Unit 7 Study Guide

Giuseppe Garibaldi-
Catholics & Italian unification-
Wilhelm IV-
King, Frederick Wilhelm IV, promised a constitution and reforms but never went back on it
- Constitution never written
- Banned freedom of press
Congress of Troppau-
Dual Monarchy-
Franz Joseph I-
Ethnic groups in A-H- Austrians and Hungarians and Serbs, Austria was scared that the Serbs would pull
away from their country if other Serbs were to join together.
Revolutions in France, Italy, and Germany set off a revolution in Austria
-Main problem was the amount of different nationalities within the borders
Russo-Japanese War-
War with Japan
1900’s Japan was building an empire in the east and viewed eastern Russia as a threat
In 1904 the Japanese attacked and eventually defeated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War
Russian lost control of some of their territory in the East and it shocked the people that they could
be defeated by such a small country
-This resulted in the growing unrest and call for change with the Russian people
Sino-Japanese War-
Japan had modernized and was ready to take the world stage.
They began to influence Korea in the 1870s and forced them to open their ports to Japanese
merchants.
Even though Korea had promised it’s ports to China
A Korean rebellion broke out and began the Sino-Japanese War
China and Japan sent troops to Korea to try and gain dominance in the region China ended up losing
in humiliation.
British in Egypt
Berlin Conference
Treaty of Nanjing
Causes for Scramble for Africa
Archduke Franz Ferdinand-
Franz-Ferdinand the archduke of Austria-Hungary decided to visit Bosnia on June 28 1914.
Serbian Gavrilo Princip member of Black Hand- Serbian terrorist group opened fire and killed Franz-
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
Battle of Verdun-

February-December 1916
The fortress of Verdun was a strong hold and important to the French since the Roman times.
Germans thought the French would do whatever it took to defend Verdun
They wanted to kill as many French soldiers as possible
“To bleed the French white”
By the end of the campaign 400,000 French had died as did Germans
The stalemate on the Western front continued but it weakened both sides
Battle of Somme-
June – December 1916
British launched an attack on the Germans so they would pull them away from Verdun
They attacked on the Somme River in France
By the end 60,000 British had died
No major breakthroughs
Both side lost many men and were weakened even more

Third Battle of Ypres-

1917 continued to go badly for the Allied Powers

Spring of 1917 a failed French offensive caused rebellion among the French soldiers
The British launched the Third attack on Ypres (in Belgium) on the Germans but still no major
breakthrough
By the end of 1917 the front lines were virtually unchanged

Dardanelles + Gallipoli Campaign

In late 1914 the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers
They controlled an important location
They controlled the Dardanelles which was part of water route between the black sea and the
Mediterranean. The Allies used it to ship supplies to the Russians
In 1915 the Allies wanted to destroy the stronghold the Ottoman Empire had in the Dardanelles.
Again this was a failure for the Allies and they lost 200,000 men
However, Ottoman Empire fell because it’s subject in the Arabian Peninsula rebelled and the British
sent troops over (T.E. Lawrence) to help the rebellion.
With his help the Arabs overthrew the Ottoman rule
Bolsheviks-
Marxist group known as the Bolsheviks wanted to change Russia through revolution and with their
leader Vladimir Lenin through communism but eventually socialism.
They used Marxist ideas (communism to socialism) but varied because they wanted to eventually
control Russia
 In 1914 the economics crisis was at it worst and Czar Nicholas thought the war would help unite the
people under his leadership

League of Nations-
Woodrow Wilson wanted to create an organization in which the world’s nations would join together to
protect each other aggressors- League of Nations. This was in his 14 points for world peace.
Order and reasons for countries entering WWI- (MAIN)
Militarism
Most European countries had grown their military in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s to protect their
overseas colonies from other nations.
Since most European countries had large armies it made them nervous of one another
Alliances
So they formed alliances with one another to ease their fears of being attacked.
In the late 1800’s two alliances were formed Europe
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, and Russia
Imperialism
European countries were on the quest to build empires which created rivalries between them.
Each wanted to be the largest empire
Nationalism
Each person in Europe had a strong devotion to their country, national group, or culture.
New countries were formed because of it
Germany
Italy
The most visible power struggle was in the Balkan Peninsula
Many ethnic groups wanted to break away from the Ottoman Empire that had ruled them for
hundred of years
Serbia was an independent state and wanted to expand it’s borders because many Serbs lived
throughout the Balkan Peninsula.
Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent this from happening
They believed Serbia expanding would cause revolts in A-H a place where many Serbs lived

White Army-
Civil War
Many were unhappy with the agreement the Bolsheviks made with the Germans
The wealthy, political opponents, and many military leaders opposed the Bolsheviks and created the
White army to fight the Red army and take back Russia.
The White army received outside helped and the war continued on until 1920 when the Bolsheviks
won
Many Russian lives were lost

Reasons colonies fought-

U-boats-
Trouble on the Seas
Germany had a policy called unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany would attack any ship leaving or coming to a British port
even civilian boats because GB would use civilian boats to transport supplies to the troops
Germany would attack with submarines or “U-boats”
Useful war tactic because GB was an island
Germany attack a civilian ship The Lusitania and killed 1,200 people and 120 US citizens
they sunk 2 more ships killing more US citizens
America was angry and Germany agreed to end their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
They feared the US would enter the war
By 1917 Germany realized they had to defeat the British Navy to win the war so they went back on
their agreement with the US and began firing at civilian ships

*Russia military leadership- When czar nicholas takes over.

Hindenberg Line-
In October 1918 the Allies broke through the heavily fortified Hindenburg Line
Three well developed and defended systems of trenches
From Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne River
After this break through the German leaders approached the Allies seeking an armistice- a truce

Aleksandr Kerensky-
Established the Provisional Government
The Duma place Aleksandr Kerensky in charge
Most of the people disliked him and his continuation in the war
People were more concerned with their starving families and poor living conditions
The Bolsheviks wanted a fundamental change in gov’t based off of Marxist ideals
Vladimir Lenin who had been exiled from Russia for his communist ideals was helped back into the
country by Germany who hope he would stir up unrest in the country

Russia economy pre WWI + Russian Marxists

The Years Before the War
Czar Nicholas II promised reform after the revolution of 1905 but little change came
Marxist group known as the Bolsheviks wanted to change Russia through revolution and with their
leader Vladimir Lenin
They used Marxist ideas but varied because they wanted to eventually control Russia
In 1914 the economics crisis was at it worst and Czar Nicholas thought the war would help unite the
people under his leadership

Nicolas I-
Alexander II
Alexander III
Nicolas II- will the questions of Nicolas ii be on chapter 26 or the other chapters
Figures involved in unifying Italy-
Young Turks-
Sepoy Mutiny
Spice trade
Siam
Social Darwinism
Opium Wars
Reason A-H didn’t want Serbia to get more land-
Serbia was an independent state and wanted to expand it’s borders because many Serbs lived
throughout the Balkan Peninsula.
Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent this from happening
They believed Serbia expanding would cause revolts in A-H a place where many Serbs lived
Germany geography in WWI- They have to fight France and Russia

Reason for new weapons-

New Weapons
Neither side was able to advance with the type of war they were fighting, trench warfare.
Poison gas was the new weapon
It choked, burned, and blinded the victims
It killed thousands of men
It was very unpredictable, the winds could change and it could blow back on the side that had
dropped it
Both side developed gas masks to protect themselves
Rapid fire machine
Modern industry produced artillery and high explosive shells with enormous destructive power

Women’s rights during and after WWI-

Most the men were at war so many of the women went to work
Many of the women worked in the factories to produce goods for the war
Many were nurses and helped the wounded in the war
This changed help begin the view of women in society and the workforce
Also helped women gain the right to vote in many countries

Reasons Russia entered the war-

In 1914 the economics crisis was at it worst and Czar Nicholas thought the war would help unite the
people under his leadership
Zimmermann Notes-
The Zimmermann Notes
The Zimmermann Notes provided the last push the US needed to enter the war
The note was between German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann and Mexico officials in which
Germany proposed Mexico attack the US
In return Mexico would gain the US states of TX, AZ, and NM
Which once belonged to them
Germans hoped that an American war with Mexico would keep the US out of the war in Europe
The note was discovered and the American people were angered and calling for war
The America’s not only sympathized with the Allied powers cause but they benefited financially from
them by selling millions of dollars of war goods to the Allies.
April 1917 the US entered the war on the side of the Allied Powers

Turning point in WWI-

Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, and Russia

Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy
Allies- So they formed alliances with one another to ease their fears of being attacked.
Central Powers-
Trench warfare -
Trench Warfare Begins
In September 1914 the Battle of Marne, GB and France succeeded in pushing the Germans back near
the eastern border of France.
After retreating the German dug trenches (ditched) along the Aisne river and waited for the Allied
forces to come
They were able to keep them out because of the trenches
Allied forces dug their own trench
Even though many battles were fought their position did not change because of their trenches.
The deadlocked region in northern France became known as the Western Front.

Russian revolution governments -

Japan in WWI-
US and Japan prospered in Europe's decline

Effects of WWI -
Effect of the US entering WWI
In reality the American intervention during WWI had mostly a psychological impact on the Germans, not
a military one.
Once the Americans entered the Allies began winning and making great advances pushing Germany
out of France
The Allied powers went on the offensive
With the combined effect of aircrafts, tanks, and new soldiers
Many Germans gave up without a fight knowing that they were now fighting a loosing battle