CHITKARA SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION – I

(Course Code: AR V4103)
(Course Credit: 02)

1st Sem. B. Arch.

Session 2016 -17

Construction of PCC and Terrazzo floors

Types of doors and windows
Construction details of single and double-leaf panel doors in timber.

Ar. Aayush Popli

 FLOORING

• A flooring is a general term for a

permanent covering of a floor. It is
expected to protect and extend the life of
the floor while providing an attractive
appearance and slip resistant surface.
FLOORING MATERIAL
The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as:
Cost
Noise Insulation
Comfort
Cleaning Effort
Endurance (the capacity of something to last or to withstand wear and tear)
TERRAZO FLOORING
Terrazzo is a flooring material traditionally made by exposing marble
chips on the surface of concrete and then polishing until smooth.

Terrazzo is now available in tile form.

It’s often used in public buildings because :

 long-lasting
 can be refinished repeatedly
 COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS

Best Use : Flooring, walls, Installation Cost :

countertops, backsplashes minimum 30 to 50 INR
per square feet to a max
200 INR.

The typical thickness for CONCRETE + STONE,

terrazzo is between 2 1/2" GLASS, PLASTIC
and 3" AGGREGATES =
TERRAZO
INSTALLATION PROCESS
 INSTALLATION PROCESS

Terrazzo requires three layers of materials:

1. Cement masons or terrazzo workers build a solid, level concrete
foundation that is three to four inches deep.
2. After the forms are removed from the foundation, workers add a
one-inch layer of sandy concrete. Before this layer sets, terrazzo
workers partially embed metal divider strips in the concrete
wherever there is to be a joint or change of color in the terrazzo.
3. For the final layer, terrazzo workers blend and place into each of
the panels a fine marble chip mixture that may be color-
pigmented. While the mixture is still wet, workers toss additional
marble chips of various colors into each panel and roll a weighted
roller over the entire surface.
 DEFECTS
1. Cracks

2. Discoloration

3. Scratches

4. Sealant failure
WHY USE TERRAZO FLOORING?
• Extremely hard wearing
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Attractive in appearance
• Flexible – can be designed to be in keeping with other architectural
features and colour schemes
• Hygienic – suitable for some areas of food preparation and in hospitals
• Cost effective – will outlive most other types of hard flooring
DECORATIVE TERRAZO FLOORING
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Unique beauty 1.Terrazzo is quite slippery

2. Elegance 2.Need skills for installation
3. Longevity 3.Polishing needed for maintaining
4. Comfortable under feet the look.
5. Controls noise
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
 INTRODUCTION
•The mixture of cement, sand and aggregate is called plain cement
concrete (PCC)
•Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone ) by
volume

Types of cement concrete floors:

1. Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
2. Monolithic floor finish floor
 COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS

CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE

WHY USE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING?
They are economical as they require negligible maintenance cost.

They can be finished with a pleasing appearance.

Provide a smooth & non absorbent surface.

 INSTALLATION PROCESS
1. Preparation of sub base:-
•filling of earth is done
•10-15 cm thick coarse sand

2.Laying of base concrete:-

•Usually of cement concrete
or lime concrete
•Thickness is 7.5-10 cm

3.Laying the topping:-

•Area is divided into rectangular or square sections
•Finally a layer of cement concrete is applied on the top
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
DEFECTS
Freeze-Thaw Effect
•Concrete is very strong in compression but
relatively weak in tension.
• It can and often does crack.

Chemical Attack
Chemical attack can occur because concrete is
alkaline and chemically reactive.

Crazing
This is a network of very small surface cracks usually
spreading out over large areas or the entire surface.

Scaling
thin flakes of concrete come loose and flake or peel off the surface
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
They are hard & Durable Defect once developed cannot be
easily rectified
Provide a smooth & non absorbent Does not provide heat and sound
surface insulation

They are more fire resistant It cannot be satisfactorily repaired by

patch work
They provide more sanitary surface as
they can be cleaned & washed easily.

They are economical as they require

negligible maintenance cost
DOOR AND WINDOWS
Ledged and braced doors
This type consists of vertical tongue
and grooved boards held together
with battens and diagonal braces.
Flush Doors
Many modern doors, including
most interior doors, are flush
doors.

Smooth on both sides

Mahogany or birch plywood
• FRENCH DOORS
– Mullions and muntins between
glass panes
– One large glass pane
– Individual, pairs, groups

• GARAGE DOORS
– Overhead
– One piece or sectional

• SWINGING DOORS
– Hinged
– Swing into the house

• SLIDING DOORS
– Wood or metal frames
– Tempered glass
– Access to deck/patio
Panel Doors
Panel doors, also called stile and
rail doors, are built with frame
and panel construction.

Heavy frame around perimeter

Parts
Stiles
Rails
Panels
Louvers
Doors Sizes And Heights
WINDOW
A window is an opening in
a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows
the passage of light and, if not closed or
sealed, air and sound.

Purpose
Admits light
Provides fresh air and ventilation
Adds detail, balance, interest
Visually enlarges interior space
• Double-hung
– Two sashes slide up and down
– Most commonly used

• Horizontal sliding/gliding
– Two or more sashes slide horizontally
– Operates on a track

• Casement
– Hinged sashes; outward swing
• Awning
– Sash hinged on top; swings outward
– Allows open unit during rain

• Fixed
– Do not open
– Combined with other windows
• Bay
– Fixed or casement
– Project from structure
– Bay windows offer traditional style

• Skylights
– Built into roof
– Admit light
Door/Window Schedules
THANK YOU