STUDY GUIDE: Exam on THURSDAY - Review

 Intro (pg 13-15)

o Rock type

 Chap 3 – notes online too – Minerals

o Chemistry basics (70)

o Crystal Structure (87)

o Mineral Groups (91)

 Chap 2 – earth dynamics – early part of chap 2

o Plate tectonics intro (54)

 Earth structure

 Plate boundaries

 Chap 1 a bit

o Geological time (10, 237)

o History (9, 227)

 Chap 4 – igneous rocks

o Igneous rock types

 Difference between intrusive/extrusive (107)

 Mafic/felsic

 Identification (113)

 Intrusive rocks

 Where to find

 Intrusive structures (107-113) – Plutons

 Online Notes mostly

 o Magma formation/sources (101,117)

o Bowen (117)

o Partial Melting (102)

o Igneous rocks and plate tectonics (131)

 Online notes – Chap 4 Volcanos

o Volcanic eruptions (121)

o Volcanic Products

o Volcanic Types

 Critical Concepts – make your own list – writing stuff down, making your own

explanations. Doing something with the materials

o Silicate Crystal Structures (Chap 3) – most complicated part

 Remember the basic structures (Si O Pyramids)

 Link them together by sharing oxygen atoms

 Residual electrical charges

 Changes electrical charge as you link together

o Know the basic layers of the planet

 What they are made of

 Know basic characteristics

o Plate tectonics

 The three types and what’s going on

o Plate boundaries

 Processes

 Features – how would you recognize it

o Uniformitarianism

 The earth changes slowly and gradually over geological processes

o Igneous Textures

 How large or small the crystals are. (Fine or Coarse)

 Intrusive/extrusive

o Mafic Felsic distinction

 Dark colored Mins/Light colored mins

o Plutons

 Batholiths – most important and significant

o Bowen

 Remember the sequence in which crystals

 Can react and change in the magma

 Early minerals that are heavy may settle to the bottom

 Partial Melting

 Bottom to top is melting

 Top to bottom is the crystallization

o Lava types

 Flow behavior

 Fluid/viscous

o Fluid are low in silica – not violent

o Viscous are high in silica – violent

o Volcano Types – chapter 4 notes pt 2 online

 Relate to the kind of lava

 o Plate tectonics – boundaries

o Think about things that carry through multiple chapters in terms of what is

a key concept

o Dark Silicates/Light Silicates

 Dark are higher in iron and magnesium – simple crystal structure

 Light are lower – more complicated structures

o Ocean Crust/Continental Crust

 Ocean is mostly dark colored minerals – heavier – subducted

 Continental is mostly light minerals – lighter – more likely to subduct

o Mafic/Felsic

 Mafic – dark – low si magma (when solid) – midplate boundries - hotspot

 Felsic – light – high si magma (when solid) – convergent boundaries

 Fluid Lava/Viscous Lava

 Fluid – low Si – effects kind of volcano - tame

 Viscous – High Si - effects kind of volcano – explosive

o Will ask for Normandale tech ID number

 Last of Chap 4 (online stuff)

o Lava flows

 Basalt

o Pahoehoe – ropey drapy

 Hotter more fluid

o Aha – sharp and jagged

 As it moves further away it cools and more viscous

o Volcano Types – PART 2 NOTES ONLINE

 Shield Volcanos

 Fluid lavas – low silica

 Pouring across the ground

 Spreads out made of layers or basalt, mafic lava

 Large hill with crater in summit – rounded, gently sloaping

 Cinder Cone

 Made of cinders

 Pyroclastics – erupctions

 Usually have viscous lavas

o Associated with mafic low Silica lava

o Late in the eruption the lava gets cooler it gets more

viscous

o End of the eruption of a fluid lava

o Around It is all black basalt mafic lava

 Composite Cones (stratovolcanos)

o Higher silica lava

 Halfway between mafic and felsic but higher silica

content

 Makes it more viscous

o Produce pyroclastic flow, and sluggish magma

o Calderas (giant crater)

 Collapse or explosion
  Big crater

o Volcano Domes

 Viscous Lava

 TRUE high silica lava

 A true felsic lava is so sticky it hardly ever makes it

to the top

o Lava floods

 Fissure eruptions

 Long cracks in which lava escapes

 Lava plataue
Exam Study Guide 3 – Chapters 11, 2, 9 (LOOK @ ONLINE NOTES)

Critical Concepts

Chap 11 – earthquakes

 Causes (337)

o Faults, epicenter,

Seismic waves (337)

 Charactaristics, energy travels

 P waves (push pull, faster than s) and S waves (shaking both travel faster

than surface)

 Earthquake measurement (344)

o Seismographs

o Location and size

o Learn how they work, you get the times, intensity of shaking (basic measurments)

 Use ruler to measure the vibrations (ground shaking) – rictor scale and

current scale

 Time difference between p wave and s wave shows distance

o Quake magnitude and intensity (different things)

 Intensity is amount of damage done, how much did ground shake

 Magnitude is measuring the energy that was released, multiple of 10

 Earthquake effects

o Factors – on humans

 How big, how close to population, how long shaking lasts, what surface

material (solid rock or loose sediment – amplifies shaking),

 o Structure effects

 Design with flex

o Secondary effects of earthquakes

 Liquefaction, tsunami etc

o Quake prediction

 Pressure building in rock (swelling under pressure)

 Geologic evidence

 Earthquake control

o Where to find

 Quake belts and plate boundaries (427)

 Deeper quakes at convergent boundaries

Chap 11 pt 2 the earth’s interior - online

o How to use quakes to learn about earth’s interior

o Seismic waves and moment travel time (347)

 Happen in earth, picked up on seismo graphs from anywhere in the world

 We get a ground motion as well as time measurement and from seismic

waves we also get a distance measurement.

 We know average travel time so when it’s different than expected we

know something happened (sooner, later, not at all) (3d image of earth’s

interior, find internal structure and what the layers are made of)

 P tp s wave time difference is how we get distance

o Denser material speed up, less dense is slow down

o Density is affected by temp

 o Colder they speed up, warmer slow down

o s waves cannot travel through liquid, but p waves can

o where the seismic waves change direction and where they

change

o Internal structure (352)

 Crust, Mantle, Core (and subdivisions)

 More details

 Asthenosphere – know what they are

 Jargon name for upper mantle (right below the plates)

 Weakest and most deformable part of the mantle

 Low velocity zone – seismic waves slow down when they enter the

upper mantle

 Shadow zones

 S wave (particularly important) and P wave shadow zone

o S wave – most important

 When we get to the opposite side of the earth there

are no s waves revieved as it is blocked by core.

 Told us how big the core is

 And how the outer-core is liquid because the

seismic waves can’t go through it

o P waves go through core and are bent then bent again when

they come out of the core so is directed to a point but not

on the sides (right and left)

  Properties (357)

 Isostasy (258)

o Movements of floating crust

o When weight is added, crust sinks and when weight is

removed it rises

 Magnetic Field – Really important – class notes

o Paleomagnetism

 Gravity – it has a pull

 Heat – flows from center of earth outward

Chap 2 Part 2 – continental drift – (40)

o Wegner

o Most associated with continental drift – he called it Pangea

o Pangea (42)

o Sed rocks to look at former climates/positions

o New evidence of crustal motion

 Paleomagnetism

 Ocean magnetism

o Sea floor spreading (46)

 Paleomagnetism

 From ridges towards trenches

 Magnetic stripes on ocean floor – key evidence

Chap 9 – Plate Tectonics – mostly review ONLINE

o Plate boundaries (divergent, convergent and transform)

o What are their physical Features

o And what are the processes – spreading etc

 Divergent - mid ocean ridge

 Convergent – trenches (volcanos)

o Review boundaries (261)

o Oceans

 Crust (279)

 Form on Mid ocean boundaries

 Made of mafic silicate minerals

 Also called Ophialite (jargon)

o Termonology

 Volcanic arc, back arc (behind) and fore arc (ahead)

 Sediment barriers (basin), volcanically derived, also get volcanic

ash.

 Accretionary wedge

o As plate is subducted, sediment is scraped off and is

o A pile of sediment right by the trench (only on the side

being subducted)

o Can happen in ocean or ocean to continent

o Layers (ocean crust sequence)

 Mud stone on top, extrusive mafic igneous rock (basalt) , intrusive igneous

rock (gabbro) , mantle rock on bottom (ultramafic)

o Plate motion – why they move - Driving forces (292)

 Look at notes

 Primary distinction are weather the plates are driven by heat or gravity

 Heat Driven

o Traditional, most widely accepted

o Divergent boundary, heat rises up making the plates split

(mid ocean ridge)

o Gravity helps

 Gravity Driven

o Convergent boundary, plate being subducted

 Suggests that as plate gets further it gets older as it

gets older it gets colder as it gets colder it gets

heavier and thus being pulled downward

 Likely both heat and gravity are happening the same

time

 Transform boundaries – move past each other

 Connect Segments of other boundaries together.

 When divergent or convergent boundaries are broken into pieces,

transform boundaries are between them

 Back arc spreading

 Sometimes you can get divergence right behind the convergent

boundary (spreading because of the heat)

 Hot Spots - review

 Learn what happens at them