CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Master Suresh Dodiyar…………..

Of class XIIth have completed his biology report
entitled “MODEL OF A TYPICAL PLANT CELL” under
my guidance.
I appreciate his efforts and wish him for a bright
future.
This project in my opinion is complete and fulfills
all the residential requirements suitable for presentation.

TeacherIncharge Principal
Mrs.Vidhya Pathak St. Paul’s
Head of the Department School

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Calligraph my thanks to the principal Father

Williams for his help & moral support.

I express my deep sense of gratitude &

sincere indebtedness to Mrs. Vidhya Pathak, Biology
teacher for her incessant guidance & overwhelming
help. She not only helped me in deciding the project
but also helped in carrying it out successfully.

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OBJECTIVE

3. DESCIPTIONABOUTVARIOUS

PARTS OF THE CELL WITH DIAGRAMS

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 INTRODUCTION

All living forms are made up of cells. The cell,

a basic unit of life, is a self contained unit and is
made-up of various components. The cell is
compartmentalized where each organelle is
structurally and physiologically modified to perform
specialized function. Every living organism starts life
as a single cell. The continuity of life depends on the
cellular components present in the cell.
The main aim of this project is to describe the
structure and the main functions of the cellular
components.

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Plant cell consists of the following
parts
 Cell wall
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Plastids
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Golgi complex
 Ribosomes
 Microtubules
 Centrioles
 Vacuoles
 Cell Inclusions

Cell Wall
The cell wall is a rigid, protective covering
present outside the plant cells. The cell wall is made
up of Murein, Chitin and Cellulose.
Diagram-

The cell wall is differentiated into

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 1. Primary cell wall
2. Sec. cell wall
3. Middle layer or lamina

Primary cell wall-

It is form during cell division.It is laid
on middle lamina from within the cell. It is thin,
permeable and allows young cell to grow.
Secondary cell wall-
It builds up by addition of extra
cellulose layers on the inner surface of primary
cell wall. It usuallt occurs after cells have attend
the maximum size.
Middle lamella
It holds the neighbouring cell walls
together and is composed of sticky gel like
material formed of calcium and Magnesium
pectate. The cell wall is interrupted by minute
pores called plasmodesmata.
1.

FUNCTION
Gives mechanical strength to the cells and to the
plant as a whole.
1. Helps in the translocation of the
materials in Xylem and Phloem.
2. Protects plasma mermbrane.
3. Prevents osmotic bursting of the
cell.

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CYTOPLASM

Cytoplasm consists of a aqueous ground

substance and is jelly like. It has 90 percent water
and appears to be transparent and structureless.
It contains various kinds of biomolecules of life.
FUNCTIONS
Together with the nucleus forms the living
matter of the cell. All cell organelles are
suspended in it.
NUCLEUS
The nuceus is the most important and
essential part of the cell. It directs and controls
the cellular activities and carries the hereditary
information of the cell.
It was first discovered by Robert Brown in
1831. Nucleus is the largest of all the cell
organelles.
The interphase nucleus can be distinguished
into following parts
a. A delimiting nuclear
membrane.
b. Ground substance, the
nucleoplasm.
c. Chromatin network
d. Nucleolus.

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 Diagram

FUNCTION
1. Contains chromosomes,
the hereditary substance
2. Controls all the cellular
activities.

MITOCHONDRIA
It was first discover by kolliker in 1880. Altman
in1886 named It as Bioplast. In1897 C. Benda gave
the name Mitochondria.
OCCURENCS
Occur in all the Eukaryote cell except R.B.C.
Diagram

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 Structure of Mitochondria
When viewed under electron microscope, it
appears to be double membrane structure. Each
mitochondrion consists of an outer and an inner
membrane and enclosed within them is a fluid filled
chamber.
Elementary Particles or Oxysomes
They are stakled particles present on
the inner membrane. They are differentiated into a
base piece (F0_subunit), stalk & a head
(F1subunit).The head piece (F1) is associated with
ATP synthesis & ATPase forms a link with ADP &
respiratorychain. The base piece lies where, there
are components of respiratory chain E.T.C. itself.
The F0- F1 combination brings about the formation
of ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation.
FUNCTION
1. Acts as a site of respiration-Krebs
cycle.
2. Helps in yolk formation during
development of ovum.
3. Forms middle piece of sperm during
sperm maturation.
4. Helps in the elongation of fatty
acids.
MITOCHONDRIA
AS SEMIAUTONOMOUS ORGANELLE
The mitochondrial DNA carries enough
information for the synthesis of about 30 protiens
only but that is not enough to make a new
mitochondrian. So the mitochondrion on the nuclear
DNA, cytoplasmic enzymes & other molecules of the
cell. Using all this machinery mitochondria

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replicates. During cell division, each daughter cell
inherits mitochondria from the mother cell & these
replicate to restore the normal number in the cell.As
the mitochondria have DNA and can replicate
themselves but are dependent on nuclear DNA for
some proteins, so they are called Semiautonomous
organelle.

Plastids
Plastids are organelles which are found in
plant cells only. They are surrounded by a double
membrane. They developed from a small body called
pro plastids, found in the meristematic region. These
are of various types
a. Chloroplast
b. Chromoplast
c. Leucoplast
Chloroplast
contain 20-40 chloroplast and an algae may
have one huge chloroplast. It varies from cell to
cell and depends on the physiological state of the
cell.
1.- Shape-
Biconvex and circular-Higher plants
Spiral- Spirogyra
Cup shaped- Chlamydomonas
2.- Number-
A leaf parenchyma cell may

Structure-

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 Each chloroplast is surrounded by two
membranes which form the chloroplast envelop.Both
the membranes are smooth. The membranes enclose
a fluid filled Space called matrix or stroma in which
is suspended a system of membranes.
The membrane system consists of many
flattened, fluid filled sacs called thylacoids.
Thylacoids form grana. The membrane system is the
site of light reaction of photosynthesis. The
membranes are covered with chlorophyll, other
pigments, enzymes and electron carriers. The stroma
is gel like containing soluble enzymes of dark
reaction.It consists of a small circular DNA
molecule, ribosomes, chemicals like sugars , organic
acid and products of photosynthesis in the form of
starch grain.
Function-
Acts as a site of photosynthesis.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

E.R. is a complex system of membranes running

through the cytoplasm of all cells. It occurs in three
morphological forms
a. Cisternae- Elongated flattened, sac like
unbranched structure generally arranged in parallel
bundles interconnected eachother. May be covered
with ribosomes.
b. Vesicles- Round spherical ovoid structures.
Found dispersed in the cytoplasm. Devoid of
ribosomes.
c.- Tubules- branched irregular structures

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 ER exists in two forms-
1. Smooth- Without ribosomes
(SER)
2. Rough- With ribosomes (RER)
FUNCTION
1. Gives mechanical support by
forming a network in the cytoplasm.
2. Synthesises proteins, lipids &
steroids.
3. Helps in the exchange of materials.
4. Conducts intracellular impulses.

GOLGI COMPLEX
These were first observed by Camilo Golgi in
1898.

Occurrence-
1. Localized form- Near the nucleas
in the vertebrate cells.
2. Diffused form- Scattered in the
cytoplasm & not easily distinguishable known
as Dictyosomes in plant cells.
STRUCTURE
1. Flattened sacs or cisternae- Elongated tubular or
flattened sacs arranged parallel or concentrically.
All are slightly curved.
2. Clusters of tubules or vesicles- Small droplet like
structure. These are associated with the convex
surface of cisternaei.e. on the forming face. Thet
develop by budding off from smooth E.R.

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3. Large Golgian vacuoles- Large spacious rounded
vacuoles present on the maturing face of Golgi
complex.
FUNCTION-
1. Transport vesicles.
2. Forms zymozen granules.
3. Involved in secretion.
4. Lysosome formation.
Diagram-

RIBOSOMES-
They are scattered in the cytoplasm.Ribosomes are
composed of equal amount of RNA and proteins with
little amount of lipids and crtain metal ions.The
protein present are of complex nature- some plays
structural role while others enzymatic in
function.Two subunit are present-
80S = 60S and 40S
70S = 50S and 30S
Where S is the Swedberg unit
Diagram-

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 FUNCTIONS-
Acts as asite of protein synthesis.

MICROTUBULES-
They are unbranched, hollow, cylindrical organelle
made of fine tube. The wall is made up of helically
arranged polymer chain of protein tubulin.
Diagram-

FUNCTION-
1. form cytoskeleton, and are responsible for the
shape of the cell.
2. Are associated with the movement of the cell
organelles like Lysosomes Mitochondria or other
vacuoles.
3. Involved in the sliding motion of chromosomes
during cell division.

VACUOLES-

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 Occurrence-
Plant cell contain few and scatteredvacuoles.
The mature plant cell may contain only one big
vacuole.The fluid present in a vacuole is called as
cell sap.
Structure-
These are fluid filled covered by asingle
membrane called tonoplast which is selectively
permeable.
Diagram-

Function-
1. Contain pigments like anthocyanin.
2. Store waste product or plant metaboliteslike tannin
and latex.
3. Act as food reserves by storing sucrose and
mineral salts.

CELL INCLUSIONS-

1. Starch grain- These grains may have

concentric or eccentric rings of starch sround
hilum made of protein. These are store in rhizome
potato tuber, rice etc.

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 2. Fat droplets- Seen in the cells of
endospermof castor and coconut, in cotyledons of
ground nut and mustard cells.
3. Aleurone grains- Store protein granules.
They are present in the outermost cells of endosperm.
In the cereal grain like wheat, barley and maize.
1. Crystals-
Crystals of various chemicals compounds occur
either in cell cavity or in cell wall of plant cells.
Calcium carbonate occurs in Indian rubber plant,
banyan tree etc.
Calcium oxalate in balsom, dry scales of onion etc.
The crystals have special shapes.
Diagram

BIBLIOGRAPHY
(i) A text book of Biology- Sarita
Aggarwal
(ii) Modern Biology - V.B.
Rastogi

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(iii) Modern ABC of Biology - V.K.
Khosla
(iv) A book of Biology - S.C.
Maheshwari

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