lower stem of creeping plants
should be cut off if we want
to get the production more.
Preventing Diseases and Insects

There are many diseases and insects that cause, great harm to the production.
A few of these diseases and the attacks of the insects are discussed below
Various Diseases of Vegetables and Their Preventive Measures :
Name of diseases Name of vegetables & Preventive measures

symptom of diseases
Ordinary mosaic Beans and Brinjal : Diseased plants should
Leaves become yellow. be pulled out. The
Size of the leaves attack of the insect Jab
becomes smaller. is to be prevented.
Seedling ratting Tomato, Cabbage and To make arrangements
disease Radish : Bottom stem for extraction of water
of the plants are rotten. from the root of the
Seedlings droop down plants, to loosen the
and dry. soil and to pluck
attacked seedlings.
Powdering mildew Bottle Gourd, Pumpkin, Two grams Carothine
Cucumber Peas : White Theovit should be
powdery substance is dissolved in one litre
seen to remain stuck in water and sprinkled.
the stem and leaves.
Disease of stain Brinjal, Tomato, Gourd, Two grams antifungal
formation on leaves Bean, Lady's Finger, medicine is to be
Ridge Gourd, Kheksa disolved in one litre
:Black stains are formed water and sprinkled.
on the stem and leaves.
Disease of leprous Tomato : Growth of the Attacked plants must
plant is stopped by be plucked out.
contraction of leaves. Insecticide is to be
sprinkled.
Insects
Insects are the main enemy of vegetables. Various kinds of insects cause
harm to the plants. How these insects can be brought under control is
described below:
28 Home Economics
Ants and Spiders

Ants and spiders eat the seeds of seed beds. They do harm to the soil of the
roots of plants. Spiders and insects weave webs under the leaves and eat
juice of leaves. If two to three liters dioldrine is mixed with one liter watqr
or kerosine mixed with water is sprayed, ants and spiders die.
Bitol or Lada Insects

These insects come flying in swarms. They eat leaves and young shoots of
plants. One gram savin/carbaril mixed with one liter water is to be sprayed.
Borers
These are vegetable perforators. These insects penetrate into tomato and
brinjal. One tea spoon Repcord EC or Shimbush EC mixed with one liter
water should be sprinkled.
Fly insects
Fly insects eat young leaves and stems. Half a gram dipterex is to be mixed
with one hundred grams pumpkin shoots. Three fourths of earthen
pots should be filled with this. These .pots should be kept with a gap of
eight to twelve meters in the field. Fly insects are attracted by the trap of
poison and they die.
Planting Fruit Seedlings in the Yard and Their Nursing

Some sorts of fruit trees are found either in the front or at the back of almost
all the houses of our country. Vast land is required if anyone wants to
cultivate fruit trees in the shape of a garden. So fruit trees are planted
alongside the boundary walls of the house.
The land for planting fruit trees must have the following features :
1. The land should be high enough so that water is not stagnant.
2. The soil must be of the same sort upto 100 metres depth.
3. The soil must be without stones and gravels
4. It must be such an area where sunbeam enters and where the
shadow of rooms or trees does not fall.
Digging Holes
Holes suitable for planting fruit trees are to be dug. Sixty centimeters broad
holes should be dug for almost all the fruit trees. Soil of the upper and the
lower parts of the hole is to be divided into two parts. The soil of the upper
portion and that of the lower portion may be interchanged. After digging the
hole, it should be dried in the sun for seven days to sterialize it.
Putting Fertilizer
Rotten cowdung or compost fertilizer, Una, T.S.P and ash are to be mixed
with the soil of the hole. The hole is to be filled in with fertilizer mixed soil
in such away that the soil level of the hole remains ten centimetres higher
than the ground level. After filling the holes, the soil should be kept wet by
water so that its level comes down by compression. Soil of the hole should
be loosened after one week by a weeder.
Planting Seedlings
Seedlings are to be planted in the afternoon. After planting them, the soil of
the hole should be made wet. A strong chip of bamboo is to be pushed down
the ground by the side of the plant for its support.
30 Home Economics
The plant should be tied with the chip of bamboo. It will help the plant to go
straight. Shade should be provided for the plant for the first few days.
Distance should be maintained while planting the seedlings. For Mango,

jackfruit and olive trees, the distance from one plant to another is ten to
twelve metres. For bilimbi, guava, wood apple, papaya etc. the distance
should be from four to six meters.
Nursing
The seedlings are to be enclosed by bamboo made high cage during tender
age to protect them from cattle and goats. The roots of the soil of seedlings
should be loosened from time to time. Weeds should be eliminated. It should
be noticed that water is not stagnant in the roots of the plants. The fertilizer
needed for the whole year should be divided into two portions. One of these
portions is to be used at the end of the rainy season. It is better not to put
fertilizer while fruits are there in the trees. Bottom stem of the trees should
be covered with dirts or water hyacynth during draught.
Season Based Fruit Cultivation
Baishakh-Jaistha Ashar-Shraban Poush-Magh All seasoned
mango, black berry guava, pine-apple orange, olive coconut, banana
leeche, jack-fruit hog plum, chalta wood apple papaya
pomegranate, water lemon, safeda

melon
Various Disease of Fruits and Their Preventive Measures :

Name of fruits Name of diseases Symptoms Preventive Measures
Mango a. Powdery Ash coloured Sulfur or Carothine 0.
mildew white powdery 1% mixed with 0.2%
substance is found water should be
on flowers and sprinkled before
tender fruits. blooming.
b. Anthracnose Black stains One gram Tute and
are formed on one hundred gram
different parts of the lime mixing with
tree. The branches one liter water should
and the flowers be sprayed. Dried
dry. leaves fallen under
the tree should be
burnt.
Banana a. Panama Leaves become yellow. Diseased plants
should be pulled out
b. Banchitop Growth of the and burnt. Diseased
virus leaves falls down. plants should be
The size of leaves pulled out and burnt.
become smaller and
narrow and erect
upwardly.
Papaya Dumping off Main part/trunk of Arrangements should
the tree is rotten in be made for extraction
the rainy season of water from the root
and the tree droops of the plant. The soil
down. of the seed bed should
be sterilized by 5%
formaldehyde.
Lemon Butterfly The insects eat Leaves with eggs and
the leaves of trees insects should be
collected and burnt.
Guava Anthracnose Brown stain on the The guava which falls
body of the guava under the tree and the
becomes bigger & leaves should be
makes a sore. collected and burnt.
32 Home Economics
Multiple - Choice Questions:
1. Managerial behaviour develops in the life of a person -
(a) In office (b) In domestic environment

(c) In schools and colleges (d) In working places
2. The people of the primitive age lived –
(a) At home (b) In the cave

(c) In the street (d) In the forest
3. The location of a cowshed should be –
(a) Near the house (b) Beside the kitchen

(c) Far away from the house (d) On the bank of the pond
4. The number of beds of a dense vegetable garden is –
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 10
5. How many c.m. should be the depth of drains of a dense vegetable

garden?
(a) 5-10 (b) 8-10

(c) 10-15 (d) 20-25
6. The size of a dense vegetable garden should be –

(a) Square (b) Rectangular
(c) Triangular (d) Quadrangular
7. Materials of first aid are-

(i) Cotton and bandage
(ii) Scissors and burnol
(iii) Painkiller medicine
Which one of the following is correct?

(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)
8. What disease is it called when the root of vegetable plants is decayed

or rotten?
(i) Kuthe disease or leprosy
(ii) Charahaja disease
(iii) Powdery mildew
Which is correct of the following?

(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
9. Which types of insects can we destroy by mixing kerosene with water?

(i) Ants and other insects
(ii) Beetle and lada insects
(iii) Borars and flies
Which one is correct?

(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)
34 Home Economics
Creative Questions:
1. Sonia is very cautious about the cleanliness of her home. The windows of
her room are made of glass, but there is no grill. Her kitchen is very well-
arranged; as a result, cooking materials do not go in wastage. She can have
some savings after the end of every month.
(a) What is home?

(b) Explain the importance aspect of cleanliness of her home.
(c) How does Sonia clean the windows of her home?
(d) Discuss the way of savings of Sonia every month.
2. Ruma is a student of class six. She works in family vegetable garden with
other members of her family. They cultivate vegetables in their courtyard
by intensive vegetable cultivation method. Often Ruma provides plenty of
water in the garden. A few days later it was observed that roots of plants
were decayed or rotten.
(a) What is a family vegetable garden?

(b) What is intensive vegetable cultivation?------- Describe .
(c) Explain how could Ruma save the vegetable plants.
(d) Analyze the objectives and characteristics of intensive vegetable
cultivation.
3. Abir prepared the soil after clearing weeds in the empty space of the
backyard of their house. Then he planted guava and papaya plants keeping
definite distances. He looked after the plants of the garden properly. But he
became anxious seeing that, after growing large, in the middle of the
monsoon some papaya plants were drooping down.
a. Write name of one tool to prepare soil.

b. Explain the advantage of sowing guava and papaya plants together.
c. Describe how Abir looks after plants of garden.
d. Explain what steps could be taken by Abir to prevent the papaya
plants from collapsing or drooping down.
Chapter-II
Section-1
Family and Society
Family is the most primitive institution. There are differences of opinion

regarding the origin of family. Many people think that men lived in small
families from the primitive period. Some social scientists think that initially
people lived in groups to protect themselves from the attack of wild animals.
Afterwards, they were divided in small families. The characterstics of a
family is found in the animal world too. A pair of birds living together make
a nest, lay eggs, give birth to offspring, bring them up and preserve food for
them. Some people conceive the idea that family originated from that time
when men accepted cultivation as a profession. Men were inspired to form
families by the ties of love, affection, intimacy etc.
Definition of Family
A family is a social organisation. Human race had been evolved from this
organisation. A family starts through the marriage of a man with a woman.
A family expands gradually through the birth of children. According to
Nimcock, a social scientist, on the whole a family is an organisation formed
by husband and wife. It may or may not have children. In other words a
family is a definite pair or couple constituted by the bond of marriage where
there will have ample scope for bringing up children.
Characterstics of Family
If we analyse any family, we will find the following characterstics. These
are essential for making an ideal family
1. A definite number of members
2. Organisation
3. A fixed dwelling place
4. Harmony in religious opinion
5. Provision for income
6. Breeding
7. Harmony in choice
8. Stability
Structure of the Family/Its Classification
1. Maternal Family
In this type of family, the authority of mother is more than that of the father.
Sons and daughters are known by the identity of the mother. In a maternal
family, a husband by the bond of marriage has to live with the family of the
wife. In this type of family, a daughter inherits much property from her
mother. Some maternal families are still found among V tribal people in
Bangladesh.
2. Paternal Family ,
Most of the families of Bangladesh are of paternal type. Father is the head of
the family. Children are known by his identity. Important decisions are taken
by him. Members of the family work according to his liking.
3. Single Family
A single family is formed with husband, wife and children. This type of
family is found more in urban areas of Bangladesh. In modern time, the
38 Home Economics
number of single families is increasing. Along with the expansion of

industrial mills and factories, village people are being split up from joint
families. They are coming to the town with the hope of getting job or
employment. They are forming single families and living in town.
Single Family Joint Family
4. Joint Family
Mother, father, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, grand father and grand mother
live jointly in the same house. The collection of a few single families is
called a joint family. Blood relation is the linking source of this type of
family. An elderly person exercises authority over other members in a joint
family. Members of the family abide by his instructions. He makes
arrangement to meet up the demands of all the members of the family. There
is demand of manpower for agricultural activities. For this reason, the
number of joint families are even now much more in rural areas.
Function of Family
Though there are changes in shape and structure of a family, there are some
common functions which are applicable to all the families. Among different
activities the main are as follows :
1. Biological Activities:
One of the aims of marriage is to multiply generation through breeding. This
is the biological activity of a family.
2. Activities of Bringing up Children

A child grows up gradually with the care and nursing of parents and other
members of the family. The responsibility of bringing them up as proper
human beings by fulfilling their demands lies with the parents and other
relatives of the family.
3. Educational Activities
Family is the primary centre of education for children. Besides formal
education, a child learns good manners and modesty from other members of
the family. It is the responsibility of the family to teach them what is good
and what is bad. It is also the responsibility of the family to develop attitude
for justice, kindness and other social and moral values. :
4. Economic Activities
A family provides economic security to its members. The parents and elder
members of the family earn money. Other members of the family try to
make economic progress of the family by doing different vocational jobs.
The members of the family can participate in different economic activities
like sewing, cooking, gardening, cottage industries etc.
5. Political Activities
It is the responsibility of the family to maintain good relationship among
different members of the family. This relationship inspires the members
40 Home Economics
to work unitedly. It will also make them conscious of their rights and duties.
6. Psychological Activities
It is the responsibility of the family to develop the attitude of kindness, love,
affection, fellow-feeling etc. It is also its responsibility to teach ho to take
into consideration the mentality of others in behaving with them.
7. Recreational Activities
Arrangements of recreation for the members of trie family are made through
different activities like-games, gossiping, watching T.V., reading daily
newspaper, magazines etc. Being exhausted by the days work, the members
of the family take part in such recreational activities.
Society
A society consists of some families. Man is a social being. He cannot live
alone. He lives either in small or large groups. Even in primitive period men
lived in groups in order to save themselves from the attack of wild ferocious
animals. Man lives a social life in order to meet the basic needs and have
peace and security. The help of the society is necessary and unavoidable for
all activities like everyday living, earning money, education medical
treatment, religious rituals even for performing funeral ceremonies.
Definition
When man comes in close contact with one another with a view to achieving
any special objective or builds up any organization, it is called a society. So
society consists of men. Society is formed with such institutions as family,
tribe, community etc. Each and every human being lives in some
sorts of these societies. Men help one another in time of any
trouble or danger. The main objective of a society is the development and

welfare of human beings. The importance of society in a man's life is
unlimited. To perform the activities of one's everyday life properly and those
of the family, social institutions have been organized. Some of these
institutions are-job center offices, law-courts, schools, colleges, hospitals,
mosques, temples, churches, parks, libraries etc.
The objective of all these social institutions is the overall development of
human lives. These institutions provide ample opportunities for men to live a
decent life.
Social Manners and Customs

In every society, there are some manners, customs, laws and prohibitions.
The rights and duties of each member of the society is to abide by these
rules. These are to preserve social wealth, to behave well with the members
of the society, to maintain peace and discipline of the social institutions etc.
On the other hand some sorts of behaviour are not acceptable in any society.
These are to disturb the neighbours, to make the streets dirty, to utter harsh
words to the elders, to show impolite behaviour in presence of the elders, to
waste social wealth etc.
A person is humiliated and criticised in the society if he does not abide by
the rules of the society. Many times, he is tried by social laws and punished.
On the contrary, if every man abides by social rules in a society, injustice,
bad training or evil intention etc. cannot prevail there. This kind of society is
called the sound or the ideal society. Those who carry on social laws also
abide by the laws of the society.
Section-2
Difference between Family and Society
If we observe the characterstics of family and society we will find that both
of them have been formed for the welfare of mankind. A family is built up
for nourishing and developing children. The objective of the society is to
develop terms of relationship among people. This relationship helps
fulfilling the purposes of each other. Both family and society consist of man.
In spite of having relationship between the two, there are also some
differences in terms of size and shape. The differences are shown below :
Family Society
1. Family is a small unit of the 1. Society is a small unit of the
society. state.
2. Family is the base of the society. 2. Society is the base of the state.
3. The initial source of family life is 3. The first molecule of the social
a man and a woman or a husband life is the family.
& a wife.
4. A family consists of husband 4. A society is composed of some
wife, children and other relatives. families.
5. The members of the family live in 5. Different members of the society
the same house. live in different houses.
6. Family does not include any 6. Society includes different social
institution. institutions as school, club,
hospital, mosque, temple etc.
7 Mutual relationship among the 7. Mutual relationship among the
members of the family is based members of the society is based on
on blood relation. fulfilling the goals of one another.
8 The activities of the family are 8. Each society is controlled by its
governed by social systems and own rules and regulations.
manners.
9. The change in structure of the 9. The change in social structure
family depends on social changes depends on the development or
or social evolution. advancement of science.
Section-3
Duties and Responsibilities of the
Family and its Members
Family is a small organisation of the society. Here lives the members whose
age range is from a child to the old. Everybody's demand is different. The
objective of a family is to build a happy environment by fulfilling the
demands of all the members. Co-operation of the members is necessary for
managing different activities of the family in a disciplined manner. If
everyone discharges his/her duties, extra burden of labour is not imposed
upon a single person. It is found in many families that there are too much
responsibilities upon the shoulder of the housewife which is inhuman.
Because in those families, members are not conscious of their own duties
and responsibilities. Family peace is the result of joint effort -this should be
realised by the members of the family. Only then, family life would be
peaceful.
Duties and Responsibilities of Parents

In a family, either father or mother bears the responsibilities of the head of
the household. The responsibility of earning livelihood is vested on the
father. If mother is a service holder, she also spends money for the family.
The responsibility of expenditure lies on both of them. Responsibilities of
bringing up children and providing food are borne by mother. Education and
medical care of the children lie on both father and mother. The parents try
untiringly to guide their children in a good way by teaching them good
manners and behaviour. The parents give advice to their children on
which subject or discipline they will receive higher education or to which
44 Home Economics
profession they will employ themselves. In a family, children follow their

parents. Parents should present themselves as ideal image of characters to
their children. In other words, they will express to their sons and daughters
different human qualities like affection, love, kindness, sympathy, patience
etc. through different activities. It will help the children to cherish these
qualities in their characters. They can build themselves up in future as
responsible and self-sufficient citizens of the country.
Besides these duties and responsibilities to the children, the parents take care
of old persons in the family like father-in-law, mother-in-law or other
relatives. They keep an eye on their feedings. The parents nurse them when
they are ill. They are also alert on meeting up their other needs. The overall
responsibility of the parents is to develop bondage of good relationship
among the members of the family.
Duties and Responsibilities of Brothers and Sisters

In a family generally the relationship among brothers and sisters is very
close. As parents are affectionate to their children reciprocally they should
also show respect and regards to them and other superiors in the family.
They should carry out the orders of the elders and obey the rules and
regulations of the family. Elder brothers and sisters would be sympathetic to
the youngers. They would be affectionate to the juniors. The juniors will
show respect and love to their seniors. Elder brothers and sisters will help
the youngers in their studies. Usually the elder sisters take care of their
younger brothers and sisters. Besides this, as girls, they help their mother in
different household activities. They discharge their duties by helping their
mothers giving breakfast to the guests and making rooms tidy. When anyone
in the family is sick, girls in the family help him/her in nursing.
Duties and Responsibilities of the Family and its Members 45
Responsibilities of the boys are a bit different. In their early age, they can
put their books and clothes in order. When they grow up, they can work with
their father outside the house. They can go to market and take their younger
brothers and sisters to schools. Boys help their fathers in gardening at home
and cleaning yards and fields outside the house. If there are paternal grand
father and grand mother or maternal grand father and grand mother at home,
the children will gossip with them. They can take part in rendering services
to them and nursing them. Thus they can give relief to some extent to their
parents from pressure of duties.
Duties and Responsibilities of Grand fathers and Grand mothers

Grand fathers and grand mothers have wide experience in managing
household works. Grand fathers and grand mothers can give well-thought
opinions in many important affairs of the family. Their deep affection and
care for their grand sons and daughters are very much valuable. If in
any family both father and mother are job holders, the responsibility of
46 Home Economics
looking after the children lies with

the grand fathers and grand
mothers. Educated grand fathers
and grand mothers can supervise
the studies of their grand sons and
daughters.
Sometimes they lake the
responsibility of sending their
Grandson, granddaughter gossiping with
grand children to schools and grandfather and grandmother
bring them back home. They
give wise opinions regarding
marriage of their grand children. As they have duties and responsibilities
towards the family, reciprocally the sons, daughters and grand children
should show respect and devotion to them. They should obey them and
gossip with them from time to time. It helps developing mutual relationship.
On the other hand, the grand fathers and grand mothers think that they are
important persons of the family. As a result, the feeling of loneliness is
removed.
Duties and Responsibilities of Uncles and Aunts
Uncles and'aunts and their children are found to live together in a joint
family. If they are senior in age in the family, they take the
responsibility of the head of the household. Other members of the family
will show respect and devotion to them. They will give importance to
their opinions. Uncles and aunts will also treat their children and
nephews and nieces equally. They will govern the house keeping an eye
to the problems of all the members. There may be quarrel and
misunderstanding among the children. In that case, they will solve the
problem impartially, without taking side to their children. They will help to
preserve the joint property of the family thinking that it is their own
property. Uncle along with the father will also earn money for economic
solvency. Uncle and aunt will also try to provide education to all the
children and help building up honest character. They will also teach children
to abide by the rules of the family. Uncle and aunt will play the roles of
parents and will create an environment of love and affection in the family.
Duties and Responsibilities of other Members of the Family

In a family other relatives also live besides paternal aunt and maternal uncle
and aunt. If each of them thinks that he/she is one of the members of that
family, bad environment is not created in that family. They can help in
bringing up of small children and their studies. It is also their responsibility
to help the housewife in cooking, tiding up the rooms and entertaining
guests. Male members can go to market and can help the head of the family
in cleaning the house. Sometimes they can even take the responsibility of
sending children to schools and bringing them back home from school. If
they have affection and the mentality of cooperation and generosity, it is
possible to live together with the spirit of ^oneness. Other members will pay
due respect to them. They will utter no words which may shock them. Rather
they will try to fulfill their demands in accordance with their needs. They
will not ignore them thinking that they are the unwanted members of the
family.
Section-4
Position of Children as Members , of the
Family
Every child is an important member of the family. During their infancy they
cannot talk, do not understand what is wrong and what is right. They cannot
take part in any activity. For this reason, they cannot be ignored in any way.
Every child has a definite position in the family. They have also demands as
the elders. They are dependent on others for fulfilling their demands like
demand for food, clothes, medical treatment etc. Gradually they become
capable of fulfilling their needs when they are four or five years old. It is the
responsibility of the members of the family to know their needs. They
should build them up as ideal citizens of the country by fulfilling their needs.
Position of a Child in the Family

In many families it is found that all the children do not get equal treatment.
Usually the eldest child receives much more love and affection from parents
and others. Such treatment should be carried on in such a way as other sons
and daughters do not understand that they are the victim^ of parity. It should
be remembered that all the children have the same demand to the family.
Keeping this in mind, all the children elder or younger big or small should
be treated equally in terms of their demands and they should be brought up
and sustained properly.
Position of Child in Respect of a Son or a Daughter

There are variations in scopes and privileges in terms of boys and girls in
a family. A child is treated this way with the hope of earning in a lower
middle class family. According to the convention of heritage, this kind of

example is found even in educated families. But it is found when the sons
and daughters are grown up and educated, they discharge their duties and
responsibilities properly to the family. It is the responsibilities of the
members of the family to build up the careers of sons and daughters with
equal importance and without any discrimination.
Position of a Child According to Age

A child has the sense of self respect even at a tender age. Sometimes odd
things of the family are discussed in presence of the children. It is thought
that they will not comprehend the contents. They take it to heart and lose
respect for the elders. During discussion of this sort, presence of the child
should be taken into account. When they are grown up, they should join the
elders in important discussion of the family. This way, they will feel that
they are important persons of the family. As a result a sense of responsibility
towards the family will grow.
Fulfillment of Demands of the Children ;

Besides the parents, the other members of the family play roles in fulfilling
the demands of the children. The demands of the children are as
Food and Clthing

During their infancy, children are dependent on their elders. The basic
needs of the children are to feed them in time, get them dressed
according to their needs, protect them from cold and heat, change the
bedsheets or bedcovers when they are wet etc. If these demands are
fulfilled rightly during infancy, a sense of confidence for the members
of the family is developed. The children can trust them. When they are
grown up, this trust helps them building their confidence in others.
50 Home Economics
Education
A family is the primary school for education of the children. Inquisitiveness
is much more in childhood. The members of the family should give right
answers to the questions of the children. It helps
expanding the knowledge of the children. They become interested in
study. It is the duty of the guardians to send their children to school time. To
supervise what they learn in school is also the duty of the guardians.
Medical Treatment .
Immediately after birth, children should be given required immunizing
vaccinations and injections. Games should be arranged for them to keep
their body and mind sound. If they are ill, they should be provided with
proper treatment in due time.
Love and Affection

Love and affection of the elders to the children are reflected through
different activities. These are- feeding the children, lulling them to sleep,
getting them dressed etc. If these are done cordially and with care, children
enjoy it and cooperate with the elders. A sweet relationship between the
children and other members of the family is developed. If the elders talk to
the children with love and affection, they try to carry out the,
orders and advice of the elders. They, never hesitate to show respect and
love to the elders;
Building Character
Building up of character of the children is lying on the elders of the family.
It is their responsibility to set up the characters of ideal men before the
children. Children should be taught to speak the truth, to show sympathy to
the poor, to resist wrong doings, to support justice etc.
Section-5
Teaching Good Manners to Children
Good manners is one of the qualities of human life. It is nothing but polite
attitude of human beings which is expressed in their mode of speaking and
behaviour. The manner that is polite is good manners. A man of good
manners commands respect from the people of the society. He wins the heart
of the people easily by gentle behaviour and good manners. Education is the
root of good manners. Education makes a man polite and gentle. Good
manners cannot be taught verbally or by bookish knowledge. Family is the
primary centre of learning politeness and good manners. Later on, when they
go to school, they learn good manners from the teachers and senior students.
They also learn good manners from their play-mates and the coach of the
play ground.
Children are fond of imitating others. In the family when the parents and the
others show respect to the elders, enquire after their health and entertain
guests cordially, the children notice these activities carefully. Later on, they
also show such manners to their seniors. If the parents are sympathetic to the
poor relatives and attendants or helping hands of the se and try to reduce
their miseries, the children remember these treatments. They become kind to
others too and behave compassionately. Children do not have power to
justify right or wrong. They learn good manners from their parents and other
relatives by following their ideals. Generally the offsprings of gentle family
become gentle and polite in their dealings. There may be some exceptions
for some reasons or others.
The qualities through which good manners can be learnt are as follows:
52 Home Economics
Modesty
In family and in society a sweet relationship is established by the courteous
behaviour with each others. To speak in a soft voice with the relatives, to
apologize for any wrong doings and to be unable to keep one's word etc. are
the examples of modest behaviour. Man people think that they have money.
So they are superiors. They also think that those who are less powerful, they
will tolerate whatever they will do. This type of behaviour is contradictory to
modesty. On the other hand, if a person is wealthier and deals with others in
a modest way, he will be recognized by others as a noble person. But if a
man is too much modest, he becomes an annoying stock to others. It is a sign
of foolishness to keep silent when it is necessary to give opinion. Children
are to be taught that they should answer in exchange to the words of the
elders with regards and devotion. They should talk with the teachers in a
humble tone. One can be modest with all these qualities.
Gentility
When anyone offers compliments to a known person first and enquires after
his health, it is the sign of gentility. No money is spent to behave gently with
others. But gentility is an important quality to strengthen the bondage of the
family and to maintain reputation of the members of the family. From the
childhood children should be taught to offer compliments to guests at home
and to see them off at the time of their departure. When elders or seniors are
there, they should leave their own seats and get the elders seated. All these
are the signs of gentility. Even in the school, while showing manners to the
teachers, they get chances to learn gentility. An unmannerly person is
undesired to everyone.
Teaching Good Manners to Children 53
Sense of Consideration
While living together, if anyone thinks about his own interest only, he will
be recognised as a self-centred fellow. One should think about the
advantages and disadvantages of others and act accordingly. There are many
who listens to the radio with a high volume for their own recreation. They do
not consider that there is an examinee who is studying in the next room. One
should give up the attitude of fulfilling one's own interest and causing harm
to others. People must co-operate with one another. They should be
sympathetic to one another. The objective of governing a family is to build a
happy home through love, affection and respect. Contribution of all the
members of the family cannot be equal. There are some who can work hard,
some lack the spirit of toiling. Some may have too much tolerance, some
may have less patience. Some may lack norms in their manners. So before
judging a person, the points mentioned above should be taken into
consideration. In -that case no misunderstanding or confusion is developed
among the members of the family. It is found that due to lack of rational
consideration, many valuable attempts have become futile,
Showing Respect To The Elders

Besides parents, grand fathers, grand mothers uncles, aunts and other aged
relatives may live in a family. Many of them may refrain from doing any
work because of the burden of age or illness. They should not be
considered, by no reason, a burden of the family. They are respectable
members of the family. They should be taken care of according to their
needs. Importance should be given to their likings and they should be
respected. If the aged persons of the family are able to work, they will take
the responsibility of the family. Though they cannot earn money, they can
54 Home Economics
give their opinions regarding home management. From their childhood, boys
and girls should be taught that when they meet any elderly person, they
should pay compliments to them. During their leisure time, they should sit
and gossip with them. They should carry on their orders and help them in
their works. The children should offer salam to the teachers when they meet
them at school. They should obey the orders and advice v of the teachers.
They should listen to the teachers attentively in the classroom. These are the
examples of showing respect and devotion to
Truthfulness
The children write the sentence- Always speak the truth- many times in their
copy books to improve handwriting. The teaching will be more effective if
they are taught truthfulness through activities and examples from practical
life instead of bookish or theoretical knowledge. In the family, sometimes
the parents promise to give this or that to their children to get the
assignments from them. But later on, they do not keep their promise. From
this the children learn to deceive their friends and to tell a lie with them.
Parents and other members should speak the truth to their children and
should keep their promises. Children should be taught from the early
childhood that they should confess their guilt if they do anything wrong. If
they use anything without the knowledge of the authority, they should
inform the guardian about it in due time. To speak the truth is a great virtue
and to tell a lie is a great vice. It is the duty of all human beings to follow
this policy. A truthful man is respected by all even if he is poor. Everybody
hates a liar. If children are taught these lesson from their very childhood,
truthfulness, the great virtue will be deepseated in their character.
The example of truthfulness is found among the members of those families

where religious teaching is parctised. The children will feel encouraged in
doing truthful activities if they are rewarded for truthfulness and are
punished for falsehood in schools.
Eagerness in Doing Good Work

Good work is that which is praised by others, which brings good result and
gives pleasure to the person who does it. There are many examples of good
work in the life of an ideal man, such as- to help people in time of danger, to
show sympathy to the poor, to help the members of the family in doing
household activities, to keep inside and outside of the house neat and clean
etc. Interest for doing this work should be developed among the children
from their childhood. If they watch their parents and relatives to do this
work, they will follow their ideals. Later on, they will be interested to do this
noble work. If they are rewarded and appreciated for their work both inside
and outside the house, children will be interested in doing good work. For
examples- Medals and certificates for good results in schools will make
student enthusiastic to do work better. Side by side, they should know what
are the evil deeds. So to tell a lie, to play false with others, to destroy the
things of others, to create troubles to others are the examples of evil deeds.
From the very childhood, they should learn to justify good and bad. From
the delight of doing any work in groups, the permanent eagerness to do that
work is developed. Gardening together with the members of the family is an
experience of good work.
56 Home Economics
1. How many types of family are generally found in Bangladesh?

(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
2. Whom do the children of the family follow or imitate?

(a) Father and mother (b) Grandfather and grandmother
(c) Uncle and aunt (d) Kith and kin or relatives
3. Society is built up –
(a) By family, clan, community (b) By son, daughter, kith and kin
(c) By school, college, market (d) By mother, father, brother, sister
4. The primary center of etiquette learning is -

(a) School (b) College
(c) Family (d) Mosque
5. The characteristic of an ideal family is –

(i) Definite number of members
(ii) Provision of income
(iii) Certain dwelling house
Which of the following is correct?
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and iii)

Read the paragraph below, and answer questions nos. 6,7 and 8
Shaon lives with her father, mother, uncle, aunt, grandfather and grandmother in
the same family. In the family her grandfather manages and directs the home.
6. The characteristics of the family are-
(i) To multiply definite number of members

(ii) To live together and children rearing
(iii) Common religious faith and similar taste or refinement.
Which one is correct?
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
7. In which type of family does Shaon live?
(a) Single family

(b) Joint family
(c) Patriarchal family
(d) Matriarchal family
8. Who is the head of Shaon’s family?
(a) Grandfather (b) Grandmother

(c) Father (d) Mother
Creative Questions:
1. Abir is the only beloved son of the family. Parents fulfil all his demands
without hesitation. If at any time the parents fail to meet up his demand he
breaks household articles and beats the maid-servant.
(a) What is family?
(b) Describe how children can be inspired to do honest deeds
(c) Relate how Abir shows respect to the elders?
(d) Explain the role of the members of Abirs family in fulfilling his needs.
58 Home Economics
2. Sakhina is a village wife. Her family has no connection with others in

society. Suddenly, one day her husband becomes sick. Then helpless
Sakhina moves from door to door of her neighbours.
(a) What is the definition of society?
(b) Describe the difference between society and family.
(c) What is your opinion, should be the attitude of the kith and kin
towards helpless Sakhina at such a bad time?
(d) Explain why Sakhina is required to move from door to door of her kith
and kin.
3. Mahia’s father is a poor farmer. He is continuing Mahia’s educational

expenses after lots of hardship. He always helps and co-operates with the
people of the village in their need. As a result, he is beloved of all. in the
village. On the contrary, being a good student, Mahia is a very proud girl
and she is lacking in etiquette in her behaviour. So, many people are
annoyed with her due to this behaviour.
a. What is etiquette?
b. Explain why Mahia’s father is beloved of all.
c. How can Mahia be beloved of all? -----Explain.
d. Analyze comparative behaviour of Mahia and her father .
Chapter-Ill
Section-1
Food, Nutrition and Health
Food provides nutrition and keeps our body healthy. Man suffers from
malnutrition because of deficiency of required nutritious food. For
malnutrition man suffers from various diseases. So we must have knowledge
about food and nutrition.
Food
All animals need food for living. Energy is needed for proper maintenance
of external and internal functions of human body. Some food like rice, fish,
meat, egg, milk, vegetables, fruits, oil and sugar provide energy. Intake of
those things that helps forming the body, promoting growth, producing
energy and protecting the body against diseases and keeping the body
healthy is called food.
Nutrition
Nutrition is an organic process of the body. In this process foodstuff is
digested and absorbed after eating. Then it spreads to various cells of the
body and helps in the growth of the body, repairs tissues, provides energy
and protects the body against diseases. Nutrition is the subject regarding
man's health and food.
Relation of Food with Nutrition

Relation of food with nutrition is very close. Many people fill their stomach
thrice a day. Even then they suffer from various diseases due to lack of
60 Home Economics
nutrition. The body meets its requirement of nutrients through nutritious

food. The proper knowledge about the nutrient present in food, functions of
the food in the body and requirement of food according to necessity can save
us from malnutrition. When we are hungry, requirement of nutrition cannot
be met by filling the stomach with costly food. Low cost food is also the
sources of good nutrition. Low cost food like pale carplet and dhala fish,
pulses, leafy vegetables, molases are full of nutrient. It is possible to meet
the requirement of nutrition at low cost when the method of taking food is
known.
Relation of Health with Food

The word health refers to the physical and mental fitness of a person. Food,
nutrition, health and mental condition are closely related. When V these
four conditions are properly present in a person, only then the health will be
good. Balanced diet, regular exercise, sleep, rest, open air and light are
needed for good health.
Cleanliness of house, good relationship between friends and family members
are also helpful for protection of good health. Health is good when the
digestion of food is good, physical and mental condition is well, body
possesses power of resistance to diseases. According to age normal weight,
smooth skin, bright eyes, alert expression of the body, firm flesh on well
developed body structure, good appetite, regular elimination habits and good
sleep are signs of good health.
Function of Food in Human Body

1. Bodybuilding, promoting growth and repairing loss of health
2. Producing of heat and providing energy
3. Protecting body against diseases
Food, Nutrition and Health 61
Bodybuilding, Promoting Growth and Repairing Loss of Health:

The weight and height of a new born baby increase gradually. New born
babys bone is soft and it has fewer muscles. Its organs like nails, eyes, nose,
lungs, kidneys, heart, digestive system etc. are tender and small in size. As a
result of proper intake of food blood of body, quantity of muscles and skins
gradually increase, strength of bone and size also increase and gain strength.
These development and growth in human body continue upto the age of 18
years. Body decays due to daily work like walking, playing, household work
and movement of muscles. The digestive system, blood circulation and
breathing continue even when one is asleep. As a result of work body always
decays. Growth and repair of the body take place by some food like meat,
egg, milk and pulses. In this work some minerals and vitamins are playing a
vital role.
Producing Heat And Providing Energy:

Coal, diesel and petrol are needed for driving cars and trains. These are burnt
and converted into mechanical power. Car and trains are driven by this
power. Human body can be compared to an engine. Energy is needed for
functions of the body. The function of food is to provide this energy. Oil,
ghee, butter, rice, flour, sugar, molasses produce heat in our body. This heat
is converted info energy to work.
Protecting Body Against Diseases:

Lack of nutritious food for a long time causes deficiency diseases like eye
disease, skin disease, rickets, beri beri, anaemia, goitre etc. In our body food
is important for forming anti-bodies, which increase the power of resistance
to diseases. Again lack of sufficient and balanced food makes our body
weak. For this reason, man is easily attacked by various types of diseases.
Some food like green and leafy vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, egg and milk
increase the protection power of the body from diseases.
62 Home Economics
Food Component:
All foods are composed of various components. The six components found
in food include-
(1) Protein
(2) Carbohydrate
(3) Fat
(4) Vitamins
(5) Minerals
(6) Water
All foods do not contain these components in equal amount. Some food
contains one or two of these components in large amount. Some food
contains only one component. For example- sugar is rich in carbohydrate
and oil is rich in fat. For this reason intake of all types of food keep the body
healthy. Protein, vitamins, minerals and water are responsible components
for bodybuilding, growth and repairing of tissues. Fat, carbohydrate and
protein are heat and energy providing components. On the other hand
vitamins, minerals, protein and water are the responsible components for
protecting the body against diseases.
Protein
Protein is a component of food. The protein found in fish, meat, egg, milk is
called animal protein. On the other hand the protein in pulse, nut, beans
(sim), cow pea (barbati), bengal gram (chola), sweet peas (mater shuti) are
vegetable protein. Therefore according to sources protein is divided into two
groups.
Protein
Animal protein Vegetable protein

Fish, Meat, Egg, Milk Pulses, Nuts, Beans
After having meal, food is digested and amino acid is found from protein
breakdown. There are 20 types of amino acid. 10 types of amino acid are
essential for the development and growth of children.
These essential amino acid is found
in animal protein. So animal
protein is better than vegetable
protein in terms of quality and
standard. The body muscles, skins,
blood, nerves, bones etc. are made
of protein. The protein makes up the
loss that the body suffers due to
daily activity. Protein helps to
produce antibody in the body and Protein rich food
increase the power of resistance to
diseases. A child's body does not develop and grow properly owing to
deficiency of animal protein in its food. Beside, weight loss, skinny health,
diarrhoea, irritation and retardation of intelligence are also found because of
this deficiency.
Carbohydrate:
It is energy producing component. It is found in rice, wheat, maize, potato,
sugar, molasses, honey, green and ripe fruits and vegetables. Rice is our
staple food. In our country 80 percent of people meet their energy
requirement from rice, bread, potato, rice flakes (chira), popped rice (muri)
and puffed rice (khai).
Carbohydrate found in rice, wheat, potato, green fruits and vegetables is
known as starch. After having rice, bread etc. starch in this food is digested
and broken to form glucose. Fibres of green and leafy vegetables and fruits
are also a type of carbohydrate and are called cellulose. The main function
64 Home Economics
of starchy food in the body is to

provide energy by producing heat.
Sugar, molasses, honey and fruit
juice enhance the taste of food. The
cellulose in food relieves
constipation.
When human body suffers from
shortage of carbohydrate for a long
time, weight loss takes place. Men
lose energy to work and become
weaker. On the other hand excess
amount of carbohydrate intake
Carbohydrate rich food
causes fat deposition, which
ultimately increases body weight.
Over weight is harmful for health.
Fat :
Fat is one of six components of food. The food containing fat is known as
fatty food. Vegetable oil, ghee, butter, dalda, tallow are fatty food. Fat exists
in liquid and solid condition. Fat is available from both animal and vegetable
sources.
Fat
Vegetable Fat Animal Fat

soybean oil, mustard oil, sesame butter, ghee, beef and muttoon
oil, ground nut oil, sunflower oil, fat, poultry fat, fish oil etc.
corn oil, palm oil, dalda etc.
The main function of fat is to

maintain body temperature by Poultry fat
producing heat and providing energy
for work. Other functions are to Corn oil Soyabean oil Bovine fat
improve taste of food and to save
children from skin disease. If excess
Butter
amount of fatty food is taken, this fat
Ghee
Mustard Oil
stores in the body and increases body
weight. An adult person " suffers
from various diseases if he becomes
Dalda
obese. Sun flower Oil Nut oil
Fat rich food

Kilocalorie:
The unit of measuring the heat produced from food is Kilocalorie.
One gram of fat provides nine Kilocalorie. One gram of carbohydrate and
one gram of protein each provides four Kilocalorie heat.
Vitamins
Vitamins are very important components for nutrition of the body. Vitamins
are found in animal and vegetable kingdom. Some vitamins like salt and
sugar are dissolved and mixed with water and some vitamins are dissolved
and mixed with fat.
According to solubility vitamins are classified in two categories-
(1) Water-soluble Vitamins-Vitamin B-Complex and vitamin C.
(2) Fat-soluble vitamins-Vitamin A, Vitamin D, vitamin E and Vitamin K.
66 Home Economics
Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
Those vitamins, which are easily dissolved in fat, are known as fat-soluble
vitamin. Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat-soluble. Sometimes we cook these
vitamin rich foods in small amount of oil in a pan without lid. In those cases
the vitamin mixes with oil and disappears in the air as vapour. If it is cooked
in deep oil or in a pan with lid, then the loss of vitamin is less.
Water-Soluble Vitamins:
The vitamins, which are easily dissolved in water, are known as water-
soluble vitamin. Vitamin B and C are water-soluble. If Vitamin B and C rich
foods are washed with water after cutting or boiled in water and then water
is thrown away, maximum water-soluble vitamins are lost.
Vitamin A:
Vitamin A is necessary for keepi
ng good heal th. It increases the
resistance power to fight diseases.
Vitamin A is found in animal

sources like- fish liver, pale
carplet (mala fish) and dhala fish
with head, fatty meat, egg yolk,
butter, ghee, milk etc.
It is also found in vegetable

sources like yellow, green and
red leafy vegetables, colcocasia
leaves (kachu sag), red pot-
leaves (lal Sag), pui leaves,
Vitamin A rich food
Put leaves Red pot leaves
bathua leaves, carrot, pumpkin
etc. Local coloured fruits like ripe mango and jack fruit etc. are also the
good sources of vitamin A. Vitamin A maintains the healthy condition of
eyes and skin. It helps the normal growth of teeth and bones. It also
increases the resistance power to diseases. Due to lack of vitamin A man
suffers from eyesight weakness. It may lead to night blindness, dryness of
eye and early blindness.
Vitamin D:
It is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is found
mainly in animal sources. Vitamin D
is found in the oil of sea fish like cod,
shark halibut etc. fish liven egg, milk
and milk product. Vitamin D is also Egg
: found in green vegetables grown Fish oil
in sunlight. Animal milk extracting
from cows and goats, which graze
under the sun, contains vitamin D. Liver Milk
Exposure of human skin to the sun ray
produces vitamin D in the body
Before bathing if babies are Milk products
oiled and kept for some time in

Vitamin D rich food
the sun, vitamin D is produced
in the their body. This makes the bone of the baby strong. Vitamin D plays
an important role in the normal development of bone and teeth.
Lack of Vitamin D bends the bones of babies. Rib cage protrudes out. Leg
bones are crooked. The skull looks like a square box. This condition is called
rickets. Rickety children start walking late.
68 Home Economics
In case of adults, shortage of vitamin D makes the bone weak and brittle. It
hampers their walking. Women suffer from backache.
Vitamin E and K:
Vitamin E is found in green leafy vegetables, sweet peas, sprouted gram,
soyabean, egg yolk, liver, milk etc.
Vitamin K is found in spinach (palong sag), cauliflower, cabbage, tomato,
soyabean, sea-fish, egg, milk, liver etc.
Vitamin B-Complex:
Many kinds of vitamin when
combined together are known as
vitamin B-Complex. In vitamin B-
Complex, vitamin B1 or thiamine,
vitamin B2 or riboflavin, niacin and
folic acid are important. These
vitamins are found in milk, cheese,
egg, liver, meat, pulses beans, green
leafy vegetables, fruits, parboiled
rice made by hasking pedale (dhaki
chata) and flour etc. Vitamin B-
Complex keeps the cell of eyes, skins Vitamin B rich food
and nerves healthy. Its deficiency in

the body causes sores in the lips,
boils in the tongue, problems in
digestion, loss of appetite and mental
exhaustion.
Deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi. This disease is caused if milled rice,

refined flour and strained out boiled rice are continuously taken for a long
time. Red layer on rice and outer layer of wheat contain thiamine.
Vitamin C:
It is a water-soluble vitamin. This vitamin helps in healing cuts and wounds
of the body. Due to lack of vitamin C wounds take longer time to heal.
Vitamin C keeps the gum healthy. It helps to maintain the resistance power
to diseases in the body. Vitamin C is found in amla (amlaki), hog plum
(amra), guava (peara), lemon, jambura, bilimbi (kamranga), pineapple,
orange, cauliflower, fresh green leafy vegetables, green chillies etc.
Fresh vegetables and fruits contain large amount of vitamin C. Vitamin C is

easily destroyed by high temperature, light and air. If vegetables and fruits
are washed in water after cutting into pieces and the water is discarded,
vitamin C is lost as it dissolves in water. Similarly vitamin C is lost if
vegetables are boiled in water and the water is discarded. Vitamin C is lost
when fruits and foods are stored for a long time.
Vitamin C protecting against scurvy. It also keeps teeth, gum and muscles
,strong. Vitamin C protects us against cold and cough. It increases
resistance power against diseases and help in the formation of blood.
Minerals:
There are some components in food, which exist in the body as a form of
chemical salts. So these components are known as minerals. Minerals are
of different kinds. For the nourishment of body calcium, phosphorus,
iron, and iodine are very important minerals. Besides sodium, potassium,
magnesium, chlorine, florin, copper and zinc are also necessary for the
70 Home Economics
body. Minerals are maintaining the different physiological functions by

keeping body's internal system in perfect condition. It is necessary for the
protection of different organs like teeth, bones, blood cells and glands of the
human body.
Calcium:
It is found in small fish with bone, milk, curd, chana, posset, green leafy >
vegetables, bengal gram, soyabean, outer layer of grains etc. , .,
Calcium and vitamin D together work to form teeth and bones in the body of
child. Its deficiency causes rickets.
Phosphorus:
Phosphorus is found in milk, curd, egg, meat, small fish with bone,
soyabean, pulses, spinach, radish, carrot, cucumber, cauliflower etc.
Calcium rich food Phosphorus rich food

Phosphorus like calcium helps in the formation of teeth and bones. It also
helps in the formation of nails, hair and bones in the body.
Iron:
It is found in egg yolk, liver,
coloured leafy vegetables, molasses
grains etc. Iron forms haemoglobin
in blood and body cells. In iron
deficiency haemoglobin level is low
in blood, which results in anaemia.
Some symptoms of anaemia are loss
of appetite and weakness. Water
retains in the body and resistance Iron rich food
power to diseases diminishes. One
suffers from various types of
diseases due to iron deficiency.
Iodine:
Iodine is essential for nutrition of
the body. Many kinds of problems
are found in the body due to
iodine deficiency. Deficiency of
iodine causes disease known as
goitre. For proper physical and
mental development sufficient
amount of iodine in diet is Iodine rich food
necessary. Deficiency of iodine causes
72 Home Economics
mental weakness and inertia. If the diet of a pregnant woman is deficient in

iodine, the child is likely to be mentally retarded and foolish. The number of
children suffering from retardation and goitre is increasing seriously in
Bangladesh. It is essential to take iodised salt for protection.
Iodine is not founds in all foods. The green leafy vegetables and fish "grown
in the areas and water adjacent to the sea contain iodine. The seaweed and
the sea fish are good sources of iodine.
Water:
70 percent of body weight is water. This water is distributed inside and
outside the cell of blood, muscle, bone, skin, tooth, nail etc. One should
drink 6-8 glasses of pure water daily. Water requirement can be met from
vegetables, fruits and liquid foods.
In the body water helps in digestion and absorption of food. It regulates the
body temperature. It maintains the liquid condition of blood and removes
constipation. It also removes the toxic agent of the body through sweat,
urine and stool.
Section-2
Food Stuff of Daily Use and
Food Values
The Bangladeshi people like some food in every day meals. These are: Rice,
wheat, maize, potato Vegetables, fruits Fish, meat, egg, milk, pulses, beans
and groundnuts .
Different kinds of component are found in different kinds of food. It is

necessary to know which food contains which component. The food in
which one component or nutrient is present in large amount is known as the
food of that nutrient, e.g. fish is rich in protein, so fish is a protein type food.
Like this rice is carbohydrate and vegetables are vitamin type food.
Rice:
Rice is the staple food in Bangladesh. We get maximum energy from rice.
76 percent of rice is starch. Other nutrients are protein, fat, minerals and
vitamins. Red bran of parboiled rice made by hasking pedale contains
vitamins. Boiled rice is more nutritious than milled rice. If the starchy water
is discarded after cooking rice, nutrients are wasted. So it is necessary to
cook rice without discarding the starchy water.
Rice products like puffed rice, rice flax and popped rice are suitable for
snacks. Various types of cakes are made from rice flour.
Wheat:
Wheat is a carbohydrate type food. We get atta, refine flour and semolina
by grinding wheat. Wheat is mainly starchy food. Other nutrients like
74 Home Economics
Food prepared from rice Food prepared from wheat
protein, fat, minerals, vitamins etc. are also found in wheat. We get whole
wheat flour (atta) by grinding whole wheat and refined flour and semolina
from the inner part of whole wheat. Whole-wheat flour is more nutritious
than refine flour.
Bread, biscuit, vermicelli, noodles etc are prepared from different kinds of
wheat flour. Broken wheat mixed and cooked with meat and pulses makes
Halim. Semolina is very nutritious for babies.
Maize:
Maize is a crop with yellow coloured grain. From nutritional point of view it
is similar to wheat. It is cultivated on a small scale in Bangladesh. It is in the
category of starchy food. Maize contains more fat and protein, so it provides
as much energy as rice and wheat. It also contains starch, small amount of
minerals and vitamins. Green tender maize can be used as vegetables. Boiled
green tender maize is used in preparing soup.
Food Stuff of Daily Use and Food Values 75
In our country matured maize is

mostly eaten by roasting it. Popcorn
is made from maize. Bread, biscuits,
cakes etc are prepared from corn
flour. It plays an important role in
the production of heat and energy in
the body.
Food prepared from Maize
Pulses:
Green gram (mug), lentils
(mashur), bengal gram (chola), peas
(motor), black gram (mashkali),
kheshari, red gram (arohor) are
cultivated in Bangladesh. Pulses
compared to rice and wheat have
more protein. So, pulses are called
protein rich food. Pulses also
contain starch, vitamin and
iron. Quality of protein improves if
various kinds of pulse are Different types of pulses
cooked together. Animal
protein is very costly, so most of
the people meet their
requirement of protein from pulses
and small fish. It helps the body
more if pulses are eaten after being
cooked properly. Grounded pulses are
76 Home Economics
easily cooked. Different types of dishes like bara, beguni, halua, cake
(pitha), chatpati etc. can be prepared from pulses.
Legumes:
The dried seeds of beans are called legumes. Sweet peas, different kinds of
bean seeds, soyabean and dried peas are included in this legume category.
Theses are good sources of protein. Like pulses, legumes contain vitamins,
minerals, fat and carbohydrates. Its nutritive value increases if it is eaten
after being cooked with other vegetables, fish or meat.
Groundnut:
It is the good source of vegetable protein. Roasted groundnuts are good for
the growing children. Fat, vitamins, and small amount of minerals are found
in groundnut. It contains more fat, so it provides more energy to the body.
Besides oil is obtained from groundnut. Seasonal dried groundnut can be
stored in covered container for a long time. But if storage groundnut comes
in contact with air, fungus and pungent smell develop.
Vegetables:
Vegetables are vitamin rich food. Various kinds of vegetables are grown in
different seasons in our country. Different types of leaves like mayalu
leaves (pui sag), spinach, ipomoea leaves (kalmi sag), danta leaves, bottle
gourd leaves (lao sag), pumpkin leaves (mishti kumra sag), colocasia
leaves (kachu sag) etc. contain riboflavin, calcium, iron, vitamin C and
vitamin A. Vegetables like bottle gourd (lao), beans, cauliflower, cabbage,
ridge gourd (jhinga), parwar (patal), green plantain (kancha kala), ladis
finger (dharush) etc. contain vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate and
water.Carotene is found in yellow, orange and green coloured
vegetables. Carotene produces vitamin A in our body. Fresh vegetables
and sour fruits contain more vitamin C. Vegetables should be washed
before being cutting. It should be cut

into large pieces and then cooked in
small amount of water with little
spices. Carrot, beat root, cabbage,
tomato, cucumber, radish, lettuce and
some fresh green leafy vegetables
should be kept in daily menu.
Vegetables play a very significant
role in increasing the resistance
power to diseases in the body. Salad
made from fresh raw vegetables is a
very useful food item. Different kinds of vegetables
Fruits:
In our country we get fruits in
all seasons. Sour fruits like hog
plum (amra), bilimbi, guava,
pummelo (batabilabu), pineapple
etc. contain large amount of
vitamin C. Vitamin A is found
in ripe mango, papaya and jack
fruits etc. Besides, fruits contain
carbohydrates, minerals, small
amount of protein and fat. It is
necessary to keep some fresh Different kinds of fruits
fruits in our daily menu.
78 Home Economics
Because fruits meet the need of water, relieve constipation and increase the
resistance power to diseases in the body. In the body fruit's carbohydrates
provide energy. Jam, jelly, custard etc. are also prepared from fruits.
Fish:
Fish is the best source of animal protein. Fats, vitamins and minerals are also
found in fish. Besides these sea fish contains iodine. Vitamin A and vitamin
D are obtained from liver and oil of sea fish. Rui, carp (katal), flounder
(boal), humped featherback (chitai) etc are big fishes. Olive barb (puti),
tengra, pale carplet (mala), dhala, river shad (chapila) etc. are small fishes.
Some fishes which can be kept alive for a long time as climbing parch (kai),
catfish (magur), shing, striped snakehead (shol), spotted snakehead (taki)
etc. Some fishes contain much fat like hilsa, humped featherbck, large olive
barb etc. Pomfret (rupchanda), ritha, indian salmon (lankha) etcLare sea fish.
Calcium and phosphorus are found in the bone of small fish. Dried fish
contains more protein.
Different kinds of fish Fish that can be kept alive

Fish is a perishable food. After catching fish early preservation should be

arranged. Ice preserves fish well. Fish fibre is very soft and it does not take
long time to cook. Fish plays a significant role in formation and maintenance
of the body.
Meat:
In our country we are in the habit of
eating different types of meat like
beef, mutton, lambs, chicken, ducks,
birds etc. Meat contains protein of
high quality. Besides this, fats,
minerals and vitamins are found in
meat. Meat plays an important role in
the formation and maintenance of
Meat
our body and in producing energy.
Meat takes more time
than fish in cooking. Because meat

fibre is thicker than fish and strongly
linked. Meat protein is , coagulated
at high temperature. So it should be
cooked at low temperature.
Eggs:
Commonly we eat the eggs of hens and
ducks. All nutrients for the formation
of the body are present in eggs. Egg
protein is high quality protein. It
also contains fats, minerals and Dishes prepared from eggs
80 Home Economics
vitamins. The amount of protein is more in the white portion of egg. The egg
yolk contains fats, minerals, vitamins and protein.
Boiled eggs, omelette, poached are common processed items of eggs.

Besides other nutritious foods like custard and pudding are also prepared
from eggs. Eggs are also used in making sandwitches.
Milk:
We drink the milk of cows, goats, and buffaloes. The nutrients that are
essential for the development, growth and maintenance of the body are all
present in milk. So milk can be
called complete food. The
protein of milk is very high
quality. After birth mother's
milk is main feed for babies.
Colostrum is found in mother's
first milk which provides the
resistance powers and protects
the child from various diseases.
87 percent of milk is water. The
rest portion is composed of
Milk and dishes prepared from milk
proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals. Butter, ghee, posset,
cheese, sweet curd, pudding, custard etc. are prepared from milk. Fresh milk
should be boiled before drinking to make it germ free. Vitamins in milk are
destroyed if it is kept under the sunlight. So container of milk is to be kept
covered. Milk should not be kept for more than two hours at room
temperature. It would be better if it is kept in refrigerator.
Section-3
Misconceptions about Food and , its Bad
Effects
it has been seen from ancient time that paternal grand mothers, maternal
grand mothers, aunties and mothers have great influence in food
management of the family. Even today many misconceptions about selection
of food exist which are the outcome of family traditions and habits. These
baseless beliefs and ideas are known as misconceptions or superstitions
about food. Today we have knowledge about food. But men are suffering
from malnutrition due to the influence of superstitions. Not only in our
country but also in many other countries of the world there are 4P some
superstitions about food. In Malaysia during pregnancy protein food like
fish, chicken, egg, milk are not given. It is feared that the baby will acquire
animal like habits or suffer from asthma. In India there is a misconception
that eggs cause jaundice in babies.
In Bangladesh due to misconceptions about food, pregnant women, nursing

mothers, newborn babies and grown up children are suffering from
malnutrition.
Pregnant Mother:
During pregnancy women are given less than required food. Elderly
people think that if more food is taken in pregnancy, the baby will be
bigger and it will cause difficulty at the time of delivery. Beside this they
are not allowed to eat cucumber, as it would crack the baby's skin. Eating
of ash gourd is prohibited in the fear that the body's hair will upright like
pumpkin's stings. Green coconut was not given for fear that the, colour of
the child's eyes would be dull. Pair of bananas were not allowed during
82 Home Economics
pregnancy due to fear of twins.
There are many imaginary stories about eating fish during pregnancy. It was
thought that the child's face would be like sheat fish if this fish was eaten in
pregnancy. The body wriggles inside the womb if pregnant mother eats
spinyeel fish. Eating of mutton would cause abundant growth-of hair on the
baby's body. Under the influence of these misconceptions pregnant mothers
are deprived of best quality animal protein. As a result mothers are reduced
to skeletons and they lose physical strength. Due to lack of protein and
calorie pregnant women give birth to low weight and malnourished babies
with below intelligence.
Lactating Mother:
Lactating mothers are not escaped from the influence of these superstitions.
Lactating mothers are forced to stay for 40 days in the labour room to keep
them free from the spell of Jinn and ghosts. Chillies, potato, mashed green
plantain, vegetables and soft rice are given to lactating mother. It is blind
faith of every body that these diets improve the lactating mothers health
quickly. Thus due to lack of nutritious food it is not possible for the mothers
to produce sufficient milk for the children. It also becomes harder to recover
the health of lactating mothers.
Children:
After the baby's birth, it is not allowed to drink mother's initial milk or
colostrum. The elderly thinks-that this milk is harmful for baby. But this
milk contains the disease-resisting component known as colostrum, which
gives the baby the power to safeguard itself from various contagious
diseases.
During the first 6 months after birth mother's milk is the only diet for the
child. After 6 months rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, eggs etc. should be
Misconceptions about Food and its Bad Effects 83
given side by side with mother's milk to supplement it for the development
of the baby. But many people think these foods are forbidden for the
children upto the age of 2 years. It is considered that if rice and pulses are
given to the child, their belly would become large. The child would not be
able to digest vegetables and fish. If these food are given to the child
stomach would be upset. Under the influence of these ideas only milk-based
foods and rice porridge are given to the child. As a result deficiency of
protein, vitamins and minerals are developed in the child. The child suffers
from malnutrition related diseases like night blindness, kwashiorkor and
marasmus etc. Many children die prematurely.
Men are not born with these misconceptions. These misconceptions grow in
human mind due to the influence of family traditions, environment and
social norms. Scientifically true conception and knowledge about food and
nutrition will help in removing these wrong ideas. In this matter radio,
television and newspapers can play a very significant role. By including
content on nutrition in the curriculum of schools and colleges it is possible to
remove the existing misconceptions.
Development of Proper Food Habits:

Man is a slave to habits. If correct habits about food are developed since
childhood proper attitude towards food is developed in a child. If a child
grows up with selective eating habit, this habit may continue. Correct
knowledge about the quality of different foods will not allow
misconceptions about foods. For the development of good habits about
foods, the following matters should be taken into consideration.
1. After 6 months, it is necessary to give supplementary food side by side

with mother's milk.
84 Home Economics
2. Food should contain all the nutrients according to the requirement of

children.
3. At first any new food should be given to a child in small quantity. When
they adjust with the new food the amount of food should be gradually
increased.
4. Everybody should make the habit of eating the available seasonal foods.
1. Pulse (dal), almond , seed of bean and pea have more

(a) Protein
(b) Fat
(c) Carbohydrate
(d) Vitamin
2. Red husked rice has more –

(a) Thiamin
(b) Riboflavin
(c) Vitamin “D”
(d) Vitamin “A”
3. How many glasses of water should we drink daily?

(a) 6-7 (b) 6-8
(c) 6-9 (d) 7-8
4. Which of the following foods mainly contain protein?

(i) Meat, egg, potato
(ii) Fish, milk, pulse (dal)
(iii) Meat, wheat, pulse (dal)
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
(c) (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
5. Which are the sources of vitamin “A”?
(i) Arum leaves, carrot, pui herb (pui shak)
(ii) Lal shak, mango, pumpkin (mishti kumra)
(iii) Myrobalan (Amloki), lemon, orange
(a) (i) (b) (ii)

(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
6. Which ingredients are there in almond?

(i) Fat, vitamin, minerals
(ii) Minerals, vitamin, protein
(iii) Starch, vitamin, fat

(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)
86 Home Economics
Read the following paragraph and answer questions nos. 7, 8 and 9.

Papiya’s home is at Rangpur. Her throat has swelled since a few days and she is
now suffering from weakness and inertia.
7. Papiya’s throat has swelled due to deficiency of -
(a) Calcium (b) Phosphorus
(c) Iodine (d) Riboflavin
8. Which of the following foods is helpful for the disease of Papiya’s throat
swelling?
(a) Sea fish (b) Beef
(c) Fruits (d) Vegetables
9. Papiya is suffering from –
(a) Beriberi (b) Ricket

(c) Scurvy (d) Goitre
Creative questions:
1. Jahara’s mother cuts vegetables and then cooks after washing them. She
also cuts fruits and gives Jahara to eat after washing them. Jahara eats very
little. A sore has appeared in her gums. Her mother took her to a physician
who told her that Jahara had been suffering from the deficiency of various
kinds of vitamins.
(a) How many types of vitamins are there?
(b) Why is Jahara suffering from the deficiency of vitamins?
(c) What food was prescribed by the doctor for the sore of the gums of
Jahara, and why?
(d) Explain why doctor advised Jahara to eat various types of vitamins?
2. Alifa’s family is a lower middle class and is composed of two children and
husband. She cannot buy meat, fish due to recent increase in prices of
commodities. The health of the children is becoming worse for the last few
days. Alifa is anxious to provide nutritious food to her children. But Alifa’s
children like vegetables and pulse.(dal)
(a) What is nutrition?
(b) Why is the health of the two children looking bad? Explain
(c) Explain how Alifa can meet the need of nutrition for the two children
at a low cost.
(d) Give a comparative description of nutrition between pulse (dal) and

vegetables.
3. Orchi is six months old. Her mother wants to feed her a preparation of both
rice and pulse (dal) cooked together (khichuri). But Orchi’s grandmother
tells that it will enlarge Orchi’s belly and there will be a problem in
digestion. Orchi’s mother convinces her (grandmother) that if Orchi is not
offered other items of food with khichuri she will suffer from deficiency of
nutrition and will not develop good food habit.
(a) What type of food is a preparation of rice and pulse (dal) cooked
together for Orchi?
(b) Describe from what type of deficiency of nutrition can Orchi suffer if
she depends on milk only.
(c) Suggest what food can be given to Orchi instead of a preparation of
rice and pulse together (khichuri)
(d) Analyze the opinion of Orchi’s grandmother about the food of
children.
Chapter-IV
Section-1
Clothing and Textile Fibres
Clothing Materials and Their Types:

In ancient time in our country, the weavers used to make cloth by spinning
yarns on a wheel. People used to meet their need of clothes by making
dresses from that cloth. Fibre is the main material for making cloth. Which is
as thin or thinner than a fine hair. There is qualitative difference in the fibre
of different materials. Therefore cloth cannot be made from all types of
fibres. Cloth is made from cotton fibre, as it is thin, smooth and soft. But
fibre of jute is thick and rough so it is not very suitable for making cloth.
Qualities of Fibre that are Suitable for Making Cloth are:

1. Long fibre is especially suitable for weaving cloth. If short fibre is
twisted strong yarn can be produced from that. For example cotton
fibre is short but it can be twisted. So durable cloth can be made from
-Cotton.
2. Softness of fibre is an excellent quality for making cloth. When fibre
is twisted and broken, cloth can not be made from that fibre.
3. Power to absorb colour is a great quality of fibre. A waxy chemical
compound named tannin is present in fibre. In the presence of this
compound fibre cannot absorb colour.
4. The luster or brightness of fibre is a quality for creating beauty. The
luster of silk fibre makes silk cloths more valuable.
Clothing and Textile Fibres 89
5. If dirt can be easily removed from fibre, that are suitable for making
cloth.
6. Fibre should have the quality to resist decay.
7. Fibre which is not easily damaged by normal heat, mild alkali or acid,
is specially suitable for textile industry.
Types of Fibres:
Normal fibres are easily available in nature. Those are being used as
materials for making cloth. But as a result of scientific and technological
development artificial or man made fibre has emerged in textiles. Different
fibres have been divided into two groups:
1. Natural or normal fibre.
2. Artificial of man made fibre.
According to Source Natural Fibres are of Three Types:
a) Plant fibres: The fibres which are available from plant or trees are plant
fibres. Cotton, linen, ramie, Jute etc. are plant fibres.
b) Animal fibres: The fibres which are obtained from animals are animal
fibres. Silk and wool are animal fibres.
c) Mineral fibres: The fibres which are found from minerals are mineral
fibres. Asbestos and glass are mineral fibres.
Artificial or Man Made Fibres can be Divided into Two Categories:
a) Rayon fibre: At first cellulose is extracted from wood pulp and cotton
cuttings. Then through a chemical process with caustic soda and alkali
rayon fibre is made. Rayon is of three types- Viscose, kewpramonium
and acetate.
b) Synthetic fibre: Man has made synthetic fibres by using coal, water and
air. Nylon, polyester, vinion are synthetic fibres.
90 Home Economics
Classification of Fibres:
Fibre
Natural fibre Artificial fibre

Plant Animal Mineral Rayon Synthetic
Cotton Silk Glass Viscose Nylon
Linen Wool Asbestos Kewpramonium Polyester
Rami Acetate Vinion
Jute
Section-2
Necessity of Clothing
After food and housing the thing which is most needed is clothes. The
need for clothes was first felt to cover man's modesty and to protect hirn^
from inclement weather. Later with the development of civilisation man J
became conscious about other needs of clothes. Like enhancing beauty of
the body, covering the defects of the body, expressing his religion, culture
and family status etc.
Definition of Clothes:
By clothes we generally mean the garments that we wear. Clothes are those
body covering things by which man maintains the decency of his body,
protects himself from cold and heat, increases the elegance of his body, feels
comfortable in work, and keeps the body free from the attack of germs.
Ladies' sari, blouse, petticoat, men's pyjama, panjabi, each is a dress. Man's
personality, status and nationality are expressed by clothes.
History of Clothes Evolution:

No body can say properly when man started wearing clothes. There was a
time when there was no use of clothes. In primitive age man while
protecting his body from winter, summer and rain with his hair and skin felt
the need of clothes. They used to hunt animals to meet the need of food.
After eating the flesh they used to throw the hides and bones. They used fish
bones and thin bones for making holes in hides. With these hides they used
to cover their bodies. They used to wrap their bodies with hides, which are
softened by pounding with stones.
92 Home Economics
Later they used to cover their bodies by wearing a sort of cloth woven with
grass, creepers, and leaves. In stone age in order to protect himself from the
inclement weather and attacks of wild animals man used to wrap his body
with unstitched hide and fastened it with hide belt or animal tail at the waist.
This was called loin.
With the advancement of civilisation men learnt to make yarn from
horse's or sheep's hair and tree fibres and wave cloth. For expressing
beauty clothes of many designs came into practice.
Due to industrial revolution new machines and machine parts were invented.
As a result clothes from latest designs to space suits are being made today.
Besides, today men are wearing special clothes for
swimming, gymnastics and for international athletics. Thus gradually
clothes have changed.
Relation of Clothes With Health:
As food is needed for the protection of the body so for proper growth and
.maintenance of health suitable clothes are needed. Clothes have special
relationship with health. Wearing clothes would be comfortable if this
relationship is kept in mind during selection of clothes. Clothes not only
provide comfort, but also protect health.
The reasons for wearing clothes for protection of health are:
l. Protection of the body from the extreme cold and heat
2. Protection from germs.
3. Not to create obstruction in circulation of blood in the body
4. Maintenance of mental health.
l) Protection of the Body from the Extreme Cold and Heat:
We wear clothes for taking protection against winter. In winter the
weather is cold. The humidity of air decreases. At that time we feel
Necessity of Clothing 93
comfortable if the body is covered with woollen or warm clothes. There is a

possibility of suffering from fever, cold and cough due to cold if we do not
wear suitable winter clothes.
Men sweat profusely in summer owing to hard work. It is better to use dress
that is made from cotton, voil and thin cloth for absorbing the he In summer
one feels comfortable by wearing dresses made from these materials. On the
other hand by wearing embroidered, laced and patch worked clothes, we feel
more hot. In summer sleeveless dress made from thin cotton cloth makes the
children comfortable and keep them healthy.
2) Protection from Germs:

Body is protected from the attack of germs and skin diseases if the skin
remains covered with clothes. It helps healing of wounds by stopping the
germs from entering the wounds.
3) Not to Create Obstruction In Circulation of Blood in the Body:

Very tight clothes can make a pressure on the arteries and veins. This
hampers blood circulation. It creates difficulties in the movements of limbs.
These problems hamper the normal growth of the body. Generally the
dresses, which are comfortable and do not create any obstruction in
movement and maintain the growth, are suitable for children. The dresses,
which can be easily put on of taken off, should be worn. Very tight clothes
are harmful. On the other hand very loose clothes are also not suitable for
working. If a child wearing very long and loose dress may fall while playing
and break his arms or legs or cut any part of his body.
4) Maintenance of Mental Health:

Mental health is related with physical health. If man wears beautiful
designed clean clothes he feels happy. His personality is enhanced. He
gets respect from others. When wearing a torn and dirty clothes one feels
94 Home Economics
bad. When children wear new clothes they feel happy and their hearts are
filled with joy. Therefore, clothes by making people happy keep the heart
cheerful.
Clothes and Nationality:

People wear dresses according to geographical, social, cultural and religious
customs. The country or his nationality can be known from person's clothes.
The identity of a nation can be found from clothes. Beside this person's
profession, social class and age are also known from clothes.
In Bangladesh the clothes of women are shari, blouse, petticoat and shalwar
kamiz and modesty scarf. On the other hand men wear lungi, genji at home
and pyjama, panjabi, shirt, pant etc, are used for going to office and going
out.
In different provinces of India different people live. People of different

province wear different clothes. Sikhs can be identified by the turbans on
their heads. Lungi and fatwa are Burmese dress. Japanese dress is kimono.
Muslims of central Asia wear long kurta or toap and small pant, in the lower
position. Ladies wear long ghagra, kurta, chadar, scarf and cover the whole
body in a yashmak or veil. Shirt, suit and tie are the national dress of the
inhabitants of Europe and America.
In Bangladesh there is difference in the clothes of the inhabitants of various

areas. Regional influence can be seen specially in the clothes of the tribes of
hilly areas. The clothes of Garos of Mymensing, Manipuris of Sylhet, Mogs
of Chittagong are different from those of general people of Bangladesh.
Section-3
Purpose of Wearing Clothes
There are some fundamental needs in every man's life. When these needs are
fulfilled, life becomes full of satisfaction and happiness. Clothes are also a
fundamental need, which help in fulfilling many requirements of life. The
purpose of wearing clothes was to cover one's modesty, keep the I body
warm and save it from cold and rain. With the development of education and
advancement of knowledge and science, man has been able to learn various
purpose of wearing clothes. Through clothes one can make oneself
handsome and attractive. One can become attractive to others by wearing
clothes according to one's figure, complexion and V climate, profession and
of latest designs. One purpose of wearing clothes is to manifest one's beauty.
Beautiful and dignified dresses express, the" quality of one's character. It
also reflects one's personality.
Purposes for wearing Clothes are Worn are Described Below:

1. To Protect the Body from Adverse Weather and Climate:
Different clothes are worn in different seasons. Woollen, flannel and thick
clothes are more comfortable to wear in winter. Woollen clothes are non-
conductor of heat. So it does not allow body heat to escape or allow outside
cold to enter.
On the other hand summer clothes made from cotton, linen, voil etc. are
more comfortable to wear. These clothes absorb the sweat from the body. It
keeps the body cool by allowing air to circulate because it is good conductor
of heat.
96 Home Economics
2. To Protect the Body from Outside Dust and Germs:

Dust and infinite number of germs float in the air. Man has to go out daily
for various activities. Clothes cover the human body. Due to the clothes
outside dirts and different germs cannot easily come in contact with the
skin. It is seen that while examining patients, the doctors and nurses wear
hand gloves, appron and facemasks for protection against germs. To keep
the body healthy protecting against germs is one of the purposes of
wearing clothes.
3. To Protect Modesty:
Men did not cover their bodies with anything in primitive time. Sense of
modesty developed in men with the progress of civilisation. Then men
started wearing tree barks to cover their modesty. There after necessity of
clothes was felt.
Clothes are necessary for covering the modesty of both men and women.
Physical changes take place in growing stage of girls. At that time they need
modesty scarf and loose clothes for comfortable movement. Only clothes
provide civilised people to move freely by covering their modesty. Decent
clothes wearer is glorified by everybody.
4. Identification:
Clothes indicate national identity. It also identifies a special person. In all
countries people engaged in a particular profession like police, defence,
airforce, navy, doctors, nurses, lawyers, peons, cooks, guards and students
have prescribed clothes or uniforms. Clothes are made keeping in view of
the needs of one's work. Importance of people's work is understood by
proper dresses. By identifying persons from their dresses, we can obtain
services from them. General public can also obtain necessary services
Purpose of Wearing Clothes 97
from them e.g. ask for security on seeing an uniformed policeman or order
for food to a bearer in the restaurant etc.
We can understand wh6 plays football, who plays cricket or who is a
wrestler from the jersey or clothes of players. From the clothes of tribal
people of Bangladesh it can be said in which area they reside.
5. Show Respect to the Dignity of Rank:

There are rules for special
professions to wear prescribed
clothes or uniforms in all
countries. According to service
status, clothes or uniforms are used
in certain offices. By-using special
clothes with "monograms or
badges it is possible to
distinguish high level and low level
employees. It is easier for the low
Policeman, doctor and football player
level employees to show respect to
their high level officials if clothes
are worn according to ranks, e.g. a
traffic policeman on the street salutes
an uniformed police officer as soon
as he sees him. An office gatekeeper
opens the gate when he sees an officer in the car wearing office dress.
Everybody gets recognition according to his rank by wearing office dress.

Due to this, interest for work increases. Respect for one's profession is,
another purpose of uniform.
98 Home Economics
6. Enhancing Eelegance:
For ages man is trying to make him beautiful and attractive. Dress is a
perfect media for them. Man attracts other's attention by wearing suitable
clothes according to his figure, complexion, weather, and environment and
current fashion. A lean and tall girl who wears a dress of heavy material with
horizontal designs will look beautiful and less lean and tall. Clothes, which
have artistic touch of colour and balance of designs, make people beautiful
and attractive. Neat, clean and simple designed clothes help in projecting a
man's personality.
Everybody can enhance his elegance by wearing carefully chosen clothes.

Section-4
Care and Storage of Personal Clothes
We wear various kinds of clothes both inside and outside of our homes.
These clothes become unusable by dirt and sweat due to daily use. Due to
carelessness sometimes these are torn, sometimes these are stained or
discloured. The cleanliness, durability and beauty of clothes depend upon
the care taken by wearer. The clothes used daily, weekly and in different
seasons should be washed cleanly, dried and kept in proper places. This will
keep the clothes clean and return its newness. Besides, clothes remain
durable and can be used when necessary and also money is not wasted.
Many costly clothes become unsuitable for use due to neglect. Every
member of the family, small as well as grown up should be taught how to
take care of clothes. Otherwise, housewife will be loaded. By care of
clothes, we generally mean care during use, mending clothes, removing
stains, washing, drying, ironing and keeping in proper places.
Following cares of clothes are taken at home:

1. Daily care
2. Weekly care .
3. Seasonal care
1. Daily Care:
Generally cotton clothes are for daily use. Besides, clothes for daily use are
uniforms, ordinary clothes, under garments, shoes-socks, ribbons etc. These
require every day care.
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Uniforms:
The dress made by specific materials
and with designs for schools, colleges,
offices and courts are called
uniforms. Every day care is not required
if the uniforms are clean. It can be
washed on alternate days. After use it
should be spread out in the air for
drying the sweat. After drying the sweat
if it is ironed and kept in the rack or
box, it will be useable for next day.
Dirty uniform is to be washed with A school girl in uniform
soap and water, rinsed with blue and
starch and ironed. After ironing it
should be folded and stored in a fixed
place so that it can be easily found.
Ordinary Clothes:
Various jobs are performed in and outside the house wearing normal clothes.
As a result these clothes become dirty and give bad smell of sweat. Many
times buttons come out. Clothes can become spotted or torn due to
negligence. At first buttons are to be fixed. Clothes should be darned or
stitched if torn. Then the spots should be removed by following the proper
procedure if marked with spots. It should then be washed with soap and
water and if necessary should be rinsed with blue and starch. Then after
drying it should be ironed and folded and stored in the rack or cupboard, so
that it can be easily found.
Care and Storage of Personal Clothes 101
Undergarments:
By undergarments we mean clothes like vest, chemise, shorts etc. All
undergarments cling to the skin of the body. So it gives a bad smell and
becomes dirty due to sweating. Undergarments are to be washed with soap
and water after every use and then dried in the sun. Then it is to be rinsed
with blue if white. These are never to be starched. Starched undergarments
would be very uncomfortable to wear.
Shoes and Socks:

After coming back to home men put off the shoes and socks along with the
clothes. Then the pair of shoes is to be brushed and dried in air in case of
dirt. If it is wet, it should be dried in mild sunlight or in air. It would shrink
and lose its shape if dried in extreme sunlight or near the fire. It should be
dried and then polished when discoloured. After taking off the socks these
should be shaken and aired to dry the sweat. Socks become very bad
smelling as a result of sweating. So these should be washed daily with soap
and water and then dried in the sun and kept in a fixed place.
Ribbons:
Girls use ribbons made of white or different coloured cloth to tie their hair.
Due to frequent use ribbons catch hair oil and dirt and give'bad smell.'
Besides they also get wrinkled. So every day after using ribbons these
should be washed with warm water and soap and then dried. After dried
these should be stretched, ironed and kept either folded or hanging.
2. Weekly Care:
Care of those clothes which are used for going out twice or thrice a week are
to be taken once a week. Besides, other clothes are also needed weekly care,
like stitching buttons, sewing torn clothes, washing dirty clothes, applying
blue and starching, drying, ironing and keeping in proper places.
102 Home Economics
These are the weekly care of clothes. Besides, polishing shoes, cleaning the
bags are also included in the weekly care.
3 Seasonal Care:
We wear clothes according to seasons like summer, winter, rainy season etc.
In winter woollen clothes like sweater, muffler, shawls etc. or heavy clothes
are worn. These clothes are washed, dried and stored in proper place when
the winter season is over. This is known as seasonal care. Winter clothes are
to be kept in proper place after dust being removed by brush and being dried
in the sun. Then these are thoroughly washed and dried at the end of winter
if these become very dirty. After drying these should be kept in the air or in
a cool place for sometime. When the clothes are cooled, they should be
folded and stored either in trunks or cupboard, i and suits can be hanged
using hangers. Woollen clothes are not to be hanged in hangers. This will
spoil the shape of the clothes. To keep the clothes safe from insect bites,
naphthalene should be put in each folding of the clothes.
Fine thin clothes are used in summer. This summer clothes are not needed
for wearing in winter or rainy season. Cotton clothes are to be kept after
being washed, dried and ironed at the beginning of winter season. It is not -
qecessary to starch them. Starched clothes if stored are eaten by insects and
often become yellow in colour. After rainy season the costly clothes, which
are occasionally used, should be dried in mild sunlight and stored in a fixed
place after the clothes being cooled and folded. Woollen clothes must be
sunned after thd rainy season. Otherwise these will be attacked by fungus. It
is better to spread a cloth instead of old paper at the bottom for storing
the clothes in the box or cupboard. Because old paper is easily attacked
by insects and make the clothes dirty by ink in the paper. If seasonal
clothes are preserved for next season naphthalene should be used
in the folding of the clothes. If small cloth bags filled with dry nigella or dry
leaves of neem are kept in the box or cupboard, insects do not easily destroy
clothes.
Introduction of Unit for the Storage of Clothes:

Clothes must be kept carefully folded or hanged in a fixed place wearing.
Clothes are not found when needed if these are strewn here and V there.
Time and energy is wasted unnecessarily in searching them. On the other
hand if clothes kept haphazardly, the elegance of the house and the folding
of the clothes are spoiled. The clothes also become dirty. It is necessary to
use cupboard, trunk or box according to needs to keep the clothes handy.
The places in the house where arrangements for keeping ^ clothes exist are
called units of storage. Some of the units for storing »
clothes are described below:
Cupboard:
Generally wood, steel, hard board, rexin or cloth are used for making
cupboard and storing clothes. To save space wall cupboard is also used in
modern time. A cupboard is divided into many shelves, rods for, hangers,
drawers, hooks on the doors and secret drawers for keeping valuable things
etc. Varnish of wooden and steel cupboard must be fast. Poor varnished with
colour will be melt due to heat and it will spoil the clothes if it is not fast.
Varnish must be dried well and only then clothes are kept.
There should be no gaps in the doors and drawers. Otherwise dust and
cockroaches will enter and damage the clothes.
Trunk and suitcase:

In ancient times trunks were mostly used. In present time although the use
of trunks have decreased, people in the villages still now use trunks for
storing clothes. Trunks are made of tin or steel. These are of various sizes
104 Home Economics
both small and big. There are handles on two sides for holding. The trunks,
which are deep, hold more clothes. The clothes do not get rusted if the inside
of a trunk is painted. Clothes are damaged by moisture when trunks are kept
on damp floor. Very heavy trunk is to be kept in a fixed place. Clothes are to
be stored in trunk in such a place where there is proper air circulation. In the
town suitcases made of rex in and leather are mostly used. After putting
naphthalene winter and summer clothes are kept in suitcases.
Box:
Clothes are kept in wood and hard board made boxes of various sizes both
small and big. In the villages heavy boxes are known as chests. Wheels are
attached for easy handling. In the box dust and insects cannot enter if the lid
is heavy. There are partitions inside the box for storing different kinds of
clothes. Well-polished and patterned wooden box increases the beauty of the
room as a valuable furniture.
Rack:
A stand made with straight wooden rods is called a rack. It comes in
different sizes both small and big. For keeping shoes and other things there
is a flat place under the rods. It is better to keep the rack in one side of the
room. Rack should not be kept before windows. Because it would create
difficulty in the circulation of air. The rods of the rack should be very
smooth. So threads of the clothes are not entangled with the rod of rack.
Well-varnished racks are durable and do not damage the clothes.
Correct Procedure for Storing Clothes:

In the care of clothes, storage is an important step. Storage of clothes is
essential to save them from outside dust, insects, moisture etc. The clothes
are easily attacked by fungus and damaged if neat and clean clothes are
kept scattered in damp atmosphere. Clothes are not easily found when
needed if it is not stored properly. This is not only the wastage of time but
also is annoying.
Before storing the clothes, it should be ensured that the furniture and other
things are kept in such a way that air easily passes and dust doss not enter.
For keeping clothes it is better to use trunk and cupboard. Because it is quite
easy and safe to store clothes in them
The following matters should be kept in view while storing

clothes:
Preparation before Storing:
Torn clothes should be repaired before storing. Stains should be removed
from the cloth and washed according to procedure and then dried well.
Clothes should not be wet or moist. Clothes should be dried in the air and
cooled after being ironed and then stored. It is not proper to use blue and
starch in those clothes, which are to be stored for a long time. Metallic
buttons, hooks, cufflinks of coats, shirts, blouses and other clothes should be
detached. This will save them from rusting.
Storage of Clothes according to Types and Sizes:

We use dresses of different kinds like 'Shirts, pants, coat, pyjamas.
Punjabis, sarees, blouses, woollen clothes, sheets, handkerchiefs, caps etc.
If folding suits, pants and costly sarees are kepi in hangers in the
cupboard, these will not be spoiled. Blouses should also be hanged on the
hangers, as this will save them from spots of hooks. Ladies dress, skirt
etc. also do not loose their crease or get wrinkled when kept in
hangers. Clothes like cotton sarees, pyjamas, panjabis, sheets should be
106 Home Economics
folded and stored in the shelves of

cupboard or in trunks and boxes.
Different dresses are to be stored in
fixed places of cupboard. If clothes are
stored separately according to their
types much time has not to be spent to
search them when needed.
Small and big size clothes should

be stored separately. If handkerchiefs,
caps, ties, socks, ribbons etc. go
Different dresses stored in fixed places
inside the folding of sarees or of cupboard.
large clothes, these are not easily found.
These things should be stored in the drawers of the cupboard or in a fixed
place of a box. It would be better to keep the ties hanging on the rod or hook
of the door of the cupboard.
Storage of Clothes According to Use:

We use some clothes almost daily. These can be stored in the rack or lower
shelf of cupboard to keep these handy. Shirts, frocks, blouses etc. do not lose
their folding if kept in hangers in the rack. Clothes like sarees, lungis.
pyjamas if stored after being folded on different shelves of the rack, they can
be easily found when required.
Clothes, which we use on special occasion or after a long time should be

stored on the upper shelves of cupboard or at the bottom of trunks and
boxes. Sweaters, woollen shawls, mufflers etc. which are used in winter
should be stored on the upper shelves or on one side of the cupboard.

Woollen clothes will remain better if stored in trunks and boxes.
Woollen sweaters must not be kept hanging. Sweaters and shawls kept rolled
in white or brown paper remains crease less.
Shoes that are conslantly used can be stored after being cleaned in lower box
of the rack or in a separate shoe rack. Costly shoes which are used
occasionally are stored in a specific shelf at the bottom of the cupboard.
Protection from Insects:

Before storing clothes, empty cupboard, boxes or trunks should be sprayed
with insecticide and kept for two days. Then it is to be dusted well. When
storage place is free from the smells of insecticide, clothes are to be kept.
Naphthalene should be put in the folding of the clothes, specially the
woollen clothes. Insects will not make their abode there if tea leaves, dry
nigella or dry leaves of neem in small cloth bags are placed in
the cupboard or in the box.
Drying in the Sun:

Clothes give smell if stored for a long time in the box or in the cupboard.
Fungus is spared in clothes due to moisture after the rainy season or for
wants of free circulation of air. So after some days the clothes should be
taken out of cupboard, trunk or box and dried in the sunlight and air. After
being cooled they should be placed in the respective places. This keeps the
stored clothes in good condition for a long time.
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1. “kimono” is a dress in -
(a) India (b) China
(c) Greece (d) Japan
2. What is the objective of wearing clothes?
(i) To protect the skin of the body from outside dust or germs.
(ii) To protect the body from adverse weather and climate
(iii) To identify and maintain the decency of a person

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
Read the following paragraph and answer questions nos.3,4, 5 and 6

Mr. Jamal uses clothes of different yarns in different seasons of the year. He
preserves his clothes with care so that they remain suitable for use.
3. In what way does Mr. Jamal take care of his clothes?

(i) Daily
(ii) Seasonal
(iii) Weekly
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
4. Which should not be applied to preserve clothes for a long time?
(a) Glycerin (b) Vinegar (sirca)
(c) Soapnut (ritha) (d) Starch
5. In which season do clothes get musty?

(a) Summer (b) Monsoon
(c) Winter (d) Autumn
6. In what way does Mr. Jamal preserve his clothes?

(i) He keeps clothes in almirah after applying starch with them
(ii) He places naphthalene in the folds of the clothes.
(iii) He fills clothes with dry black cumin or powder of dry leaves of neem

(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)
Creative Questions:
1. Moushumi, a student of class six, likes clothes of cotton thread, but in

festivals and functions she wears silk dress. Moushumi gives priority on
season while wearing clothes and she preserves clothes with care after a
season is over.
(a) What is yarn ?
(b) Explain why Moushumi gives priority on season in selecting clothes
or dress.
(c) How does Moushumi maintain her clothes? Explain
(d) Give a comparative analysis of cotton clothes and silk clothes.
2. In office Mr. Kamal wears suit and tie in winter. He uses shirt and trousers
after the winter season. He preserves clothes, used in winter, in the almirah
or cupboard without washing them. But in the next winter season when he
wants to wear those clothes, he finds them not suitable for use.
(a) What is dress?
(b) What do you understand by preservation of clothes? Explain.
(c) What is, in your opinion, the way Mr. Kamal could have saved his
clothes from the unsuitability of their use?
(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of his changing dresses
according to change of seasons.
Practicals
Chapter-V
Planting of Fruit Seedlings by
Digging Pits
Pit for planting sapling. The Scene of planting sapling in the pit
measurement of the pit is 60 cm x 60
cm
At least 7 days before planting the sapling, the pit is to be filled up by
moving the soil of the pit upside down.
The sapling is to he loosely tied Picture of sapling planted in a pit
It has to be watered by a strainer just after planting the sapling.

Practicals 111
Making Vegetable Garden by Following Vegetable

Cultivation Procedure:
Necessary materials and equipment for cultivation of vegetables:
1. Model for cultivation of vegetables.
2. Land measuring tape.
3. Spade.
4. Weeding liol.
5. Strainer.
6. Pipe for watering the garden.
7. 20kg dried cowdung or compost.
Preparation and cultivation of vegetables:
1. Collection of the necessary materials and implements.
2. Selection of land for the garden.
3. Preparation of plan of the garden according to the model for
vegetable cultivation.
4. Construction of fence.
5. Preparation of lands according to the model.
6. Planting of seeds or saplings.
7. Taking care of the garden.
Making Suitable Rattles and Dolls for Babies

In the life of babies toys not only increase the joys of babies but also there
are other values of toys. In their physical, mental and social development
playing materials play an important role. Baby's toys should have the
following qualities:
1. It should be safe-Toy making materials should be safe so that the babies

do not receive any injury from toys. Toys made of cloth, light smooth wood,
soft rubber etc. are safe for the babies.
112 Home Economics
2. Toys must be colourful and the

colour must be fast.
3. It should be light. Its shape
should be according to the age
of the baby so that the baby may
be able to handle it easily.
4. Toys should be made according
to the age for example rattle,
top, doll made of cloth, soft
rubber ball etc. for a year old
Design for a doll
child.
Procedure for making doll:

1. A design has to be drawn of required shape (big or small) on a
white paper according to the picture of doll.
2. The design of doll drawn on the paper is to be placed on a folded
light coloured cloth and then fixed with the pins.
3. Cutting out all sides with a scissors. Then keeping the shape intact
it should be closed with back-stitch.
4. On any side 2.5 cm space is to be kept for turning it inside out.
5. Then turning it inside out. After turning cotton or small pieces of
cloth are stuffed to give shape of the doll.
6. After stuffing cotton tightly, the cloth on the open-end side is to be
folded inside and closed by stitching.
7. Then eyes, nose, face, hair etc. are to be drawn with black colour
or black thread. In this way many people make dogs, cats, fish etc.
8. Varieties can be created by various dresses and by fixing lace and
sequins on these dolls.
Practicals 113
Rattle Making:
Those babies who normally remain sitting or sleeping for them rattles are
suitable. All type of rattle must have certain specialities like:
1. It will ring and produce sweet sounds.
2. The handle should be smooth and round so that it may not hurt the
baby's hand,
3. It must be made of cloth, smooth soft cane and rubber or light
smooth wood.
4. It should not be large or heavy.
Procedure for making rattle:
1. Take a smooth thin round cane of
87cm in length.
2. A circle of 20cm diametre has to be
made at the middle of the cane.
Excluding the circle, equal length of
cane has to be kept on both sides for
the handle.
3. Portions of the cane on both the sides
have to be brought together and tied
tightly with coloured thread. The
handle has to be covered completely
with the same binding.
4. Length of the rattle's handle will be 12 cm.
5. To make the binding smooth and soft coloured or printed soft
cotton cloth can be wrapped around it.
6. Like the handle the circular portion is to be wrapped with thread or
cloth.
114 Home Economics
7. Now 7/8 light and soft ornamental small ring with bells are'to be
tied .tightly in the circular portion as shown in the picture.
8. In the blank space between two ornamental bells coloured ribbons
are to be hanged.
Introduction with Daily Kitchen Utensils and Preparation off
Their List
In the kitchen various kinds of activities are performed at the time of
cooking like cutting, washing, cooking serving etc. Metallic utensils of
various kinds are used for these jobs. At first students will be made familiar
with these utensils then they will learn to prepare the list according to work,
take care of them and go to the preparations of food.
List of utensils used in the kitchen according to the nature of their work:
Measuring utensils- Teaspoon, tablespoon, cup, glass, and one set

measuring utensils.
Cutting utensils- Knife, chopper, scraper (coconut and vegetable), biscuit

making carters.
Mixing utensils - Spoon, pestle, beater, sieve, bowl, large tray, plate, cup
Cooking utensils - Pots of various size, saucepan, deep frypan, metal baking
plate, pressure cooker etc.
Serving utensils - Dish, bowl, cup, spoon, glass, tray etc.

In the kitchen utensils made of aluminium, stainless steel, glass, iron,
melamine, bamboo, wood, earth etc. are used. But for cooking aluminium
utensils are mostly used. Deep fry pan of iron is suitable for frying. There is
a possibility of food becoming toxic if sour-tasting food is cooked in iron or
copper pot.
Practicals 115
Care of Utensils:
All utensils should be washed cleanly and dried after use. If rubbed with ash
and then washed with soap and water, aluminium utensils remain clean.
Stainless steel, glass, melamine, bamboo and cane utensil, become clean
with soap and water. Earthen utensils should be first soaked in water for
sometime and then these should be scrubbed with a sponge or coir. Hot
water and soap is to be used for removing oil from utensils.
After washing, all kinds of utensilis are to be kept in the rack or shelf. By
this water is drained easily. These are to be dried with a coarse cloth or
dishtowel after draining the water and kept them proper in the kitchen. These
are readily available when needed. According to their size "if the utensils in
the kitchen are kept in shelf or cupboard, no time is lost in searching for
them. Some utensils are used occasionally. So those should be wiped and
kept clean for future uses.
Preparation of Food and Serving

Purpose or Importance of Cooking:
Some fruits and green vegetables are used in salad and eaten raw by us. But
most of the foods are eaten after cooking. Purpose of cooking is three folds:
1. To make the foods easily digestible Fish, meat, vegetables, rice, pulses
when eaten after cooking well are digested easily. More nutritive value is
found in the food.
2. Cooking is important to destroy the germs in the foods- Many time foods
are attacked by various kinds of germs, which are destroyed by cooking and
thus making the food safe.
3. To enhance the taste, smell and nutritional value of foods-Different

ingredients and spices are used in cooking food. So the taste, smell and
nutritive value of food increase. Besides this food's essence comes out and
increases the taste and smell due to cooking.
116 Home Economics
Precautions in Cooking:
The foods are cooked by different procedures. When we cook we must keep
in mind that the nutritive value of each food should remain at the maximum.
At every step in the preparation of foods the nutritive value of foods are
wasted e.g. in cutting, in washing, in cooking and in serving.
Precautions to be observed in cooking Food;
1. Before cutting vegetables are to be washed.
2. They are to be cut in pieces as big as possible after peeling.
3. Vegetables should not be kept open for long time after cutting. It
must be put on the oven for cooking.
4. In-cooking vegetables small quantity of water is to be used. The
water should not be drained after boiling.
5. Foods are to be cooked in the covered pan.
6. Food should be kept on the oven for the time as needed to be
cooked. If food is cooked for a longer period the colour, shape,
smell and taste change. Besides this diminishes the nutritive value
of food.
7. Vitamins of rice dissolve in water. So rice should not be washed
many times and its starch should not be drained.
8. It should not be stirred excessively when cooking food.
9. When cooking the person should wear her clothes tightly. The hair
should be tied securely. The best habit is to wear apron while
cooking. If sharee's end, modesty scarf, ribbon of hair are kept
disorderly then there is possibility of catching fire.
10. Cotton pad or potholder should be used while taking down the pot
from the oven. Modesty scarf or saree's end should never be used
for this purpose.
11. It should be covered with the lid when oil in the frying pan catches
fire. Never pour water on it.
12. When cooking is over the oven should be turned off.
Practicals 117
Serving Foods:
Desire and all satisfaction of eating depends upon neat, clean and orderly
serving of foods. Besides due to attractive serving, ordinary foods become
tasty.
While Serving Food Some Matters to be Kept in View:

1. For serving food the place and necessary utensils should be washed
and .wiped clean.
2. According to menu necessary utensils should be available for
serving foods e.g. flat plate is necessary for fried vegetables, deep
bowls is for curry with gravy or pulse, small cups and spoons are
to be used for rice pudding or curd etc.
3. Foods on the table are to be arranged in proper way. There should
not be any difficulty in reaching the required dish.
4. Glass full to the brim with water should not be placed on the table.
The water may spill and spoil the table. While filling the glass with
water top 2-3 cm. of the glass should be kept empty.
5. The server should always serve the food from the left side.
6. Low level flower vase should be kept on the table. The flower vase
should not block the faces of those seated around the table.
7. When the meal is over, all utensils should be removed in a tray.
8. Necessary utensils like glass, plate, spoon, napkin should be placed
on both sides of the table in buffet system. Serving dishes are also
to be placed on both sides of the table so that these are easily
accessible. Buffet system is better when number of persons is more
and the space is small. Because more chairs are not required for
sitting in this system. Normally people eat food standing. In case
of need few chairs can be placed in one corner of the room.
118 Home Economics
General rules for serving foods on the table
Drinks
We use liquid food like; sherbat, coconut water, juice etc. besides pure plain
water for meeting 'body's need of water. These are called drinks. Drinks are
very useful during summer, Ramadan and fever. Procedure for making some
soft drinks like lemon sherbat, wood apple sherbat and mango sherbat are
given below-
Lemon Sherbat
Ingredients Quantity
Lemon juice 3 table spoons
Cold water 4 cups
Ice chips as required
Practicals 119
Procedure:
1. Lemon should be washed and cut into pieces. The lemon seeds are
to be removed. Juice is to be extracted by squeezing with hand.
2. Water and sugar are to be mixed with the lemon juice.
3. After straining with a clean thin cloth or strainer it is to be kept in
the refrigerator for being cooled and then to be drunk.
4. It can also be served by putting ice chips.
Wood Apple Sherbat:

Ripen wood apple 3 cups
Cold water I cup
;
Syrup or sugar 1/2 cup
Milk or curd 1 table spoon
Rose water (if desired) as required
Ice chips
Procedure:
1. Ripen wood apple should be broken at the middle point and then
scooped out the pulp with a spoon and then soaked in 1 or one and
a half cup of water.
2. Then it is to be strained with a bamboo or wire strainer.
3. After straining, one and a half cup or two cups of water and 1 cup
of syrup or sugar is to be mixed with wood apple. If it is very thick
then more water is to be added.
4. Curd is to be whipped. Milk or whipped curd is to be mixed.
5. After mixing rose water and ice chips, the wood apple sherbat is
ready to be served. Many people like the sherbat without rose
water and milk.
6. It will serve 4 persons.
120 Home Economics
Mango Sherbat:
Green mango 4
Syrup or sugar 1 cup
Cold water 3 cups
Red or green colour Little
Procedure:
1. Peel the green mango and slice it. After mashing the mango slice
juice can be extracted. Juice can also be extracted by scraping the
mango by the vegetable scraper and mixing the same with water
and then squeezing.
2. 3 cups of water and 1 cup of sugar or syrup are to be mixed with
the mango juice.
3. A little colour is to be added before serving.
4. Mango sherbat is to be served after adding ice.
Lassi:
Curd 1cup
Cold water 1 cup
Syrup or sugar 2 table spoons
Ice chips as required
Salt if desired
Procedure:
1. Cold water and syrup are to be mixed after whipping the curd.
2. Less of syrup or sugar is to be mixed if the curd is sweet. To be
served after putting ice chips. If desired little salt can be added.
4. It will make 2 servings.
Practicals 121
Snacks:
Snacks are sered normally in the morning and sometimes in the evening.
These are also made when guests come to the house. Many time heavy foods
are arranged as snacks. Beside this light foods of various kinds are also
welcome as snacks. Recipes of some snacks are given below-
Egg Sandwich:
Boiled eggs 3
Butter or mayonnaise 1/3 cup
3
Salt /4 tea spoon
1
Grounded black pepper /4 tea spoon
V Brea 1 pound
Tomato 1
Cucumber 1
Procedure:
1. Boiled eggs are to be grated by a grater.
2. The cucumber is to be cut thinly or scraped by a scraper.
3. Tomato is to be cut thinly.
4. Except bread all ingredients and tomato are to be mixed together.
5. Mayonnaise is to be spread on two slices of bread. On one piece of
bread all the grated ingredients with eggs are to be spread with
knife. Over this the thin sliced tomato should be spread. Then this
is to be covered with the other piece of bread and then pressed with
the palm of hand.
6. All sides of breads are to be cut evenly with a knife. Then cut into
halves or diagonally to give it the shape of sandwich.
7. From one pound of bread nearly 10 pieces of sandwich would be
made. It will make 10 servings.
122 Home Economics
Potato Chips:
Potato 1/2 kg
Salt 1/2 tea spoon
Oil l/2 cup
Procedure:
1. After peeling the potatoes these should be cut in the chips cutting
machine. Besides potato should be sliced very thinly by a sharp
knife if machine is not available.
2. The sliced potatoes are to be soaked in the salt water for 15-20
minutes.
3. After being soaked the potatoes should be taken out of the salted
water and spread on a tray or in other dish to dry in the air.
4. When these are dried oil is to be heated in a fry pan.
5. At first to test the temperature of oil 1 or 2 pieces of potato is to be
placed in to the hot oil. Then all potatoes will be fried if bubble is
appearing in oil.
6. Chips are to be taken out from oil by a slotted spoon when the
potatoes are fried crisp. Then placed on a paper, which absorb oil.
Some salt is sprinkled on potato chips.
French Fry:
Ingredients
Potato 1/2 kg
Salt 1/2 tea spoon
Oil 1 l/2 Cup
Practicals 123
Procedure:
1. After peeling the skin of potatoes these should be cut into finger
size strips.
2. These should be soaked in salt water for some time after cutting.
3. After 10-15 minutes these should be taken out of salt water and
then dried in the air. Wiping with a cloth can make them dry.
4. Till the colour becomes light brown it should be deep oil fried.
Then taken out from oil and placed on a paper to absorb excess oil.
5. Hot french fry can be served with sauce.
Salad
Fruit and Vegetable Salad:
Salad made from fresh fruits and vegetables are very useful for health. Salad
increases the appetite and brings variety in foods with polao quorma, rezala
and biriyani on the table. Besides, coloured vegetables and fruits mixed
salad increases the elegance of the table. Salad contains green citric fruits
and vegetables. So vitamin C and other food components are found in it.
After peeled off many fruits and vegetables turn brown in contact with air.
These will not turn browning if mixed with salt water, lemon juice or sugar
syrup.
Salad can be prepared from vegetables and fruits, which are
given below-
Vegetables Fruits
Cucumber, tomato carrot, beet, Pomelo, hog plum, bilimbi,
radish, cabbage, lettuce, coriander apple, orange, pomegranate,
leaves, mint, green chillies, papaya ripen mango, banana,
onions etc. lemon,
pine-apple, ripen guava etc.
124 Home Economics
Ripen fruit salad:

Ingredients Quantity Ingredients Quantity
Banana 4 Pomelo 1
Papaya 1/2 Lemon 1
Guava 2 Sugar 2 table spoons
Hog-palm 2 Grounded black 1/2 tea spoons
Apple 1 pepper
Procedure:
1. Banana, papaya, guava and apple are to be cut into small pieces,
and then kept after mixing with lemon juice.
2. Hog-plum is also to be sliced.
3. All fruits are to be mixed with grounded black pepper, sugar, salt
and lemon juice and kept in the refrigerator for marinated and to be
taken out at the time of eating.
4. It will make 8 serving,
Vegetable Salad ;
Ingredients Quantity Ingredients Quantity
Cucumber 4 Green chillies 4

Carrot 2 lemon 1
Tomato 6 salt 1 tea spoon
Lettuce 3 Coriander leaves 2 table spoons
Onion 4 (minces)
Procedure:
1. All vegetables are to be peeled and sliced or cut into small pieces.
Lettuces are to be washed with water.

Practicals 125
2. Onions should be cut into rings. Green chillies and coriander

leaves should be minced.
3. Spread the lettuce on a plate. Mix salt with all sliced vegetables
and place on the lettuce.
4. Prepared cut onions, coriander leaves and green chillies are to be
sprinkled over the vegetables.
5. Can be served to 10-12 persons.
Dress Making and Embroidery
Making of a Single Cut Dress for a New Born Baby:

The dress of a new born should be single cut and stitched very simply. It
should be made of soft cotton and should be loosely fitted. In this type of
dress the baby will feel ease and comfort. The material should be selected
from cotton, handloom, voil, linen, mono colour or softly printed cloth etc.
The drafting and the details to make a simple dress for a new-born are given
below
Things that will be needed to make the dress-

Cloth-35cm, pencil, rubber, measuring tape, scale, shape stick, pin, needle,
scissors, thread, sewing machine etc. To make a dress of single cut there is
no need of brown paper. We can take the measurement of the body and cut it
forthright. For example-
Measurement: Width: 65 cm.

Length: 35 cm.
Figure-
AB = 14 of total girth.
AC = Measurement of the length.
CD = AB and AC = BD
126 Home Economics
65 cm. A B
G H
35 cm.
Picture-1 C Picture-2 D Picture-3

A B
G H
E
F
C D
Picture-4 Picture-5 Picture-6 Back side Picture-7 Front side
Different steps for making dress
EF = Arm hole Mark E 7 cm, below the point B.

Mark F below 6 or 7 cm. Then cut EF in the shape of armpit.
At first the two sides of the girth should be stitched. Piping should be fixed
in the armpit. AC and BH should be folded for 2 cm. and should be hemmed
or stitched. In this fold a long ribbon has to be inserted. The bottom of the
length should be folded 2.5 cm. and hemmed. After putting on the dress to a
new born baby, a loose bow can be tied around the neck which would make
the dress frilly.
Making a Nappy for a Baby:

Nappies are used for the new born babies instead of panties. Because it is
easier to put on and change. To make this nappy a 35 cm. square piece of
cloth should be taken and folded diagonally. Then broad piping should be
fixed by stitched on all the sides of clothes. A loop should be made and
stitched in the point B as shown on the figure.
Practicals 127
After putting on the nappy the loop of the side

B has to be brought near the belly from the A B
middle of the two Legs and the side A should

be inserted in it. Then the corners of AD
C D A
should be tied by a knot.

Embroidery:
D
CB
In our daily life we use various types of A baby with nappy
stitching work. The work is done by various
type of stitches. A proper stitch increases the
beauty of a particular work enormously. Designs are made on frocks, sarees,
tablecloths, tray cloths and pillow covers by using different types of stitches.
Needle, thread of various colours and a frame are needed for work of
embroidery.
Methods of learning different types of stitches with figures are given

below:
RunStitch:
Of all hand made stitches this is the easiest one. The needle has to be
inserted equally on both sides of the cloth and the stitch should be continued
in the same manner. Our traditional quilts are made by using this type of
stitch.
Tuck Stitch:
In making dress with the help of run stitch the temporary stitch that is used is
known as tuck stitch. For example, tuck stitches are used to join two pieces
of cloth or in stitching pleats.
128 Home Economics
Run stitch Tuck Stitch

Hem Stitch:
To hem, at first anchor your thread in a seam
allowance area and working from right to left
side. Pick up one thread of the garment and
then insert your needle into the hem edge and
pull needle and thread through. This stitch
is used in the edges of neckline, sleeves, Hem Stitch
bottom lines of blouses and frocks, tablecloths, tray cloths and

handkerchiefs. It will be made on the inside of the clothes.
BackStitch
At first after tie a knot at one end of
the thread and insert the needle
from the reverse side to the surface
of cloths. Then insert the needle
Back Stitch
from the back of the stitch and take
out the needle in front of this stitch.
Thus the stitch has to be continued gradually from back to forward. In the
Practicals 129
surface this stitch looks like the machine stitch. This stitch is very durable
and it is used to join two parts of any dress or to stitch zips in pants and
frock.
Chain stitch:
Take the needle from the edge of the
thread to the front. Then make a loop
around the needle and then pull it up.
The next stitches will be formed in Chain Stitch
the same manner. This way make
other loops around the needle and
then pull those up.
It looks like a chain so this stitch is called chain stitch. It is used in filling the
stems of different designs.
Cross Stitch
In between two lines on the cloth the
needle has to be moved diagonally
from left to right side. The same
stitch has to be repeated from right to
left side along the same lines. As a
result in a row full of cross- stitches
are found. This stitch is used in
making different designs on hessian,
Cross Stitch
cellular cloth, prayer mat, bags,
cushion covers, strainers etc.
Feather Stitch:
This stitch generally works with the needle coming from right side to the left
slightly bending and taking the thread encircling the needle. This stitch
comes
130 Home Economics
on the surface of clothes, as a row of

bird's feather and that is why it is called
featherstitch. This stitch is like
buttonhole stitch.
Feather Stitch
Knot Stitch:
At first insert the needle from the
reverse surface of the cloth. Then wrap
the thread 3 or 4 times around the
needle. Pull the needle holding the Knot Stitch
twisted thread as a knot with your right
hand finger. Then pull the needle back
through the fabric close to the previous
stitch. This stitch looks like a knot. So it
is called a knot stitch. Satin Stitch
Satin Stitch:
At first make run stitch in the design
area. Then fill the entire place with
repeated stitches from inner side and
outer side. This stitch is used in frock,
handkerchiefs, tablecloths, sarees etc.
Traditional Motifs on Pillow Covers or Tray Cloths by Using

Embroidery Work:
Pillow covers and tray cloths can be made of mono coloured cloth. But it
can be made more beautiful and attractive by embroidery of different
Practicals 131
designs and coloured threads.In our country generally we use the different
motifs like fish, bird, flower, leaf etc. These motifs are used in making tray
cloth or a pillow cover by different stitches. The design can be worked in the
centre or in one corner of the cloths.
At first trace this design on the
pillow covers or in the corner of a
tray cloth. Then choose your own
colour of the thread and finish it with
chain stitch or back Stitch.: If desired
this run stitch can also be used in
engraved rag.
Run Stitch
Knitting:
Run Stitch Different types of woollen wear are used in winter. Many of
those wear like-cap, socks, muffler and sweater etc. are made by wool at
home.
Muffler is used in winter season to cover neck and ears jointly.
Things needed for knitting a muffler:
1. A pair of knitting needles No 9.
2. 35 grams 4 ply mono colour wool.
3. Measuring tape.
Procedure of Knitting a Muffler:
At first cast 40 stitches on the needle.
Knit one right and one purl. Continue
this process. When knitting, insert the
needle in the back of the loop and
make the stitch. In the start of the
second row slip the first stitch to the
right hand needle by inserting it to the
Muffler
132 Home Economics
back of the loop of the stitch. Now pull the wool in front and knit purl.
Complete the row by knitting a right stitch and a purl. To start each row you
have to slip the first stitch through back of loop. It is to remember that when
you knit you have to insert the needle in the back of the loop. Knit upto 70
cm. and then cast off. Now take 14 pieces of wool measuring 16 cm. Take a
single piece of wool and fold it twice. Then insert it in one corner of the
muffler. Put the two ends together and knot a tie on the top. This will make
the frill of the muffler. There will be 7 frills on one side of the muffler at
equal distance.
Crochet Work: Making of a Glass Cover Using Long and

Chain
Materials Needed:
No 1 1 Crochet hook : 1
Crochet thread : 1 ball
Bead : 20 pieces of same colour as thread and the
size of green pea.
Making Procedure:
1st line: At first Make 10 chains and make it a circle.
2nd line: Knit long densely (18 long) on top of the chain of circle,
3rd line: Knit chain and long for 8 times to make 7 holes.
4th line: Knit 5 chains and 3 longs in each hole. Then knit 4 chains to finish
the line.
5th line: Knit for one line longs densely on top of the 4th row.
6th line: Knit 2 chains and 3 longs to finish the line.
7th line: Knit 4 chains and knit 2 longs in each hole,
8th line: Finish knitting a line of densely knitted long.
9th line: Knit 3 chains and 2 longs.
Practicals 133
10th line: Knit 10 chains and join it in each hole with a half long. This is to
be done all along to make a figure. Spare a gap and use a bead. The
measurement of the cover with frill will be 13.5 cm.
Glass cover
Chapter-VI
Rearing
Goat is one of the domestic animals in Bangladesh. Goat rearing is a
common activity in most of the family in our country. It is a calm andv
useful animal. At the homestead or a small farm goat rearing may be done-
by little money. In our country two types of goat are found.
1. Local variety of goat
2. Foreign variety of goat
Local Variety of Goat:

In local variety Black Bengal Goat is world famous. Black goats of Black
Bengal variety are mostly found in Bangladesh. So it is called Black Bengal
goat. But in our country mixed colour like white and brown goat
is also found. The meat and leather of this goat are of better standard.
Demand of our local goat leather is very high in foreign countries. On the
other hand milk is very tasteful and meat is rich in protein of this Black
Bengal variety of goat.
Goat Rearing 135
Foreign Variety of Goat:

Foreign variety goat is also available in our country. In the foreign variety
Jamuna crossing goat is remarkable. This variety of goats came from India.
They are also known as castrated goat. This is a big variety of goats with
long ears and legs. The colour of this variety is mainly brown ash. They give
much milk.
Income from Goat Rearing:
We can increase our family
income by goat rearing.
When income is increased
family becomes solvent. By
this project cultivator femily
overcomes their poverty and
unhappiness. Women are
more active in goat rearing.
Jamura Crossing Goat
So it may be an income
generating activity for poor
women in the village. For this
reason goat rearing is very
useful for Bangladesh.
136 Home Economics

1. How many types of goats are available in Bangladesh?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
2. What can happen from goat-rearing?

(a) Income increases (b) Expenditure increases
(c) Environment is polluted (d) Disease spreads
Creative Questions:
Karim is an unemployed youth. Poverty is a regular matter in his family. He has
decided to rear goat to eradicate poverty of his family, according to the advice of
an officer of the “Directorate of Youth Development”. He begins to rear Black
Bengal” goats, for the purpose.
(a) How many types of goats are available in our country?

(b) Why is it suitable for Karim to rear ‘Black Bengal’ goats ?
(c) Write how goat - rearing can improve the standard of Karim’s livelihood.
Discuss the difference between “Black Bengal” and “Jamuna Pari” goats.

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Prescribed by National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a Textbook

for Class VI from the academic year 1997.

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka

[All rights reserved by the Publisher]

First Print : 1997

To make the environment of a house nice and attractive, internal and

It is very difficult to maintain internal cleanliness and tidiness of the house.

cleaning of the house should be performed by daily, weekly and yearly

House Cleaning Materials

Straws or brooms are needed to

Removal of Used-up Unnecessary Things

Different household articles become worn out, stained, broken, discoloured

Used up unnecessary things

Cleaning the Drains

household activities. In towns, there is connection of underground pipe lines

Stagnant water makes the environment damp. This kind of environment

garden and form bushes. Growth of

Furniture of different families are of different type. They may be big or

Now-a-days in modern kitchens, there are arrangements for doing all

arranged in the drawers and cabinets according to convenience of working.

dressing table or in its drawer or

houses may have sewing

5. First Aid Equipment

1. Rotational Cultivation Method

2. Mixed Crop Method

3. Relay Crop Method

4. Shred Crop Method

5. Row Crop Method

The Purpose and Feature of Vegetable Cultivation

2. To motivate the members of the family to eat the produced vegetable.

Major Features of the Land for Intensive Vegetable Plantation: .,

Design and Set up of Vegetables in the Garden

Points to be considered for vegetable gardening are as follows:

Design and set up of a vegetable garden

In 5 beds of the vegetable garden, fourteen kinds of vegetable can be planted

1. Radish/tomato-red pot leaf-spinach

November. After collecting garlic in early March, red-pot leaf is to be sown.

Planning of Vegetable Seedlings and Their Care

Sowing Seeds or Seedlings

Loosing the Soil

Preventing Diseases and Insects

Various Diseases of Vegetables and Their Preventive Measures :

Name of diseases Name of vegetables & Preventive measures

Ants and Spiders

Bitol or Lada Insects

Planting Fruit Seedlings in the Yard and Their Nursing

Distance should be maintained while planting the seedlings. For Mango,

mango, black berry guava, pine-apple orange, olive coconut, banana

leeche, jack-fruit hog plum, chalta wood apple papaya

pomegranate, water lemon, safeda

Various Disease of Fruits and Their Preventive Measures :

Multiple - Choice Questions:

1. Managerial behaviour develops in the life of a person -

(a) In office (b) In domestic environment

2. The people of the primitive age lived –

(a) At home (b) In the cave

3. The location of a cowshed should be –

(a) Near the house (b) Beside the kitchen

4. The number of beds of a dense vegetable garden is –

5. How many c.m. should be the depth of drains of a dense vegetable

(a) 5-10 (b) 8-10

6. The size of a dense vegetable garden should be –

7. Materials of first aid are-