Power Electronics (KWiki - Ch4 - Inverters)

Power Electronics (Inverters)
Inverters
Introduction
Inverter circuit will convert DC power to AC power at required voltage & required frequency.
A static semiconductor inverter circuit performs this electrical energy inverting
transformation. Inverter are used in:
 UPS (Constant V & Constant f)
 Speed control of AC motor
 Reactive power compensation
Phase controlled converters when operated in the inverter mode, are called line-commutated
inverters but line commutated inverters can’t function as isolated ac voltage sources or as
variable frequency generators with DC power at the input. On the other hand, force
commutated inverters provide an independent AC output voltage of adjustable voltage and
adjustable frequency and have therefore much wider applications.
The DC Power input to the inverter is obtained from an existing power supply network or
from a rotating alternator through a rectifier or a battery, fuel cell, photovoltaic array or
magneto hydrodynamic generator.
Classification of Inverters
Voltage source inverter (VSI)

In VSI the dc input voltage is essentially constant and independent of the load current drawn.
VSI has stiff DC voltage source at its input terminals.
 Load voltage depends on the source voltage and load current is depends on the load
parameter.
 Switch used in VSI is bidirectional and unipolar.
Ex. MOSFET & IGBT with body diode
 Any short circuit will damage VSI immediately
Current source inverter (CSI)

In CSI input voltage is maintained constant and the amplitude of output voltage does not
depend on the load. CSI has stiff current source at its input terminals.
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 Load current depends on input of source current & load voltage depends on load
parameter
 Switch used in CSI is unidirectional and bipolar
Ex. SCR & GTO
 Good short circuit protection
Single Phase Half Bridge VSI

It consists of two switches, two diodes and a three wire supply. Load is connected between
the midpoint of the DC supply and the junction of the two switches.
For a general load, switches should neither be simultaneously ON nor be simultaneously off.
Simultaneous turn ON OFF both the switches will amount to short circuit across the dc bus
and will cause the switch currents to rise rapidly.
S1 ,S2 are complimentary devices

S1 ,S2 are self-commutating devices
When S1 is ON, V0 & I0 are positive
When S2 is ON, V0 & I0 are negative
When D1 is ON, V0  0,i0  0
When D2 is ON, V0  0,i0  0
Pole voltage= VAO
Output voltage, V0  VAO

R-Load
Vdc
S1 is ON when V0 
2
Vdc
S2 is ON when V0  
2
For resistive load, load current waveform is identical with load voltage waveform and diodes
D1 D2 do not come into conduction.
R-L load & R-L-C over-damped
Load pf is lagging, so it requires forced commutation
R-L-C under-damped
Load pf is leading, so load or natural commutation

L Load
For pure inductor load, switch & diodes conduct for equal duration (T/4)
 To get fundamental frequency of 50Hz, S1 needs to be ON for 10ms & S2 needs be ON

for 10ms.

2Vdc
 V0 (t)   sin nt 
nodd n
V0 Contains odd harmonics (3f, 5f, 7f………)

2Vdc 2Vdc
 Vor1    0.45Vdc
2 
Vdc
 Vor 
2
2
V 
 %THD   or   1  48.34%
 Vor1 
 In power system example for leading power factor load is over excited synchronous
motor, if the inverter circuit is used to drive over excited synchronous motor then it is
called load commutation.
 The main drawback of half bridge inverter is that it requires 3-wire DC supply. This can
however be overcome by the use of a full bridge inverter.
Single Phase Full Bridge VSI
The single-phase full bridge inverter consists of two half bridge circuits sharing the same dc
bus. The full bridge inverter will have two pole-voltages (VAO and VBO), which are similar to
the pole voltage VAO of the half bridge inverter. Both VAO and VBO of the full bridge inverter
are square waves but they will, in general, have some phase difference
In order to get square voltage at the output terminal the two poles will be operated with a
phase displacement of 1800

 Pole voltage
2Vdc
VA0 (t)   sin nt 
n1,3,5 n
2Vdc
VB0 (t)  
n1,3,5 n

sin n  t    
 Output voltage
4Vdc
V0 (t)  VAB (t)  VA0 (t)  VB0 (t)   sin nt 
n1,3,5 n
V0 contains odd harmonics (3f, 5f, 7f……….)

4Vdc 2 2
 V0r1   V
 2  dc
 Vor  Vdc
2
V 
 %THD   or   1  48.34%
 Vor1 
4Vdc
 i0   sin nt  n 
n1,3,5 nZ n
 1 
 nL 
2

 1  nC 
 ; n  tan 
1
Where Zn  R   nL 
2
 nC   R 
 
 
2
I 
 %THD   or   1  48.34%
 Ior1 
1  X  XL 
 tc  tan1  c 
  R 
 If tc  tq ; successful commutation
tc  tq ; Commutation failure


Solved Examples
Problem: A single phase Inverter with square wave output voltage will have in its output
waveform a fifth harmonic component equal to ______percentage of the fundamental.
Solution: From Fourier analysis, output voltage


4Vdc
V0   sin nt 
n1,3,5 n
For fundamental harmonic n = 1

4VS
V0 
 2
For fifth harmonic n = 5
4VS
V0 
5 2
Now 5th harmonic = x (fundamental)
4VS
1
x%  5 2  100   100  20%
4VS 5
 2
Problem: A single – phase full-bridge voltage source inverter feeds a purely induction load,
as shown in fig. P2.25. When T1, T2, T3, T4 are power transistors and D1, D2, D3, D4 are
feedback diodes. The inverter is operated in square – wave mode with a frequency of 50Hz. If
the average load current is zero, what is the time duration of conduction of each feedback
diode in a cycle?
T 20
Solution: Conduction time of feedback diode = = = 5 m sec
4 4

Problem: Fig.(a) Shows an inverter circuit with a dc source voltage Vs. The semiconductor
switches of the inverter are operated in such a manner that the pole voltage V10 and V20 are
as shown in fig. (b). What is the RMS value of the pole – to pole voltage V12?
Solution: V12 = V10 – V20

At instant 0,
V10 = Vs and V20 = 0
V12 = V10 – V20 = Vs – 0 = Vs
After period of ,
V10 = Vs and V20 = Vs
V12 = 0
At instant of ,
V10 = 0 and V20 = Vs
V12 = V10 – V20 = 0  Vs =  Vs
R.M.S value of V12.

1/2 1/2
1   V 2  
V12(r.m.s)    Vdc2 d     dc   0   Vs
  0     
Problem: A single phase voltage source inverter is feeding a purely inductive load as shown
in the figure.

The inverter is operated at 50 Hz in 1800 square wave mode. Assume that the load current
does not have any dc component. The peak value of the inductor current i0 will be
Solution: f = 50Hz, T= 20ms

Voltage source inverter feeds purely inductive load, then Current is triangular.
T
For 0  t 
2
di 200
200  L  i  t
dt L
T
At t   i  ipeak topeak
2
Due to no DC component, imin   imax
200 T 200 .02
ipeak topeak  imax  imin  2x imax      20A
L 2 0.1 2
imax =10A
Problem: A single phase full bridge inverter is fed from a DC source such that fundamental
component of output voltage is 230V. Find the RMS value of thyristor and diode currents if
load is RLC: R=2Ω, XL=8 Ω, XC=6Ω
Solution: For fundamental component
Z1  22  8  6  2.828
2
RMS value of fundamental load current

230
I01   81.31A
Z1
86
1  tan1    45
0
 2 
Im  I01 2  81.31  2  115A
Fundamental component of load current lags the output voltage by 450 .

RMS value of thyristor current
1
  2 1
1  Im  3 2
 
I T1    Im sin  t  dt  
2
2   4  0.5  0.476  115  54.82A

  2   
 4 
RMS value of diode current

1
 4 2 1
1  Im   2
 
   Im sin  t  dt  
2
ID1  4  0.5  0.150  115  17.33A
2 0 2   
 
 
As the load current does not change from positive to negative at angle ωt<π, no time is
available for SCR to turn off ; forced commutation is therefore essential.
Three-Phase Full Bridge VSI

Three phase inverters are more common as compare to single phase inverter for providing
adjustable frequency to industrial applications. Three phase inverters take DC supply from a
battery or more usually from a rectifier.
Working principle of three phase full bridge VSI can be explained with 2 conduction mode
1. 1800 Conduction mode
2. 1200 Conduction mode
In both the conduction modes the phase displacement between any two poles is 1200 in
order to produce a balanced three phase voltages at the load terminals.
1800 Conduction mode

In this mode, each thyristor will conduct for a period of 1800 & phase displacement between
any 2 poles of 1200 .

To draw Phase Voltage

For 0  t  600
T5 , T6 , T1  ON
VDC 2V V
VAN  ; VBN   DC ; VCN  DC
3 3 3
For 600  t  1200

T6 , T1 , T2  ON
2VDC V V
VAN  ; VBN   DC ; VCN   DC
3 3 3
Similarly for other intervals

For 1200  t  1800 For 1800  t  2400
T1 , T2 , T3  ON T2 , T3 , T4  ON
VDC V 2V VDC 2VDC V
VAN  ; VBN  DC ; VCN   DC VAN   ; VBN  ; VCN   DC
3 3 3 3 3 3
For 2400  t  3000 For 3000  t  1600

T3 , T4 , T5  ON T4 , T5 , T6  ON
2VDC V V VDC V 2VDC
VAN   ; VBN  DC ; VCN  DC VAN   ; VBN   DC ; VCN 
3 3 3 3 3 3
 Line voltages are quasi square wave & phase voltages are six step square wave or stepped
square wave.
 Phase voltage
2Vdc
VAN   sin nt 
n6k 1 n
2Vdc
VBN  
n6k 1 n

sin n t  1200 
2Vdc
VCN  
n6k 1 n

sin n t  1200 

 
 All phase voltages will have 6k  1 harmonics i.e. phase voltages are also free from even
and triplen harmonics.
2Vdc 2
RMS value of fundamental phase voltage Vph   V
 2  dc
1
  V 2 2
  2V    V   
2 2
1  2
 RMS value of phase voltage Vph    dc     dc     dc     V
   3  3  3  3  3  3  3 dc
  
2
VAN1 Vdc
3
 DF    
VAN 2 
Vdc
3
VAN
2
 VAN1
2
 THD   31%
VAN1
2


 Line Voltage
4Vdc
VAB  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  300
 6 

4Vdc
VBC  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  900
 6 

4Vdc
VCA  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  2100
 6 

 Line voltages are free from even and triplen (odd multiple of 3) harmonics.
4Vdc 3 2 3
 Amplitude of fundamental line voltage V1m    V
1  2  dc
2 3 Vdc 6
 RMS of fundamental line voltage V1RMS    V
 2  dc
1
 23 2
1  2
 RMS value of line voltage VL    Vdcdt   V
2
 3 dc
 0 
 
VL 2
 RMS value of phase voltage Vph   V
3 3 dc
6
VL1 Vdc
3
 DF    
VL 2 
Vdc
3
VL2  VL1
2
 THD   31%
VL1
2
For Y-connection Resistive Load (R)

1
  V 2 2
  2Vdc    Vdc   
2 2
 1  dc  2
 RMS value of Load current I0r             V
   3R  3  3R  3  3R  3  3R dc
  
1
 2 V
1  
2 2 2
  Vdc    2Vdc    Vdc  

 RMS value of Thyristor current I T1            
dc
 2  3R  3  3R  3  3R  3  3R
  
Iph
 RMS line or phase current Irms 
2

3V0r2
 P  3I R 
2
0r
R
For Y-connection RLC Load

2Vdc
 VAN  sin nt 
n
VAN 2Vs
 IAN   sin nt  n 
Zn n n Zn
2Vdc
 IAN1  sin  t  1 
 Z1

Where Zn  R  j XLn  XCn per phase 
 XLn  XCn 
n  tan1  
 R 
 XL1  XC1 
1  tan1  
 R 
 For lagging load
 X  XC 
Conduction angle of diode=   tan1  L 
 R 
Conduction angle of thyristor=     
 At t  180 T1 is turned off & T4 is turned ON in pole A, if T1 fail to turn OFF & T4 starts
0
conduction as usual, then the source may get short circuit. This condition can happen in
any pole, during the switching transition. In order to avoid this it is also preferable to
allow each thyristor to conduct for only 1200 i.e. 1200 conduction mode
1200 Conduction mode

In this mode, each thyristor will conduct for a period of 1200 & the last 600 for commutation.
phase displacement between any 2 poles of 1200
To draw Phase Voltage
For 0  t  600
T6 , T1  ON
VDC V
VAN  ; VBN   DC ; VCN  0
2 2

For 600  t  1200

T1 , T2  ON
VDC V
VAN  ; VBN  0 ; VCN   DC
2 2
Similarly for other intervals

For 1200  t  1800 For 1800  t  2400
T2 , T3  ON T3 , T4  ON
VDC V VDC V
VAN  0 ; VBN  ; VCN   DC VAN   ; VBN  DC ; VCN  0
2 2 2 2
For 2400  t  3000 For 3000  t  1600

T4 , T5  ON T5 , T6  ON
VDC V VDC V
VAN   ; VBN  0 ; VCN  DC VAN  0 ; VBN   ; VCN  DC
2 2 2 2
 Phase voltages are quasi square wave and line voltage are 6 step square wave or stepped
square wave.
 Phase voltage
2Vdc
VAN  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  300
 6 

2Vdc
VBN  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  900
 6 

2Vdc
VCN  
n1,3,5 n
 n 

cos   sin n t  1200
 6 

 Phase voltages are free from even and triplen harmonics.
2V  3
 Amplitude of fundamental phase voltage Vph1(rms)  dc cos    Vdc
 6 
3 Vdc
 RMS value of fundamental phase voltage Vph1(rms)  
2 


1
 23 2 2
 1  Vdc   V
 RMS value of phase voltage Vph      dt   dc
 2  6
 0 
 
 Line voltage
3Vdc
VAB  
n 6k 1 n
 
sin n t  600 

3Vdc
VBC  
n 6k 1 n

 
sin n t  600 

3Vdc
VCA  
n 6k 1 n

sin n t  1800 
 
 Line voltages are also free from even and triplen harmonics
3
 Amplitude of fundamental line voltage VL1  Vdc

3
 RMS value of fundamental line voltage Vph1(rms)  Vdc
 2
1
  V 2 2 V
  Vdc   
2
1  dc  
    Vdc    
2
 RMS value of line voltage VL       
dc
   2  3 3  2  3  2
  
For Y-connection Resistive Load (R)

1
  V 2 2

2
1  V   1 Vdc
 RMS value of Load current I0r    dc     dc    
   2R  3  2R  3  6 R
  
1
 2
1  
2 2
  Vdc    Vdc   Vdc

 RMS value of Thyristor current I T1         
 2  2R  3  2R  3  2 3R
  
3Vor2
 P  3I R 
2
or
R
Note: In 1200 conduction mode RMS value of respective phase voltages are less because at
any point of time only two load terminals are connecting to the source, therefore power
delivered to the load is less in 1200 conduction mode as compare to 1800 conduction mode.

Solved Examples
Problem: A d.c source is switched in steps to synthesize the three – phase output. The basic
three phase bridge inverter can be controlled. The angle through which each switch
conducts, and at any instant the number of switches conducting simultaneously are,
respectively
Solution: In 120o mode of operation, each switch conducts for 120o. At any time one of the
switch does not connect to either positive plate or negative plate. Hence only two switches
conducts at a time.
Problem: A three phase bridge inverter delivers power to a resistive load from a 450V DC
source. For a star-connected load of 10Ω per phase, determine RMS value of load current,
RMS value of thyristor current & load power for both 1800 and 1200 conduction mode.
Solution: For resistive load the waveform of load current is same as that of the applied
voltage.
For 1800 conduction mode
RMS value of load current I0r  2 Vdc  2  450  21.21A
3R 3  10
Vdc 450
RMS value of thyristor current I th    15A
3R 3  10
Power delivered to the load P  3I20rR  3   21.21   10  13.5KW
2
For 1200 conduction mode

1 Vdc 1 450
RMS value of load current I0r    18.37A
6 R 6 10
Vdc 450
RMS value of thyristor current Ith    13A
2 3R 2 3  10
Load power P  3I20rR  3  18.37   10  10.1KW
2
Single Phase CSI

Single phase CSI consists of 4 thyristor. Here thyristor is assumed an ideal switch with zero
commutation time. The source consists of a voltage source E and a large inductance L in
series with it and function of this series combination is to maintain the constant current at
the input terminals.

 We can’t connect pure inductance as a load because inductance is a current stiff element.
 CSI may be load or forced commutated, for leading pf load commutation is required and
for lagging pf forced commutation is essential.

4Is
 Load current I0   sin nt 
n1,3,5 n
4Is
 RMS value of Fundamental load current I01 
 2
 RMS value of load current I0r  Is
I01 2 2
 DF  
I0r 
I20r  I01
2
 THD  48.34%
I201

For RC Load
 t

 2e RC
 and v 0  Ri0
 i0  Is 1  T 
 1  e 2RC 
 
2
 tc  RCln  
 T

 1  e 2RC 
Advantages of CSI
 Feedback diodes are not required in CSI
 Commutation is simple
 For capacitive load, there is possibility of load commutation
 Inherently, there is short circuit protection when incoming thyristor & outgoing thyristor
overlap
Disadvantages of CSI
 Load applies high reverse voltage across power device in CSI during commutation
process. Therefore, devices having low reverse voltage blocking capability such as GTO,
IGBT & other transistor are not preferred in CSI but SCRs are preferred
 If commutating capacitor is directly connected across load, then it keeps on discharging

even in steady state & to avoid this we need to use a diode between capacitor & load
Auto sequential commutated Inverter (ASCI)
 Switching frequency is limited in CSI because of charging and discharging of capacitor for
sequential commutation it is generally 4 to 5 times the time constant.

 We require contain minimum time for the commutating capacitor to reverse the voltage
polarities to turn off thyristors in next cycle
 Practically, we require 4 to 5 time of time constant to attain steady state during
1
commutation process. Therefore, maximum switching frequency fmax 
4RC
Solved Examples
Problem: The Current Source Inverter shown in figure is operated by alternately turning on
thyristor pairs (T1, T2) and (T3, T4). If the load is purely resistive, the theoretical maximum
output frequency obtainable will be
1 1
Solution: maximum switching frequency fmax    250 KHz
4RC 4  0.1  10 6  10
Output Voltage control of Inverter

External DC input control method
Drawbacks
 As the no. of stage increase, there is an increase in additional power loss along with the
size & weight of equipment.
 The filtering requirements become costlier due to increase in harmonics as no. of stages
increase.

Internal voltage control using PWM technique

In this method the output voltage of the inverter can be controlled by controlling, turn on
and turn off times of the switches internally. This method of control is known as pulse width
modulation control.
Objective of PWM
 We can control the voltage within the inverter itself without increasing no. of stages
 We can also eliminate some of lower order harmonics. We can easily filter higher order
harmonics with lower size filter
Any PWN method can be considered as an effective method if it eliminates the max
possible lower order harmonics with in the circuit.
Types of PWM techniques
Single PWM technique

Output of single phase bridge inverter when modulated by this technique, then the shape of
the output wave is quasi square. It consists of a pulse of width 2d, located symmetrically
about 900 and another pulse located symmetrically about 2700.
The range of pulse width is 0<2d<1800. The output voltage is controlled by varying the pulse
width 2d.


4Vs
 Output voltage of Single phase bridge VSI V0   sin n  t 
n1,3,5 n
 Output voltage of single phase bridge VSI with Single PWM


4Vs  n 
V'0   sin   sin nd sin n  t 
n1,3,5 n  2 
 Condition to eliminate nth harmonic


If nd   or d= => V0'  0
n
2 4  6 
2d  , , ........................ Valid only when 2d  
n n n
Ex. To eliminate 3rd harmonic
 4  6
2d  , ,
3 3 3
2d
2d  1200

Depending upon the value of width of a pulse in each half cycle, we can only eliminate
selective harmonics.
2 2Vs
 RMS value of fundamental output voltage V'01  sind

1
 2 d 2
1  2d
 RMS Value of output voltage V 'or    Vs dt   Vs
2
 
  d 
 2 
V '01 2 2 sind
 DF   [ Here 2d is in radians ]
V 'or 2d  
 In single pulse width modulation for lower values of fundamental output voltage, the
lower order harmonics will have significant magnitude, this can be reduced by using
multiple pulses.
Multiple PWM technique

In this method the switches will be contributed in such a way that the output voltage of the
inverter will have more number of pulses.
For N=3 pulses in half cycle
 Output voltage of single phase bridge VSI with Multiple PWM


8Vs  nd 
V'0   sin n  sin   sin n  t 
n1,3,5 n  2 
Where d=pulse width
  2d d
 
N1 N
N=number of pulses per half cycle
Nd
 RMS Value of output voltage V'or  Vs


 When more number of pulses are used the lower order harmonics content can be
decreased, but it will increase the higher order harmonics content. As higher order
harmonics can be filter out with small size of L&C. So it is not a big disadvantage.
 As the number of pulses increases the switches need to operate at faster rate, therefore
there is a limitations in the number of pulses based on the switching frequency capability
of the device.
How to Produce Pulses
Vr
 Modulation index m 
Vc
For m<1 => under modulation
For m>1 => over modulation
 N=number of pulses per half cycle
fc
N3
2fr
Where fr  Reference frequency
fc  Carrier frequency
2d  V 
 Pulse width=   1  r 
N  Vc  N
Where Vr  Reference Voltage
Vc  Carrier voltage

Sinusoidal PWM technique (SPWM)

In SPWM a high frequency triangular carrier wave Vc is compared with a sinusoidal reference
wave Vr of the desired frequency.
The intersection of Vc and Vr waves determine the switching instants and commutation of
modulated pulse.
 The number of pulses per half cycle in SPWM depends on the zero crossing of the
reference and carrier signal at the beginning.
fc
 For peak carrier coincident with zero reference , N  pulses per half cycle
2fr
fc
 For zero of carrier coincident with zero of reference, N   1 per half cycle
2fr

 The lower order harmonic or predominant in SPWM are 2 N ± 1

 In SPWM it is preferable m<1 i.e. under modulation
Solved Examples
Problem: An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output waveform as shown in
figure. When the conduction angle  = 1200, the RMS fundamental component of the
output voltage is and also find the value of  when output of the converter will be free from
5th harmonic.
Solution: The shape of output voltage wave form is the output voltage of single phase
inverter with single pulse modulation.
2d  1200 => d=600
2 2Vs 2 2
RMS value of fundamental component = V'01  sind  1  Sin60  0.78V
 
To eliminate any harmonic from the output waveform, the amplitude of the waveform should
be equal to zero.
sin nd  0
nd   where 0<2d<π

d=
n
2
For eliminate 5th harmonic Width of pulse () = 2d = = 72º
5
Problem: A single phase voltage source inverter is controlled in a single pulse width
modulated mode with a pulse width of 150 in each half cycle. The THD of output ac voltage
waveform is
Solution: Given 2d = 1500 => d=750

2 2Vs 2 2 v s sin(750 )
Fundamental component RMS value V01  sind   0.869 Vs
 
1/2
2d  150  
RMS value of output voltage Vor  Vs vs   x   0.912 Vs
   180 

 0.912 2   0.862 2 
V0r2  V01
2
 
THD  x 100   100  34.55 %
V01  0.862
2 2
Problem: A single – phase inverter is operated in PWM mode generating a single – pulse of
width 2d in the center of each half cycle as shown in figure. It is found that the output
V03max
voltage is free from 5th harmonic for pulse width 144. What will be the ratio of ?
V01 max
Solution: Given 2d = 144o

d = 72o
4Vs  n 
Peak value of nth Harmonic  sin   sin nd
n  2 
4Vs
For fundamental voltage V01max 

   
sin 900 sin 720 -------- (1)
4 VS
For 3rd Harmonic V03 =
3
 
sin(3  72o )sin 3  900 --------- (2)
(2)

V03max

  
sin 3  72o Sin 3  900  = 0.206 = 20.6%
(1) V01max 3sin 72o  

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Power Electronics (Inverters)

Voltage source inverter (VSI)

Current source inverter (CSI)

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Single Phase Half Bridge VSI

S1 ,S2 are complimentary devices

When S2 is ON, V0 & I0 are negative

When D1 is ON, V0  0,i0  0

When D2 is ON, V0  0,i0  0

Pole voltage= VAO

Output voltage, V0  VAO

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 To get fundamental frequency of 50Hz, S1 needs to be ON for 10ms & S2 needs be ON

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V0 Contains odd harmonics (3f, 5f, 7f………)

Single Phase Full Bridge VSI

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V0 contains odd harmonics (3f, 5f, 7f……….)

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Solution: From Fourier analysis, output voltage

For fundamental harmonic n = 1

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Solution: V12 = V10 – V20

R.M.S value of V12.

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Solution: f = 50Hz, T= 20ms

Solution: For fundamental component

RMS value of fundamental load current

Im  I01 2  81.31  2  115A

Fundamental component of load current lags the output voltage by 450 .

2   4  0.5  0.476  115  54.82A

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Three-Phase Full Bridge VSI

1800 Conduction mode

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To draw Phase Voltage

For 600  t  1200

Similarly for other intervals

For 2400  t  3000 For 3000  t  1600

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For Y-connection Resistive Load (R)

  Vdc    2Vdc    Vdc  

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For Y-connection RLC Load

1200 Conduction mode

To draw Phase Voltage

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For 600  t  1200

Similarly for other intervals

For 2400  t  3000 For 3000  t  1600

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For Y-connection Resistive Load (R)

  Vdc    Vdc   Vdc

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For 1200 conduction mode

Single Phase CSI

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 If commutating capacitor is directly connected across load, then it keeps on discharging