Bacteria

Name-Sudipta Sarkar
Class- XI Sec-Sc(B)
Roll no.-27
Acknowledgement
 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to 
my Biology teacher Mrs Smita as well as our principal 
madam Dr. Suchitra Bhattacharya who gave me the 
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project for OTBA 
on the topic  “Bacteria” which also helped me in doing a 
lot of Research and I came to know about so many new 
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and 
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project 
within the limited time frame.
Contents
SRL # Topic
1 Introduction (with a picture of Bacteria)
2 Comparision of the size of Bacteria with other organisms
3 Key concept of Bacteria
4 Structure of Bacteria
5 Identification of Bacteria on the basis of shape
6 Mode of reproduction of the Bacteria
7 Nutrition and growth
8 Speciality of Bacteria
9 Identification of Bacteria
10 Bacterial Cell wall
11 Hazards of Bcteria
12 Beneficts of bacteria
13 Conclusion
14 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

Bacteria are VERY small!

 Bacteria
are small
Euglena 100 µm
compared
Plant cell 35-80 µm
to cells
with
nuclei
Animal cell 5-30 µm

Spirocheta 10 µm

Virus 20-200 nm
Bacteria
compared to
white blood
cell that will
eat it!
Key Concepts about Bacteria
 Kingdom Monera
 Prokaryote=no nucleus or internal
compartments
 All are single cells

 Single circular piece of DNA

Structure of Bacteria
Structure Function

Cell Wall Protects and gives shape

Outer Protects against antibodies
Membrane
Cell Regulates movement of
Membrane materials, contains enzymes
important to cellular
respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes,
essential compounds
Chromosome Carries genetic information.
It is circular
 Structure of Bacteria
Plasmid Contains some genes
obtained through
recombination
Capsule Protects the cell and
& Slime assist in attaching cell to
Layer other surfaces
Endospo Protects cell against harsh
re environments

Pilus Assists the cell in

attaching to other
surfaces
Flagellu Moves the cell
m
Shapes- How bacteria are
identified!
 Bacilli- rod shaped
 Spirilla- spiral shaped

 Cocci- sphere shaped

 Staphylococci- grape-like clusters
 Streptococci- in chains
Bacillus bacteria are rod shaped
Spirillium bacteria have a
corkscrew shape
Coccus bacteria are sphere or
ball shaped
Staphylobacteria occur in clumps,
such as this staphylococcus bacteria
that cause common infections of cuts
Streptobacteria occur in chains,
like this streptococcus bacteria
Bacterial Reproduction:
Binary Fission
Conjugation
 Genetic
information transferred on plasmids -
and sometimes antibiotic resistance
Nutrition and Growth
 Autotroph-
producer, makes energy from
environmental sources
 Chemoautotrophs- Take Hydrogen from NH3 or
H2S and oxidize it using the energy to make amino
acids and proteins
 Photoautotrophs- photosynthetic- Uses sunlight
for energy
Nutrition and Growth
 Heterotroph-feed on organic material formed
by other organisms
 Decomposers
 Secrete enzymes in their organic environment
and then absorb the nutrients
 They can metabolize their host
Endospores
 Some bacteria can form endospores, which
are non-replicative cell forms that are highly
resistant to environmental factors.

Endospore
Gram Stain- Another way to
identify Bacteria
Purple= Gram Positive Pink= Gram Negative
 Bacterial Cell Walls
•Peptidoglycan is the material that makes up bacterial cell walls

Thicker peptidoglycan Thinner peptidoglycan layer

layer but not outer with an outer membrane
membrane means gram + means gram -
How do Bacteria cause
disease?
 Metabolize their host for food (Heterotrophic
bacteria)
 Secrete a toxin which can attack other body
parts (Botulism is an example)
 Contain an endotoxin in their cell wall which
is released when the bacterium dies. An
example of this is salmonella.
How can Bacteria work to our
benefit?
 Digest waste at sewage plants
 Chemical industry- make acetone and
butanol
 Pharmaceutical- vitamins, antibiotics, insulin

 Food- yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages

 Decomposer

 Nitrogen fixers

 Symbiosis
Conclusion
 Through this project I came to know a lot
about Bacteria its characteristic features and
also how to identify it. This project was a
great help to me as this information might
help me in my future.
Bibliography
 https//:www.ncertbooks.co.in

 https//:www.bacteriapics.com
THANK YOU