X-Icse Step Up Answer Sheet 1 PDF

HISTORY
STEP UP ANSWER SHEET
QUESTION BANK
BOARD PAPER ANSWER - 2013 TO 2019
X - ICSE (History & Civics)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
1. THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - 1857
7. Two political causes responsible for the First War of Independence are:
(a) The introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie. This
doctrine imposed an unsentimental law of ‘no adoption policy’ for
rulers and in the absence of a natural heir the kingdom would fall into
the hands of the British.
(b) Introduction of the British policy of annexation of kingdoms under the
pretext of inefficient administration of the rulers [2014]
8. By 1857, the Mughal dynasty had already been rendered irrelevant by the
British political domination. The Mughal Emperor had become a mere titular
ruler of Delhi and the real power was held by the English East India Company
officials. After the 1857 rebellion was unsuccessful, Bahadur Shah Zafar
was deported to Yangon and the Mughal dynasty officially came to an end.
[2016]
9. Causes of the Revolt of 1857:

(a) Political Causes
Doctrine of Lapse: Lord Dalhousie successfully annexed many Indian
states to the English East India Company. This was done by using the
provisions of the Doctrine of Lapse. This led to extreme resentment
among the successors of rulers who died without a natural heir.
Policy of Expansion: The British authorities annexed many independent
Indian states on one pretext or the other. As a result, the Company
became the supreme ruling power in India and the rest of the ruling
class became mere puppets in their hands.
Annexation of Awadh: On 13 February 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed
Awadh to the Company’s territories. This was done under the pretext of
alleged misrule by the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. However, this led to a lot
of resentment among the ruling elite of Awadh and the Indian sepoys
working under the East India Company.
(b) Military Causes
Ill-treatment of Indian soldiers: The East India Company discriminated
against their Indian sepoys. They were poorly paid, ill-fed and badly
housed. They were forbidden from wearing any caste or sectarian marks,
beads or turbans. As a result, there was resentment among the Indian
troops.
General Service Enlistment Act: The General Service Enlistment Act of
1856 required Indian soldiers to be sent overseas for deployment if
required. However, traditionally, it was a taboo for Brahmins to cross
the seas. Hindus reacted negatively to this decision which was taken in
complete disregard to their religious beliefs.
Larger Proportion of Indians in the British Army: In 1856, the Company
army had 2,38,000 Indians and 45,322 British soldiers. Dalhousie had
recommended the recruitment of more British troops, but it was not
done at that point of time. As a result, it became easier for the rebelling
Indian troops to overwhelm their British colleagues.
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 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (History & Civics)
(c) Economic Causes

Exploitation of Economic Resources: Under British rule, India was turned
into an exporter of raw materials such as raw cotton, raw silk, indigo,
tea and food grains. British goods were brought in either duty free or at
nominal duty rates. On the other hand, Indian products were subjected
to high import duties in England. Indian handmade goods were not in a
position to compete with machine-made British goods. This resulted in
the ruin of Indian industry, unemployment among artisans, reduction in
agricultural surplus and a steep increase in the price of raw materials.
Drain of Wealth: Till the Battle of Plassey (1757), the British brought
gold into India to buy Indian cotton and silk. However, after the conquest
of Bengal, the purchase was done with the surplus revenue from Bengal
profits acquired from duty-free inland trade. This unilateral transfer of
wealth from India to England is called the ‘Drain of Wealth’. The drain
included the salaries, incomes and savings of the Englishmen, British
expenditure in India on military goods, office establishments, interest on
debts and military expeditions.
Decay of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts: Because of the British policy
of preferential treatment to British businesses, Indian industries were
gradually destroyed. By the middle of the 19th century, export of cotton
and silk goods had practically ceased. The misery of the unemployed
artisans was further complemented by the disappearance of their
traditional patrons and buyers, i.e. the princes, chieftains and zamindars.
Inhuman Treatment of Indigo Cultivators: Indigo cultivation had proved
to be extremely beneficial for the British planters. However, the conditions
of work were horrible for the Indian peasants. They were forced to plant
only indigo on their lands, and if they disobeyed, their crops would be
destroyed and cattle confiscated as punishment. [2016]
10. (a) Political causes of the Revolt of 1857 :

(i) Lord Dalhousie’s policy of annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse made
the Indian rulers angry and insecure. The prominent states which
fell victim to the Doctrine were : Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.
(ii) Lord Canning declared that Bahadur Shah’s successor would not be
allowed to use the imperial title i.e. the ‘King’.
(iii) Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of Nana Saheb.
(iv) The kingdom of Oudh was annexed in 1856 on the grounds of alleged
misrule.
(b) The immediate cause of the revolt was the introduction of Enfield rifles.
There was a rumour that the cartridges to be used for the rifles were
greased with the fat of cows and pigs. This sparked off the Mutiny. On
10th May, 1857 all the three sepoy regiments at Meerut rose in revolt.
(c) (i) End of Company’s Rule : The Revolt ended the East India Company’s
rule in India and the Indian empire came under the direct control of
the British Crown. Queen Victoria became the Empress of India.
(ii) Position of Secretary of State : The Act of 1858 abolished the Company’s
Board of Control and the Board of Directors. All their powers were
transferred to a Cabinet Minister, known as the Secretary of State.
He was to be advised by a Council consisting of 15 members.
3
(iii) Position of Governor-General : The designation of the Governor-

General was changed. He was designated as the Viceroy while
representing the British government in England. It was his duty to
run the Indian administration on behalf of the Crown. He was under
the control of the Secretary of State for India.
(iv) Appointments to the Civil Service : It was decided that appointments
to the Civil Service were to be made by open competition under rules
made by the Secretary of State. [2018]
11. New recruits were required to serve anywhere in India or overseas which
was contrary to Hindu religion. [2019]
2. GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
6. The press helped in promoting nationalist sentiments among Indians in the

following ways:
(a) It passed on the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of liberty,
freedom, equality, home rule and independence, spread among people.
(b) It made the exchange of views between different social groups from
different parts of the country possible.
(c) It carried on daily criticism of the unjust politics of the British towards
the Indians.
(d) It made the people of India aware of the happenings taking place all over
the world. [2014]
7. Two basic reasons responsible for the Surat Split in 1907 were:
(a) The Early Nationalists wanted to confine the movements of Swadeshi
boycott to Bengal, at the same time the Assertive Nationalists wanted to
extend these movements to the rest of the country.
(b) The Early Nationalists wanted Rashbehari Gosh as the President of the
Surat session, while the Assertive Nationalists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai.
[2014]
8. (a) The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 . Wyomesh Chandra
Banerjee presided over its first session
(b) (i) Promotion of close friendly relations between nationalist workers
from different parts of the country.
(ii) Development and consolidation of the feeling of national unity,
irrespective of caste, religion or region.
(iii) The formulation of popular demands on main Indian problems and
their presentation before the Government.
(iv) To train and organise public opinion in the country. [2014]
9. Following are two important contributions of Jyotiba Phule which helped in

preparing the ground for the National Movement:
(a) Mahatma Jyotiba Phule established the Satya Shodhak Samaj in the
year 1873. The aim of this organisation was to attain social justice for
the suppressed sections of the Indian society.
(b) He also laid the foundation of the ‘widow remarriage’ movement in
Maharashtra and worked tirelessly for the education of women. [2015]
4
10. The immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress were:

(a) To promote cooperation and friendly relations among the national political
workers from all over the country.
(b) To promote a sense of national unity by opposing and discarding all racial,
religious and provincial prejudices. [2015]
11. The names of the presidents who presided over the first two sessions of the
Indian National Congress are Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee and
Dadabhai Naoroji. [2016]
12. Two Repressive Colonial policies of Lord Lytton were:

(a) He passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. According to it, the Indian
newspaper could not print against the government. He also passed the
Indian Arms Act in 1879. Under this Act, Indians could not keep arms
without the valid license.
(b) He reduced the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service Examination
from 21 to 19 years, thus making it difficult for the Indians to compete
for it. [2017]
13. Two main associations that were the precursors of the Indian National
Congress were the Indian Association (1876) and the Indian National
Conference (1883). [2017]
14. Three contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy were:

(a) It was largely due to the efforts of raja Ram Mohan Roy that the practice
of sati was made a crime punishable by law.
(b) He opposed the caste system and stressed over the equality of all human
beings. He founded the famous Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
(c) He also opposed restrictions on the freedom of press. [2017]
15. Two economic factors responsible for the growth nationalism in india :
(a) Peasantry was reduced to an impoverished state because of land
revenue policies of the British.
(b) The artisans lost patronage due to decline of princely rulers. [2018]
16. Congress session 1885 - Wyomesh Chandra Bannerji.

Congress session 1886 - Dadabhai Naoroji. [2018]
17. Jyothiba phule founded Satya shodhak samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy
founded Brahmo samaj. [2019]
18. The second half of the 19th century witnessed the growth of a strong feeling
of Nationalism. With reference to the statement, answer the following:
(a) The Vernacular Press Act crushed the freedom of the vernacular news
papers. The Act required the editors to publish nothing that would excite
disaffection against the Government. Many editors who opposed the Act
were sentenced to jail.
The Indian Arms Act (1878) made it a criminal offence for the Indians to
keep or bear arms without licence. Surendranath Banerjee’s reaction
was that the Act “imposed on us a badge of racial inferiority”.
A bill was prepared in 1883 by Ilbert, the Law Member of the Governor-
General’s Executive Council. This Bill was introduced by Viceroy Lord
Lytton to do way with the racial discrimation practised in Indian judiciary.
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The Anglo-Indian community carried on a wild agitation to protect their

special privileges. The Government ultimately withdrew the Bill and
negotiated a compromise.
(b) The newpapers played a significant role in developing a strong national
sentiment among the Indians. It did so in the following manner:
(i) It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern
liberal ideals of liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and
independence, spread among the people.
(ii) The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British
Government in India and exposed the true nature of British rule in
India.
(iii) It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups
from different parts of the country and organising political movements.
(iv) It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. This
awareness helped them to understand the political and social
development of the outside world and shape their own policies and
programmes.
(c)
Methods of Early nationalists Methods of Radicals

1. They believed in constituctional 1. The believed in pressure tactice
methods and workded wiltain the and direct action.
framework of the law.
2. They public metting, made use of 2. They used methods like
press and sent memorandums Swadeshi, Boyrott, National
and petitions to poritish education, passive resistance,
Parliament. revivalism, Personal sacritces and
mass involvement.
3. They had faith in the British 3. They adopted the policy of non
sense of justice and fair play. cooperation and resistance to
unjust acts of the British
government.
[2019]
3. FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
4. Dadabhai Naoroji exposed the economic exploitation of India through his book
‘Poverty and Un-British rule in India’. [2013]
5. Gopal Krishna Gokhale is regarded as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.

It is so believed because he played an important role in both, Gandhi coming
back to India permanently, and as well as Gandhi’s decision to not involve
himself in India’s political life immediately after return. It was because of
Gokhale’s advice that Gandhi chose to travel through the length and breadth
of India’s rural hinterland first and understand the situation here. [2015]
6
6. Two contributions of Dadabhai Naroji were as follows:

(i) Dadabhai Naroji as an economic thinker explained the theory of ‘Drain of
Wealth’. He pointed out the British government was draining the Indian
wealth to England in various ways like by paying the salaries and pensions
of the British officers in India from the Indian exchequer.
(ii) Dadabhai was one of the founding members of the Indian National
Congress and he demanded ‘Swarajya’ or ‘self government’ in the initial
meetings of the INC. [2015]
7. Dadabhai Naoroji’s “Poverty and UnBritish rule in India” and

“Condition of India” to explain the “Drain of India’s wealth”. [2019]
4. SECOND PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
9. (b) The moderates differed from the radical nationalists in the realisation of
their objectives. This becomes clear from the fact that the moderates
were asking for Dominion Status, i.e. self-government under the British
crown whereas the radicals were demanding purna swaraj or complete
independence.
(c) Tilak brought a new wave in Indian politics through his new, radical
political beliefs, his scathing criticisms of the British government and in
the manner in which he attempted to mobilize the masses and assimilate
them into the mainstream of the national movement.
 Tilak’s three pronged approach to independence was ‘ swaraj’,
‘swadeshi’ and ‘boycott’.
 Through his weeklies – ‘Kesari’ and ‘Mahratta’ – he regularly launched
offensives against the government in a language that roused the
masses.
 In order to revive the Indians’ pride in their ancient civilisation and
culture, he began the celebration of the Ganpati festival and
Shivjayanti on a large scale. To this effect, he also organised akharas
and lathi clubs for the youths.
 In the year 1896 he led a ‘no rent campaign’ and asked the peasants
not to pay land revenue to the government.
 He opposed the partition of Bengal and transformed the anti-partition
movement into a movement for swaraj. He was also responsible for
launching the Home Rule movement later in the year 1916.
 Through his writings and political strategies, Tilak slowly but surely
radicalised the gamut of India’s social, political struggles. [2013]
10. Two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai:

(i) He started the monthly magazine ‘Young India’ to spread the message of
the right of India to attain Swaraj.
(ii) He was influential in the expansion of D.A.V. College in Lahore in 1886.
He also opened various orphanages, hospitals and schools. [2014]
7
11. Following are the two causes for the rise of Assertive Nationalism:
(i) Many leaders within the Indian National Congress had become frustrated
with the British authorities. They had realised that the so called British
idea of ‘justice’ and ‘fairplay’ was nothing but colonial propaganda and
that the British never intended to devolve any power to the Indians.
(ii) The Early Nationalists had failed to achieve anything concrete. They
insisted on constitutional agitation and refused to do anything when
faced with government apathy and suppression, clinging to their belief in
the British sense of justice. As a result, the young emerging leadership
within the Congress, i.e., the Assertive Nationalists, had became frustrated
with them. [2015]
12. When the decision to partition the Province of Bengal was announced, Lord
Curzon put forward several flimsy arguments as the cause behind the partition.
He said that the Province of Bengal was too large to be administered by a
single provincial government. In this context, Lord Curzon further stated that
the partition of Bengal was necessary for administrative efficiency. [2016]
13. (a) The Swadeshi Movement created a rift between early and assertive
nationalists. While the assertive nationalists wanted to use the Swadeshi
and Boycott Movements as a weapon to unsettle the British in India, the
early nationalists did not support the Boycott Movement as it was contrary
to their policy of ‘petition and persuasion’. While the assertive nationalists
wanted to spread the movement outside Bengal, the early nationalists
wanted the movement to remain confined within Bengal. The differences
between the two sections of the INC became apparent in the 1907 session
of Congress held in Surat. While the assertive nationalists proposed the
name of Lala Lajpat Rai as the President of the Surat session, the early
nationalists proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh for the chair. There
were discussions and debates in the Surat session among both factions.
However, there was no conciliation between both groups leading to the
split in Congress in 1907.
(b) (i) The three personalities were popularly known as ‘Lal, Bal and Pal’.
(ii) They represented the Assertive nationalists.
(iii) The Assertive Nationalists had faith in the masses and proposed to
win freedom through mass action. They also believed that India could
not gain independence from the British rule until and unless a fierce
fight is given to them in the form of Swadeshi and the boycott
movement.
(c) Four methods that were advocated by the Assertive Nationalists for the
achievement of their aims were:
(i) Swadeshi: Swadeshi means the use of goods which are produced by
indigenous industries. It aimed at making the country self-reliant and
self-sufficient. The assertive nationalists used Swadeshi as a tool not
only to promote the Indian industries but also to hit the British economic
interests.
(ii) Boycott: The assertive nationalists stressed on the boycott of foreign
goods in an effort to boost local Indian industries. It also aimed at
providing employment opportunities to the people.
8
(iii) National Education: A national scheme of education was planned as

an alternative of the government-controlled universities.
(iv) Passive Resistance: The Assertive Nationalists followed the policy of
nonviolent resistance and strong political action to achieve
independence of the country. [2017]
14. Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Tilak started newspapers such as ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ which exposed British
empire. [2018]
15. (i) He started the Servants of the Peoples Society for the welfare of the
downtrodden and outcastes.
(ii) He also laid the foundation of the Dayanand Anglo - Vedic College at
Lahore. [2019]
5. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE
4. Hindu- Muslim Unity - It was the year when Lucknow Pact was signed
which created understanding between Muslim League and Congress.
(i) Unity within the Congress - It was the year in which both Early Nationalist
and Assertives decided to work together.
(ii) Swaraj - The pact led to the gradual development of self - governing
institutions. [2013]
5. (a) The following are three important factors that led to the formation of the
Muslim League in India.
British Policy of Divide and Rule – The revolt of 1857 had made the
British aware of how fragile their rule was in India if the Indians were
allowed to unite against the foreign masters. In order to avoid this, the
British devised a policy of ‘di vide and rule’ to perpetuate their hold over
India. In the pursuit of this policy, a strategy of appeasement was followed
towards the zamindars and other power elite of the Indian peninsula. At
the same time, deliberate attempts were made through the State
propaganda machinery to sow the seeds of disunity and communal hatred
among the two major religious communities – the Hindus and the Muslims.
Realising that it was the resentment amongst the Muslims, formerly the
chief ruling class in India that caused the 1857 rebellion to spread like
wild fire, the Muslims were singled out for persecution.
Religious/Revivalist Orientation of Congress Leaders – The radical
Congress leaders like Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai did not shy away from
using religious terminology and symbols in their political discourse. In
fact many a times they drew inspiration from the traditional concepts of
Hinduism. Tilak, on his part, started celebrating public festivals of Ganesh
Chaturthi and Shiva Jayanti in order to instil pride among the Indians
for their ancient culture. This was also done in order to mobilise the
masses on a large scale. Though this was not done with a communal
agenda, it ultimately did alienate the Muslims from Congress politics.
9
The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

(i) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the most important leaders of the
Muslims.
(ii) He was the first leader who strove hard to remove the hostility of the
British rulers towards the Muslims.
(iii) He opposed the activities of the Indian National Congress and advised
the Muslims not to join it.
(iv) He founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College which later on became
the nucleus of Aligarh Movement which worked to instill into the minds
of the Muslims a spirit of loyalty towards the British crown.
(v) In 1888, he founded United Indian Patriotic Association to counter the
Congress propaganda.
(vi) He also founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association to
combat the growing influence of the Congress.
(b) The following are the three important demands made by the Muslim
deputation to the Viceroy Lord Minto:
 There should be representation of Muslims in elected bodies on the
basis of their political eminence and not on the basis of their numerical
strength.
 There should be separate electoral constituencies for the Muslims in
the provincial council and the imperial legislative council.
 Preference should be given to members of the Muslim community
while nominating members to the Viceroy’s Council. [2013]
6. (b) The following are three important factors that led to the formation of the
Muslim League in India.
British Policy of Divide and Rule – The revolt of 1857 had made the
British aware of how fragile their rule was in India if the Indians were
allowed to unite against the foreign masters. In order to avoid this, the
British devised a policy of ‘di vide and rule’ to perpetuate their hold over
India. In the pursuit of this policy, a strategy of appeasement was followed
towards the zamindars and other power elite of the Indian peninsula. At
the same time, deliberate attempts were made through the State
propaganda machinery to sow the seeds of disunity and communal hatred
among the two major religious communities – the Hindus and the
Muslims. Realising that it was the resentment amongst the Muslims,
formerly the chief ruling class in India that caused the 1857 rebellion to
spread like wild fire, the Muslims were singled out for persecution.
Religious/Revivalist Orientation of Congress Leaders – The radical
Congress leaders like Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai did not shy away from
using religious terminology and symbols in their political discourse. In
fact many a times they drew inspiration from the traditional concepts of
Hinduism. Tilak, on his part, started celebrating public festivals of Ganesh
Chaturthi and Shiva Jayanti in order to instil pride among the Indians
for their ancient culture. This was also done in order to mobilise the
masses on a large scale. Though this was not done with a communal
agenda, it ultimately did alienate the Muslims from Congress politics.
The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
(i) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the most important leaders of the
Muslims.
10
(ii) He was the first leader who strove hard to remove the hostility of the
British rulers towards the Muslims.
(iii) He opposed the activities of the Indian National Congress and advised
the Muslims not to join it.
(iv) He founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College which later on became
the nucleus of Aligarh Movement which worked to instill into the minds
of the Muslims a spirit of loyalty towards the British crown.
(v) In 1888, he founded United Indian Patriotic Association to counter the
Congress propaganda.
(vi) He also founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association to
combat the growing influence of the Congress.
(c) The following are the three important demands made by the Muslim
deputation to the Viceroy Lord Minto:
 There should be representation of Muslims in elected bodies on the
basis of their political eminence and not on the basis of their numerical
strength.
 There should be separate electoral constituencies for the Muslims in
the provincial council and the imperial legislative council.
 Preference should be given to members of the Muslim community
while nominating members to the Viceroy’s Council. [2016]
7. Objectives of the Muslim League :

(i) To put forth the interest of Muslim community in gentle and mild language.
(ii) To make Muslims harmonious with other religious communities.
(iii) To convince the Muslims about the intentions of British.. [2018]
6. MAHATAMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT
6. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were the leaders of the Khilafat movement
that was launched in India to champion the cause of the Caliph of Turkey.
[2013]
7. The Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because it had no Indian

members. The fact that the British government thought it appropriate to leave
out Indians from an institution that was to decide the political future of their
country was considered a grave insult. Since the Commission was completely
unrepresentative of Indian concerns, it was decided to boycott it completely.
[2013]
8. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and
Lord Irwin because both wanted peace in the country. The following are one
provision each of the pact:
(i) The British government decided to release all political prisoners excluding
the ones that were guilty of violence.
(ii) In return, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience
Movement. [2014]
11
9. (a) Non-cooperation is ‘a way of protesting in which one does not cooperate

with the evil doer’. Gandhi had asked the people to refuse cooperation to
the British colonial rulers in order to protest against the injustice meted
out to them.
(b) The following were the objectives of the non-cooperation movement:
(i) Attaining self government within the British Empire if possible and
outside if necessary.
(ii) Annulment of the Rowlatt Act and remedying the ‘Punjab wrong’,
i.e., the British government should express its regret over happenings
in Punjab and particularly in Amritsar.
(iii) Remedying the ‘Khilafat wrong’, i.e., the British should adopt a lenient
attitude towards Turkey and restore the old status of the Sultan of
Turkey.
(c) The following are the different facets of the impact of the non-cooperation
movement on India’s freedom struggle:
(i) Non-cooperation turned the Indian national movement into a mass
movement since it drew participants from such sections of society as
peasants, workers, students, teachers, women, etc.
(ii) The non-cooperation movement turned the Indian National Congress
from a deliberative body into an organisation for action. It actually
became an organiser and leader of a mass movement.
(iii) The non-cooperation movement brought an element of Hindu-Muslim
unity in national politics by merging the Khilafat issue with that of
non-cooperation.
(iv) The movement promoted prohibition and removal of untouchability.
Many national schools and colleges were also set up in different
parts of the country.
(v) Though the movement had the goal of attaining ‘swaraj’ or self rule
within the British empire and outside it if necessary, it actually
radicalised many of its later actions. Though it failed to achieve swaraj
in the immediate period, it definitely speeded up activities in that
regard.
(vi) While earlier, the activities of the INC had been limited to the urban
areas and involved only the upper classes and castes, the non-
cooperation movement actually extended nationalist politics to every
nook and cranny of the Indian rural landscape. The Congress was
organised into provincial committees at the Nagpur session of
December 1920 and hence began the process of reaching out to the
rural poor through regional endeavours.
(vii) It also instilled a certain confidence among the people and generated
a desire amongst them to challenge colonial rule and attain freedom .
[2014]
10. The Simon Commission was rejected by the Congress as it had no Indians
members. This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination
by the members of the Congress. [2015]
11. (a) Dandi March is the famous march undertaken by Gandhiji. He began
this march from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmadabad to Dandi, a village
located on the sea coast of Gujarat.
12
(b) As the Civil Disobedience Movement could not be suppressed by the

government, a pact known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between
Lord Irwin and Gandhi. Two main features of the Pact were:
(i) While the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience
Movement, the government agreed to withdraw all ordinances and
end persecutions.
(ii) The Congress agreed not to press the government for investigations
into police excesses and the government agreed to release all political
prisoners except those who were guilty of violence. Further, the
government also permitted peaceful picketing of liquor and shops
selling foreign clothes.
(c) In the Second Round Table Conference, many socially backward depressed
classes demanded separate electorates. Apart from them, separate
electorates were also demanded by the Indian Christians, Muslims and
Anglo Indians. The question of granting of dominion status receded into
the background. As the government refused to give dominion status to
India, Gandhi returned to India and restarted the Civil Disobedience
Movement in India. [2015]
12. It was at the 1929 Session that the Indian National Congress passed the
famous Poorna Swaraj Resolution. The Congress President unfurled the Indian
flag for the first time at this session, and Indians were asked to observe 26
January as Independence Day. [2016]
13. (a) Causes for Gandhiji to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement:

Khilafat Movement: The treatment meted out by the British government
to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed Indian Muslims as he was seen as
their religious head. As a result, they started the Khilafat Movement
under the leadership of the Ali brothers— Maulana Azad and Hasrat
Mohani. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to achieve the much desired
Hindu–Muslim unity and made efforts to make common cause with the
Khilafat leaders. He was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat
Conference in 1919 and advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy
of non-cooperation with the British government. The Khilafat leaders
agreed and campaigned accordingly. Thus, the Khilafat Movement
furthered the cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government
to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a
court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and
could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe
restrictions on the movement of individuals and the suspension of the
Right of Habeas Corpus. These were seen as a major breach of trust by
Indians who were expecting the British to deliver on their promise of
providing self-government. Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold
his consent to the Act, but his plea fell on deaf ears.
Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the
subsequent British reaction to it was a watershed event in the Indian
freedom struggle. It led to a huge furore all over the country and hardened
the Congress resolve to attain selfgovernment.
(b) The Uprising of 1942 was named the ‘Quit India Movement’. Two causes
of the Uprising of 1942:
13
Failure of the Cripps’ Mission: The Cripps Mission was sent to India under
Stafford Cripps for suggesting constitutional reforms in India. However,
the proposals of the Mission were soundly rejected by all sections of
Indian society for the following reasons:
 The Cripps’ Mission did not mention any plan of political independence
for India in the near future.
 The plan proposed the partition of India.
 The Muslim League was against the creation of a single union. The
Cripps proposals did not accept the two-nation theory and refused to
recognise the right of self-determination of the Muslims.
 The Hindu Mahasabha rejected the proposals as it was against the
partition of India.
 The Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and labour leaders
refused to accept the proposals as they provided no safeguards for
their interests.
Japanese Threat: As Gandhi said, the British presence in India was
an invitation for the Japanese to attack her. The withdrawal of the
British would remove the bait. The Indian nationalists did not want
to fall into the clutches of Japanese slavery from British colonial
domination. To ensure that this did not happen, the Quit India
Movement was launched.
(c) Following were the different ways in which the Non-Cooperation Movement
affected the nature and course of the broader Indian National Movement:
Indian National Movement became a Mass Movement: For the first time
since its inception, the national movement developed a true mass
character with the participation of different classes—workers, peasants,
women, children, students and professionals—in the Non-Cooperation
Movement.
Instillation of Confidence among Indians: The Non-Cooperation Movement
instilled a new confidence among the Indian nationalists and made them
believe that they could fight the mighty British Empire and gain
independence from it.
The Congress became a Party of Action: The Non-Cooperation Movement
turned the Indian National Congress from a deliberative body to an action-
oriented one. The mass character of the movement boosted the radical
elements within the Congress.
Fostered Communal Harmony: With the assimilation of the Khilafat
demands within the programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement, there
developed a semblance of Hindu–Muslim unity within the larger confines
of the Indian National Movement.
Promotion of Social Reforms: As a result of the benign programmatic
ideals of the movement, major progress was made in the avenue of social
reforms. Untouchability was made undesirable within the Hindu social
fold and efforts were taken to assimilate the downtrodden within the
national mainstream. [2016]
14. The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
against the British attack on Turkey during the First World War. Turkey was
the seat of the Caliph who was considered as the religious head by the Muslims.
The Muslims felt that the weakening of the position of the Caliph would
adversely affect the position of the Muslims. [2017]
14
15. Two provisions of the Rowlatt Act passed by the government in 1919 were:
(i) The government could arrest of any person without a warrant
(ii) Suspension on the Right of Habeas Corpus. [2017]
16. Gandhi served eleven point ultimatum to the British government. One of the
demands was to abolish salt tax. When the government did not give any
response to these demands, he started the historic march to Dandi. [2017]
17. Three provisions of the Gandhi Irwin pact were:

(i) The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and
participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
(ii) The government agreed to withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions.
(iii) It also agreed to release all political prisoners except those who were
guilty of violence. [2017]
18. Two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
(i) Opposition to Simon Commission.
(ii) Lahore - 1929 Session of Congress. [2018]
19. With reference to the picture given below, answer the following question:
(a) (i) Jallianwala Bagh memorial
(ii) Amritsar
(iii) Non-cooperation movement.
(b) (i) On February 5, 1922, around 2000 protesters gathered for picketing
of a liquor shop at the local market in Chauri Chaura.
(ii) Three protesters were killed in police firing.
(iii) The crowd decided to take revenge and set the building on fire.
Twenty-two policemen were burnt alive, including the station sub-
inspector.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi who advocated non-violence was deeply shocked
over this act of violence and decided to suspend the law-breaking
part of the movement.
(c) (i) It taught the virtues of fearlessness and Hindu-Muslim unity.
(ii) Charkha and Indian handloom products gained back their glory.
(iii) It gave a sense of unity-like common language (Hindi), national uniform
(Khadi) and national activity (spinning).
(iv) Establishment of New Educational Institutions.
(v) It was the first mass movement as all sections of society-peasants,
workers, students, women and oppressed people participated in the
movement. [2019]
20. With reference to the National Movement from 1930 to 1947, answer the
following:
(a) Programme of the Movement
(i) Millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt.
(ii) Foreign cloth was burnt openly.
(iii) Non-payment of land revenue.
(b) (i) It was attended by Gandhiji as a sole representative of the Congress,
according to the terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931.
(ii) The conference was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue, with
separate electorates being demanded now not only by Muslims but
also by the Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and
Europeans.
15
(iii) The question of Independence or setting up of a responsible

Government receded into the background.
(iv) The British government refused to concede the immediate grant of
dominion status. Gandhiji returned to India disappointed. [2019]
7. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
1. (a) The following are the reasons for the passing of the ‘Quit India’
resolution.
Failure of the Cripps Mission – The failure of the Cripps Mission had
generated a lot of anger among the Indian masses and the Congress
leaders in particular. The general view was that the British government
was just not prepared to extend even a semblance of self-government to
the Indians. Indian national leaders wanted the Viceroy to act as the
Constitutional Head till a new Constitution was framed. However, the
British rulers did not accept this demand. As a result, the Congress
could no longer remain quiet.
Worsening of the Communal Problem – At the Lahore session of the
Muslim League held in 1940, the demand for the creation of a separate
state for Muslims, ‘Pakistan’, was adopted. Mohammed Ali Jinnah and
other leaders of the League proclaimed that the Muslims could not be
expected to be treated fairly by the Hindu dominated Congress and hence
would have to have their own separate state. This resulted in a worsening
of the already precarious communal situation.
Resignation of the Congress Ministries – The Congress ministries had
resigned on the war issue. Their objection was that the British government
had dragged India into a major war without consulting even the central
legislature or the provincial governments. The British government on its
part did not make any significant attempt to convince the Indians of their
war aims. The Viceroy failed to read out and merely declared Dominion
Status as the aim of British policy in India. Therefore the Congress
Ministries resigned towards the end of October 1939.
The Japanese Threat – Gandhi thought that the situation now called for
complete independence from the British yoke. Only then could the country
deal with an imminent Japanese invasion or any other threat to the
territorial integrity of India.
Failure of the August Offer – The August offer made by the Viceroy Lord
Linlithgow failed to impress the leadership of both the Hindus as well as
the Muslims.
(b) The British government reacted in a violent and repressive manner to
the nonviolent Quit India movement. The State apparatus was used
ruthlessly in the name of maintaining law and order in order to suppress
popular discontent. Mobs of protesting Indians were often lathi charged,
dispersed by the fire of pistols, rifles and occasionally even machine
guns. Captured protestors were subjected to flogging, beatings and extreme
torture. Women were stripped and assaulted and even children were
subjected to atrocities. A huge number of protestors were thrown into
jail without trial with long terms of imprisonment.
The Quit India movement was an important landmark in India’s struggle
for freedom from British colonisation. It instilled a new confidence among
the Indian masses and aroused a spirit of total sacrifice in them. The
16
movement attracted participation from a large number of people including

such varied professions as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, soldiers,
etc. Men and women of all age groups formed the cadre of the movement.
The most important effect of the Quit India Movement was that it made
the British realise that in the context of the crippling effects of the
Second World War on Britain’s resources and the bitter opposition to its
rule India, it would be very difficult to continue ruling the Indians. [2013]
2. (a) The ‘Mass struggle on non-violent lines’ means participation of the common
people peacefully in the National Movement for freedom struggle.
Resolution of Quit India Movement was passed on the 8th of August,
1942 leading to a mass struggle on non-violent lines.
(i) Failure of the Cripps Mission : The failure of the Cripps Mission left no
meeting ground between the Congress and the government. It was clear
from the proposals that the government was not willing to grant
independence in the near future. The Indians were also not happy at the
proposals of Cripps Mission because proposals contained within them
provisions which could divide India into hundreds of independent
provinces.
(ii) War Situation : There was every possibility that India might be attacked
by Japan and the Indians were helpless because they had no power or
means to resist the attack. So, the Indian leaders felt that the situation
called for complete independence. Gandhiji also felt that an orderly and
peaceful withdrawal of the British could save India from internal anarchy
and external aggression.
(iii) Internal Anarchy : The communal situation was worsening day by day.
The Muslim League was demanding a separate state i.e., Pakistan. This
had spoiled the communal situation.
(b) (i) It demonstrated the depth of the national feelings : The movement
showed the depth of the national will and convinced the Britishers
that the days of their domination in India were numbered. People
from all parts of India fought together against the Britishers.
(ii) Setback to the Britishers : Now the British officials had realized
that the British would not be able to retain their hold on India.
(iii) Parallel Government : A significant feature of the Quit India
Movement was the emergence of parallel governments in Ballia in
Uttar Pradesh. Midnapur in Bengal and Satara in Maharashtra.
(iv) Strengthening of the Congress Socialist Party : The Quit India
Movement helped in strengthening the Congress Socialist Party
because of its magnificent and heroic role in the movement, Roles of
Lohia and J.P. Narayan stand out remarkably. [2018]
8. FORWARD BLOC AND THE INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY
4. The main objectives of the Indian National Army were as follows:

(i) To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise
all the forces effectively.
(ii) Total mobilisation of Indian man-power and money for a total war.
17
(iii) To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army of occupation
with modern arms.
(iv) The armed revolution had to be arranged by the Indians living abroad,
particularly in East Asia as it was not possible for the Indians staying in
India to organise it. [2014]
5. The Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Chandra Bose. One of its important
objectives was the establishment of socialism in India. [2015]
6. The Indian National Army proved to be a watershed event. It proved to the

British that apart from non-violent resistance, Indians could explore the option
of armed struggle as well and that it could prove to be a serious threat to
British colonialism. It gave a major boost to the mainstream nationalist morale
and intensified the efforts of the non-violent nationalists towards Indian
independence. [2016]
7. Two objectives of the Indian National Army were:

(i) To organise an armed revolution to fight the British army with modern
arms.
(ii) To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise
all the forces effectively. [2017]
8. (a) Subhash Bose

Political Party - Forward Bloc
Military Organisation - Indian National Army
(b) Forward Bloc’s immediate objective was liberation of India with the support
of workers, peasants, youths and other organisations.
Forward Bloc would work for the establishment of a Socialist State through:
(i) reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines;
(ii) abolition of the Zamindari system; and
(iii) introduction of a new monetary and credit system.
(c) The main objectives of the INA were the following:
(i) To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army of
occupation with modern arms.
(ii) Since it was not possible for the Indians to organise an armed
revolution from their homeland, this task must depend on Indians
living abroad, particularly on Indians living in East Asia.
(iii) To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise
all the forces effectively.
(iv) Total mobilisation of Indian man-power and money for a total war.
(v) The motto of the INA was ‘unity, faith, sacrifice’. [2018]
9. INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
4. The two proposals related to the princely states in the Mountbatten Plan
were as follows:
 All treaties with the princely states would come to an end.
 The princely states would be free to join any one of the dominions
(India or Pakistan) or remain independent. [2013]
18
5. The three members of the Cabinet mission were:

(i) Lord Pethic Lawrence
(ii) Sir Stafford Cripps
(iii) A.V. Alexander [2014]
6. (a) The Viceroy in the picture is Lord Mountbatten.

(b) Lord Mountbatten was sent to India in order to execute the transfer of
power from the British crown to the Indians. The immediate task entrusted
to him was to restore peace among the two warring factions – the Congress
and the League – both in his executive council and the country at large.
(c) Lord Mountbatten felt that the differences between the political leadership
of the major religious communities in India were irresolvable. He also
opined that the Cabinet Mission Plan was unworkable and a partition of
India was necessary if any future trouble was to be avoided. He therefore
intended to execute the transfer of power without any delay.
(d) The following are three important reasons why the Congress accepted
the Mountbatten Plan:
(i) The horrific communal riots that had taken place between the Hindus
and Muslims of the country had resulted in Congress leaders resigning
themselves to the inevitability of the partition of the country.
(ii) The Muslim League had joined the interim government to obstruct
and not to cooperate. The experience of working with its ministers
had made the Congress realise that it would be impossible to work
with them.
(iii) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a weak Centre.
The Congress felt that a smaller India with a strong central authority
was better than a bigger State with a weak centre. [2014]
7. (a) The Cabinet Mission proposed many plans for setting up of a Constitution
making body. It proposed that a Constituent assembly would be set up to
frame a new Constitution of the country. It would consist of 389 members
out of which 296 members would be elected from the British Provinces
and 93 members would be appointed from the Princely States. Further,
the Cabinet Mission proposed that the members of the Constituent
Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. In
order to avoid any delay in making the Constitution, the principle of
adult suffrage was not granted.
(b) Two clauses of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, were:
(i) India would be partitioned and two new Dominions – India and Pakistan
– would be created on August 15, 1947. The Act provided legislative
supremacy of both the Dominions. The territories of the two
Dominions were divided in such terms that Pakistan would comprise
of Sindh, British Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province, West
Punjab and East Bengal. India was to comprise of all the remaining
territories included in British India. The exact boundaries of the
Dominion would be decided by the Boundary Commission.
(ii) The Princely States were free to join either India or Pakistan. They
were also given the choice of not joining either Indian or Pakistan
and remain independent.
(c) Congress accepted the Mountbatten Plan due to the following reasons:
(i) The gruesome communal violence which had engulfed the country
at that point of time had convinced the Congress political leadership
19
that partition was inevitable. Not accepting it would amount to even

more hatred and sectarian violence.
(ii) The Muslim League had joined the Interim government to obstruct
and not to cooperate. Experience of working with the League had
convinced the Congress that it could not run a joint administration
with the League.
(iii) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a weak centre.
A smaller India with a strong central authority was considered to be
better than a bigger State with a weak centre.
(iv) The Congress leaders felt that causing further delay in the transfer
of power would result in the beginning of a civil war in India. [2015]
8. Congress accepted the Mountbatten Plan due to the following reasons:

(i) The gruesome communal violence which had engulfed the country at
that point of time had convinced the Congress political leadership that
partition was inevitable. Not accepting it would amount to even more
hatred and sectarian violence.
(ii) The Muslim League had joined the Interim government to obstruct and
not to cooperate. Experience of working with the League had convinced
the Congress that it could not run a joint administration with the League.
(iii) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a weak centre. A
smaller India with a strong central authority was considered to be better
than a bigger State with a weak centre.
(iv) The Congress leaders felt that causing further delay in the transfer of
power would result in the beginning of a civil war in India. [2016]
9. On 6th August 1945 the first atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. It destroyed
half of the city killing thousands of people. Despite the terrible destruction,
the Japanese still refused to surrender. On 9 th August , 1945 another bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki. So Japan surrendered unconditionally. [2016]
10. Four clauses of the Cabinet Mission Plan were :

(i) The Cabinet mission proposed the formation of the federal union of the
British Provinces and princely states in India. The Central Government
was to have control of the defence, foreign affairs and communications
in the country.
(ii) It was laid down that the Indian Union was to have its own executive and
legislature and Provinces had the power to enjoy complete autonomy for
all subjects other than union subjects.
(iii) The British Provinces were to be divided into groups. There were three
major groups and a province could opt out of any group and join another
by a majority of votes.
(iv) It proposed the setting up of a Constituent Assembly to frame the
Constitution of India. It was to consist of 389 members. The members
were to be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. [2017]
11. (i) Lord Mountbatten.

(ii) Provisions of Indian Independence Act.
 Appointment of Boundry Commission to divide the two proposed
new domonions of India and Pakistan.
 Princely states were free to join either of the two dominions or
remain independent. [2018]
20
12. (i) Division of the Country : The country would be divided into two Dominions
i.e., India and Pakistan.
(ii) Relations between the two new Dominions : It was for the two
Dominions to decide what relations they would have with the British
Commonwealth and with each other.
(iii) The Constituent Assembly : The existing Constituent Assembly would
continue to work, but the Constitution framed by it would not be applied
to Pakistan. A separate Constituent Assembly would be constituted for
those parts which decided in favour of partition.
(iv) The Princely States : The Princely States would be free to choose their
own option, (either join India or Pakistan) and treaties signed with them
would soon come to an end.
(v) A Boundary Commission : A Boundary Commission would be set up to
decide about the boundary disputes.
(vi) Partition of Bengal and Punjab : The provinces of Bengal and Punjab
were also to be divided as per the opinion of their respective Legislative
Assemblies.
(vii) Sindh : The Legislative Assembly of Sindh was to take its own decision at
a special meeting.
(viii) North-West Frontier Province : A plebiscite was to be held in the North-
West Frontier Province to ascertain whether the people wanted to join
India or Pakistan.
(ix) The District of Sylhet : The Muslim majority district of Sylhet was to decide
by referendum whether it would join East Bengal or remain in Assam.
(x) Act for Transfer : The British Parliament would pass an Act for the
transfer of power before August 15, 1947. [2018]
13. (i) Non-Cooperative attitude of the League : The League had joined the
Interim Government to obstruct the working of the Congress and not to
cooperate with it.
(ii) Communal Riots : The large scale communal riots that engulfed the
whole country convinced all that the only solution to the communal
problem lay in the partition of India. These riots were the outcome of
‘Direct Action Day’ observed by the League. [2019]
14. (i) Cabinet Mission: It recommended a two-tier federal type of government

for the whole of India including British India and Princely States.
(ii) Central Government was to have important subjects under its jurisdiction,
namely defence, foreign affairs and communication and also have the
power to raise finances required for these subjects.
(i) Formation of Interim Government : An Interim Government would be
formed at the Centre with 14 members. For the time being the Viceroy
would reconstitute his Executive Council consisting of representatives of
all communities.
(ii) Freedom to join the Commonwealth : The Union of India would be free
to remain in or walk out of the British Common wealth.
(iii) Representation of Minorities : Separate representation was to be given
to Muslim and Sikhs. [2019]
21
10. THE FIRST WORLD WAR
6. The immediate cause of the First World War was the Sarajevo Crisis.
The crisis took place on 28th June 1914, when the crown prince of Austria,
Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated at Sarajevo
(Capital city of Bosnia). It was traced that the assassination was planned by
the ‘Black Hand’ – patriotic terrorists of a secret society in Serbia - because
they wanted to unite all south Serbians under a single Serbian state. However,
Austria sent them an ultimatum. The Serbian government refused to accept
some of the demands, resulting in Austria declaring war against Serbia.
[2013]
7. (a) The following are two important terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
(i) It held Germany responsible of aggression that resulted in the war.
(ii) It confirmed that Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
were completely independent nation-states.
(b) Two factors responsible for the failure of the League of Nations were:
(i) The League of Nations could not take any effective action against
China when it attacked Manchuria, or when Italy attacked Abyssinia.
(ii) The USA never joined the League. This was a major setback as USA
was a major world power.
(c) Two functions of the General Assembly are:
(i) To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
(ii) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of
cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
[2014]
8. The two rival blocs formed in Europe before World War I were the ‘Triple
Entente’ and the ‘Triple Alliance’. [2015]
9. (a) Militant nationalism was one of the major causes of the War of 1914.
Militant nationalism arose in Europe in the latter part of the 19th century.
It meant outright wars by the European countries to achieve their goals.
Militant nationalism included two main features: First, the mechanism
of maintaining great large standing armies and navies. This was
accompanied by espionage, suspicion, fear and hatred, etc. Second, the
existence of a powerful class of military and naval officers, headed by
staff, who tended to dominate, especially at a time of political crisis, over
the civilian authorities. Militant nationalism was caused by aggressive
nationalism, economic competition and international tension.
Aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s own country and hatred
towards other countries. Each nation thought about its own national
interests and did not care for the interests of the other nations. Countries
developed expansionist policies in the name of nationalism. Therefore,
military might became synonymous with national prestige and power,
and all countries began to increase their military power.
By the end of the 19th century, England and France had built up huge
colonial empires in the continents of Asia and Africa. These colonies
provided raw material for their industries and acted as a readily available
market for their finished products. As a result, even newly emergent
nations like Russia, Italy and Japan made efforts to acquire colonies. As
the scramble for colonies became fiercer, the political situation became
more and more hostile, which resulted in the War of 1914.
22
(b) The Treaty of Versailles crippled Germany’s military strength in the

following ways:
(i) The Rhine Valley was demilitarised and the German territory located
to the west of the Rhine Valley was occupied by the troops of the
Allies for next 15 years.
(ii) The strength of the German army was reduced. While the number of
soldiers was restricted to one lakh, the navy was limited to only
15,000 men and 24 ships.
(iii) Use of air force and submarines was banned.
(c) The peace treaties signed after the First World War dramatically altered
the political map of the world and of Europe in particular. Three ruling
dynasties were destroyed – the Romanovs in Russia during the War itself,
the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary. Soon
after the war, the Ottoman Empire of Turkey ceased to exist. Austria and
Hungary became separate independent States and so did Czechoslovakia
and Yugoslavia. Multicultural and multiethnic empires came to an end and
in their place largely culturally and ethnically homogenous nation states
emerged. These included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.
Alsace and Lorraine were restored to France and Schleswig-Holstein was
restored to Denmark. [2015]
10. (a) The immediate cause of the First World War was the assassination of
Archduke Francis Ferdinand who was the heir to the throne of Austria
and Hungary. He was assassinated at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on
28 June 1914. The assassination was planned by a secret society named
‘Black Hand’ which aimed at uniting all Serbians into a single Serbian
state. After his assassination, Austria served an ultimatum to Serbia
making eleven demands. Serbia accepted most demands but refused some.
As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Russia
supported Serbia and started making preparations for war. On 1 August
1914, Germany declared war on Russia. On 4 August, Britain declared
war on Germany. Soon after many countries joined the war.
(c) Four terms of the treaty of Versailles which affected Germany after
World War I were:
(i) Germany was held guilty of aggression. She was required to pay a
huge war reparations of 33 billion dollars for the losses of the victorious
nations.
(ii) The Rhine Valley in Germany was to be demilitarised, and German
territory to the west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for
15 years.
(iii) Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France and Schleswig to Denmark
and coal mines in Saar, Germany, were given to France for 15 years.
(iv) The size of the German army and navy was restricted, and its air
force and submarines were banned. [2017]
11. (a) (i) There was a scramble among the European nations for new territories
in Africa and Asia in the 19th century. Most of the countries were
occupied by Britain and rest by France, Spain, Holland, Portugal and
Belgium. These colonies were used as captive markets for the sale of
goods. Germany was left behind. But when Germany entered the
race of establishing colonies and wanted a share in the world market,
then Britain, France etc. became concerned. This was the beginning
23
of clashes between Germany and other colonial powers.
Moreover, there were small wars between France and Italy over Tunis;
Britain and Russia over Persia; France and Germany over the control
of Morocco and Britain and France over their possession in Egypt and
Sudan.
(ii) Nationalism had become competitive and aggressive. Love for ones
nation meant hatred towards the other. France and Germany were
old rivals as Germany had seized its provinces, Alsace and Lorraine
in the Franco-Prussian War 1871. Competitive nationalism, economic
competition and international tension led to piling up of stock of
weapons. Britain and France felt concerned with German war-
preparations and growing strength, hence they were forced to enter
the arms race.
(b) (1)
(i) The German territory to the West of Rhine Valley was to be occupied
by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
(ii) Germany was to return Alsace and Lorraine to France.
(iii) She was to hand over Eupen and Molmedy to Belgium.
(iv) She also had to give Schleswig to Denmark.
(v) The German city of Danzing was made a free port in the Polish territory.
(2) (i) Britain and France shared Togoland and the Cameroons.
(ii) Other German colonies were shared between England, Belgium,
Portugal and South Africa.
(iii) Japan was given Shantung and fort Kiao-chow in China.
(iv) New Zealand was given Samoa Islands. [2018]
12. The German army was disbanded. She was allowed to keep only one lakh
soldiers. The air force and sub marines were also banned. Her navy
was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. [2019]
13. Germany, Austria - Hungany and Italy signed the Triple Alliance in 1882. [2019]
14. The league of Nations was established to prevent was and promote
international cooperation. It was created in accordance with Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points. [2019]
11. RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS IN EUROPE
3. (a) The leader in the picture is Adolf Hitler.

(b) The four factors that led to the rise of dictatorships in Germany and Italy
are as follows:
The Treaty of Versailles – The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were
humiliating to say the least. The treaty was especially harsh on the
German nation. The Germans were forced to cede large chunks of their
territory in Europe to France, Poland, Belgium and Denmark. The overseas
possessions were also taken from Germany and divided among the Allies.
The total strength of the once powerful German army was significantly
reduced by the treaty. This caused bitter resentment among the Germans.
Dissatisfaction of Italy with the Peace Treaties – Italy had joined the war
on the side of the Allies and contributed a great deal to the Allied triumph.
However, when it came to sharing the spoils of the war, the other powers
24
of the alliance had sidetracked Italy. It was felt by the Italians that
despite investing a great deal in the War, both in terms of men and
money, they had not gained much due to the self-centred approach of
their Allies. Hence, there was great dissatisfaction among the Italians.
Economic Conditions – The repercussions of the First World War were
especially severe in Italy and Germany. In Italy, war debts and budget deficits
were putting a great strain on State finances. Urban professionals, peasants,
industrial labourers were feeling the pinch of the post War inflation. While
there were agrarian riots in the countryside, strikes in the urban centres
were increasing. In Germany also, people were suffering from many economic
hardships. Condition was even worse in Germany in terms of inflation and
unemployment. In addition to its economic woes, the Allied countries had
imposed huge reparations on Germany as war indemnity.
Political Instability – The post War governments in Germany and Italy
were politically weak as well as corrupt and inefficient. The political
leadership in both Germany and Italy had failed to respond to the needs
of their people. Italy had failed to control the industrial and agrarian
riots whereas the government in Germany was despised as a symbol of
the Versailles Treaty humiliation.
(c) Hitler had been demanding the possession of the Polish Corridor and the
port of Danzig for a long time. His contention was that these parts were
mainly occupied by the German speaking people and hence had to be
assimilated with Germany. By occupying these territories, he could
connect East Prussia with Germany. To this end, Poland was accused of
committing atrocities on its German speaking subjects. Using this and
other excuses, Hitler attacked Poland.
Fascism and Nazism as ideologies are similar in many respects. To begin
with, both believe in the concept of autocratic rule, the phenomenon of
one ‘Leader’. They have an inherent distaste for democratic governance
and provide elaborate arguments to demonstrate the inefficiency of the
democratic system. Although having an explicit preference for totalitarian
power structure (Nazis even called themselves ‘National Socialists’) both
ideologies are staunchly anti-Communist. Both are jingoistic in
orientation, glorify war and violence and are professedly anti-intellectual.
[2013]
4. (a) The leader in the picture is Benito Mussolini. He was the leader of the
Fascist Party of Italy and later became Italy’s dictator. He occupied the
Islands of Rhodes, Dodecanese and the city of Fiume. He also forcibly
captured Abyssinia in 1936. When this led to outrage in the League of
Nations, he withdrew Italy’s membership from the League.
(b) Three factors which led to the rise of Fascism in Italy:
Discontent after the Treaty of Versailles: Italy joined the Allies in the
First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. However, by
the Treaty of Versailles, she managed to secure only Southern Tyrol and
Trentino, and the coastal regions of Dalmatia.
Economic Crisis: Italy suffered heavy losses during the First World War in
terms of life and property. After the war, she faced large-scale unemployment,
especially among soldiers. There was also a severe shortage of food grains.
Political Instability: Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time in
1919. However, the elections failed to give a clear majority to any one
25
party. As a result, there was severe political instability in the country and
between 1919 and 1922, Italy saw the rule of six coalition governments.
The coalitions had to have several parties within their fold, which in turn
resulted in fragmented policy-making and execution. These coalition
governments were not able to deal with crises such as unemployment,
strikes and riots which took place during 1921–22. This situation was
exploited by the Fascists under Mussolini who promised a strong and
decisive national government.
(c) Similarities between Fascism and Nazism:
 Both ideologies had faith in totalitarian rule. Both despised democracy
and its political institutions.
 Both ideologies held the view that the State is supreme and it could
suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
 Both upheld one party and one leader for a State.
 Both believed in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
 Both regarded war as an instrument for furthering national interests.
 Both preferred ultra nationalistic, anti-communist and anti-democrati
rule. [2016]
5. Similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism :

(i) Totalitarian governments with centralised military rule.
(ii) Anti-communism and Anti-Democracy. [2018]
6. With reference to the Rise of Dictatorships and the Second War, answer the
following:
(a) (1) The war had caused a great economic strain on Italy’s economy :
(i) Thousands of war veterans were unemployed after the war.
(ii) The employed workers were under-paid and their working conditions
were not satisfactory.
(iii) There was a steep price rise and inflation in the country.
(iv) There were frequent strikes, lock-outs, food riots.
(v) War debts and deficit budgets hit them worst.
(vi) Italy suffered from industrial and trade recession.
(2) In 1919, a democratic government was introduced in Italy. But there
came series of short-lived coalition governments with neither consistency
nor continuity in their policies. These governments failed to deal with
lawlessness and food riots in the country. The workers broke the
machinery and captured the factories. The industrialists who were sick
of the labour unrest and sabotages financed the ‘Fascios’ to break these
industrial strikes.
(3) Italy had joined the First World War on the side of Britain and France in
1915. She hoped to get large territories such as Trentino, Trieste, Istria,
Fiume, coastal regions of Dalmatia, Albania and some parts of Germany
and Turkey after their victory. But the Paris Peace Treaties gave her
nothing from the defeated German and Turkish
empires.Hence Italians felt badly cheated by their wartime Allies.
(b) (1) Though England and France were victors but their status and economic
position was lowered. Large scale production, minimum loss during
26
the war and possession of atom bomb made the USA as one of the
Super Powers of the world. Another Super power was the Soviet Union.
The Russian empire was greatly expanded. It included half of Poland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and many parts in Germany. It
also emerged as a dominant power in world politics and occupied
position of a leader of the Communist Bloc.
Two Power Blocs emerged after the Second World War. They were :
(i) The American Bloc
(ii) The Soviet Bloc.
(2) The horrors of the two World Wars and failure of the League of Nations
forced the Allied powers to create the United Nations Organisation.
The U.N. was established on October 24, 1945 with its headquarters
at the New York, the USA to save the coming generation from the
scourge of another War. It is the largest organisation with more than
190 member states. It has been there for about 6 decades and serving
for peace and mankind.
(3) The War shattered the colonial empires of Britain, France, Portugal,
Germany, Italy, etc. A desire of freedom gained ground in the people
of the colonies of Asia and Africa. India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya
who were under Britain, became free. The East-Indies became free
from the Dutch rule; Indo-China became free from French rule. The
British, the French, Portuguese colonies in African continent also
set free.
(c) Germay, Italy and Japan formaed an alliance called the Axis Powers.
Their opponemts led by Britain, France, U.S.A and Soviet Russia come to
be know as Allied powers. [2019]
12. THE SECOND WORLD WAR
2. The Cold War can be said to be a condition of extreme political unfriendliness

and hostilities between two equally powerful states or groups of states. In the
context of world history, it was a ‘war without weapons’ between two power
blocs led by the USA and the USSR. [2013]
3. Two factors responsible for the failure of the League of Nations were:
(i) The League of Nations could not take any effective action against China
when it attacked Manchuria, or when Italy attacked Abyssinia.
(ii) The USA never joined the League. This was a major setback as USA was
a major world power. [2014]
4. (a) (i) The rise of extreme nationalism in the form of Fascism and Nazism
pushed the world towards the Second World War. Mussolini, the leader
of the Fascists in Italy, established a dictatorship and committed his
nation to the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and later to a ten year
alliance with Germany in 1939. He also attacked Abyssinia in
pursuance of his imperialistic designs. On this, the League of Nations
failed to take any action, which exposed the political weakness of
the League. In Germany, the rise of Hitler and his brand of Nazism
made conditions explosive. He flouted the military clauses in the
27
Treaty of Versailles and declared re-armament. In 1938, he annexed

Austria and attacked Czechoslovakia.
(ii) The Japanese policy of imperial expansion was another important cause
for the outbreak of the Second World War. In pursuance of its
imperialistic ambitions, Japan intervened in Manchuria in 1931,
occupied it and set up a government despite the League of Nation’s
opposition. The Japanese also started an undeclared war against China
in the same year. Despite China’s cries of help, the League of Nations
took no action. Japan also joined the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis to further
its policy of conquest and expansion. In 1933, it left the League of
Nations and began to occupy British and American properties in China.
Still, the leading members of the League continued their policy of
appeasement. Thus, this chronology of events contributed significantly
to the eventual outbreak of the Second World War.
(b) The major destruction caused by the two World Wars and the abject
failure of the League of Nations to deal with it compelled the Big Three –
Roosevelt of USA, Churchill of Britain and Stalin of Russia – to meet at
Yalta in February 1945. They resolved to convene a conference of the
representatives of all nations at San Francisco to draw up the ‘Charter of
United Nations’. This led to the establishment of the United Nations
Organisation on October 24, 1945. [2014]
5. The policy of appeasement means a policy of conciliating with an aggressive

power at the cost of some other weak country. It meant accepting the hostile
demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace. Britain, America, and France
followed the policy of appeasement towards Germany under Hitler. [2017]
6. Japan invaded China as it was following the policy of expansion. [2017]
7. USA and Soviet Union had fought together during the Second World War. But
by the end of the war, ideological differences began to appear between both
nations. While USA was following the capitalist model of economy, Soviet
Union was following communism. This resulted in ideological differences
between them. Although both countries did not engage in an actual fight
with each other, there was uneasy political tension between the two. Both
countries followed policies to strengthen themselves and to weaken the other.
This period of uneasy tension and political instability is known as the Cold
War. Both countries formed alliances and began piling up nuclear weapons.
There were economic warfare, propagandas and proxy wars between the two
countries. Although USA and the Soviet Union never fought a war with each
other, they were extremely hostile to the other. [2017]
8. (i) Rise of Dictatorship : The rulers of Germany, Italy, Japan believed in

aggressive nationalism. They wanted to acquire colonies for their countries
to satisfy their nationalist urges and for their economic interests. Italy
annexed Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Albania. Japan annexed Manchuria;
Germany annexed its neighbouring states like Austria and Czechoslovakia ;
Soviet Russia too pounced upon the weak countries of Eastern Europe and
Central Asia. Again there was a war between China and Japan in 1937, and
many Chinese cities fell into Japanese hands. The League of Nations failed
to check their aggressive policies of territorial annexation.
28
(ii) Arms Race : In order to achieve the territorial gains, Italy, Germany and
Japan began producing firearms, tanks, warships, aircraft and other weapons
of destruction at large scale. The Disarmament Conferences failed to stop
the stock piling of arms and ammunition. Also, the League Nations failed in
this regard.
The European nations began to doubt Hitler’s motives. They formed power
blocs for their securities. So, before the outbreak of the Second World War.
Europe was divided into rival camps.
(iii) Japanese Aggression : She was determined to dominate the Far East. In
1931, Japan intervened in Manchuria and, in spite of the League’s opposition,
she occupied it and set up a government there. Japan also started an
undeclared war against China in 1931.
Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis to form the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis
to further its policy of expansion and conquest. In 1933, Japan left the
League of Nations and started occupying the British and American
properties in China.
(iv) Failure of League of Nations : The League was either defied or ignored.
The authority of the League was flouted by Japan when it seized
Manchuria in 1931; and by Italy when it conquered Ethiopia in 1936. The
economic sanctions were of no use against a determined aggressor.
Moreover, the member states were not willing to apply economic sanctions
as it affected their economy as well. The League failed to maintain
international peace and the countries of Europe lost fiath in its
usefulness.
On one side, there was England, France and Russia and, on the other,
there was Italy, Germany and Japan.
(v) Immediate cause : The immediate cause of the outbreak of the Second
World War was Germany’s aggressive attack on Poland on September 1,
1939. On September 3, 1939, Britain and France declared a war against
Germany and there began the Second World War. In August, 1939
Germany signed a non-aggression Pact with Russia. [2018]
9. (i)
(a) Defeat of Germany and Italy :
(i)Up to the middle of 1942, the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan)
met with remarkable success and captured large territories in Europe,
Africa and Asia. But by the end of 1942, the tide began to turn
against the Axis Powers.
(ii) In November 1942, the Allied forces (Britain, France, the Soviet Union
and the USA) recaptured African territories lost by France. This was
followed by their victory over Italy. The Allied Powers forced Italy to
make an unconditional surrender and sign an armistice.
(iii) In March 1945, the Allied forces moved across the Rhine and dealt a
death-blow to the German forces. Hitler was so disapponted with
the defeat of Germany that the he committed suicide.
(b) Recapture of Territories from Japan :
(i) After the defeat of Germany, the Allied Powers turned their attention
towards Japan. In South East Asia, Japan had won victories over a
number of countries and had occupied Hong Kong, Philippines,
Malaya, Singapore, Myanmar, parts of New Guinea and Indonesia.
29
(ii) The British forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and

Singapore. In the Potsdam Conference held on July 26, 1945, the
Allied Powers asked Japan to surrender, but Japan turned a deaf ear.
(iii) Consequently, America dropped the first atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki on August 6, 1945 and August 9, 1945 respectively.
Japan offered to surrender on the terms of Potsdam declaration and
the war came to an end.
(c) Conference of World representatives post World War II :
(i) The horrors of the two World Wars and the failure of the League of
Nations led to a meeting of the Big Three- Roosevelt (President of
the US, Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain) and Stalin (Premier of
the USSR) at Yalta in February 1945. They resolved to convene a
conference of the representatives of all nations at San Francisco to
draw up the ‘Charter of the United Nations’.
This led to the establishment of the United Nations Organisation on
October 24, 1945.
(ii) The two rival blocks that were against each other during Second world
war were Allied powers comprising of Britain, France, USA, Soviet Union
and Axis powers comprising of Germany, Italy and Japan. [2019]
13. THE UNITED NATIONS
7. (a) The United Nations Security Council consists of 15 members in total.

There are 5 permanent members – USA, Britain, France, China and
Russia. The rest 10 nonpermanent members are elected by the United
Nations General Assembly by a twothirds majority for a two year term.
(b) The primary responsibility of the Security Council is the maintenance of
peace and security in the world. This function is performed by the Council
in the following fashion:
 The Security Council may investigate any dispute or situation which
might lead to international friction.
 It may recommend appropriate methods for the settlement of disputes
by negotiation, mediation, arbitration or judicial settlements.
 To maintain peace, the Security Council may impose economic
sanctions against the aggressors and even severe diplomatic relations
with rogue countries. [2013]
8. Two functions of the General Assembly are:

(i) To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
(ii) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation,
in the maintenance of international peace and security. [2014]
9. (a) The objectives and purposes of the United National Organisation as an

effective peace keeping organisation were:
(i) To maintain international peace and security; to take collective
measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace and to
suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace.
(ii) To develop friendly relations among nations of the world based on
30
respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of

people.
(iii) To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic,
social, cultural or humanitarian problems and encouraging respect
of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
(iv) To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment
of these common ends. [2015]
10. (a) Three aims and objectives of the United Nations Organisation were:
(i) To maintain international peace and security. It also aims to develop
friendly relations among nations.
(ii) It works towards achieving international cooperation in resolving
international, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(iii) It aims to work diligently for establishing peaceful relations among
countries.
(b) Three functions of the Security Council are:
(iv) To maintain international peace and security
(v) To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to
international tension or conflicts
(vi) To establish plans for the establishment of a system to regulate
armaments. [2017]
11. Axis Bloc in WWII - Germany, Italy and Japan. [2018]
12. (a) Functions of the International Court of Justice :

1. If the treaties provide, then it can hear cases of dispute between two
or more nations and decide it.
2. Disputes between Nations relating to reparation or interpretation of
International law are heard by it.
3. The General Assembly, the Security Council, the other U.N. Organs
and Agencies may ask the International Court of Justice (I.C.J.) to
give its advice within the scope of their activities.
4. It codifies the International law by thoroughly examining International
conventions, customs, Judicial decisions and general principles of law.
5. It evolves the procedure of peaceful settlement of disputes.
6. Each country is obligated to comply with the decision of the I.C.J. to
which dispute it was a party.
(b) The General-Assembly consists of all the members of the United Nations.
Every member state can send a maximum of five representatives to the
General Assembly but at the time of voting a state is entitled to cast only
one vote. It means that all member states have equal status. [2018]
13. The negative vote of a permanent member of the Security Council of the
united Nations is called a veto. The Council is powerless uses the veto
power. [2019]
31
14. MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
4. The role of the UNESCO in promoting science and technology is as follows:

 It helps in establishing science and technology institutes in all parts of
the world.
 It arranges conferences of scientists from all over the world.
 It offers engineering and technological grants and schemes in many
developing countries.
 It provides information through bulletins, journals and exhibitions.
 The UNESCO also promotes the study of social sciences. [2013]
5. The United Nations Children’s Fund was started after the Second World War
to deliver relief to children and mothers after World War II. Its functions are:
(i) UNICEF works for the protection of children in matters of their survival,
health and well being. This is done in cooperation with private individuals,
civic groups, governments and the private sector.
(ii) The UNICEF supplies technical assistance, equipment and other aids. It
provides paper for children’s textbooks, medical equipment and medicines
for health clinics, pipes and pumps for clean water supply in villages, etc.
(iii) It provides help to children and mothers caught in emergency situations
caused by natural calamities, civil strife, epidemic, etc. [2015]
6. UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund

UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
[2016]
7. Two functions of the UNESCO in the field of education are

(i) It works for the eradication of illiteracy by encouraging adult education,
distant education and open school system.
(ii) It provides financial assistance to the disabled children. [2017]
8. United Nations Education and Scientific and Cultured Organisation. [2018]
9. Major functions of the UNICEF :

(i) Provision of Food : It helps in providing protective food like, milk, meat,
fish and fats to the children and pregnant women.
(ii) Health Services : UNICEF provides funds for the training of health and
sanitation workers. It supplies medical equipment to rural health-centres.
It makes effort to prevent diseases like T.B., malaria etc.
(iii) Education : It builds schools and helps to train teachers. It also supplies
paper to publish literature relating to children.
(iv) Emergency Services : It also provides emergency services during natural
calamities or war. For example, during the war period, relief camps were
set up by the UNICEF in Afghanistan.
(v) Provision of Basic Services : It supplies equipment like pipes and pumps
for getting clean drinking water for villagers. It assists government to
plan, develop and extend, in both rural and urban areas, low cost
community based services.
32
Major Functions of WHO

(i) To promote and co-ordinate research in the field of health, to finance
research projects in their priority areas.
(ii) To set international standards for food, water, biological and
pharmaceutical products such as drugs, medicines and vaccines.
(iii) To assist Governments (on their request) to provide safe drinking water
to the nations of the world.
(iv) To fight diseases throughout the world, to prevent their spread at the
source. It launched programme to immunise children against six major
diseases – Measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Polio and Whooping
Cough.
(v) For medical and scientific information, it has built a splendid library on
Medical Sciences at Geneva. [2018]
10. The two rival blocks that were against each other during Second world war
were Allied powers comprising of Britain, France, USA, Soviet Union and
Axis powers comprising of Germany, Italy and Japan [2019]
15. NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
5. The two architects of NAM were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Marshal
Tito of Yugoslavia. [2013]
6. (a) Non Alignment is the international policy of a sovereign state according

to which it does not align itself with any of the power blocs and at the
same time actively participates in international affairs to promote
international peace, harmony and cooperation. The main features of the
policy of non-alignment are as follows:
(i) A non aligned country does not align itself with any power bloc.
(ii) It does not join military alliances like NATO, Warsaw Pact, etc.
(iii) It protects its sovereignty completely and takes its foreign policy decisions
independent of outside influence.
(iv) Non alignment is not passive and hence the states involved actively
participate in world affairs and international politics.
(v) It explicitly upholds the rights of all people to freedom and justice without
any discrimination.
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru can be justly called the initiator of the Non-Aligned
Movement. Having realised that getting involved in the power politics of
the two Cold War military blocs would only bring death and destruction,
he advocated that the newly independent nations of Africa and Asia should
maintain equidistance from both the camps. He advocated mutual respect
for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. It was him who
gradually convinced the newly independent colonies to accept the concept
of non-alignment.
Despite Nehru’s preference for western liberalism and democracy and
his ideological inclination towards socialism, he did not support the
military alliances led by US and USSR. He opposed them based on his
conviction that these encouraged imperialism and colonialism and led to
arms races. His brand of non-alignment refused to become a third power
bloc but instead pursued freedom of decision making for the recently
decolonised states.
33
Thus, under Nehru’s leadership, India initiated and supported many

endeavours to promote the principles of non-alignment. This included
the sponsorship of a 1962 UN Resolution, calling upon the member nations
to take diplomatic and economic steps against the apartheid regime in
South Africa. Nehru was also in favour of disarmament and abolition of
nuclear stockpiles. It was in pursuance of this goal that India signed a
treaty in 1963 for banning of atomic tests. [2014]
7. Non-Alignment is the international policy of a sovereign State according to

which it does not align itself to any of the power blocs. However, at the same
time, it actively participates in international affairs with a view to preserve
and promote world peace, harmony and cooperation. The Non-Aligned
Movement was launched by the newly independent colonies of Asia and Africa
in order to preserve their sovereignty and avoid getting dragged into the Cold
War. [Non-Aligned Movement] [2015]
8. Principles of ‘Panchsheel’ :
(i) Mutual non aggression.
(ii) Mutual respect for territorial integrity. [2018]
34
CIVICS
QUESTION BANK
BOARD PAPER ANSWER - 2009 TO 2019
1. THE UNION PARLIAMENT
12. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected from among the members of the
House by a simple majority of the members’ votes. [2013]
13. The Vice-President can cast a vote in the Rajya Sabha in order to break a tie
[2013]
14. The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution and hence it is called a
‘Permanent House’. [2014]
15. The Lok Sabha must meet twice each year, with no more than six months
between sessions [2014]
16. (a) The tenure of the members of the Lok Sabha is five years, if the Lok Sabha
is not dissolved earlier. When a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation,
the life of the House may be extended by no more than one year at a time.
In the case of the Rajya Sabha, one-third of its members retire at the end
of every second year. So in effect, the term of the members of the Rajya
Sabha is 6 years.
(b) The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552. Out of this number, up to
530 represent the States and not more than 20 represent the Union
Territories. Besides, 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community may be
nominated by the President in case he feels that the community is not
adequately represented. The allotment of members to the States is roughly
on population basis.
The Rajya Sabha consists of not more than 250 members. Out of these, 12
members are nominated by the President from among people having special
knowledge or experience in literature, science, art or social service. The
remainder of the members are elected by the people from the States and
Union Territories. The allocation of seats among the States and the Union
Territories is done on the basis of the population.
(c) The following are the powers of the Parliament with regards to the Union
List and the Concurrent List respectively:
(i) The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the 97
subjects enumerated in the Union List. These include important
subjects like Defence, Communications, Foreign Policy, etc.
(ii) Along with the State Legislative Assemblies, the Parliament can also
make laws on the 47 topics enumerated in the Concurrent List. If
there is a conflict between the Union Parliament and the State
Legislature on a law in this list, the Constitution dictates that the
Union Law shall prevail. [2014]
17. The two houses of the Indian Parliament are the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Sabha. [2015]
18. The President nominates two representatives belonging to the Anglo-Indian

community. [2015]
36
19. Quorum is the minimum number of members required, i.e. one-tenth of the
total strength of the House, to hold the meetings of the Lok Sabha. If the
quorum is not met then the Speaker has the right to adjourn the meeting.
[2015]
20. One provision of the Constitution which clearly establishes the supremacy of
the Lok Sabha with regards to money bill is that it can be introduced only in
the Lok Sabha. [2015]
21. The Vice-President is considered as the Chairman or the Presiding Officer of

the Rajya Sabha. [2015]
22. (a) The maximum strength of the members of the Rajya Sabha or the Council
of States is 250 members. Out of the 250 members, 238 are elected by
the States in the Union, while 12 are nominated by the President from
among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in
matters such as literature, science, art and social science.
(b) The qualifications required to become a member of the Rajya Sabha are:
(i) She/he should be an Indian citizen.
(ii) She/he should be at least 30 years and above.
(iii) She/he should not hold any office of profit under the government.
(iv) She/he should not be a proclaimed criminal.
(v) She/he should be of a sound mind.
(vi) She/he should have her/his name in the electoral list in any part of
the country.
(vii) She/he should not be an insolvent, i.e. should not be in debt, and
have the ability to pay her/his financial commitments.
(c) Term of the House: Each member of the Rajya Sabha has a 6 year term.
One-third of its total members retire every two years and new members
are elected to fill the vacated seats. Therefore, the Rajya Sabha is a
permanent house which is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha.
Two Legislative Powers:
(i) Money bills cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.
(ii) No bill can become a law unless passed by both the Houses of the
Parliament.
(iii) When there is a case of disagreement, the President can summon
both the Houses in a joint meeting. [2015]
23. Residuary powers of the Parliament mean that it can make laws with respect
to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three Lists—
Union List, State List and Concurrent List. [2016]
24. The normal term of office for the Lok Sabha is 5 years unless it is dissolved
earlier. [2016]
25. An ordinary bill is that one subject wherein the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Sabha enjoy co-equal powers in legislation of laws. [2016]
37
26. In the absence of the Vice President of India (Ex-officio Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha), the Deputy Chairman elected by the Rajya Sabha presides over
its meeting and performs all the functions and duties of the Chairman.
[2016]
27. After each General Election to the Lok Sabha and at the Commencement of
the first session of each year, the President addresses a Joint Session of the
Parliament. [2016]
28. (a) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected from among its own members by
a simple majority of those who are present and voting. It is done soon
after the newly elected House meets for the first time.
The two disciplinary functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha are
 She/he has to maintain order in the House. When members become
uncontrollable, she/he may have to order them to withdraw. Also,
she/he has the right to suspend members if they disregard the
authority of the Chair. He can also adjourn the House in case of
disorder.
 The Speaker can expunge indecent and unparliamentary words used
by the members in the House.
(c) The Lok Sabha is considered more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because
of the following reasons:
 Motion of No-Confidence can be moved and passed only in the Lok
Sabha. If it is passed, the Government has to resign. As the Rajya
Sabha does not have any power over such motion, it is considered
not to have real power over the executive.
 Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Also, after it is
passed from the Lok Sabha, it is then sent to the Rajya Sabha, where
it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days.
 In case of a deadlock over an ordinary bill, the will of the Lok Sabha
prevails as its numerical strength is double that of the Rajya Sabha.
[2016]
29. The Constitution of India has provided for three legislative lists which
enumerate the subjects of administration- Union List, State List and the
Concurrent List. Only the Central Government can frame laws on the subjects
included in the Union List and state government can frame laws on the
subjects included in the State List. In Concurrent List both the governments
can frame laws. [2017]
30. The members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly of each state in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by a means of single transferable vote. [2017]
31. The Speaker Lok Sabha presides over the joint Session of the two Houses of
the Parliament. [2017]
32. Speaker can only cast his vote when both- the government and the opposition
get equal votes on a particular law or a motion. [2017]
38
33. The Rajya Sabha can retain the money bill sent by the Lok Sabha for 14 days.
[2017]
34. (a) Three ways in which the Legislature exercise control over the Executive
are:
(i) Vote of No-Confidence: If the Vote of No-Confidence Motion is passed
by the members of the House against the Prime Minister or his cabinet,
the Prime Minister along with his cabinet has to resign.
(ii) Monetary Control: The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts
ensures that the government spends public money in accordance with
the Parliament’s decisions.
(iii) Adjournment Motions: Parliament can pass the adjournment motions
for censuring the acts of the omission and commission of the minister.
(b) Three Special powers of the Rajya Sabha that is usually not enjoyed by
the Lok Sabha are:
(i) Normally, the Parliament cannot make laws on the state subjects.
But Rajya Sabha by passing a resolution with two third majority can
empower the Parliament to make laws on the state list.
(ii) The Rajya Sabha can declare that the creation of new All- India
Services be made in the national subjects.
(iii) Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before
or after the declaration of national emergency, the Rajya Sabha takes
over the functions of the Lok Sabha.
(c) Two judicial powers of the Parliament are:
(i) The Parliament can impeach the President in case of grave misconduct
or violation of the Constitution by him. The President can be impeached
if the resolution is passed by two third majority of the House.
(ii) The Parliament can punish a person for obstructing the work or showing
disrespect to the House.
Two electoral functions of the Parliament are:
(i) The Parliament along with the State Legislature appoints the President.
(ii) The Vice- President is elected by both Houses of the Parliament. [2017]
35. Money Bill. [2018]
36. One-tenth of the total members of the Lok Sabha must be present at the
beginning of a sitting of the Lok Sabha, including the Speaker in order to
make the Quorum. In Rajya Sabha as well, 1/10th of the membership is
considered as Quorum. [2018]
37. A time interval of less than six months is the maximum gap allowed between
the two Parlimentary session. [2018]
38. (a) (i) The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by
direct election on the basis of Universal adult suffrage. The maximum
strength is about 552. 530 members to represent the States, 20
members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two
members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the
President if Anglo-Indians are inadquately represented.
The current strength of Lok Sabha is 543.
39
(ii) The strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250 members. There are
two categories of members : the elected members; the nominated
members.
There are 238 elected members, who represent the states and the Union
Territories, including the National Capital Territory, Delhi.
The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from the
field of literature, art, social services etc.
(b) 1. He should be an Indian citizen.
2. He should be atleast 25 years of age.
3. He should have his name in the electoral rolls in some part of the
country.
4. He should not be an insolvent, i.e., he should not be in debt and
should have the ability to meet his financial commitments.
5. He should not hold any Office of Profit under the government.
6. He should not be a proclaimed criminal.
7. He should not be of unsound mind.
(c) Sessions of the House : The Session means a period in which the House
meets to conduct its business. A period of more than six months must
not lapse between two sessions for the Lok Sabha. The Parliament should
hold atleast two sessions in a year. Normally three-sessions are held in
a year
(i) Summer session (Feb-May)
(ii) Monsoon session (July-Sept) and (iii) Winter session (Nov-Dec)
39. The normal term of office of the Lok Sabha in five years. [2019]
40. In this time (11 a.m. to 12 noon) the House seeks information from the
government about its policies and performances. [2019]
41. The Speaker is the Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. [2019]
42. The Parliament can ligistate on subjects in the state list if there is break
down of constitutional machinery is state. [2019]
43. The Parliament is the body of people's representatives who have Supreme
power in a democracy. With reference tom the Union Legislature answer the
following:
(a) The members of the Rajya Sabha from each State are elected by the
elected members of the Legislative Assembly of that State.The
representatives of the Union Territories are chosen in such a manner as
may be prescribed by the Parliament.
(b) The Rajya Sabha is a Permanent House, hence it cannot be dissolved.
Each member is elected for a term of six years. 1/3rd of its total members
retire at the end of every two years, and the equal number of new
members are elected to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement.
40
(c) (i) The Budget : It has the power to pass the annual Budget of the Union
Government for the financial year.
(ii) Salaries of the MP¡¦s and the Ministers : The MP's and the ministers
receive such salaries and allowances as are determined by the
Parliament from time to time.
(iii) Powers over Union List : The Parliament has exclusive powers to
make laws on the 97 subjects in the Union List, including important
subjects like defence, foreign policy, communications, etc.
(iv) Powers over State List :
(1) The Parliament can legislate on 67 subjects included in the State
List during the Proclamation of an Emergency.
(2) During the President's rule in a State, the Parliament not only passes
the laws on the State subjects but also passes the State budget.
(3) When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with two-thirds majority
that a subject in the State List has assumed national importance,
the Union Parliament can legislate on that subject.
(4) When two or more States are of the opinion that the Parliament
should legislate on a subject given in the State List, but that would
be pplicable only to the consenting states. [2019]
2. THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE PRESIDENT
12. The President of India is elected indirectly because the real executive power
is exercised by the Council of Ministers helmed by the Prime Minister. The
Union Parliament, on the other hand, stands supreme in the legislative sphere.
The President is merely the titular Head of the government and does not
exercise any real power. Therefore, instead of electing the President directly
and then not giving him any real authority, he is elected indirectly by an
Electoral College. [2013]
13. The Electoral College in the election of the President of India, consists of the
elected members of both Houses of Parliament, and the elected members of
the Legislative Assemblies of the States. [2014]
14. An Ordinance is a temporary law passed by the government. It is promulgated

by the President when the Parliament is not in session. [2014]
15. At the Centre, the law is promulgated by the President. It can be promulgated
when the Parliament is not in session and a law needs to be urgently enacted.
[2015]
16. Generally, the President acts on the advise of the Council of Ministers at the
Centre. However, in some circumstances he acts as per his discretion. One
such power is when no political party enjoys the majority in the Lok Sabha,
the President has the freedom to decide who should be appointed as the
Prime Minister. [2015]
41
17. One qualification necessary for the election of the President of India is that
he/she should be citizen of India and should have completed 35 years of age
at the time of election. [2015]
18. The President is the Constitutional Head of the Union Government of India
and is also the Supreme commander of the Defense Forces of India. [2015]
19. It is through the official process of Impeachment that the President can be
removed from his office. [2016]
20. (a) The President is indirectly elected by the members of the Electoral College
consisting of
 The elected members of both houses of Parliament
 The elected members of the State Legislature Assemblies, including
the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of
Puducherry. Nominated members of either House of the Parliament
and State Assemblies are not eligible to be included in the Electoral
College. A presidential candidate will have to be proposed by 50
members of the Electoral College (MPs and MLAs) and seconded by
another 50 members. Earlier this requirement was 10 proposers and
10 seconders. This was increased by an ordinance promulgated in
June 1997 that became an Act of Parliament on 29th August 1997.
The ordinance also raised the security deposit of the candidate for
the presidential election from `2,500 to `15,000.
(b) The President is empowered to proclaim the following three types of
emergencies:
 National of General Emergency: If there is a danger of foreign
aggression or danger to the peace and security of the country because
of civil war, insurgency or any other such cause.
 Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery: If the constitutional
machinery has broken down or there is a deadlock because of political
uncertainties or otherwise (Article 356).
 Financial Emergency: If a setback to the financial stability or credit
feasibility of the country has occurred or is likely to occur.
(c) The four ‘Executive Powers’ of the President are
 The President is the head of the Indian Union. All executive orders
are issued by the Prime Minister and his cabinet in the name of the
President.
 All key appointments are made in the name of the President on the
advice of the Prime Minister and his cabinet. The President appoints
 The Prime Minister (the leader of the majority party in the Lok
Sabha) and his Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime
Minister.
 The Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and the
High Courts.
 The Governors of the states, Lt-Governors and the Chief
Commissioners of the Union Territories.
 The Attorney General, the Comptroller and the Auditor General
of India.
42
 The Chairman and the members of the Union Public Service

Commission.
 President’s rule is imposed over states if there is a breakdown of the
state machinery or if no party can prove its majority on the floor of
the House.
 Administration of the Union Territories and the border areas is the
responsibility of the President. [2016]
21. The President can use his discretionary power to appoint the Prime Minister
in case of the hung Parliament or due to the sudden death of the Prime
Minister. [2017]
22. An ordinance is a decree or order promulgated by the President when the

Parliment is not in session and the president is satisfied that immediate
necessary legislative action is required. [2018]
23. (i) The State Assemblies are included in order to make the President more
truly representative of the choice of the nation.
(ii) Direct election would involve tremendous work, time and heavy
expenditure.
(iii) If the President is elected directly by the people, he can become a rival at the
Centre to the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. [2018]
24. (a) Qualification for Elections :
(i) He must be a citizen of India.
(ii) Must not be less than 35 Years of age,
(iii) Must be qualified for election as member of the Rajya Sabha,
(iv) Should not hold any office of profit under the Centre or the state
government.
(b) Functions of the Vice-President : The Vice-president performs the
following normal function as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
(i) He is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
(ii) He decides about the admissibility of a question or a resolution in
the Rajya Sabha.
(iii) The Vice-President decides about the serial order and time limit of
speech of a member
(iv) He issues directions to the Chairmen of different committees of the
House.
As Vice-President has no significant functions, expect ceremonial i.e., to
receive certain categories of VIP's from abroad.
He takes over as the President in case of
(i) death of the President in office,
(ii) resignation of the President
(iii) removal of the President
(iv) In case of illness or absence.
In case the Vice-President resigns, the Chief justice of India officiates
till the election of the new Vice-President.
(c) Legislative Powers of the President :
(i) Power to summon and prorogue Parliament and dissolve the Lok
Sabha.
43
(ii) The President nominates 12 M.P.s to the Rajya Sabha from amongst
the outstanding contributors in literature, science, social service or
art. He may also nominate two M.Ps of the Anglo-Indian community
to the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Prior sanction before introducing certain Bills.
(iv) To Address Parliament or Send Messages
(v) President's assent on a Bill is necessary to become a law.
(vi) The President can promulgate an Ordinance under two conditions;
(a) When the Parliament is not in session.
(b) When the President is satisfied that immediate necessary
legislative action is required. (POTO - Prevention of Terrorism
Ordinance 2002.)
(vii) The State Governor may reserve a Bill passed by the State Legislature
for the consideration of the President.
Executive Powers of the President :
(i) Administrative Head.
(ii) Appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
(iii) Appoints and dismisses high officials, like the Attorney General of India,
the Comptroller and the Auditor General of India, the judges of the
Supreme Court and the High Courts.
(iv) Controls State Government during an emergency on account of failure of
Constitutional machinery in a State. The Governor administers the State
on behalf of the President.
(v) Every Union Territory in India is under the President and it is administered
by him.
25. There is a danger of foreign aggression or danger to the peace and security of
the country because of a civil war, insurgency or any other such cause
(Article 352). [2019]
26. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President on the advice of the
3. THE PRIME MINISTER AND THE CABINET
5. There are three categories of ministers in the Union Council of Ministers.

They are – the Cabinet Ministers, the Ministers of State and the Deputy
Ministers. [2013]
6. The term collective responsibility means that the ministers are responsible
to the Lok Sabha, not only in their individual capacity as ministers but also as
a part of the Council of Ministers. A Vote of No-Confidence against one minister
is considered as a Vote of No-Confidence against the Ministry as a whole.
[2013]
7. The President of India administers the oath of office to the Council of Ministers.
[2014]
44
8. The Opposition in the Parliament can check the authority of the Prime Minister
by grilling him over matters in which his government or any particular Ministry
has underperformed, or its policies are unsatisfactory. [2014]
9. The concept of ‘Individual Responsibility’ in a parliamentary democracy entails

that the ministers are individually responsible to the Head of the State, i.e.
the President. They hold office during the pleasure of the President and may
also be dismissed by him. [2014]
10. (a) The Cabinet consists of a small but important body of senior members of
the Council of Ministers. The Cabinet, in effect, forms the nucleus of the
administration. Its members hold the most important portfolios and decide
crucial policies of the government. After the Cabinet has deliberated on
important policy matters, its decisions are communicated to the other
Ministers and they have to follow these decisions even though they might
not have been party to such decisions.
(b) The following are two important administrative powers of the Cabinet:
(i) The cabinet prepares the policy on external as well as domestic
matters. It takes decisions on topics like defence, economic policy,
security, President’s Rule, formation of new states, industrial policy,
imports and electoral reforms. The Ministries have freedom of action
but in effect it is the Cabinet that they have to consult before
practicing it.
(ii) Once a policy decision is made by the Cabinet, it is communicated to
the concerned Minister of the State and the Deputy Minister. They
work out the details and pass it on to the civil servants who are to
implement it. In this way, governance is carried out by the Council of
Ministers and the civil servants entrusted with the responsibility.
(c) The following are two important legislative powers of the Cabinet:
(i) The ministers along with the secretaries of the concerned
departments answer questions asked by the members of the Lok
Sabha and thus provide information to the public through their
representatives.
(ii) The Cabinet plays a major role in planning and moving the amendment
to the Constitution. [2014]
11. When a ‘Vote of No-confidence’ is passed against an minister in the Lok

Sabha, the government which is currently in power has to resign. [2015]
12. (a) (i) The President is the Constitutional Head of the Union Government
of India and is also the Supreme commander of the Defense Forces
of India.
(ii) Collective Responsibility: The Council of Ministers, as a single body,
has a responsibility towards the Lok Sabha for the Government’s
general conduct of affairs. If any minister loses the confidence of the
Lok Sabha, all the ministers of the government collectively have to
resign from the office. This is known as Collective Responsibility.
45
(iii) Individual Responsibility: Individual Responsibility means that each

minister is answerable to the President for the department under
his care. Members of the Parliament are entitled to question the
ministers and the ministers are responsible for the actions or
negligence of their respective departments.
(b) (i) The Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet. He presides over the
meetings and the proceedings of the Cabinet.
(ii) The Constitution gives the Prime Minister the liberty to choose his
Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers and appoint
them. He also allocates them various portfolios.
(iii) The Prime Minister presides over Cabinet meetings and decides their
agenda. After listening to the views of the numerous Cabinet Ministers
in such meetings, he also determines the future course of action for
the concerned Ministries.
(iv) The resignation of the Prime Minister is considered to be the
resignation of the entire Council of Ministers.
(v) Regardless of the rank, a Minister has to vacate his portfolio if the
Prime Minister directs him to do so.
(c) Difference between the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers
Cabinet Council of Ministers

(1) It is a small group consisting of (1) It consists of all categories of
senior members which hold ministers – Cabinet Ministers,
important portfolios. Ministers of State and Deputy
Ministers.
(2) They are the most trusted and (2) He may or may not consult these
consulted colleagues of the Prime ministers for making important
Minister. He asks their advice on decisions.
important matters. The decisions
of the Cabinet are binding on all
the ministers.
(3) They are a small organised group (3) They meet rarely as a whole in
of senior ministers who meet as the day-to-day working of the
frequently as possible to shape government.
national policies and transact
government business.
(4) They advise the President through (4) Though the Council of Ministers
the Prime Minister, in the day- advise the President, in reality it
today governance of the country. is the Cabinet which advises the
President and the latter acts on
their advise.
[2015]
13. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the
46
14. A non-member of a Parliament can be made a minister if he is elected or

nominated to the Parliament within six months from the date of his
appointment. [2017]
15. ‘Collective Responsibility’ means that all members of the cabinet are collectively
responsible to the Parliament for any decision taken by them. If a vote of
noconfidence motion is passed against any member of the cabinet, then the
entire cabinet has to resign. [2017]
16. (a) Position of the Prime Minister: He is the real head of the state as he has
the support of the majority of members of the Lok Sabha. Though, the
Prime Minister is the real head of the government, he cannot act as a
dictator as his acts are closely followed by the Members of the Parliament.
He may also not get elected in the next general elections. Thus, the Prime
Minister is answerable to the people of the country. His powers in relation
to the President are:
(i) All authority vested in the President is actually exercised by the
Prime Minister.
(ii) The President can summon and prorogue the Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
(b) Three categories of ministers in order of their rank and status are:
(i) Cabinet Ministers: They are the most important members of the
Council of Ministers.
(ii) Ministers of State: They are a second category of ministers and may
or may not hold an independent portfolio.
(iii) Deputy Ministers: They are the third category of ministers who help
the cabinet and Council of ministers.
(c) Four legislative powers of the Cabinet are:
(i) The cabinet ministers can introduce bills in the Parliament. More
than 95% of the bills are initiated by the Cabinet.
(ii) The Cabinet is instrumental in planning and making an amendment
to the constitution.
(iii) The President summons the Houses of Parliament on the advice of the
cabinet. [2017]
17. President administers the Oath of Office to the Council of Ministers. [2018]
18. Administrative / Executive Functions :

(i) The whole administration of the state is run by the ministers.
(ii) Every minister is in charge of one particular department.
(iii) The Ministers also enforce properly the laws made by the Parliament
[2018]
19. When a motion of ‘No confidence is passed against a Minister, the whole
Ministry has to resign. [2019]
20. The Council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister, is the most powerful
Institution in the Indian Policy. In this context, answer the following:
(a) (i) Prime Minister is the keystone of the cabinet arch. He is the captain of
47
his team. He is the pivot of the whole of the Cabinet system of the
government.
(ii) The real position of the Prime Minister, however, depends upon his own
position in his party, and his party's position in the Lok Sabha.
(iii) If the Prime Minister is a person of commanding personality he will
certainly be able to enhance the status, prestige and authority of his
chair.
(i) During a national crisis like war, even the opposition parties support the
Prime Minister.
(ii) The Prime Minister tries to protect the interests of the country in
international forums.
(iii) Planning Commission which formulates five-year plans to make effective
use of the country's resources is headed by the Prime Minister. He is the
ex-officio Chairman of the Niti Ayog and the Atomic Energy Commission.
(b)
Council of Ministers Cabinet
1. The Council of Ministers consists 1. The ‘Cabinet’ is a smaller group
of all categories of Ministers – consisting of 15 to 18 senior
Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of Ministers holding important
State and Deputy Ministers. portfolios such as Defence,
Finance, Home, etc.
2. The Prime Minister may or may 2. They are the most trusted
not consult the other Ministers, colleagues of the Prime Minister.
below the ranks of Cabinet The Prime Minister always
Ministers. consults them. The decisions of
the Cabinet are binding on all the
minsters.
3. In the day-to-day working of the 3. The Cabinet is a small cohesive
government, the Council of group of senior Ministers who
Ministers as a whole rarely determine the policy and
meets. programme of the Government; so
they meet as frequently as
possible.
4. According to the Constitution, the 4. In day-to-day governance of the
President acts on the advice of country, the Cabinet advises the
the Council of Ministers. In President, through the Prime
reality, it is not the Council of Minister.
Ministers but the Cabinet which
advises the President.
(c) (a) Policy Making : The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic
policies of the Government. It takes decisions on matters such as defence,
economic policy, security needs, President’s rule in State, formation of
new States, industrial policy, imports and electoral reforms. Individual
Ministers have reasonable freedom of action, but on all major matters
they have to consult the Cabinet.
48
(b) Implementation of Policy : Once a policy decision is taken by the Cabinet

on any subject, it is conveyed to the Minister of State and the Deputy
Minister of the concerned Ministry. They work out the details and pass it
to the civil servants under that Ministry to implement the decision. In
this way, the business of the Government is managed jointly by the
Council of Ministers and the civil servants concerned.
(c) Coordinates the functioning of various Ministers : The Cabinet
coordinates the working various departments for the smooth
implementation of government policies. Any govenment policy, be it
eradicating unemployment, improving public health services or increase
in government revenue, requires involvement of several departments for
its formulation and implementation.
(d) Appointments : All major appointments like appointment Judges of
Supreme Court, High Courts, Governors of State by the Cabinet. [2019]
4. THE SUPREME COURT
9. The Supreme Court of India and all the High Courts in the country are
empowered to issue Writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights of Indian
citizens. [2013]
10. The existence of a ‘Single Integrated Judicial System’ in India implies that all
the courts of the country interpret and enforce the same laws that are made
by the Union Parliament. [2014]
11. (a) The power of Original Jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine
a dispute in the first instance, i.e., those cases which cannot be moved
in any other court but the Supreme Court. This kind of jurisdiction extends
to the following:
Centre-State or inter-State Disputes: The Supreme Court has exclusive
original jurisdiction over disputes between the Centre and one or more
States; Centre and any State or States on one side and one or more
States on the other side; or between two or more States. However, this
jurisdiction is not extended to a dispute arising out of a treaty, agreement,
etc., which is in operation or disputes arising out of inter-State water
disputes, matters under the consideration of Finance Commission, etc.
Also, the jurisdiction doesn’t apply to adjustment of certain expenses
and pensions between the Union and the States.
Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court can adjudicate
on matters pertaining to violation of the Fundamental Rights of citizens
and issue Writs for their protection. Any individual citizen can approach
the Supreme Court in case of such a violation and seek justice.
Transfer of Cases from Lower Courts: Under Article 139 A of the
Constitution, the Supreme Court can transfer to itself cases from one or
more High Courts if these involve questions of law or cases are of great
importance. The Supreme Court may transfer cases from one High Court
to another in the interest of justice.
Interpretation of Constitution: All cases where interpretation of the
Constitution is required can be directly filed in the Supreme Court. The
Supreme Court has the power of exclusive jurisdiction under Article 131A
with regard to questions as to the Constitutional validity of central laws.
49
(b) The Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction over any question of law or
fact of public importance as may be referred to it by the President. Any
question of law may be referred to the Supreme Court if the President
considers that the question is of public importance and it is necessary to
seek Supreme Court’s opinion. However, such opinion is advisory and not
binding on the government nor is it executable as a judgment of the Supreme
Court. Also, disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties and agreements
which are excluded from original jurisdiction by Article 131.
(c) The Supreme Court is designated as the guardian and protector of
fundamental rights. Any private citizen can approach it for the protection
of his fundamental rights and the Supreme Court may issue Writs like
habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto and certiorari for their
enforcement. The Union and the State governments are prohibited from
making any law which takes away or abridges the Fundamental Rights.
If this is done, the Supreme Court can declare it null and void. [2014]
12. The framers of the Indian Constitution were very particular about keeping
the Judiciary free from the control of the Legislature and the Executive. This
is because administration of justice has a special significance on the rights
of an individual, and needs to be protected from the influence of the executive
as well as administrative functions. Also, there was a need for neutral and
impartial dispensation of justice, if the judgments were to go against the
Government. Hence the Judiciary was kept independent to ensure the
protection of human rights in our democracy. [2015]
13. The Court of Record is defined as the court whose judgments are recorded for
evidence and testimony. These are in the nature of precedents and are
referred to in other courts of the country.
The Supreme Court of India is considered as Court of Record. This is because
some judgments made by the Supreme Court are considered to be laws. High
Courts and District Courts give their judgments in light of those passed by
the Supreme Court. The High Court too is a ‘Court of Record’ like the Supreme
Court because the judgments made by the High Court are preserved as a
record to be referred to by and binding on all subordinate courts in the
concerned State. An important characteristic of the High Court is that it has
the right to punish an individual for contempt of court. [2015]
14. (a) A person can qualify to become the Judge of the Supreme Court if he/she
(i) Is a citizen of India and
(ii) Has been a Judge of a High Court or of two more such courts in
succession for at least five years or
(iii) Has been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts
in succession for at least then years or
(iv) Is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
(b) (i) The Supreme Court of India consists of the Chief Justice of India and
not more than 25 other judges, until the Parliament by law prescribes
a larger number of judges.
(ii) Our Constitution makes it necessary for the executive to consult
qualified judges for the appointment of the Supreme Court judges.
50
Therefore, all the Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President
after consulting with the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.
Every judge of the Supreme Court is appointed only after the President
has consulted the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme
Court and of the High Court. The Chief Justice appointed is the
senior most judge of the Supreme Court. When the Chief Justice is
unable to perform the duties of his office, by reason of absence or
otherwise, the President appoints another judge of the Supreme Court
as the acting Chief Justice.
(c) Original Jurisdiction: It means that the Supreme Court has the authority
to hear and determine in the first instance the cases which cannot be
moved in any other court than the Supreme Court.
(i) The Supreme Court entertains original jurisdiction in the cases of
dispute between
 The Government of India and one or more states or
 Between the Government of India and any state or states on
one side and one or more states on the other or
 Between two or more states
Exceptional cases wherein the Supreme Court does not extend
its original jurisdiction are
 A dispute arising out of treaty, agreement which is in operation
 In certain other matters such as inter-state water disputes,
matters referred to the Finance mission and
 Adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the union
and the states.
(ii) Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court also extends
its original jurisdiction to cases of violation of the Fundamental Rights
of individuals, and the court can issue several writs for the
enforcement of these rights. An individual is allowed to approach the
Supreme Court in case of violation of fundamental rights.
(iii) Transfer of cases from Lower Courts: Under Article 139A, inserted
by the 44th Amendment in 1978, the Supreme Court may transfer
the cases from one or more High Courts to itself if these are related
to the questions of law or cases of great importance.
(iv) Interpretation of the Constitution: All the cases which require
interpretation of the Constitution have to be directly filed in the
Supreme Court. [2016]
15. (a) Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court means that the High Court has
the power to hear appeal against the decisions of the lower courts like the
district court in civil and in criminal matters. In civil cases, appeals can be
brought before the High Court if they are concerned with the matters of
land revenue or if an injustice is done by the tribunal. In criminal cases, it
can hear appeals where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds seven
years, in case of a death sentence and in cases against the state where
an order of acquittal has been passed by a Session Judge.
(b) The High Court is a court of law as its judgments and orders are preserved
as a record to be referred by its court in future cases. The law laid down
by the High Court is binding on all subordinate courts. Further, the High
Court can punish anyone who commits a contempt of its order.
(c) High Courts like the Supreme Court have the power of judicial review.
51
Any law passed by the State Legislature violates any term of the
Constitution or take away the fundamental right of a person, the High
Court can declare the law as null and void.
16. Habeas Corpus, Quo Warranto. [2018]
17. (a) Original jurisdiction means the authority and power of the Supreme Court
to hear a case in the first instance directly. The original and exclusive
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court extends to following cases :
(i) Interpretation of the Constitution in case of a dispute between the
Union Government and one or more States.
(ii) Interpretation of the Constitution in case of dispute between two or
more States interests, relating to some justifiable right.
(iii) The Supreme Court has the exclusive jurisdiction to determine the
Constitutional validity of the Union laws. Such cases are debated by
the Constitutional Bench of seven judges.
(iv) The Supreme Court has a special jurisdiction and responsibility for
the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
It can issue writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-
warranto and Certiorari for this and other purposes. As such a citizen
can resort directly for such relief to the Supreme Court for the
enforcement of his fundamental rights.
(v) The Supreme Court has also the exclusive and Original jurisdiction
to inquire into and decide all doubts and disputes in connection with
the election of the President and Vice-President of India.
(b) Measures to Ensure the Independence of Judiciary :
(i) Appointment of Judges : The judges are appointed by the President
in consultation with the Chief Justice and such other judges, as he
may deem necessary. This ensures their independence.
(ii) Removal of Judge : A Judge can remain in office till he has attained
the age of 65 years. The removal of judge which is done through
Impeachment, is done by the Parliament on the basis of "proved
misbehavior or incapacity". This requires simple majority of the total
strength of both the House of the Parliament and a resolution by 2/3
majority in each house of the Parliament.
(iii) Salaries and other Allowances : The judges are paid high salaries.
Their salaries, allowances and other perks etc. are charges on the
Consolidated fund of India. The salaries of the judges can be reduced
only during Financial Emergency.
(iv) No open Discussions regarding a judge or Judgements : The conduct
of a the judge can be discussed only when a motion for his removal is
under consideration.
(v) Punishment for the Contempt of Court : Nothing can be done by
any one to lower the dignity and the authority of the court or the
judiciary.
(vi) No Practice after Retirement : A judge of the Supreme Court or
High Court is not allowed to practice law after his/her retirement.
52
• The judge take an oath of affirmation on assuming the charge as a

judge.Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
• Public Interest Litigation (PIL) means litigation for the protection of
public interest.
• Public Interest Litigation is the power given to the public by court
through judicial activism.
(c) Advisory Jurisdiction : The President may seek Supreme Court's opinion
or advice on a question of law or fact, which is of public importance. The
Supreme Court may give its opinion, after such hearing as it may think
fit. It is done by a Bench of five Judges, by a majority vote. The opinion of
the Supreme Court is pronounced in the open court. But the opinion of
the Supreme Court is not binding on the President.
Revisory Jurisdiction : The Supreme Court under Article 137 is empowered
to review any judgement or order made by it with the view to remove any
mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.
18. Appellate Jurdisdiction means the powers to grant special leave to appeal
against the judgement delivered by any court in the country. It is a Court of
appeal which means that it is a Supreme Court which may change the decision
or reduce the sentence passed by the lower courts. The Supreme Court is the
final Court of Appeal. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement
or final order of a High Court in India. [2019]
19. A judge remains in the office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. A
judge may be removed from his office by the President on the ground of
proved misbehavior or incapacity. [2019]
5. THE HIGH COURTS AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
8. The highest criminal court in a district is the Sessions Court. [2013]
9. The ‘Appellate Jurisdiction’ of the High Court means that it has the authority
to accept appeals against the decisions of District Courts, in civil as well as
criminal matters. [2014]
10. The District Judge decides on civil cases whereas the Sessions Judge decides
on criminal cases. [2014]
11. The Lok Adalat means ‘The People’s Court.’ One advantage of the Lok Adalat
is that it works in the spirit of compromise and delivers speedy and inexpensive
justice. [2015]
12. The Court of Record is defined as the court whose judgments are recorded for
evidence and testimony. These are in the nature of precedents and are
referred to in other courts of the country.
53
The Supreme Court of India is considered as Court of Record. This is because

some judgments made by the Supreme Court are considered to be laws. High
Courts and District Courts give their judgments in light of those passed by
the Supreme Court. The High Court too is a ‘Court of Record’ like the Supreme
Court because the judgments made by the High Court are preserved as a
record to be referred to by and binding on all subordinate courts in the
concerned State. An important characteristic of the High Court is that it has
the right to punish an individual for contempt of court. [2015]
13. The Court of the District Judge is the highest civil court in a district. [2016]
14. Judicial Review of a High Court means that it can declare any law passed by
the state legislatures as null and void if it violates the fundamental rights or
any other provision of the Constitution. The High Court also enjoys the power
of considering the constitutional validity of any state law or executive order.
[2016]
15. The term Lok Adalat means ‘People’s Court’. It was set up by Legal Services
Authorities on the recommendation of Justice P. N. Bhagwati. Lok Adalats
were set up to provide legal aid to people who were not in a position to hire or
engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings. [2016]
16. To become a judge of the High Court, he/she should not be over
62 years of age. [2017]
17. The Lok Adalat has its own advantage because it delivers quick and inexpensive
justice. [2017]
18. The Court of the District Judge is the highest civil court in a district [2018]
19. The term Lok Adalat means ‘People’s Court’. It was set up by Legal Services
Authorities on the recommendation of Justice P. N. Bhagwati. Lok Adalats
were set up to provide legal aid to people who were not in a position to hire or
engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings. [2018]
20. The District Judge decides on civil cases whereas the Sessions Judge decides
on criminal cases. [2019]
21. (a) (i) The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of
India in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
and the Governor of the concerned State.
Other Judges of a High Court are appointed by the President. The
President shall consult the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of
the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court in the matter of
appointment of a Judge to the High Court.
(ii) A High Court Judge :
(i) must be a citizen of India.
(ii) must have held a judicial office for not less than ten years in
India or should have been an advocate of High Court for ten
years.
(iii) He should not be over 62 years of age.
54
(b) Judgment and orders of High court are preserved as a record to be referred
to by its courts in future cases. They can be produced as precedents. The
law laid down by the High Court is binding on all subordinates courts in
the State concerned. But it does not bind the other High Courts, although
it is of great significance and can be produced in support of an argument.
(c) (a) Habeas Corpus: It means 'to have the body'. By issuing such a writ,
the High Court or the Supreme court can get the body of any person
released if it has been unlawfully detained by any person or a group
of persons or by the State. This writ is, thus, a great safeguard for
the personal freedom of a citizen.
(b) Writ of Prohibition : The Writ of Prohibition is an order issued by a
superior court to a lower court to stop proceedings in a case which
might be in excess of the jurisdiction of the lower court.
(c) Quo-warranto : It means ‘by what order’. It is issued when a person
has usurped any office. This writ thus prevents public officers from
forcibly or wrongly holding a high public office.
(d) Mandamus : In Latin, it means 'we order'. It is a command or an
order from a Superior Court to a lower court or an administrative
authority to perform certain duty. [2019]

55
GEOGRAPHY
Assignments based on
Map Marking & Topography
Chapterwise board papers
Topography additional Practice questions
TOPOGRAPHY
Assignment Answer Sheet
A.5. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map sheet No. 45D/7 and
answer the following questions: (Eastings 91 to 01, Northings 73 to 83)
(a) Six fig. grid reference are :
(i)  217 - 940793
(ii) lined well - 929814
(b) (i) Left bank tributary is Balaram nadi.
(ii) It is flowing from SE to NW.
(c) (i) Feature associated with stream is broken ground.
(ii) Dendritic pattern.
(d) Four fig. grid reference
(i) Open scrub - 9573
(ii) Bantawada - 9978
(e) Two relief features are :
9782 - Conical hill
9574 - Steep slope
(f) There is limited cultivation in the map because
(i) Scarce rainfall.
(ii) Sandy or desert area.
(g) Sangla to Atroli - North east.
Sangla to Chekhla - North.
(h) The region experiences seasonal rainfall. The different evidences are
dry tanks, dry rivers, sand features, broken ground.
(i) Distance in cm = 5.2
5.2
Distance in km = (scale 2 cm. to 1 km.)
2
Distance in km = 2.6.
(j) (i) General pattern of settlement is Nucleated.
(ii) One region unsuitable for the cultivation of crops is broken ground/
white coloured region which is a barren land. [2013]
A.6. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map sheet No. 45D/10 and answer
the following questions: (Eastings 01 to 11, Northings 18 to 28)
(a) (i) 0123
(ii) 079187
(b) (i) Lined perennial well (through the circle is not given in the map)
(ii) North West
(c) (i) Settlement in 0725-Dispersed.
Settlement Idarla - Nucleated.
(ii) Drainage of 0624 - Dendritic
Drainage of 0624 - Dendritic
(d) 300 meter, 20 meter.
(e) No large settlement, No metalled road
(f) (i) The black curves line in 0721 is broken ground. Broken ground is formed
due to alternating dry and wet periods along the banks of seasonal river
where the soil is soft.
(ii) Large number of lined perennial wells.
57
X - ICSE (Geography)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
(g) (i) At 0527 the natural features are seasonal stream and trees, Barren land.
(ii) Motorable road in dry season and settlement.
(h) The settlement Dantrai has a police chouki and post office. Other settlements
do not have them.
(i) Length - 19.5 cm  9.75 km
Breadth - 6 cm  3 km
(as per Scale 2 cm to 1 km)
Area = 9.75 × 3 = 29.25 sq.km
(j) (i) Longitude
(ii) 302 in grid square 0425 is a spot height. [2014]
the following questions : (Eastings 15 to 25, Northings 02 to 12)
(a) Dry tank -1511
(b) Drainage pattern in 1606 is radial pattern and in 1608 is trellised pattern.
(c) (i) 200071
(ii) 179052
(d) Vajna as it has a police chauki and metalled road
(e) (i) Towards the West/South-West
(ii) South West
(f) (i) Causeway : It is a raised metalled road across a stream or a marshy area
(ii) Falls indicate that the waterfall is located at a height of 25m
(g) (i) 1 hour
(ii) Total number of grids = 15
Area of 1 grid = 1 sq. km.
Thus area of 15 grids =15 sq. km.
(h) (i) 1610 : broken ground/seasonal stream/dry stream
(ii) 1903 : permanent settlement/embankment
(i) Presence of broken ground/cause ways/road motorable in dry season.
(j) Highest point 1409 metres- contour height to 280 metres = 1129 metres.
[2015]
the following questions : (Eastings 91 to 01, Northings 73 to 83)
(a) (i) 979755
(ii) 957744
(b) North East to West
Spot heights are decreasing towatds west
(c) (i) Relative height of sand dunes is 12 meter’s.
(ii) Contour height is 180 meter’s.
Imaginary lines joining places of equal heights of the mean sea level.
(d) Area : Length – 76 to 81 Northing = 10 cm > 5 km, Breath – 93 to 99
Easting = 12 cm > 6 km = 30 km2
(e) (i) North West
(ii) Highest point on the map is 542 meter’s, Moti Batamal 198 meter’s. So
the difference in altitude is 542m – 198m = 344m.
(f) (i) Blue line in Balaram Nadi indicates perennial flow of water
(ii) Sand dunes
58
 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (Geography)
(g) (i) Radial

(ii) Disappearing stream
(h) The region receives seasonal scanty rain fall.
Open scrub – broken ground – large number of seasonal streams – large number
of perennial wells, indicate the region receive seasonal scanty rain fall.
(i) Manmade features are – huts and cart track. Natural features are Banas
river, broken ground.
(j) (i) Longitude – 25 East
(ii) Railway station.
[2016]
A.9. Study the extract of the Survey at India Map sheet No. 45D/10 and answer
the following questions : (Easting 01 to 11, Northing 01 to 11)
(a) (i) The highest point on the map : 365 - 088065
(ii) 072074
(b) (i) Butri – Left bank
(ii) Padrugarh – Right bank
(c) (i) Trellis
(ii) Radial
(d) Open scrub, Seasonal streams, Broken ground, Causeway. (any two)
(e) Distance on the map between Bhatana and Makawal along the cart
track = 10.5 cm.
As per the scale 2 cm on the map represent 1 km on the ground.
(f) (i) South East
(ii) North East
(g) (i) Monthly fair
(ii) Agriculture/Farming
(h) (i) 0807 – Disappearing stream
(ii) 35’ longitude
(i) Lined perennial well. Seasonal streams and dry tanks cannot provide water
to the settlement of Bhatana.
(j) (i) Broken ground
(ii) Huts/Cart track [2017]
A.10. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map Sheet No. 45 D/7 and answer
the following questions : (Easting 90 to 00, Northing 81 to 91)
(a) (i) 949834
(ii) 963862
(b) (i) radial drainage pattern
(ii) dispersed/scattered settlement
(c) (i) 3r is the relative height of the earthwork embankment impounding a seasonal
tank which is 3m from bottom to top at that point, indicated in black.
(ii) contour height/contour line number
(d) dense mixed jungle/open mixed jungle/dense jungle
(e) dry streams/presence of a lot of lined wells/dry tanks with an embankment
(tanks might be overflowing during rainy season)
(f) 25 sq.kms
(g) (i) Man-made - Temple/Chhatri/Cart-track/Pack-track/huts etc.
(ii) Natural features - Streams/Broken ground/ Jungles/Open Scrub etc
59
(h) 3.5 kms

(i) (i) cart-track and pack-track
(ii) Agriculture (yellow wash)/ animal grazing (open scrub)
(j) (i) Southwest
(ii) Conical mountain. [2018]

60
MAP MARKING
On the outline map of India provided :

A.5.
INDIA N
GANGETIC
d CHOTA NAGPUR c PLAINS
PLATEAU e
GULF
OF
KUTCH i
SATPURA R.GO
DAV JHARIA
ARI
h
b NORTHERN
CIRCARS
j
g CHENNAI
a
RED SOIL
f
SOUTH WEST
MONSOON
ARABIAN
SEA
BRANCH
[2013]
61
A.6.
INDIA
KARAKORAM
PASS e N
ARUNACHAL
IST MERIDIAN 82030' E PRADESH
a
NATHULA f
PASS
d
b
R.YAMUNA
LATERIATE
SOIL
g
SINGHBHUM
S j
GULF OF c
KHAMBHAT
VISHAKHAPATANAM
S
h
CH ND
AN WI
BR O N
AL SO
i
N G ON
BE M
OF ST
Y WE
BA H
UT
SO
[2014]
62
A.7.
INDIA
KARAKORAM
PASS j N
R.GOMATI
d
DIGBOI
h
ALLAHABAD
f
MALWA
PLATEAU b
LATERITE
SOIL
i S
D
IN
W
N
g O
SO
N
O
.M
N .E
MALABAR ANDAMAN
COAST a SEA
c
NILGIRIS e
[2015]
63
A.8.
INDIA N
IST MERIDIAN 82030' E

a
THAR
DESERT
e h
KOLKATA
VINDHYA
b
R.MAHANADI
j
c
MUMBAI
S
LAKE CHILIKA
CH ND
HIGH
AN W I
BR O N
i
A L SO
N G ON
ALLUVIAL SOIL
BE M
IN SOUTH INDIA
OF ST
g
Y WE
BA H
UT
SO
GULF OF d
MANNAR
[2016]
64
A.9.
INDIA N
h
DELHI
JHARIA
f a TROPIC
d OF CANCER
GULF
OF
KUTCH
GARO
BLACK R.GOD
AV ARI
SOIL
i b S
D
IN
W
N
e O
SO
N
O
.M
COROMANDEL .E
COAST N
(rainfall in
October-November) g
j
KERALA
[2017]
65
A.10.
LAKE
INDIA N
WULAR
c
MT. KANCHENJANGA
THAR
DESERT
DA b SINGHBHUM
RMA j
R .NA
S
CH ND
AN WI
i
KANARA BR O N
AL SO
COAST
N G ON
CHENNAI
d
BE M
g
OF ST
h
Y WE
BA H
UT
RED
SO
f
SOIL
KERALA
[2018]
66
A.11.
KARAKORAM
PASS c INDIA N
R.JHELUM
j
NATHULA
PASS
g DIGBOI
h
b
LATERITE
SOIL
GANGETIC
PLAINS
a
MUMBAI
f DECCAN
PLATEAU
i
R
.C
AU e
VE d
R
I
Palk Strait
[2019]

67
CLIMATE
A.5.
(a) Two cyclonic systems that affect India are :
(i) Temperate cyclones - Region - North west of India (Punjab, Haryana)
(ii) Tropical cyclones - Region-eastern coast of India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, West Bengal).
(b) Characteristics of South West monsoon are :

(i) Orographic in nature.
(ii) Uncertain in amount and time.
(c) Reasons :
(i) When the Malabar coast is receiving heavy rainfall in July, the Tamil
Nadu coast is dry because it lies in rain shadow region of Arabian sea
branch and Bay of Bengal is parallel to the coast.
(ii) Northern plains have continental climate because they are away from
the moderating influence of the sea.
(iii) Central Maharashtra receives little rainfall because it lies in the rain
shadow region of Western ghats when Arabian sea branch strikes it.
(d) (i) Annual rainfall is 114.3 cm.

(ii) Suggested name is Chennai.
This is because the station is receiving most of its rain in October and
November.
(iii) Retreating monsoon season. [2013]
A.6.
(a) Punjab receives rainfall due to the cyclonic disturbances (western disturbances)
that originate over the Eastern Mediterranean sea during the winter season.
Tamil Nadu receives rain fall from Northeast Monsoon wind during the winter
season.
(b) (i) Kerala : The local wind is called Mango Shower . They bring little rain in
April and May, which is helpful in the early ripening of mangoes, tea and
coffee plants.
(ii) West Bengal : The local wind is called Norwesters or Kalbaisakhi. The
rain is useful for rice and jute in West Bengal.
(c) (i) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi because the Bay of Bengal branch
of South-West Monsoon goes up the Ganga plain. As it proceeds up the
Ganga valley, the amount of rainfall keeps decreasing from east to west.
Since Patna is located to the east of Delhi, it receives 102 cm of rainfall
while Delhi gets 50 cm of rainfall annually.
(ii) The Arabian Sea branch of South-West Monsoon winds passes over the
western Rajasthan, parallel to the Aravalli range. So it hardly causes
any rain in Western Rajasthan. Further this area lies on the leeward
side of the Aravalli range.
68
(iii) Mangalore is located at the south of Tropic of Cancer along the Western
Coast of India and enjoys the moderating influence of land and sea breeze
throughout the year. The climate over there being equable or maritime
type, the place does not experience any winter.
(d) (i) Annual Range of temperature = 36.2°C - 24.6°C = 11.6°C.

(ii) Total Annual Rainfall = 24.5 + 23.1 + 15.0 + 2.4 + 0.1 + 11.0 + 9.3 +
7.2 + 4-0 + 9-4 + 14-5 + 20-4 = 140.9 cm.
(iii) The station is located on the eastern coast of India, because heavy rainfall
is observed in winter season. [2014]
A.7.
(a) The factors that affect the climate of India are as follows :
Altitude : Temperature decreases at the rate of 1° C for every 166m rise in
height. Thus the mountains are always cooler than the plains. E.g. Darjeeling
is cooler than Kolkata in summer.
Distance from the sea : The areas in the interior of the country have an
extreme type of climate while the coastal areas have a moderate climate.
This is mainly due to the influence of land and sea breeze caused by differential
heating and cooling of land and sea. E.g. Delhi experiences an extreme,
climate while Mumbai experiences an equable climate.
(b) The rainfall caused during June to September in North India is caused by the
South West Monsoon Winds. These are onshore winds which on being
obstructed by the Himalayas, result in heavy rainfall.
The rainfall caused during December - February in North India is caused by
the Western Disturbances. These are temperate cyclones that originate in
the Mediterranean Sea and travel towards India resulting in moderate rainfall.
(c) (i) Kerala is the first state in India to receive the monsoon generally by the
first week of June. It is also the last state from where the monsoon
withdraws i.e. by 1st December. Thus Kerala receives rain for 6 months.
So it is said that Kerala has the longest rainy season.
(ii) Western Ghats obstruct the onshore Arabian Sea branch of the South
West monsoon winds causing heavy orographic rainfall on the western
slopes of the Western Ghats which comprises the windward side of the
Konkan coast.
(iii) Kanpur has an interior location while Chennai has a coastal location.
The areas in the interior of the country have an extreme type of climate
resulting in high annual range of temperature while the coastal areas
have a moderate climate. This is mainly due to the influence of land
and sea breeze caused by differential heating and cooling of land and
sea.
(d) (i) Hottest month is May.

(ii) Total annual rainfall is 131.9 cm.
(iii) The North East Monsoon winds. [2015]
69
A.8.
(a) Tropical Monsoon type of Climate.
The factors which are responsible for monsoon type of climate in India :
Altitude : Temperature decreases at the rate of 1° C for every 166m rise in
height. Thus the mountains are always cooler than the plains. E.g. Darjeeling
is cooler than Kolkata in summer.
Distance from the sea : The areas in the interior of the country have an
extreme type of climate while the coastal areas have a moderate climate.
This is mainly due to the influence of land and sea breeze caused by differential
heating and cooling of land and sea. E.g. Delhi experiences an extreme,
climate while Mumbai experiences an equable climate.
(b) (i) Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal branch of South West
Monsoon and N.E. monsoon.
(ii) Mango Shower
(c) (i) Kanpur is situated in the interior parts of the country and is away from
the influence of the Sea. So it is very cold in Winter and very hot in
Summer.
(ii) Kochi is located closer to the equator whereas Mumbai is not. So Kochi
experiences vertical rays of the Sun.
(iii) Ganga plain lies in North India and the S.W. monsoon, first strikes the
west coast of India, before North India.
(d) (i) 128.7 cm

(ii) 8ºC
(iii) Eastern Coast : As the station receives the bulk of its rainfall in the
month of October-November period which is due to the retreating monsoon
and North East Monsoon. [2016]
A.9.
(a) (i) Hot-dry season (March-May).
(ii) The rainy season or the season of South-West monsoon. (June-
September).
(iii) The season of the retreating South-West monsoon (October-November).
(iv) The winter season (December-February)
(b) (i) Wheat

(ii) Tea
(c) (i) The Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon is deflected towards
the west along the Himalayas. The rainfall goes on decreasing as it
proceeds through the Ganga valley on its way it gives more rainfall to
Kolkata in West Bengal. By the time it reaches
Lucknow in U.P., it sheds less moisture.
(ii) A high pressure gradient builds up between the hot North India with
intense low pressure and cooler water bodies surrounding it with high
pressure. The low pressure area attracts the South-East trade winds
blowing in the Southern hemisphere. After crossing the equator these
70
winds are deflected towards the Indian Sub-continent as South-West

monsoon winds which blow over Arabian Sea.
(iii) The Arabian sea branch of South-West monsoon runs parallel to the Aravalli
which does not offer any obstruction. As a result Thar desert, located in
the west of Aravalli, receives no rain. The moisture laden winds passing
over Thar desert do not saturate as the heat in the desert region increases
their capacity to hold moisture. So, Thar receives no rainfall.
(d) (i) 36.2ºC – 12.0ºC = 24.2ºC.

(ii) 112.9 cm.
(iii) Annual range of temperature is high 24.2ºC. [2017]
A.10.
(a) Winter rainfall of the northwestern part of India is received from the temperate
cyclones or cyclonic depressions originating over the Mediterranean sea whereas
south eastern part of India and receives rainfall due to retreating monsoon.
(b) (i) Kerala
(ii) "Mango shower" helps in the early ripening mangoes.
(c) (i) Kanyakumari lies in the coastal region experiencing moderate or equable
types of climate as it experiences moderating influence of land breezes
and sea breezes thoughout the year.
(ii) Central Maharashtra receives rainfall as it lies in the rainshadow region
of the Western Ghats. By the time the moisture bearing winds reach the
leeward side, moisture in the air is lost and rainfall reduces.
(iii) (i) Jaipur has an interior location while Chennai has a coastal location.
(ii) The areas in the interior of the country have an extreme type of
climate resulting in high annual range of temperature while the
coastal areas have a moderate climate.
(iii) This is mainly due to the influence of land and sea breeze caused by
differential heating and cooling of land and sea.
(d)
Advancing S.W. Monsoons Retreating S.W. Monsoons
1. It progresses from South to North. 1. It diminishes from North to South.
2. It makes rapid progress. 2. It Retreats (diminishes) gradually.
3. Kerala is the first state to 3. Kerala is the last state to
experience it. experience it.
4. It is caused by the low pressure 4. It is caused by high pressure on
on land. Land.
[2018]
A.11.
(a) (i) Monsoon winds are periodic winds that blow over India for 6 months from
South West to North East and another 6 months from North East to South
West.
(ii) (1) India mainly receives rainfall from South West Monsoon Winds.
(2) South West Monsoon Winds brings rainfall.
North East Monsoon Winds brings cool breeze.
71
(b) (i) 3 months of the summer season is seen in India.

(ii) Low pressure prevails over the central part of India.
(c) (i) Goa lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats which is influenced by
south west monsoon winds whereas Puducherry lies on the rainshadow region
of the Western Ghats. So Goa receives heavier rainfall than Puducherry.
(ii) Mawsynram lies on the windward side of the Khasi hiils, and it is enclosed
between three hills on three of its sides. This features traps the Bay of
Bengal branch of the South West monsoon, hence causing heavy rainfall.
(iii) Manglore lies near the coast and Delhi is on land, and cities with closeness
to the coast has a moderate climate.
(d) (i) Interior of the country.

(ii) 330 cm.
(iii) South West Monsoon Winds that brings most of the rainfall to Station X.
[2019]
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72
SOIL RESOURCES
A.5.
(a)
Transported soils 'In situ' soils
1. These soils are derived by 1. These soils are formed in their
sediments carried and deposited original position by the breaking
by rivers and winds. up of parent rocks.
2. They include alluvial soils. 2. They include black soil, red soil,
laterite soil, desert soil, etc.
(b) Bhangar Soil Khadar Soil

1. Old alluvium soils, known as 1. Khadar is younger alluvium as
Bhangar occupy the largest part of flood waters deposit new layers
northern plains. every year.
2. Bhangar is above the flood levels 2. The area in northern plains that
of rivers and presents a terrace lies below flood levels is made up
like structure. of Khadar.
3. Bhangar is full of kankars (lime 3. It is formed of fine silt and clay.
nodules).
4. Bhangar is not very fertile. 4. Khadar is very fertile and ideal for
intensive cultivation.
(c) Laterite Soil is formed by leaching in the region of alternate wet and dry spells.
Disadvantage : It is acidic in nature and cannot retain moisture.
(d) With reference to Red Soil :

(i) Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
(ii) Advantages :
(1) It has high iron oxide content and potash.
(2) It becomes productive with fertilizers.
(iii) Important crops are rice, millets and sugarcane. [2013]
A.6.
(a) (i) Terrace firming.
(ii) Planting shelter belts to check the speed of wind in the dry areas.
(b)
Alluvial soil Red Soil
1. It is transported soil. 1. It is insitu soil.
2. Rich in organic matter and humus. 2. Poor in organic matter and humus.
3. Light grey in colour. 3. Reddish in colour.
4. Very fertile. Suitable for wheat, 4. Rice, ragi, tobacco, sugarcane etc
rice, sugarcane, jute etc. can be cultivated with adequate
amount of fertiliser.
73
(c) (i) Factors affecting soil formation are climate, vegetation, parent rock, relief
and slope of the land. India has varied relief features, land forms, climatic
realms and vegetation types. These have led to the development of a
variety of soils in the country.
(ii) Black soil contains lime, alumina, iron, potash, magnesium and calcium
and also retains moisture which helps the growth of cotton plants.
(iii) As the soil helps us to get most of our food and clothing directly or -
indirectly and also ensures agricultural prosperity of a country, availability
of soil is most critical. Retaining of this valuable resource by way of soil
conservation is important and essential.
(d) (i) Laterite soil

(ii) Alluvial soil
(iii) Laterite soil [2014]
A.7.
(a) (i) Black soil is suitable for crop cultivation as it is clayey in nature and has
high water holding capacity. Moreover it is rich in lime, iron, magnesium,
and is fertile in nature.
(ii) Red soil is suitable for crop cultivation as it is rich in potash and iron.
Red soils respond well to irrigation and fertilizers and can thus be made
suitable for crop cultivation.
(b) (i) Leaching

(ii) Gully erosion
(c) (i) Pedogenesis refers to the process of soil formation.

(ii) Humus refers to the organic matter present in the soil. It mainly comprises
of dead and decomposed plant and animal remains, which adds to the
fertility of the soil.
(iii) Bhangar refers to the old alluvial soil. It is light grey in colour and consists
of calcareous clay.
(d) (i) Alluvial soil is extremely fertile because it is rich in various minerals
such as potash humus and lime. Moreover it is clayey in nature and has
high water holding capacity. This makes it suitable for the cultivation of
various types of crops.
(ii) Soil conservation is necessary as the removal of the top soil layer results
in loss of fertility, decreasing soil moisture, drying of vegetation and
increase in the frequency of floods and droughts.
(iii) Reafforestation should be practised extensively in order to compensate
for the large scale deforestation occurrung because of industrialization
and other factors, which certainly result in soil erosion and land
degradation. [2015]
A.8.
(a) Soil erosion is the removal of top soil by different agents of weathering like
running water, wind , overgrazing etc.
74
The two steps to prevent soil erosion are :

(i) Afforestation
(ii) Improve techniques of agriculture
(b) The similarities between red soil and laterite soil are :
(i) Both soils are red because of iron oxides.
(ii) Both types of soil are deficient is nitrogen.
(iii) Both types of soil have low day content.
(iv) Fertility is low in both the soils, but they respond well to fertilizers.
(c) (i) The riverine alluvium brought down by the river Sutlej, Yamuna, Ganga
are coarse in nature. It is derived from the disintegration of rocks. The
deltic alluvium are sandy and finer in nature. By the time the gravels
are brought down to the flood plains they become finer in nature.
(ii) The black soil can hold moisture so it does not get leached.
(iii) Khadar is more fertile than Bhangar as Khadar gets replenished by the
annual flood. So new soil is added to Khadar which makes it fertile.
(d) (i) Sheet Erosion : Due to heavy rains a surface film of water carries away
the even surface layer of the top soil as it moves.
(ii) Soil Conservation : Soil Conservation is an effort, made by man to prevent
soil erosion to retain the fertility of the soil.
(iii) In situ Soil : These soils are formed where they are found. For example
Black Soil. [2016]
A.9.
(a)
Alluvial Soil Black Cotton Soil
1. Transported soil. Brought down by 1. Residual soil. Formed by
the agents of erosion. denudation of lava rocks.
2. They are pale brown in colour. 2. Black soils vary in colour from
deep black to chestnut brown.
3. These are replenished by floods 3. These soils are formed in situ.
during rainy season.
4. They are found in the flood plains 4. They are found in the Deccan
and delta regions. Trap region.
(b) (i) North-Eastern States like Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya.

(ii) Chambal ravines.
(c) Soil conservation is an effort, made by man to prevent soil erosion to retain
the fertility of the soil.
(i) Arid and semi-arid region : Belts of tree and shrubs should be planted to
check the velocity of wind and thus prevent soil erosion.
(ii) River valleys prone to flood :
(1) Constructing dams and barrages would check the speed of water and
save the soil from erosion.
(2) Afforestation.
75
(d) (i) Alluvial soil/Black soil.

(ii) Laterite soil.
(iii) Alluvial soil. [2017]
Q.10.
(a) (i) According to its age alluvial soil is divided into two types :
(1) Khadar or new alluvium is moist and fine textured.
(2) Bhangar or old alluvium is coarse and having kankar present.
(ii) Sugarcane, cotton.
(b) (i) Cotton

(ii) Black soil has quantities of lime, iron, magnesium and generally poor
percentage of phosphorous, nitrogen and organic matter.
(c) (i) Red soil requires irrigation as it has very low content of clay present and
is infertile in nature.
(ii) (1) Roots of trees hold the soil together.
(2) Reduce the speed of the flow of water.
(3) Act as wind breakers and thus reduce wind erosion.
(4) The fallen leaves cover the surface. They not only reduce erosion by
wind and by direct rain-droplets, but also enrich the soil with humus.
(iii) Laterite soil is red in colour due to the presence of iron oxides.
(d) (i) Removal of top layer of the crust by running water, wind or by some kind
of hurnan action is called ‘Soil erosion’.
(ii) The following factors largely determine the degree of soil erosion :
(1) Topography or the slope of land (2) Nature of Rainfall
(3) Nature of soil (4) Human factors
(5) Overgrazing (6) Bad farming techniques
(7) Extent of Deforestation
(8) Heavy population pressure on land. [2018]
A.11.
(a) (i) Black soil is formed due to the weathering of basic igneous rocks
(ii) The two western states where black soil is formed is Maharashtra and Gujarat.
(b) (i) An important transported soil of India is the alluvial soil.

(ii) Red soil is rich in iron oxide.
(c) (i) On hilly slopes, terraces act as bunds and prevent the soil from being
washed away by running water. Terrace farming is practised with
successful results in Japan, South-East Asia and the USA.
(ii) Red soil is ideal for dry farming as it is formed in poor rainfall areas.
(iii) In arid areas there is very little vegetation because of which it is exposed
to high velocity winds causing soil erosion.
(d) (i) Man is largely responsible for soil erosion because more forests are being
destroyed to house and feed the increasing population. Cutting of trees exposes
the soil to water and wind which leads to soil erosion on a large scale.
76
(ii) Deepening the river bed means river can store more water due to more
depth so chances of water overflow decreases and that will keep water
within the banks of the river and this will prevent soil erosion.
(iii) (1) Laterite soil are of a coarse texture, soft and friable.
(2) It is red due to the presence of iron oxide which is formed by leaching.
The soluble plant foods like potash are removed from the top soil
leaving alumina and iron oxide.
(3) It is a porous soil; silica is removed from it by chemical action. It is
poor in lime and magnesium and deficient in nitrogen.
(4) It does not retain moisture and hence is not fertile.
(5) It is acidic in nature as alkalis are leached.
(6) It is considered suitable for building purposes. (any one) [2019]

77
NATURAL VEGETATION
A.3.
(a) (i) Trees are dense and evergreen
(ii) They are found in mixed stands
(b) (i) Teak

(ii) Sandal wood.
(c) (i) Tidal forests : Deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
(ii) Thorn and scrub forest : Rajasthan and Gujarat.
(iii) They are found in the above region because these areas get less than 25
cm. of rainfall and average temperature of 25°C to 27°C.
(d) Forests are important natural resource because :

(i) They provide timber, medicinal plants etc.
(ii) They help in purifying air and giving rain. [2013]
A.4.
(a) The monsoon deciduous forests are commercially more valuable because:
(i) They are found in pure strands.
(ii) They are easily accessible.
(iii) They yeild valuable timber.
(b) (i) Forests transmit moisture into the air by means of transpiration and
induce precipitation. Forests turn carbon dioxide into oxygen and thus
help to purify the air we breathe.
(ii) The roots of plants and trees hold the soil and thus forests check or
prevent soil erosion, especially in hilly areas. Hence they also help in
checking floods.
(c) (i) Sundari trees are ideal for building boats as they are hardwood, light
weight and durable.
(ii) Sandalwood is a fragrant wood which is used to make incense sticks,
decorative articles and oil. The oil is added to cosmetics, bathing soaps etc.
(iii) Rosewood is termite resistant and is used for making expensive furniture
and carvings.
(d) (i) Mangrove or littoral forests

(ii) Tropical evergreen forests.
(iii) Tropical deciduous. [2014]
A.5.
(a) Two characteristics of Tropical Deciduous forests are :
(i) The trees shed their leaves for 6-8 weeks in the hot weather season.
(ii) The trees occur in pure strands.
78
(b) Tropical Evergreen forests are difficult to exploit due to the following two
reasons :
(i) The forests are dark and dense multi layered and the forest floor is
covered with shrubs and under growths. This makes the exploitation
difficult.
(ii) Moreover the trees do not occur in pure strands and are of hard wood
variety, making it difficult to carry.
(c) (i) Sandalwood

(ii) Sundari
(iii) Mahogany
(d)
Afforestation Deforestation
It is the planting of trees in It is the process of cutting down of
abandoned areas, or any other trees for various purposes like,
suitable place, in order to improve our industrialzation, colonization, etc.
environment.
Disadvantages of deforestation are :

(a) Loss of flora and fauna.
(b) Loosening of soil particles, which eventually results in soil erosions and
surface water run-off.
(c) Increase in the temperature.
(d) An imbalance is generated amongst the soil minerals, and the soil losses
its fertility and mineral content. [2015]
A.6.
(a) (i) Tropical Deciduous Forests.
(ii) Teak, Sal, Sandalwood
(b) (i) Tropical Evergreen rain forests grow on the wind ward slope of Western
Ghats.
(ii) Tropical Evergreen forests are found in regions receiving more than 200
cm of rainfall and where the annual temperature is 25ºC to 27ºC. The
wind ward slopes of the Western ghats experiences the same climatic
conditions. So evergreen forests grow there.
(c) (i) Tropical Evergreen OR Rain Forest

(ii) Montane forests.
(d) (i) Shifting Cultivation : Jhooming or shifting agriculture by tribals in the

hilly areas of North East of India causes extensive damage.
(ii) Growing demand for agricultural land : With growing population, demand
for food products and agricultural raw materials has increased
significantly. This has caused considerable shrinkage in forest area.
(iii) Human activities like mining, quarrying, urbanization, industrialization
and construction of hydroelectric projects like Narmada Projects has
caused submergence or degradation of forests. [2016]
79
A.7.
(a) (i) The plants are of xerophytic type. They have small or no leaves.
(ii) Their stems and leaves are often covered by sharp spines (thorns).
(iii) They have long roots to draw water as the rainfall is very scarce and
thick fleshy stems to store water during drought.
(b) (i) Teak, Sal.

(ii) Sundari.
(c) Forest cover in India is shrinking in India for the following reasons :
(i) Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation is an important cause of
degradation in forest area.
(ii) Construction of hydroelectric projects have caused submergence of forest
area.
(iii) Human activities like mining, quarrying and building has resulted in
deforestation at a large scale.
(iv) Growing demand for agricultural land with growing population, demand
for food products has caused considerable shrinkage in forest area.
(d) Name the natural vegetation found in the following regions :

(i) Tropical evergreen forests.
(ii) Montane forests, Mixed forests based on relief.
(iii) Tropical desert or semi-desert vegetation. [2017]
A.8.
(a) (i) Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests provide us bamboo, gum, resin, sandalwood
etc. So this forest of great commercial value to India.
(b) (i) The soil of littoral forest is marshy having stagnant water present. This
does not allow circulation of air in the soil so in order to take in oxygen
the roots of the trees come out of the soil which is required for survival.
(ii) Sunderban in West Bangal.
(c) (i) Rajasthan

(ii) The special characteristics of Tropical Dry forests are :
(1) These forests have short xerophytic vegetation with long roots to tap
moisture at subsoil level.
(2) The leaves are small and thorny, which enable then to face the dry
climate and to protect themselves from animals.
(d) (i) (1) Various trees provide us with products such as fruits, leaves, roots
and tubers of plants. Wood is used for making furniture in houses as
well as industrial units.
(2) Forest control the water flow. The thick layer of humus in the forests
prevents evaporation of water. The humus acts as a natural sponge
and helps to soak the rain water in the soil.
80
(ii) (1) Increasing the area under forests : Loss of forests can be remedied
by a massive programme of tree plantation.
(2) Stopping indiscriminate felling of trees : There should be a strict
ban on felling of naturally growing trees.
[2018]
A.9.
(a) (i) Forests are the moderators of climate. They play an effective role in
controlling humidity, temperature and precipitation.
(ii) Forests play dominant role in carbon cycle. They absorb atmospheric
carbon dioxide and help in maintaining the purity of air and controlling
atmospheric pollution.
(b) (i) (1) Littotral forest are found in wet marshy areas.
(2) They are also found in river deltas, tidal or swampy areas and along
sea coasts.
(ii) (1) Forests found in Nilgiri contain mixed species of broad leafed
evergreen trees and conifers. They also contain scrubs, creepers
and ferns.
(2) These like jamun, plum. cinchona are found here.
(c) (i) (1) Tropical Evergreen Forests have tangled mass of canes, palms,
bamboos, ferns and climbers and are thus inaccessible.
(2) These forests lack means of transportation and are thus not fully
exploited.
(ii) Rosewood, ebony, mahagony, toon, chaplas, sissoo, gurjan, telsur, etc
are the trees found in Tropical Evergreen Forests.
(d) The main characteristic features of Tropical Desert Vegetation forests are:
(i) These forests have Xerophytic vegetation. Due to paucity of rainfall, the
trees are stunted with large patches of coarse grasses.
(ii) In these forests, plants remain leafless for most part of the year and look
like scrub vegetation.
(ii) Due to forest conservation measures like the National Forest Policy of
1952, which was modified in 1988 and other social forestry and agro
forestry measures we can say that there is an increase in forest cover in
India.
(iii) During the months of March and April, the climate is generally dry and
water is not sufficient for all the leaves of the trees. So during the March
and April, the trees in these forests shed their leaves to conserve water.
[2019]

81
WATER RESOURCES
A.3.
(a) Tube wells are extensively used in Punjab and Haryana because the land is
soft to bore and availability of electric power.
(b) Water scarcity occurs because of :

(i) Seasonal rainfall
(ii) More demand due to increase in population and polluted water.
(c) (i) Two states are Punjab and Haryana.

(ii) Perennial canals are popular there because :
(a) Rivers here are perennial.
(b) Land is soft and fertile.
(d) (i) Two methods of water harvesting in India are :

(1) Collecting rain water on the rooftops and directing it to tanks.
(2) Watershed is defined as a geographic area through which water flows
across the land and drains into common body of water such as stream,
river, lake, ocean, etc.
(ii) Objectives of rain water harvesting :
(1) To avoid flooding of roads
(2) To raise ground water level. [2013]
A.4.
(a) Tanks constitute a special feature of irrigation in the South India because of
the following reasons :
(i) The terrain of the Deccan Plateau is very uneven with many natural
depressions where tanks can be easily built.
(ii) The hard rocks in the area do not suck up water, so wells also cannot be
made there.
(iii) The rivers of the Deccan are seasonal and dry up when the rain ceases.
(b) Wells are an independent source of irrigation. They may be used as and when
the necessity arises.
(i) Wells are simplest and cheapest source of irrigation, can be dug at any
convenient place.
(ii) Inundation canals are 'flood-water' canals and have water in them only
when the river is flooded during the rainy season.
(c) (i) Indian monsoons are most uncertain. Late arrival or early withdrawal of
the monsoon affects crop production severely. Only irrigation can provide
security to agriculture from such irregularity.
(ii) The drip method of irrigation does not involve any loss of water by seepages
because water is supplied through pipes. No water is lost by evaporation
because water is supplied directly onto the roots of the plants.
(iii) Excessive flow of water in the fields raises the grounds water level.
Capillary action brings alkaline salts to the surface and makes large
areas unfit for agriculture.
82
(d) Conservation of water resources has become essential because :

(i) The increase in population with the progress of time results in water scarcity.
(ii) Our water resources like the rivers, lakes etc., are polluted and their
water can hardly be used without adequate treatment.
(iii) The water demand for industrial use is increasing day by day. [2014]
A.5.
(a) Irrigation is important in India due to the following reasons :
(i) Monsoon rainfall is uncertain and unevenly distributed in India. Thus
irrigation becomes necessary in areas of low and scanty rainfall.
(ii) Different types of crops are grown in India which have varying water
requirement. Crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane and jute need more water
than other crops, this makes irrigation necessary.
(b) Two modern methods of irrigation are drip and sprinkler irrigation methods.
In the conventional methods of irrigation a large quantity of water is wasted
due to water logging and often results in gradual salinity of the soil. This has
made the modern methods of irrigation more popular.
(c) (i) Well irrigation is a popular method of irrigation due to the following
reasons :
(a) Wells can be dug at a very low cost which is well within the means of
poor farmers.
(b) Oxen which are kept for ploughing the land can be utilized for drawing
water from the wells at no extra cost to the farmers.
(c) By the use of pumps and tubewells, water can be lifted even from
great depths.
(ii) The significance of Rain water harvesting is as follows :
(a) This method helps to raise the ground water table by recharging of
ground water reserves.
(b) It helps to ‘reduce surface run off and avoid flooding.
(d) (i) The world is in danger of facing an acute water crisis due to the following
reasons :
a) The rapid increase in the world population has resulted in over
exploitation of underground water in order to meet the increased
demand for fresh water supply.
b) Irrigation utilizes more than 90% of total fresh water supply. Besides,
the demand for industrial use will increase in the near future which
will add to the water scarcity problem.
(ii) The Government should undertake proper water harvesting methods that
promote reuse and recycling of water to reduce water scarcity problems.
[2015]
A.6.
(a) The rainfall in India is restricted from June to September except in Tamil Nadu.
(i) Only 30% of the cultivated area receives rainfall above 100 cm, while
about 40% of the cultivated area receives less than 75 cm of annual
rainfall. In these areas crops cannot be grown without irrigation.
83
(ii) Some crops like rice, sugarcane, jute, cotton etc. need more water. Hence
they need to be irrigated.
(b) (i) High underground water level.

(ii) Cheap supply of electricity.
(c) (i) Perennial source of water i.e. snow fed rivers, low relief with deep fertile
soil are the conditions responsible for the development of canal irrigation
in northern India.
(ii) Karnataka, in Deccan India consists of underlying hard rocks which are
impervious. It does not allow the water to seep through. The region has
large number of natural depressions where tanks can be built. It is also
difficult and expensive to built canal or well as a form of irrigation.
(iii) Sprinkler irrigation does not involve any loss of water by seepage or
evaporation as the water is supplied by pipes. It is not exposed to the sun.
It is the best method for conserving water.
(d) (i) The activity of collecting rainwater directly or recharging it into the ground
to improve ground water storage in the aquifer is called rainwater harvesting.
(ii) Two objectives are recharging the ground water and raising its level to
meet the demands of water requirement in the dry season.
Checking the rainwater from flowing far away so as to prevent soil erosion
and flooding of the surrounding area. [2016]
A.7.
(a) (i) Punjab : South-West monsoon brings rain only during the periods from
end of July to middle of September. Otherwise monsoon is sporadic,
erratic, uncertain and unevenly distributed. To meet the demand for
water in dry season, irrigation is needed.
Some crops like rice, sugarcane needs more water. Punjab receives
rainfall of about 50 cm annually. So there is a need for irrigation to grow
crops through out the year.
(ii) Rajasthan : Rajasthan receives 25 cm-50 cm of rainfall from South-West
monsoon. To meet the growing demand for food, for the growing population,
irrigation is required with the right amount of water at the right time
e.g., cotton.
(b) (i) Uttar Pradesh/Bihar/Punjab/Haryana.

(ii) Andhra Pradesh/Telangana/Tamil Nadu.
(c) (i) Water management is easier than surface irrigation system. Sprinkler
does not interfere with cultivation and results in less wastage of water
with higher application efficiency.
(ii) Since the cost of installation of a tube-well is high the farmer needs to
grow HYV seeds all round the year to earn more which is only possible in
the fertile production region like North Indian plain.
(iii) Perennial rivers, soft, flat land, fertile soil have encourage canal irrigation
in Northern India topography, undulating relief, rainfed rivers do not
encourage the construction of canals.
84
(d) (i) Technique of rain water harvesting known as recharging of ground water
through hand pumps.
(ii) (a) The recharging the shallow or deep aquifers by hand pumps may
increase the level of underground water.
(b) Improves the quality of ground water which can be used till the next
rainfall.
(c) To reduce surface run-off. [Any two] [2017]
A.8.
(a) Following are the reasons why irrigation is necessary for agricultural and
overall economic prosperity of India :
(i) Uncertainty of Rainfall i.e. late arrival of monsoon and early withdrawal
which affects agricultural output negatively. Even abrupt intensity also
affects agricultural output.
(ii) Uneven Distribution of Rainfall in various parts of the country. The entire
Country does not receive the same amount of rainfall.
(iii) Difference in requirements of water by crop. Some crops need more water
while some others need less. The variation in their requirement for water
can be met by proper irrigation facilities.
(iv) Nature of soil also decides the amount of irrigation needed for the crops.
(v) To Maximize Agricultural Productivity by steady supply of water
(vi) To make the best and the effective use of river water, which largely flows
into the sea, without being put to use.
(b) (i) Well, canal, tank

(ii) They are cheap and can can be afforded by the Indian farmers.
(c) (i)
Surface water Ground water
Water found on the surface of the Water which is collected under
earth in rivers, lakes, ponds, the surface of the land in soil,
reservoirs etc is collectively called su b- s o i l o r be d ro ck i s c al l e d
‘surface water’. ground water. It constitutes about
0.66% of the usable water on the
earth.
(ii) (1) Over exploitation of water due to increase in population.

(2) Our water reserve like rivers, takes are polluted.
(d) (i) ‘Rainwater harvesting’ is the collection of rainwater and storing it in

man-made underground or surface tanks and thus preventing its surface
runoff, seepage and evaporation.
(ii) Rainwater harvesting has the following advantages :
(1) It meets the demand for water during summer months when there
is real scarcity.
(2) Reduces the loss of fresh water by surface run-off.
(3) Reduces flooding in the low lying areas.
(4) Raises the groundwater table by adding to groundwater reserves.
(5) Improves the quality of groundwater by reducing groundwater pollution.
(6) Reduces soil erosion by minimizing surface run-off.
85
(iii) They are :

(1) Rooftop rainwater harvesting.
(2) Construction of tanks / ponds / check dams etc.
(3) Making percolation pits to enable the seepaee of water in the ground.
[2018]
A.9.
(a) (i) The modern means of irrigation are Furrow, spray, drip, sprinklers.
(ii) The modern means are gaining popularity because there is no loss of
water by seepage, there is no loss of water by evaporation and also they
are highly efficient means of irrigation.
(b) Two factors that favour the development of tube well irrigation in Punjab :
(i) Availability of plentiful water at great depths.
(ii) Level land and soft soil for the tubewells to be set up.
(iii) Large fertile area in its surrounding area to be irrigated.
(iv) Availability of regular cheap electricity to run the tubewells.
(c) (i) Canal irrigation is not suitable in South India because :

(a) The rivers of southern India they are seasonal.
(b) The surface of southern India is rocky.
(c) The demand for irrigation is lesser in south India.
(ii) We need to conserve water in India for following reasons :
(a) The increase in population with the progress of time results in water
scarcity.
(b) Water resources like rivers, lakes, etc. are polluted and their water
can hardly be used without adequate treatment.
(c) The water demand for industrial use is increasing day by day.
(iii) (a) Uncertainty of Rainfall: The rainfall in India is highly irregular in
place and time, that is, normal rainfall is marked by wide fluctuations
in different parts of the country. Sometimes the monsoon arrives
early and at times it comes late.
(b) Uneven Distribution of Rainfall: In India, the distribution of rainfall
is quite uneven. Most parts of the country receive 80 per cent of the
annual rainfall from June to September from the South-west
monsoon.
(c) Crop Requirements : Different crops require different quantities of
water for their growth. High yielding varieties requiring higher
quantity of chemical fertilizeras need more moisture which could be
supplied only through irrigation.
(d) Nature of the Soil : The water requirement of different crops depends
on the nature of the soil. For example, clayey soils have higher
moisture holding capacity and therefore, require less irrigation.
(e) To Utilise River Water Effectively : Many rivers in India are not
perennial and carry insignificant flows during the rabi season. There
is also a wide disparity in the water flow from year to year.
(f) To Maximise Production: To obtain maximum production, irrigation
is a must.
86
(d) (i) Inundation canals are seasonal canals which are drawn from rivers
without constructing any barrage or dam. Such canals use the excess
water of rivers at the time of floods and remain operational during rainy
season.
(ii) Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting is the technique through which rain water
is captured from the roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. Harvested
rain water can be stored in sub-surface ground water reservoir by adopting
artificial recharge techniques to meet the household needs through storage
in tanks.
(iii) The water available on the surface in the forms of rivers, lakes, ponds
and tanks is called surface water. [2019]

87
MINERAL RESOURCES, CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY,
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
A.5.
(a) Ore of Aluminum is Bauxite and two uses of Aluminum are in :
(i) Air Craft Industry
(ii) Electrical Wires Industry.
(b) Cement, mortar, toothpaste and paints.
(c) Two industries that uses high quantity of coal are :

(i) Iron and Steel Industry, Sugar Industry.
(ii) Coal Centre in Jharkhand - Jharia, West Bengal - Raniganj.
(d) (i) Largest producer of mineral oil is Assam.

(ii) Two coastal refineries are Kochi and Chennai.
Two Inland refineries are Barauni and Mathura. [2013]
A.6.
(a) (i) Manganese is used to increase the strength of Steel.
(ii) It is also used as raw material for manufacturing paints, glass wares,
insecticides, bleaching powder and dry cell batteries.
(b) Bituminous coal is used for domestic purposes as its carbon content is high
and emits less smoke.
(c) (i) Coal : Jharkhand

(ii) Oil : Maharashtra.
(iii) Manganese : Orissa (Odisha). [2014]
A.7.
(b) (i) Iron ore is mainly used to make steel. Raw iron is alloyed with other
elements to make good quality steel which is used for construction,
automobiles, and other forms of transportation, etc.
(ii) Bauxite is the main source of aluminium which is light weight, strong
and rust resistant. Aluminium is mainly used for making automobiles,
aircrafts, wagons, coaches, shipping industry, etc.
(c) (i) Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

(ii) Jharkhand
(iii) Magnetite
(d) (i) Many port cities have their own oil refineries as the location of the oil refineries
near the coast minimizes the cost of transport and also reduces the risk of
transporting the oil inside the country due to its inflammable nature.
(ii) Petroleum is formed by the accumulation of vegetative matter. This
vegetative matter when subjected to heat and pressure results in physical
and chemical changes due to the increasing weight of the overlying layers
88
of sediments and earth movements. Moreover petroleum is the basic

source of energy. Thus it is known as a fossil fuel.
(iii) Coal is known as a versatile mineral due to its varied uses :
(a) It is used as a source of power for running machines, trains, ships, etc.
(b) It is used in manufacturing steel.
(c) Various by products of coal such as ammonia, benzol, etc., are
manufactured from coal. [2015]
A.8.
(a) (i) Anthracite, Bituminous and Lignite are the 3 types of coal found in India.
(ii) Bituminous
(b) (i) Mumbai High

(ii) Iron ore mines in Karnataka. are Simoga/Bellary/Hospate/Chitradurga
(c) (i) Aluminum

(ii) Uses : Used for aircraft's, ships and utensils.
It is also used in electrical industries for its good conductivity. [2016]
A.9.
(a) (i) Magnetite (ii) Hematite
(iii) Limonite (iv) Siderite
(b) (i) Aliabet island close to Bhavnagar in Gulf of Cambay.

(ii) Barauni.
(d) (i) It is the most important mineral for making iron and steel.
(ii) Coal is used in generation of electric power in the iron and steel industry
and cement industry.
(iii) (a) It is used in electrical industry for its good conductivity.
(b) Used in the automobile industry. [2017]
A.10.
(a) Non-conventional sources of energy ate those which have been developed in
the recent past as an alternative to conventional sources of energy. These
include solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, nuclear
energy and biogas. They are renewable and therefore, inexhaustible, non-
poluting, less expensive and easy to maintain.
(b) (i) Compared to petroleum or coal, natural gas causes less damage to the
environment. It is made up of methane and results in less carbon emissions.
(ii) Mumbai High.
(c) (i) Copper is used in ship building industry.

(ii) (a) Biogas is a clean, non-polluting and cheap.
(b) There is direct supply of gas from the plant. Therefore, there is no
storage problem.
(c) The sludge left behind is a rich fertiliser containing bacterial biomass.
(iii) Manganese.
89
(d) (i) Aluminium

(ii) Aluminium is used in aircrafts, automobiles, rail wagons, coaches,
shipping industry and household appliances. [2018]
A.11.
(a) (i) Biogas is a clean, non-polluting and cheap.
(ii) There is direct supply of gas from the plant. Therefore, there is no storage
problem.
(iii) The sludge left behind is a rich fertiliser containing bacterial biomass.
(b) (i) Manganese is a metallic mineral for which the Balaghat district of Madhya
Pradesh is famous for.
(ii) Bhakra Nangal is the multi-purpose project based on the River Sutlej.
(c) (i) Odisha has benefitted greatly because provides electricity and it also
provides water for irrigation.
(ii) Copper is a good conductor of electricity, highly ductile and malleable
and is therefore, used for making electric wires and other equipment.
(iii) (1) India is fortunate enough to receive higher amount of solar energy,
equivalent to 5,000 trillion kWh per year.
(2) This is because of India’s location on the Tropic of Cancer.
(3) Most parts of the country have 300 clear sunny days in a year and
per hour per square km availability of solar energy is between 5 to
7 kW.
(d) (i) Uranium, Thorium is used to generate nuclear power.

(ii) Not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum goes waste or remains unused.
That is why petroleum is called 'liquid gold.'
(iii) (1) The calorific value of the coal found in India is not very high.
(2) Coal is concentrated only in certain parts of the country. Therefore
the cost of transportation of coal to far-flung areas of demand is high.
(3) Coal mining and usage of coal causes a lot of pollution.
(4) Being conventional source of energy, the coal reserves in India are
limited. [2019]

90
AGRICULTURE
A.5.
(a)
Intensive commercial farming Extensive commercial farming
1. Size of holdings is small. 1. Size of holdings is large.
2. Food crops predominate. 2. Cash crops predominate.
3. Maximum capital, labour and skill 3. Yield per acre is much less.
is involved for making a small area
productive.
(b) With reference to rice :

(i) Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
(ii) Two advantage of growing rice in nurseries are :
(1) It increases the yield by 45%.
(2) Uses water economically.
(c) (i) Two states where coffee plantations are found are Karnataka and Kerala.
(ii) Conditions required for coffee cultivation are :
Soil : Red and Laterite soil well drained with humus.
Climate : It requires temperature ranging between 18°C to 28°C and
rainfall between 25 cm to 200 cm., well distributed throughout the year.
(d) Explain the following :

(i) Retting : It is the soaking of the stalk and the removal of the fibre from
the bark after plants are submerged in a pool of gently flowing clean
water to separate the long strands of fibre from the stem.
(ii) Ginning : Removal of cotton seed from cotton fibre is called Ginning.
(iii) Broadcasting : Scattering of seeds by hand over the soil is called
Broadcasting method of sowing seeds. [2013]
A.6.
(a) Silk textile industry and woolen textile industry. An important State for silk
textile industry is Karnataka and woolen textile industry, Punjab.
(b) (i) The hot and humid climate of Kolkata facilitates the spinning of yarn of
finer cotton. It has soft water from river Ganga for bleaching and dying,
sufficient power supply, cheap labour and excellent means of
transportation.
(ii) 1. Shortage of raw wool : India does not produce sufficient quantity of
fine quality raw wool. Also the productivity of Indian sheep is very low.
2. Lack of Market : Most parts of India have tropical and sub-tropical
climate which restricts the demand for woollen clothes. The southern
part of the country enjoys warm weather throughout the year and
people do not require woollen clothes at all. Even in the northern
parts of India, the winter season lasts only for four to five months in
a year and it is only during this period that woollen clothes are
required to some extent.
91
3. Lack of Modern Equipment : Most of the equipment in woollen textile

industry, like other textile industries, is obsolete and outdated as a
result of which, its products are not able to cope with the ever-
changing designs and patterns, especially in the international market.
There is an urgent need for mechanisation of the carpet industry
keeping in view the rising demand to put a ban of the child labour.
4. Low Quality : Leaving aside a few exceptions, Indian woollen goods
are considered to be of low quality in the international markets which
results in lack of demand. Indian knitwear is often not shrink
resistant, moth-proof and fast-coloured.
(c) (i) High cost of production : Equipments for production are all worn out,
outmoded in design.
(ii) Storage of raw Jute : Jute industry suffers from inadequate supply of
raw jute.
(iii) Shortage of Power Supply : Load-shedding creates problem of under-
utilization of capacity
(d) The geographical conditions are more suitable in the peninsular region than
in North India for the cultivation of sugarcane.
(i) The crushing season is longer and mills are near the plantation in the
peninsular region and so there is no loss of sucrose. In North India, it is
seasonal in character as sugarcane is available only at the time of harvest
and the crushing season is short. So, there is increase in cost of production.
(ii) The sugar industry is better organized in the peninsular region as the
mills are better managed in the cooperative sector, factories are nearer
the centre of large consumption. This lowers the transport cost and overall
prices. In North India, there are great distances between the factories
and the fields which causes increase in the cost of production.
(iii) The outmoded and worn-out machinery of North Indian mills leads to low
milling efficiency and wastage. The mills in peninsular India are new,
efficient and very large. [2014]
A.7.
(a) Rabi crops Karif crops
1. They are sown in October-November 1. They are sown in June-July and
and are harvested in March-April. harvested in September-October
2. The crops mainly include wheat, 2. It includes crops like rice, jowar,
barley, gram, mustard, etc. bajra, sugarcane, etc.
(b) Basis Cotton Jute

1. Climatic condition Bright sunny weather Hot and humid
conditions. condition.
2. Temperature 21-30 °C 24-35 °C
3. Rainfall Moderate rainfall from The annual rainfall
50- 75 cm. should be more than 150
cm
92
(c) (i) Ratooning

(ii) Oilcake
(iii) Coagulation
(d) (i) Tea plants require well drained soils. The hill slopes are ideal for tea
plantations as the rolling hill slopes prevent water logging.
(ii) The yield per hectare of sugarcane is higher in the southern states due
to the availability of better quality of the crop, presence of maritime
climate free from the effect of summer loo and winter frost, sufficient
irrigation and newer farming techniques.
(iii) Pulses are important food crops as they consists of many crops which are
leguminous and rich in protein. Thus they are considered an important
part of vegetarian diet. [2015]
A.8.
(a) Agriculture not only provides food and fodder to human being for their livestock.
It is also the source of raw material for many industries like Sugar, Textile
and Edible oil. It provides employment to millions of people as it acts as a
consumer of many industrial products.
Agriculture also helps us to earn foreign exchange by exporting tea, coffee,
jute etc.
(b) (i) Rice needs ankle deep standing water during the period of growth. Clayey
soil does not allow the water to seep through it, so it is an ideal soil for
the growth of rice.
(ii) The advantage of growing rice in nurseries are - there is less wastage of
seeds as in broadcasting method and during the process of transplantation,
the weeds are removed.
(c) (i) Brahmaputra Valley and Surma Valley of Assam.

(ii) The women are mostly employed in the tea plantations as they are the
source of cheap and skilled labour to facilitate plucking of tea leaves.
(iii) Temperature below 10° and above 30° is harmful for the tea crop. 150 to
250 cms of annual rainfall well distributed through out the year is needed
for the tea crop.
(d) (i) Shifting cultivation or slash and burn or Jhooming : It is mostly practiced
in North East India. A patch of forest land is cleared and crops are grown.
After 2-3 years when the fertility of the soil is exhausted , land is abandoned
and the farmer moves to a fresh piece of land and the process continues.
(iii) Oil cake : After extraction of oil from the oil seeds the left over residue is
known as oil cake which can be used as an important cattle feed and
organic manure. [2016]
A.9.
(a) In mixed farming, cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock is done
simultaneously.
Benefit : In case of a failure of a crop, the farmer can get some income from
the livestock or vice-versa.
93
(b) Temperature : 20°C-30°C.

Rainfall : 75 cm-120 cm.
Frost is injurious to plant. So it needs 200 frost free days to be sown before
winter in north India .
Excessive high or very low temperature and dry winds are harmful for the plant.
Soil : Alluvial clayey barns of the Indo-ganga plains are ideal for its growth. It
is grown in black soil or red soil in South India.
(c) (i) Retting : It is associated with jute. It is a micro biological process. It

loosens the bark and facilitates removal of fibre from the stalk.
(ii) Ratooning : It is associated with sugarcane. After the first crop the
sugarcane is cut leaving the root intact in the soil. The lower part of the
stem which is left in the soil is well fertilized and the stem begins to
grow again.
(iii) Ginning : It is associated with cotton. The cotton fibre is separated from
the raw materials or the seeds.
(d) (i) Pruning is essential for tea bushes because :

The removal of the central stem encourages the quick development of
lateral branches. Pruning also helps in growing new shoots bearing soft
leaves in plenty.
(ii) Coffee gets its characteristic flavour only after roasting. Roasting gives it
a brown colour and pleasant taste.
(iii) Millets can be grown where the rainfall is very low, where rice or wheat
cannot be grown. It is a hardy plant and drought-resistant crop. It needs
no special soil to grow. [2017]
A.10.
(a) (i) Tea grows well on hill slopes with altitude ranging from 900 meters to
2000 meters. This is because both stagnant water as well as frost are
harmful to tea plants.
(ii) Pruning is the removing of the central leader stem to enable horizontal
splitting of the plant. This encourages the growth of more new shoots
with more tender leaves.
(b) (i) Rice cultivation requires a lot of manual labour because :

(1) Labour is required during the sowing of seeds by broadcasting, drilling
or dibbling method.
(2) Labour is also required during the time of transplanting method when
the saplings are transplanted from the nursuring to the original rice
feilds.
(ii) Rainfall : 150 to 300 cm. In irrigated areas even 100 cms is enough
Temperature : Between 18ºC to 32ºC is ideal but more than 35ºC is bad
for the crop.
Soil : Soil that can stagnate water i.e. deeo fertile alluvial loams with
claylike impervious sub-soil which can retain standing water in the field.
(c) (i) Cotton is a labour intensive crop because labour is required during the
time of picking of cotton balls and during the time of ginning.
94
(ii) The harvested jute plants are bundled up and immersed in soft water for
about three weeks before the bark is separated from the stalk for further
processing. This process is called retting.
(iii) Pulses are rich in protein. Therefore they are an important food crop in India.
(d) (i) The significance of agriculture to the Indian economy can be listed as below :
(1) It is the main source of employment to million of people in India.
(2) Meets the increasing demand for agricultural produce (for food).
(3) Provides industrial raw-material like jute, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds
etc and generates working capital for non-agricultural development.
(ii) Kharif, Rabi.
(iii) Under mixed farming, both cultivation as well as livestock rearing is
practiced. Eg.: Daily farming, poultry, sheep rearing etc practiced
alongwith cultivation of crops.
[2018]
A.11.
(a) The Government of India has introduced:
(1) The use of High yielding variety of seeds or the HYV seeds.
(2) Development in methods of irrigation
(3) Use of efficient insecticides and pesticides
(4) The National Agricultural Policy.
(5) The government launched National Project on Organic Farming to make
effective use of the farm resources, etc.
(b) (i) Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, etc. are the two two varieties of millet grown in India.
(ii) No special requirement of soil is needed for millet, but loamt, sandy and
clayey soil is best suited for its growth.
(c) (i) Favourable climate conditions for the cultivation of cotton :

Temperature : 21ºC to 27ºC
Rainfall : 50 cm to 75 cm
Favouring soil : Black soil.
(ii) Gujarat produces large amount of cotton.
(iii) Cotton is grown in India in the Kharif cropping season.
(d) (i) North India is famous for wheat cultivation for the following reasons :
(1) Availability of ideal moisture retentive soil
(2) Low winter rainfall.
(3) Ideal 10ºC to 25ºC temperature with cooler winter in comparison to
the winter temperature of south.
(4) Good network of irrigation facilities.
(ii) Mixed farming ensures a steady income for the farmers because if the
agriculture fails due to adverse climate or any other reasons they can
look back to the other means like cattle raising for income.
(iii) (1) Crop need not be planted again, it saves labour.
(2) The ratoon matures early.
(3) This method is cheaper as it does not involve any extra inputs.
[2019]

95
AGRO BASED INDUSTRY AND MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY
Agro-Based Industries
A.5.
(a) Two large sugar producing states are :
In North-Uttar Pradesh
In South-Maharashtra
(b) (i) An agro based industry in Ahmedabad-Cotton textile.

(ii) Mysore--Silk textile.
(c) Three favourable conditions responsible for the growth of the jute industry in
west Bengal are :
(i) The hot and damp climate favours the growth of jute in the region.
(ii) The state is well connected to major towns and cities through rail and
road transport.
(iii) Availability of coal and cheap labour in the region.
(d) Geographical reasons are :

(i) The woolen industry is a localised industry in India as India is a tropical
country and woolen clothes are in demand in northern India only during
winters. Further,a good quality of wool has to be imported as Indian wool
is of an inferior quality
(ii) It is necessary to crush sugar cane within 24 hours of harvesting because
the sugar content decreases as it dries up.
(iii) Sericulture flourished in Karnataka because it has favourable climate
for rearing silk-worms (Temp. 16°C to 30°C) and availability of abundant
soft water free from alkaline salts. [2013]
A.6.
(a) Silk textile industry and woollen textile industry. An important State for silk
textile industry is Karnataka and woollen textile industry, Punjab.
(b) (i) The hot and humid climate of Kolkata facilitates the spinning of yarn of
finer cotton. It has soft water from river Ganga for bleaching and dying,
sufficient power supply, cheap labour and excellent means of transportation.
(ii) While cotton clothes are demanded for the entire year, woolen clothes
are required only in northern India states during the winter season.
Further, good quality of wool is not available in India and it has to be
imported. This is the reason that the wool industry is not as developed as
the cotton industry.
(c) (i) High cost of production : Equipments for production are all worn out,
outmoded in design.
(ii) Storage of raw Jute : Jute industry suffers from inadequate supply of
raw jute.
(iii) Shortage of Power Supply : Load-shedding creates problem of under-
utilization of capacity
96
(d) The geographical conditions are more suitable in the peninsular region than
in North India for the cultivation of sugarcane.
(i) The crushing season is longer and mills are near the plantation in the
peninsular region and so there is no loss of sucrose. In North India, it is
seasonal in character as sugarcane is available only at the time of harvest
and the crushing season is short. So, there is increase in cost of production.
(ii) The sugar industry is better organized in the peninsular region as the
mills are better managed in the cooperative sector, factories are nearer
the centre of large consumption. This lowers the transport cost and overall
prices. In North India, there are great distances between the factories
and the fields which causes increase in the cost of production.
(iii) The outdated and worn-out machinery of North Indian mills leads to low
milling efficiency and wastage. The mills in peninsular India are new,
efficient and very large. [2014]
A.7.
(a) (i) Cotton textile industry is considered as an agro based industry, as the
industry depends on the raw material produced by the agricultural sector.
(b) Both the woollen industry and the silk are textile industries and this is an
important point of similarity between them.
(c) (i) Two problems faced by the sugar industry are as follows :
(a) The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor quality and have low
sucrose content.
(b) The cost of production is quite high because of the inefficient and
uneconomic nature of production.
(ii) Two by-products of sugar industry are- molasses and bagasse.
(d) (i) The main problem faced by the silk industry is the stiff competition from
artificial silk, which is cheaper than raw silk. Moreover import
of cheaper quality silk from China adds to the problem.
(ii) Coarse carpets and rugs.
(iii) Synthetic fibres are cheaper and more durable, thus they are more
popular. [2015]
A.8.
(a) Jute is grown in the Delta region because the soil is very fertile there because
the Brahmaputra and Ganges are full of minerals. The soil conditions in the
Ganges delta is suitable for growing jute. Rich loam and silts provide the best
composition of soil structure for Jute production.
(b) Problems of cotton textile industry are :

(i) Obsolete machineries : Most of the mills have obsolete machineries being
30 years old. This has resulted in low productivity and inferior quality.
(ii) Inadequate power supply : With increasing population the problem of power
supply is becoming acute and the industry suffers from the shortage of power.
(iii) Low productivity of the labour : Labour productivity is extremely is low
in India as compared to advanced countries.
97
(iv) Stiff competition : Indian cotton textile industry has to face stiff
competition from the power loom and the synthetic fiber product.
(c) (i) The woollen industry is not a flourishing industry in India because of the
following reasons :
(1) Woollen clothes are required only in northern India during winter
months. Hence, the demand is less.
(2) Because the wool produced in India is not of a high quality, most
wool has to be imported from abroad.
(ii) Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir,etc are the prominent centres of wool
industry in India.
(d) (i) Karnataka is the largest producer because of favourable climate for
rearing of silk worms and availability of mulberry plants and bombyx mori
silk worm which is reared through out the year.
(ii) Eri and Tasar are the two non-mulberry silk
(iii) Silk weaving center in Tamil Nadu is Kanchipuram and silk weaving
center in UP is Lucknow. [2016]
A.9.
(a) (i) Mineral-based industry depends on the minerals for their raw material,
e.g., iron and steel industry.
(ii) Agro-based industry depends on the agricultural products for their raw
material, e.g., jute industry/sugar industry.
(b) (i) Tropical climate, black soil, high temperature through out the year, good
rainfall, irrigation frost free growing season are best suited geographical
conditions which gave high yield per unit in Maharashtra as compared to
North India (U.P.).
(ii) The sucrose content is higher in the tropical variety of sugarcane in
Maharashtra as compared to Uttar Pradesh.
(iii) The cooperative sugar mills are better managed in Maharashtra, than in U.P.
(iv) Most of the mills are new in Maharashtra with modern machinery as
compared to U.P.
(c) (i) Tasar.

(ii) Bagasses.
(iii) Sericulture.
(d) (i) (a) Availability of raw cotton in and around Mumbai.

(b) Humid climate of shore-based Mumbai is ideal for this industry as
the thread does not break so easily.
(c) Cheap HEP is available from Tata HEP grid from Western Ghats.
(d) Mumbai's location as an important international port, helps in import
of long-staple cotton and machinery and export of finished goods.
(ii) (a) Ahmedabad in Gujarat.
(b) Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. [2017]
98
Industries in India
A.5.
(a) (i) Significance of electronic industry : It covers a wide range of products
including television, transistor, cellular telecom, computers, defence,
railways, meteorological equipment, space research as well as medical
equipments. It has revolutionized the life style of the Indian masses in
the recent past.
(ii) Two cities are Bengaluru and Pune.
(b) Two steel plants are :

(i) Bokaro
(ii) Bhilai
(c) Three reasons for large concentration of iron and steel plants in Chhota
Nagpur region are :
(i) Availability of raw iron ore
(ii) Availability of coal for power
(iii) Availability of cheap labour [2013]
A.6.
(a) Tata Iron and Steel company obtains iron ore from Singhbhum in Jharkhand
and Mayurbhanj and Bonai in Orissa. Coal is secured from Jharia in
Jharkhand.
(b) Naphtha, Propylene, Ethylene and Benzene are the raw materials used in
the petrochemical industry.
Advantages :
(i) They are durable and cheaper,
(ii) They are not dependent on o agricultural raw materials. Hence there is
no fluctuation in production due to climate factors.
(c) (i) Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam is a leading ship building centre

of deep navigable water off the coast, with an excellent transport network,
technical know-how, availability of steel and demand for the ships.
(ii) Mini steel plants work through electric furnaces causing less pollution
whereas the integrated steel plants use blast furnaces where coking
coal are fed continuously to melt the iron ore, causing huge pollution.
(iii) Electronic industry with mass scale integration process has produced
computers, servers, displays, TVs and cameras, telephone exchanges
etc., to enable capture and broadcast news, advertisements, cinema,
educational programs etc., to large section of the population over the
country and overseas, thus revolutionizing the life style of the Indian
masses. [2014]
A.7.
(a) (i) Iron and steel industry is known as the basic industry as it forms the
backbone of the modern industry. It is used to manufacture industrial
machinery, railway tracks, dams, etc., which helps in industrialization
and economic development of the country.
99
(ii) Mini steel plants usually have smaller operational units as compared to
the integrated steel plants. They use cheaply available scrap iron in
electric furnaces, which cater the local market, and hence produce fewer
items like stainless steel, alloy, steel, etc.
(b) (i) Kanpur-Sugar industry

(ii) Rourkela-Iron and steel plant
(iii) Pune-Cotton textile industry
(iv) Mangalore- Silk industry.
(c) (i) The reasons for the growing importance of the petrochemical industry
are as follows :
(1) The petrochemical products do not depend on agricultural raw
materials, hence there is no fluctuation in production due to climatic
factors.
(2) The petrochemical products like plastics, PVC pipes, synthetic fibres
are cheaper and more durable
(ii) Two products are plastics and PVC pipes. [2015]
A.8.
(a) Mini Steel Plant use scrap iron which is easily available and they do not
require heavy capital investment.
They can be set up at any convenient place as they do not need huge
infrastructure and they do not cause pollution as they use electric arc furnaces.
(b) (i) Durgapur Steel Plant

(ii) 1. Iron ore- It gets its iron ore from Keonjhar in Orissa and Singhbhum
in Jharkhand.
2. Manganese comes from Keonjhar in Orissa.
3. Coking coal comes'from Raniganj and Jharia.
(c) (i) Products made from Petrochemicals are growing in popularity because
they are cost effective as produced in mass scale and because of their
durability, washability they are growing very popular.
(iii) The electronic industry contributes to the development of the country as
it has diversified its production range to meet the needs of the post and
telegraph department, railways, defense, overseas communication
services and electricity board.
It has contributed to the space technology and various electronic and
space research programme.
(d) (i) Bhilai - Iron & Steel Plant.

Chittaranjan Locomotive Works - For the production of electric railway
engine.
Koraput - The engines for MIG Aircraft are manufactured. [2016]
A.9.
(a) (1) Iron and Steel industry is the key element in the heavy industrial structure
of a nation. Most of the important industries such as automobile,
100
locomotives, rail tracks, ship building, machine and tools and defence
equipment depend on iron and steel industry.
(2) The production and consumption of iron and steel is one of the most significant
measures of the level of industrialization and economic growth of a country.
(b) (i) Rourkela Steel Plant.

(ii) (a) Iron ore comes from Sundargarh and Keonjhar district, these sources
are located 77 km from its location.
(b) Manganese comes from Barajmda
(c) (i) Petro-chemical industry : Polythene, PVC of plastic group/nylone/ dacron/

synthetic rubber.
(ii) Heavy engineering : Engine/generator/pumps machines/railway wheels/
railway tracks.
(iii) Electronic industry : Components like capacitor/register/printed circuit
board/computers/monitors/television sets/defence equipments.
[2017]
A.10.
(a) (i) Tata Iron and Steel industry at Jamshedpur.
(ii) 1. Iron ore – Singbhum, district of Jharkhand
2. Manganese – Keonjhar district of Odisha
3. Coal – Bokaro district Jharkhand and Jharia.
(b) (1) There is lack of good quality raw material. The cotton output is highly
unpredictable due to unpredictable climate pattern.
(2) Use of out-dated labour oriented machinery has increased the cost of
production and has made this industry less profitable.
(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following :

(i) (1) The climate of silk producing centres in Karnataka is ideal for the
rearing high yielding Bombyx mori silk worms.
(2) The temperature ranging from 15ºC to 30ºC is ideal for growing the
mulberry plants, whose leaves the silkwoms feed on.
(3) It has abundant in fresh water, free from alkaline salts and iron,
which is essential for processing silk.
(ii) The advantages of petrochemical products over natural products are :
(1) Mass production of these substitutes is possible at a short notice.
(2) Alternative to costly natural products (Polyester to cotton, PVC pipes
to Steel pipes).
(3) They make a better use of crude petroleum and its by-products.
(iii) The Department of Electronics has adopted a proactive role to further
enhance competitiveness of India in IT and has initiated a number of
programmes for manpower development, quality upgradation and
stimulation of software engineering and Research.
(d) (i) Bengaluru

(ii) Rourkela steel plant, Rourkela Sundergarh district of Odisha.
(iii) Press mud. [2018]
101
A.11.
(a) (i) Dalli Rajhara mines.
(ii) Bailadila Range
(b) Sericulture flourished in Karnataka because

(1) It has favourable climate for rearing silkworms.
(2) Many mulberry trees are grown here as the climate is suitable for the
growth of mulberry trees.
(c) (i) It is necessary to crush sugarcane within 24 hours of havesting because

its sucrose content goes on decreasing with time.
(ii) Molasses, Press Mud, Bagasse are important by-products of the sugar industry.
(iii) North - Uttar Pradesh
South - Tamil Nadu
(d) (i) (1) Proximity to Raw Material : The supply of raw cotton for the mills is
supplied by the cotton producing areas of the Deccan Plateau that lie
close to these mills.
(2) Climatic Conditions : The humid coastal climate favours the textile
making without breaking the thread.
(3) Transport Facilities : Ahmedabad is well connected through rail
and road links with cotton growing areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat,
respectively and also through sea routes with the foreign markets.
(4) Port Facilities : Mumbai, Kandla are the leading ports wherein exports
and imports can be done easily and effectively.
(5) Labour : Ahmedabad has enough labour force from within or nearby states.
(6) Capital : Ahmedabad has easy access to capital and financial
resources. A large number of banks and other financial institutions
exist in these cities which provide loans and other credit facilities to
the manufacturers.
(7) Power : Power is of utmost need for the development of any industry.
Electricity is supplied in Gujarat by the Ukai and Kakrapara
hydroelectric projects.
(8) Market : There is a huge market for the cotton cloth in Gujarat as
well as in the southern and coastal areas of the country because of
the hot climate which prevails in these areas. Besides internal
demand, a huge market for the India cotton cloth exists outside the
country, especially in the Middle East countries which are located
comparatively near Ahmedabad as well as Mumbai.
(ii) (1) Cotton textile is a major industry in India.
(2) It directly or indirectly supports more than nearly 40 per cent of the
country's labour force.
(3) It also contributes to export of the country on a large scale.
(iii) Petrochemical industries are usually located close to the oil refineries,
because it reduces the transportation cost and increases time efficiency.
[2019]
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102
TRANSPORT
A.3.
(a) The main disadvantages of airways are the following :
(1) Air transport is costly.
(2) It depends on weather conditions. Flights are often delayed due to bad
weather.
(3) Air transport is run on petroleum which is a non-renewable source of
energy.
(4) Air transport can carry small tonnage but it has high freight charges.
(b) Peninsular rivers are not ideal for navigation because :

(i) (1) Rivers are seasonal in nature
(2) Rivers flow through undulating rocky plateau region.
(ii) Vishakhapatnam port is often hit by cyclones during October and November.
[2013]
A.4.
(a) (1) Road transport is more flexible than rail as buses, trucks and cars may
be stopped anywhere and at any time for passengers and goods whereas
trains stop at stations only.
(2) Road transports provide door to door service. Roads can negotiate high
gradients and sharp turns to reach at almost all areas whereas trains
cannot do the same. Roads can be constructed at hilly areas also.
(b) Advantage : Inland water ways are the cheapest means of transport and
suitable for carrying heavy and bulky materials:
Disadvantage : Water transport is limited to the areas where rivers are
navigable and oceanic routes exist.
[2014]
A.5.
(a) (i) Railways are an important means of transport as compared to air transport
because railways can carry large number of people and transport heavy
and bulky goods over a long distance.
(ii) The Golden Quadrilateral Project helps in the transport of agricultural
products from hinterlands to major cities and ports.
This promotes agricultural as well as industrial growth.
(b) (i) One major difference between a highway and an expressway is that a
highway is a high speed road connecting two or more cities, while an
Expressway is a very high speed highway that have limited or controlled
access, but are very high quality and have features like lane dividers and
access ramps to provide a pleasing motoring experience at high speed to
motorists.
(ii) Mumbai-Pune Expressway is the first expressway of India.
(iii) The Northern rivers are more suitable for navigation than the Deccan
rivers as the former has a perennial flow while the latter has seasonal
flow of water. Moreover the presence of water fall's sharp bends etc. also
hampers the navigation in case of Deccan rivers. [2015]
103
A.6.
(a) The two advantages of water transport are : It is suitable for carrying heavy
and bulky goods.
It is fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
Disadvantages : The seasonal rivers of peninsular India are not navigable. It
is the slow means of transport .
Due to silting of river beds and diversion of water for irrigation canals the
river beds have become shallow so navigation is not possible in all rivers.
(b) Road ways are considered more important because roads can be constructed
in remote areas, difficult terrain, high altitudes and steep slopes where no
other means of transport can reach. Road provide door to door service, thus
the cost of transport is reduced considerably.
[2016]
Q.7.
(a) (1) Air transport is very expensive so most people cannot afford it.
(2) Railways serve as the cheapest mode of transport.
(3) It helps in agricultural development and industrial development by trans-
porting agricultural produce, fertilizers, mineral ores, coal, petroleum etc.
(b) (1) Slow speed -It is slower means of transport.

(2) Water transport is more risky as floods are very common during the
rainy season.
(3) Diversion of water from the river for the purpose of irrigation and silting
of the river beds have reduced the importance of inland water transport.
[2017]
A.8.
(a) (1) Modes of transport promote faster industrialization by enabling the faster
movement of raw materials and finished products.
(2) Availability of various modes of transport give boost to agricultural growth
by providing faster connectivity between the places of production and the
places of demand.
(3) Cheap mode of transport reduce the cost of production of all types of
goods and services.
(b) (1) Easy movement of bulky and perishable goods to distant places.
(2) Easy and quick transport of raw materials and finished products to the
places of demand.
(3) It enables quick and efficient relief work on large scale during natural
calamities.
(4) Railways facilitate the easy movement of police and troops and defense
equipment in times of war and internal strife.
(5) It provides the most comfortable and cost-effective long distance transport
for people across the country.
(6) Being under the unified command of the Central government the Indian
Railways is an important means of national integration among all the
Indians.
104
(c) (i) Cheap, safe and economical.

(ii) (1) It is through the roads that every village and hamlet can be reached.
(2) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of the railway
line.
(3) Roads can be constructed even in the areas of difficult terrain and
where railways lines do not exist.
(iii) Disadvantages of water transport are :
(1) It depends on weather conditions.
(2) It needs long travelling hours which causes sea sickness.
(d) (1) It is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport. It connects the far
flung and remote areas of the country.
(2) The speed and ease with which aeroplanes can across mountain barriers,
sandy deserts, large expanses of water or forests make the air transport
indispensable.
(3) Air transport is of particular importance during natural calamities. It is
used to airlift people from the affected areas and to air-drop food, medicines
and other necessary things to calamity affected people.
[2018]
A.9.
(a) (1) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of the railway line.
(2) Roads can be constructed even in the areas of difficult terrain and where
railways lines do not exist.
(3) Roads offer door to door service and thereby, reduce the cost of loading
and unloading. Roads also help farmers to move their perishable products
quickly to the markets.
(4) The movement of goods is safer through road transport as the chances of
pilferage are lesser than in the railways.
(b) (1) The rivers in South India are seasonal and thus are not suitable for
inland water transport.
(2) Coastal shipping is cost efficient and it helps transport heavy goods easily
and hence it is advantageous.
(c) (i) (1) Air transport is costly.

(2) It depends on weather conditions. Flights are often delayed due to
bad weather.
(3) Air transport is run on petroleum which is a non-renewable source
of energy.
(4) Air transport can carry small tonnage but it has high freight charges.
(ii) (1) Transportation helps in the better utilisation of the resources of the
backward areas by linking them with the more advanced areas.
(2) It aids in the process of industrialisation and urbanisation.
(3) It removes scarcity of goods during any crisis.
(4) It helps in minimising the effects of natural disasters.
(5) It brings in homogeneity and national integration in thought and
culture through easy movement of people and bringing them in contact
with one another.
105
(iii) (1) It depends on weather conditions.

(2) It needs long travelling hours which causes sea sickness. Hence,
Water transport is not as popular as land transport in India.
(d) (i) Railways constitute one of the most efficient and cost-effective forms of
transportation. It has the following advantages:
(1) Railways help in the easy movement of bulky goods and perishable
commodities to distant places.
(2) Railways transport raw materials to the production units and finished
goods to the markets.
(3) Railways have brought the villages closer to the cities and have helped
to transfer new ideas and innovations to the rural areas.
(4) Railways help in reducing sufferings during natural calamities.
(5) Railways act as an integrating force, knitting the whole country into
one whole with its huge network running throughout the country.
(6) Railways facilitate easy movement of police, troops and defence
equipment.
(7) Railways provide comfortable journey as the trains have enough space
to stretch legs and move in the corridors. At night, one can sleep
comfortably on the berths provided in the trains.
(8) Rail travel is safer and comfortable for families with babies and elders.
(ii) Rail transport has the following disadvantages :
(1) Rail transport lacks flexibility of routes. Train tracks cannot be laid
in every region of the country like in the hilly areas or remote forested
areas.
(2) Train travel can be very long and tedious, especially when compared
to air travel.
(3) Train tracks cannot be laid in every industrial region and trains
have to travel to a station, where the cargo is loaded from one form of
transportation to another. Most industrial locations have roads leading
to them, but not all of them have train tracks leading to them.
(4) The trains which run on coal produce lot of air and noise pollution.
(5) Trains cannot cross the oceans. They are limited to land travel and
cannot normally haul products from one continent to another. (Any
one). [2019]

106
WASTE MANAGEMENT
A.1.
(a) (i) The objectives of the treatment of gaseous waste is to drain the harmful
particles and allow clean air to escape through chimneys.
(ii) Two diseases are lung-cancer and asthma.
(b) Cause of the following are :

(i) The Bhopal tragedy-leakage of methyl isocyanate.
(ii) The Minamata disease-by mercury poisoning.
(iii) The Chernobyl disaster-leakage of nuclear radiations.
[2013]
A.2.
(a) (1) Waste accumulation pollutes air, water and soil.
(2) It degenerates the landscape, chokes the drainage system.
(3) It creates health problems like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, etc., due to
growth of bacteria in the water.
(b) Acid rain is the deposition of the acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew or
dry particles. The acidity can increase through the introduction of Sulphur
dioxide and Nitrogen oxide mostly emitted by industries and automobiles into
the atmosphere. Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide combine with water vapour
and oxygen to form dilute sulphuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these
acidic solutions across the atmosphere when these acid rains reach the Earth.
It flows across the surface run off and enters the water system.
Two effects of acid rain are : -
(1) It is largely responsible for scarring buildings, monuments, corroding
metals and damaging vegetation.
(2) It makes water in the lakes and wet lands acidic and make them toxic
for aquatic life.
[2014]
A.3.
(a) (i) Segregation of wastes according to methods of treatment is necessary
for proper waste management. Thus wastes are separately collected in
different bins for biodegradable and non biodegradable products.
(ii) Radioactive elements are considered harmful because exposure to these
radioactive elements can cause serious health problems. Since radioactive
elements remain active for a long time, therefore it can enter human
body through food, fish and water which are already affected. These
radioactive accumulations further damage tissues, blood cells and cause
cancer.
(iii) Generation of wastes can be reduced by reducing recycling and reusing
of wastes known as 3R's.
107
(b) (i) Biodegradable wastes are easily broken down by natural processes of
decomposition. e.g. leaves, plant remains.
(ii) Gaseous waste-carbon monoxide, Methane, CO2, Sulphur dioxide etc.
[2015]
A.4.
(a) (i) Two sources of waste are bio-degradable waste and non-biodegradable
waste.
(ii) Bio-degradable waste are produced by plants, animals, kitchen, paper,
green waste, humans, fertilizers and sewage waste which can be broken
down through microbial activity of fungi and bacteria.
(b) (i) Composting : Composting is biodegradable organic waste like tree leaves,
vegetable peel and discarded food items (converted into useful manure).
(ii) Incineration : Incineration involves burning of waste at a very high tem-
perature and are fed into an incineration chamber and combustion
destroys the organic compound.
(iii) Segregation : The waste from residential areas, hotels restaurants and
office complexes and commercial areas must be segregated at source
into different categories of bio-degradable, non-bio-degradable, bio-
medical, toxic and non-toxic waste.
[2016]
A.5.
(a) (i) Sewage : The liquid and solid waste from the municipality, pollutants
from the industries like arsenic, lead, mercury, fluorides flow through
the water channels and finally join larger water bodies. If not treated
causes serious health problem.
(ii) Eutrophication : It is a process of depletion of oxygen from water bodies
occurring either naturally or due to human activities.
(iii) Recycling : It is a process in which the waste is converted into raw
material that is usable in other useful manufacturing process. This helps
to reduce the waste generation by reversing or recycling it.
(b) (1) Methane is released by industries using coal gas and coal mining.
(2) Methane is released from the land-fills as large amount of waste is
deposited on or under the ground.
(3) Methane is emitted by natural sources such as wet lands, as well as
human activities such as leakage from natural gas systems and the
raising of livestock.
(4) Rotting vegetation produces methane.
[2017]
A.6.
(a) The problem with waste is that it remains in our environment. We move
waste from one place to another but never get rid of it completely. Nature has
recycled waste materials for millions of years. However, human population
108
has increased so rapidly during the last century that the environment is now
threatened by our activities and the wastes they produce. Much damage is
done to the environment by the pollution of air, degradation of soils and
contamination of water sources such as rivers, lakes, etc.
(b) In developing countries like India, some of the waste materials like old glass
bottles, steel tyres, tin cans are reused. For example, shoes or chappals are
made from old tyres, water bags are made from leather, lamps are made from
tin cans, etc. Many waste collectors roam about in residential areas and
industrial units to collect the solid wastes. They segregate them and supply
them to specialized artisans who make utility articles from such material
and make a living from their skill. For example, a beautiful garden (Rock
Garden) has been created by Nek Chand in Chandigarh using waste products
like tin cans, collectors, thus, help in making new production processes.
Thus, they reduce the burden of waste disposal.
(c) (i) Waste accumulation can cause significant damage to aquatic life, both
fresh water and marine. Two categories of waste that cause greatest
damage to aquatic life are - pesticides, which run off agricultural lands
and industrial and domestic wastes that are improperly disposed of
into water bodies. Toxins present in these wastes can kill aquatic
organisms directly by sufficiently changing the pH of water, covering
the water surface and causing a reduction in dissolved oxygen. The
aquatic organisms are also affected by a phenomenon, known as
biomagnification.
(ii) Accumulation of solid waste looks ugly, smells foul, attracts insects,
rats and other animals that spread diseases. Burning of waste in the
open dumpyards causes smoke and foul smelling air. In addition,
rainwater can drain through refuse and carry harmful substances to
different places.
(iii) Sanitary landfills are not fit for human settlements because methane
and carbon dioxide gases start coming up in the first two years. These
gases are produced when solid wastes start decomposing underground.
(d) (i) 'Segregation of waste' refers to separation of various types of waste

such as bio-degradable or bio-nondegradable, reusable, toxic or non-toxic
etc so that it is either recycled into useable products or disposed off in a
safe and environmental friend manner.
(ii) Composting of waste is an aerobic (in the presence of air) method of
decomposing solid wastes. The process involved known as compost
which is a good fertilizer for plants. The composting process produces
carbon dioxide and heat which can be used for various purposes like
cooking. The organic wastes from households are made to undergo
decomposition in such a way that bacteria and other micro-organisms
break them down and produce a safe, clean and soil - like material
called compost.
109
(iii) ‘Open dumping of waste’ refers to dumping of waste in open low lands
far away from the city. It is the cheapest method but not an environment
friendly method of waste disposal.
[2018]
A.7.
(a) (i) Decomposition of wastes produces harmful gases that pollute the air
around us.
(ii) Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas and lakes results in
the accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through plants
and animals that feed on it (biomagnification, thus polluting the quality
of water around us.
(b) (1) Accumulated solid wastes when left uncared, start decomposing. A
number of pathogenic (disease-producing) bacteria, virus and fungi grow
from these wastes.
(2) Files, insects, rodents etc., live in the accumulated waste heaps and
carry germs of various diseases to human habitation.
(3) Decomposition of wastes produces harmful gases that pollute the air
around us.
(c) (i) The three R's are Reuse, Reduce amd Recycle of waste.
(1) Reuse : This includes the practise of using the things instead of throwing.
(2) Reduce : This includes the practise of buying fewer things and using
them for a longer period to avoid waste.
(3) Recycle : It is using of waste materials and remaking some other
article for use. This can be sued at home….
(ii) (1) Sorting out of the reusable material form heaps of waste may often
involve much manual labour.
(2) Pieces of metal, glass, rubber, plastics etc., are removed to be recycled
to get finished products.
(iii) The major benefits of composting are: (Write any three)
(1) It enhances soil nutrients and water retention capacity of soils.
(2) It suppresses plant diseases.
(3) It rejuvenates poor soils by adding humus
(4) It absorbs odours and degrading volatile organic compounds.
(5) It prevents pollution by preventing pollutants in storm water run - off
from draining into ware resources.
(6) It checks soil erosion and silting on embankments
(7) It reduces cost as there is no need for excess water, fertilisers and
pesticides.
(d) (i) Trees can absorb toxic gases and purify the air by releasing oxygen.
Hence more trees must be planted in the industrial areas
(ii) The excessive use of chemical fertilizers create pollution. The fertilizers
are used to enrich the soil, but they also contaminate the soil with
110
impurities. On the other hand organic fertilizers enrich the soil without
contaminating the soil with impurities.
(iii) (1) Plastic is non-biodegradable. The bonds of carbon in plastic are
impossible to break down through a physical or chemical process.
They have to be incinerated, recycled or buried in landfills.
(2) The plastic bags which are extensively used in India are made from
recycled plastic.
(3) The recycled plastic bags are harmful because the melting of plastic
and plastic products breaks some polymer chains into smaller units
which are harmful.
[2019]

111
ECONOMICS
BOARD PAPER
SPECIMEN PAPER ANSWER 2013-2019
UNIT - I, II, III, IV, V, VI
Assignment Sheet
UNIT - I
Short answers :
2. Two functions of capital are :
1. It helps the process of division of labour : Capital makes the system of
division of labour more refined. It is only when there is an abundance of
capital that is possible to assemble a large number of workers at one
place.
2. It expands employment : Since capital expands production, it also expands
employment. Thus, if we are to reduce the volume of unemployment in
the country, we must pay attention to capital formation in a country.
[2018]
11. (i) Capital, when invested in education and health, increases the productivity
of workers.
(ii) Without capital there can be no production. Capital makes possible the
use of advanced modern machines in production. Moreover, no
technological progress is possible without capital. [2015]
13. Land, in economics, means not only the surface of the earth but all those
free gifts of nature, the supply of which can be regulated. Land possess the
following characteristics.
(i) Free Gift of Nature : Land is a gift of nature given to man free of cost.
Man has to spend nothing to obtain it. He has to make no efforts to get it.
Rather, it existed even long before the evolution of man. All other factors
of production have to be produced at a cost.
(ii) Land is limited in supply : A peculiar feature of land is its fixed supply.
Other factors of production can be increased in supply to a greater or
lesser extent. But it is impossible to increase the supply of land.
(iii) Land is a passive factor of production : Land is passive factor of
production because it cannot produce anything by itself.
(iv) Land is Permanent : Land is not perishable but it is indestructible and,
thus it cannot go out of existence. It is not destructible. A labourer will
die one day and with him will disappear his service. A machine can get
depreciated and is used up ultimately. But land can never be destroyed.
(v) Land is immovable : Land is immovable. It cannot be transported from
one place to another, while labourer and capital can be shifted. It is
fixed and cannot move from place to place. It also fixed in the sense that
the total supply of land in a country cannot be increased or decreased.
(vi) Land varies in fertility : Fertility of land differs on different pieces of
land. All pieces of land are not equally fertile. These days fertility of soil
can be increased through the use of chemical fertilisers.
[2017]
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X - ICSE (Economics)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
17. Basis Simple Division of Complex Division of

Labour Labour
Meaning When a labourer does the When the process of production
entire process of of a commodity is split up into
productionof a single good different operations and each
or service himself or worker does one or a few
collectively by the operations,it is called process
members of a familty, it is - based division of labour.
called product - based
division of labour.
Specialisation Here, the worker Under it, the worker
specialises in the specialises in a particular
production of a commodity process of the production of the
or service. commodity.
Nature It is simple It is complex.
Basis It is based on labour - It is based on Capital - intensive
intensive techniques of techniques.
production.
Use It is generally found in It is generally found in large
small enterprises. enterprises like corporate or
quasi - corporate enterpises.
Example Indian farmer doing all A modern garment factory where
farm activities with the one person takes the
help of measurement, another does the
his family members cutting, some sew the clothes,
collectively. while a few workers button them
and others iron them.
[2013]
18. Land as used in economies, is defined to include not only the surface of the
earth but also all other free gifts of nature.
The importance of land becomes evident from the following facts :
(i) Agricultural Development : The agricultural development of a country
largely depends upon the quantity and the quality of land. About 43 percent
of land area of India is plain and suitable for crop farming.
(ii) Industrial Development : The development of industries is also dependent
upon land, because the raw materials for these industries are ultimately
obtained from land. What is more, the power (i.e. electricity, coal, etc.) to
run such industries is also provided by land.
(iii) Development of the means of Transport and communication : Land
facilitates the development of the means of transport and communication
in the country.
(iv) Importance to Man : Much of our requirement of food, clothing, etc., are
directly or indirectly met from land. Not only food, even clothing comes
from nature. Land is the main source of our agricultural activities.
Residential houses are constructed on land.
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 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (Economics)
(v) Promotion of science and Technology : Natural resources promote science

and technology. Human work on these resources make hundred of things
which are useful to us in our daily life. e.g. dams,solar panel, herbs etc.
In short, land is the backbone of the economy of a nation. In fact, no life is
without land. (2013)
19. Real Capital : It refers to physical stock of goods which are used as inputs in
production, e.g. machines, raw-material.
Debt Capital : It implies wealth such as shares, debentures etc. [2013]
20. By productivity of land, we mean the capacity of a piece of land to produce a

crop. The main factors that determine the productivity of land are explained -
(i) Natural Factors : Productivity of land is largely determined by its natural
qualities such as fertility, slope of land, climate, chemical and biological
properties of the soil.
(ii) Human factors : Land cannot produce anything by itself. Man has to
apply labour on it to produce for himself. Therefore, productivity of land
also depends upon the knowledge and training of workers.
(iii) Improvements of Land : Productivity of land is affected by land
development measures like provision of well or tubewell irrigation, proper
drainage, fencing, etc.
(iv) Location of land : The location of land also affects the productivity of
land. Land located near to the market is supposed to be more productive
than land at a distant place, as it will not require extra amount to bring
the produce to the market.
(v) Organisation : Productivity of land also depends upon the way how the
factors of production like labour and capital are organised. In order to
increase productivity of land, trained workers, modern implements,
scientific methods, good seeds, manure and dependable sources of
irrigation are all essential.
(vi) Ownership of Land : Ownership of land is an important factor affecting
the productivity of land. Owners always take much interest in maximising
the productivity. They encourage workers to work hard and increase the
productivity and the other hand, persons with temporary settlement do
not take much interest in the cultivation of land because they can be
evicted from land.
(vii) Availability of capital : The productivity of land also depends on the use
of capital. It can be increased with the help of improved seeds, chemical
manures and machines. Thus, intensive cultivation gives a higher
productivity on a small piece of land. [2014, 2016]
21. When a worker is specialised in the production of a single commodity, it is

called simple division of labour. [2014]
22. Two factors that determine the Supply as labour :

(i) Size of population : The most important factor affecting the supply of
labour is its population. The larger the population, the larger will be the
number of persons who will have the capacity to perform physical or
mental work. Hence, the larger will be the supply of labour.
115
(ii) Age composition : The supply of labour depends not so much on the
population as on the age-composition of the population. Population falling
under [0 –14] years and [60 and above] is said to be dependent population
while population between the age group [15 – 59] years is independent
population. This group comprises the actual labour force in the country.
(iii) Wage Rate : The higher is the wage rate, the larger becomes the supply
of labour. This is because a rise in the wage rate makes work economically
more attractive. Hence, the willingness to work increases with a rise in
the wage rate. Some times there are exceptions to this general rule. An
individual’s supply of labour may increase at first with the increase in
wage rate. The worker perfers income to leisure. However, with further
increase in the wage rate, the worker may prefers leisure to income.
[2014]
23. (i) A professor working in a college : Labour consist of all human efforts of
body or of mind which are undertaken in the expectation of a reward.
(ii) A social worker serving in an orphanage : A professor working in college
is labour as he is paid for his work. A social worker working for orphanage
is not labour as he is not remunerated for his work. [2015]
24. Land differs from other factors of production in the following way :
(i) Land is a free gift of nature while other factors of production are not.
(ii) Supply of land is fixed while the supply of other factors of production is
variable. [2015]
25. By efficiency of labour, we mean productive capacity of a worker. It indicates

the capacity of a labour to do more work or better work or both during a given
time period. [2015]
26. The main factors which determine the extent of applicability of division of
labour are :
(i) The size of the Market : The extent to which division of labour can be
adopted depends upon the size of the market for a particular product. If
the product has limited market, it cannot be produced on large scale.
Therefore, only a few workers will be employed and hence the scope for
division of labour will be limited.
(ii) Attitude of Workers : If the workers involved in production are not co-
operative and do not adjust for changes, division of labour would become
difficult.
(iii) Nature of the Production : When goods are to be prepared according t o
individual’s taste and preference (as embroidery, painting, ornaments
etc.) the scope of division of labour becomes very limited.
(iv) Availability of other factors of production : The availability of other
factors of production also determines the extent to which division of
labour is possible. If other factors of production (e.g. land, capital etc.)
are available only upto a limited extent, the scale of output willbe
restricted. [2015]
116
27. Fixed Capital : Fixed capital refers to those capital goods which can be used
again and again in production. Examples : machinery, factory building.
Circulating Capital : In it all those things are included which are used in
production only once. Cotton and fuel are examples of circulation capital.
[2015]
28. Money helps is buying goods and services. Consumption of goods increases
utility and satisfaction of hcople. In this way, money can maximise utility.
[2016]
29. The two ways by which producers benefit from division of labour are :
(i) Increase in efficiency of labour : When a worker does the same work
again and again, he gets specialisation in it. In this way, division of
labour leads to great increase in efficiency and hence production.
(ii) Less cost of production : It encourages production on a large-scale.
Consequently, many economies or benefits of large-scale begin to emerge
which thereby reduce the cost of production. It also encourages the use
of specialised machinery which leads to an increase in productivity.
[2016]
30. The difference between an entrepreneur and two other factor of production
are :
(i) All other factors are employed by the entrepreneur in the production
process. But entrepreneur is not a hired factor of production.
(ii) Unlike reward of the other factors of production, the income of the
entrepreneur is residual in nature. He earns profits only after making
payment to other factors. [2016]
31. We see process - based division of labour in an automobile industry where the
entire production process is divided into sub-processes and labour with
specialised skills work at different sub - processes. [2017]
32. By division of labour, we mean specialisation in work. Under it, the worker
specialises either in the production of a single commodity or single sub -
process. Division of labour is defined by Prof Adam Smith; “as a system whereby
the operations necessary to make a finished product are so minutely divided
that each worker performs one or at the most only a few operations”.[2018]
33. Labour consists of all human efforts of body or of mind which are undertaken
in the expectation of reward. Labour includes all human efforts done with a
view to earn income. Physical or mental work will be treated as labour which
is undertaken to earn income or reward. [2018]
34.
Fixed capital Circulating capital

Machines Raw material
Office furniture Fuel [2018]
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35. Basis Land Labour

Meaning Land, in economics, means not Labour consists of all human
only the surface of the earth efforts of body or of mind which
but all those free gifts of are undertaken in the
nature, the supply of which can expectation of reward.
be regulated.
Existence Land is not perishable. Labour is perishable
Nature Land is passive factor. Labour is active factor.
Mobility Land is immobile. Labour is mobile.
Reward Land gets rent. Labour gets wages or salary.
[2018]
36. Following are some suggestions which can improve the efficiency of Indian
workers : (Any two)
(i) The payment of wages should be fair and prompt. Bonus (i.e., a part of
profit) must be given to workers as an incentive to hard work.
(ii) Working conditions in the factories/work places should be improved.
(iii) Social security measures such as insurance schemes, provident fund
contributions, pensions, etc., should be introduced.
(iv) Hours of work should not be more than eight hours. Other facilities like
holidays, leaves, etc., should also be provided to the workers without
further delay.
(v) Technical education facilities should be expanded to all categories of
workers.
(vi) Social set-up : The mobility of labour also depends upon the social set
up. A society dominated by caste system and joint family system lacks in
mobility of labour. But where the joint family and caste systems do not
exists, the mobility of labour increases.
(vii) Advertisement : Advertisement relating to jobs in newspaper also affect
the mobility of labour. [2018]
37. Yes. This activity is considered as production as it creates time utility. Time
utility is that utility which is created by storing up goods in a particular
period of time when their value is low. [2019]
38. Division of labour has the following advantages.

(i) Right man at the right job : Since work is divided into a number of parts
or sub-parts, each worker can be given a job according to his taste and
preference.
(ii) Increase in efficiency of labour : When a worker does the same work
(iii) Saving of Time and Tools : Division of labour saves both time and tools.
It reduces the time period required for completing the work. Likewise,
there is better use of tools and implements. For example, it is not
118
necessary to provide each worker with a complete set of tools. He can be

given only those tools that he requires.
(iv) Production of Superior Goods : The division of labour is beneficial in
making goods of superior quality. When a worker is given a piece of work
in which he is best suited, naturally he will produce superior quality
goods.
(v) Inventions : There are more possibilities of inventions under division of
labour. When a worker does the same work daily, he tries to simplify his
process, thereby making inventions possible.
(vi) Less cost of production : It encourages production on a large-scale.
(vii) Increase in mobility of labour : The division of labour facilitates greater
mobility of labour. In it, production is divided into different parts and a
worker becomes trained in that very specific task in the production of
the commodity, which he performs again and again. [2019]
39. By productivity of land, we mean the capacity of a piece of land to produce a

crop. The main factors that determine the productivity of land are explained -
(i) Natural Factors : Productivity of land is largely determined by its natural
qualities such as fertility, slope of land, climate, chemical and biological
properties of the soil.
(ii) Human factors : Land cannot produce anything by itself. Man has to
apply labour on it to produce for himself. Therefore, productivity of land
also depends upon the knowledge and training of workers.
(iii) Improvements of Land : Productivity of land is affected by land
development measures like provision of well or tubewell irrigation, proper
drainage, fencing, etc.
(iv) Location of land : The location of land also affects the productivity of
land. Land located near to the market is supposed to be more productive
than land at a distant place, as it will not require extra amount to bring
the produce to the market.
(v) Organisation : Productivity of land also depends upon the way how the
factors of production like labour and capital are organised. In order to
increase productivity of land, trained workers, modern implements,
scientific methods, good seeds, manure and dependable sources of
irrigation are all essential.
(vi) Ownership of Land : Ownership of land is an important factor affecting
the productivity of land. Owners always take much interest in maximising
the productivity. They encourage workers to work hard and increase the
productivity and the other hand, persons with temporary settlement do
not take much interest in the cultivation of land because they can be
evicted from land.
(vii) Availability of capital : The productivity of land also depends on the use
of capital. It can be increased with the help of improved seeds, chemical
manures and machines. Thus, intensive cultivation gives a higher
productivity on a small piece of land. [2019]
119
free gifts of nature, the supply of which can be regulated. [2019]
41. The features of an entrepreneur are :

(i) All other factors are employed by the entrepreneur in the production
process. But entrepreneur is not a hired factor of production.
(ii) Unlike rewards of the other factors of production, the income of the
entrepreneur is residual in nature. He earns profits only after making
payment to other factors.
(iii) The rewards of all other factors of production are contractual and hence
are always positive. But the reward of an entrepreneur can be positive or
zero or even negative.
(iv) Risk and uncertainty bearing is the key job of the entrepreneur.[2019]
Long answers :
1. Besides upper surface of the soil, land includes all other free gifts of nature
the supply of which can be regulated.
Four characterisistics of Land
one place to another, while labourer and capital can be shifted. Land is
‘fixed’ in two senses. It is fixed and cannot move from place to place. It
also fixed in the sense that the total supply of land in a country cannot
be increased or decreased.
can be increased through the use of chemical fertilisers.
(vii) Land differs in Location : Land differs in the matter of location. Land in
large cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata is extremely scarce and
hence commands a high value. Land located in a river valley is likely to
be more productive and richer than land located far away or on a mountain
slope.
(viii) Land has many uses : We can make use of land in many ways. On land,
cultivation can be done, factories can be set up, roads or railways tracks
can be constructed, buildings can be raised, and so on. [2014]
120
2. By efficiency of labour we mean productive capacity of a worker.

Four factors influencing Efficiency of Labour
(i) Education and Training : Education is generally classified in two parts :
(a) General Education, and (b) Technical Education. General education
broadens the knowledge or outlook of labour and makes the labour more
responsible. Technical education trains the labourer to do specialised
jobs. It is job oriented.
(ii) Moral Qualities : A worker’s efficiency also depends upon his moral
values. If he is dependable, responsible, honest and dutiful, his efficiency
will be more.
(iii) Standard of living : Better standard of living leads to an improvement in
health through better nourishment, also leads to improvement in
ducation qualifications. Thus, better standard of living makes the labour
mentally and physically sound and thereby his effciency increases.
(iv) Level of wages : Level of wages also affects efficiency of a worker. A
higher wage increases the worker’s standard of living and, hence, his
efficiency.
(v) Working Conditions : Better working conditions improve the efficiency
of labour. If the labourer works at a place where he can have fresh air,
safe drinking water, adequate light, his efficiency will be definitely more.
Also, the facilities enjoyed by the worker like the length of the working
day, number of holidays per year, accident benefits etc. determine labour
efficiency.
(vi) Organisation : The efficiency of the workers and the organisation are
interrelated. If the organisation provides raw materials, modern
machinery, equipments and tools and makes a proper division of labour,
the efficiency of the workers will definitely improve.
(vii) Experience : Besides education, the experience of a worker makes him
more efficient. His efficiency also goes on increasing as his practical
experience increases.
(viii) Employer-Employee Relations : Efficiency of labour also depends upon
the employer-employee relations. If the relations between the two are
friendly and emphatic, efficiency of labour will be high and vice versa.
(ix) Climate : Climatic conditions also affect the efficiency of labour. Hot
climate as in India reduces the working capacity of a worker. On the
other hand, in the countries having cold climate, labour can work for
longer duration and, hence, efficiency of labour will be more.
(x) Racial and Hereditary qualities : The efficiency of worker to some extent
depends upon the racial and hereditary qualities. If the parents are
intelligent, hard-working, their children will normally inherit these
qualities. [2014]
3. Entrepreneurs can promote the economic development of a country in the

following ways:
(i) Increasing Production : Entrepreneurship results in harnessing the
various factors of production such as land, labour, capital and technology
to the fullest extent. Entrepreneurs take up production of goods and
services for meeting the demand of consumers, import substitution and
exports.
121
(ii) Employment Generation : Entrepreneurship creates job opportunities

in an economy. When economies are into recession large business units
retrench their labour force and workers search for job in small business
units.
(iii) Innovation : Entrepreneurship results in new technologies and products
that displace older methods and products. It results in higher income
and wealth.
(iv) Increasing Competition : Entrepreneurship results in innovation which
leads to the development of new products, services and methods of
production. Consequently competition increases in the industry as a whole
leading to better products and lower prices.
(v) Breaking-up of Monopoly Market Structures : Small business units
reinvest their profits for further production. It leads to decentralisation
of economic power and thus creating a balanced utilization of resources
in an economy. Thus, monopoly of existing large business enterprises
resulting in exploitation of consumers is finished.
(vi) Improvement of Per Capita Income : Opportunities are converted in
business enterprises via entrepreneurship. It results into increase in
the national income and thereby the per capita income in an economy.
[2018]
7. Labour consists of all human efforts of body or mind undertaken in the

expectation of reward called wage.
Four Characteristic Features of Labour :
(i) Labour is Perishable : If a worker does not work on a particular day, his
labour for that day is wasted. Labour is, thus, perishable. Labour cannot
be stored. The labourer has to sell his labour immediately irrespective of
the prices (i.e.., wages) paid to him.
(ii) Labour is an active factor of production : Land and capital are passive
factors, but labour is an active factor of production. Without labour, other
factors of production, viz., land and capital, cannot produce anything.
(iii) Labour cannot be separated from labourer : Land and capital can be
separated from their owners but labour cannot be separated from a
labourer. Labour and labourer are inseparable from each other. The
labourer will have to present himself at a place where work is going on.
(iv) Labourer sells his labour, not himself : The labourer does not sell himself,
he sells his labour only. A labourer may or may not agree to do work.
(v) Labour is mobile : Labour alone is a factor which is mobile. It can move
from one place to another and also from one occupation to another.
(vi) Labour differs in efficiency : All labourers are not equally efficient.
Some labourers are more efficient due to their ability, training and skill
whereas others are less efficient on account of illiteracy.
(vii) Labour can improve its efficiency : By investing capital on workers’
education and training, the productivity of labour can be improved.
(viii) Inelastic Supply of labour : The supply of labour is inelastic in a country
at a particular time. It means its supply can neither be increased nor
decreased. For example, if a country has scarcity of a particular type of
workers, its supply cannot be increased within a day month or year because
the supply of labour depends upon population.
122
(ix) Labour is both a means and an end : A labourer is both a means of production
as well as the end of it. He produces goods and also consumes them.
(x) Demand for labour is derived : The demand for labour is derived. Labourers
are demanded only when there is a demand for the goods and services
produced by them.
(xi) Labour has less Bargaining power : The bargaining power of the worker
is low compared to that of the employer. This is so because of the following
reasons : Firstly, labourer is perishable. Secondly, labourers are generally
poor. Therefore, worker consisders it better to accept the low wage offered
by the employer rather than go without work. Finally, there is lack of
organisation among workers due to illiteracy and other reasons.
[2013, 2016]
8. Five Advantages of Division of Labour :

preference.
making goods of superior quality. When a worker is given a piece of work in
which he is best suited, naturally he will produce superior quality goods.
the commodity, which he performs again and again.
(viii) Cooperation among workers : The work cannot be completed unless
workers cooperate with each other. Division of labour thus develops sense
of cooperation among workers.
(ix) Advantages to the society : Because of availability of a variety of goods
at cheaper rates, the people of the society will have better choice. Thus,
it will improve the standard of living. [2014]
9. By capital formation, we mean the increase in the stock of capital goods (e.g.
machines, equipments, buildings, means of transport, factories etc.) which
are used for more production. It refers to net production. It also refers to net
123
addition made to the capital stock of an economy during a time period.

Factors influencing capital formation (or process of capital formation).
There are mainly three stages in the process of capital formation. These are :
(i) Creation of savings
(ii) Mobilisation of savings and
(iii) Investment of savings.
(i) Creation of savings : Saving is the first stage in the process of capital
formation. Savings in a country are made by different individuals. These
depends upon several factors like (a) ability to save (b) desire to save and
(c) opportunities to save. Ability to save directly depends upon the level of
income. Higher the income of people, more will be their ability to save.
Besides income, taxation policy of the goverment also affect the ability to
save. When the rates of income tax and sales tax are high, people will be
able to save only less amount than before. Opportunity to save refers to
the conditions of peace and security in the country and favourable attitude
of the government to motivate people to save.
(ii) Mobilisation of savings : Capital formation cannot occur unless savings
made by people are mobilised for investment purpose. Savings are done
by millions of households and firms. This requires a network of banks
and other financial intermediaries who collect these savings and make
them available to the producers or investors.
(iii) Investment of Savings : The third and last stage of capital formation is
the investment of mobilised savings. Unless mobilised savings are utilised
or invested, there cannot be any capital formation. It is, therefore
necessary that the economy should have an entrepreneurial class which
is prepared to bear the risk of business and invest savings in productive
channels. [2014, 2019]
10. By capital formation, we mean the increase in the stock of capital goods (e.g.
machines, equipments, buildings, means of transport, factories etc.) which
are used for more production. It refers to net production. It also refers to net
addition made to the capital stock of an economy during a time period.
Factors influencing capital formation (or process of capital formation).
In a developing economy like India, the rate of capital formation is low. There
are several factors responsible for this. Important among them include the
following:
(i) The level of saving is low because of low level of income. Level of income
is low because of low productivity levels in the agricultural and industrial
sectors of the economy.
(ii) An efficient entrepreneurial class is lacking in developing economies.
(iii) There is lack of banking facilities which has adversely affected the level
of investment.
(iv) Most of the PSUs have been running under losses.
(v) When private entrepreneurs are afraid of nationalisation of their
industries, they will not set-up in industries. [2015, 2016]
11. Division of labour refers to the system of organising production where the
work required to produce a product is divided into different specialized tasks
with different workers specializing in each task.
124
Three benefits of Division of Labour

Division of labour has the following advantages.
preference.
making goods of superior quality. When a worker is given a piece of work in
which he is best suited, naturally he will produce superior quality goods.
12. A successful entrepreneur should possess the following qualities :

(i) He should possess courage and ability to tackle successfully the day-to-
day problems arising in business.
(ii) He should be capable of taking quick decisions because delay in taking
decisions can sometimes cause heavy losses.
(iii) He should have complete knowledge about his business.
(iv) He should have the capacity to recognise the ability of a person so that
work could be given to the employees according to their tastes and abilities.
(v) He should have the quality of farsightedness.
(vi) An entrepreneur should also possess the qualities of leadership because he
is supposed to work as a ‘captain of the ship’. He should be a good organiser.
(vii) An entrepreneur should be well experienced in his business.
(viii) An entrepreneur should be a man of words. If an entrepreneur is not
honest and does not keep his promise, people will lose confidence in him
and hesitate in lending their money to him. [2015]
125
13. By efficiency of labour, we mean productive capacity of a worker. It indicates

the capacity of a labour to do more work or better work or both during a given
time period.
The three causes of low efficiency of labour are :
(i) Level of wages : Level of wages also affects efficiency of a worker. A
higher wage increases the worker’s standard of living and, hence, his
efficiency.
(ii) Climate : Climatic conditions also affect the efficiency of labour. Hot
climate as in India reduces the working capacity of a worker. On the
other hand, in the countries having cold climate, labour can work for
longer duration and, hence, efficiency of labour will be more.
(iii) Standard of living : Better standard of living leads to an improvement in
health through better nourishment, also leads to improvement in
education qualifications. Thus, better standard of living makes the labour
mentally and physically sound and thereby his effciency increases.
[2016]
14. Sometimes, due to some reasons, the production of certain goods takes place
in a particular place, state or country. This particular type of division of labour
is called geographical division of labour. For example concentration or
localisation of textiles in Bombay (Mumbai), jute industry in Bengal and sugar
industry in U.P. are the good examples of territorial division of labour.
preference.
making goods of superior quality. When a worker is given a piece of work
in which he is best suited, naturally he will produce superior quality
goods.
126

15. An entrepreneur is a person who specialises in the task of organisation.

Thus, an entrepreneur is the one who organises production, takes important
decisions regarding production, hires/purchases factors of production and
bears the risk and uncertainty involved in production. The task of bearing
risks is called enterprise and the person who bears these risks of business is
called an entrepreneur.
(i) The size of national income which is considered the indicator of economic
development of a nation is largely determined by the amount and quality
of entrepreneurial resource. What is produced, how much is produced
and how efficiently is produced, all depend upon the class of
entrepreneurs. A country will be able to produce a large amount of output
and generate a large national income if it possesses a large number of
entreprenrs with a modern outlook.
(ii) Entrepreneurs mobilise idle savings of the public through the issue of
shares and debentures.
(iii) Enepreneurs generate employment opportunities and thus help to reduce
unemployment problem in the country.
(iv) They also set up industries in the backward areas of the country to avail
various concessions and subsidies provided by the government. In this
way, they help to reduce regional disparities in the country.
(v) Entrepreneurs also help the nation reducing dependence on foreign
countries. [2017]
16. Labour consists of all human efforts of body or of mind which are undertaken
in the expectation of reward. Economists use the term labour in wider sense.
In wider sense, labour includes all human efforts done with a view to earn
income. Physical or mental work will be treated as labour which is undertaken
to earn income or reward. Work done simply to attain pleasure or happiness
is not labour.
Following are some suggestions which can improve the efficiency of Indian
workers :
(i) The payment of wages should be fair and prompt. Bonus (i.e., a part of
profit) must be given to workers as an incentive to hard work.
(ii) Working conditions in the factories/work places should be improved.
(iii) Social security measures such as insurance schemes, provident fund
contributions, pensions, etc., should be introduced.
(iv) Hours of work should not be more than eight hours. Other facilities like
holidays, leaves, etc., should also be provided to the workers without
further delay.
(v) Technical education facilities should be expanded to all categories
of workers. [2017]
127
17. Basis Product - Based Division Process - Based Division of

of Labour Labour
Meaning When a labourer does the When the process of production
entire process ofproduction of a commodity is split up into
of a single good or service different operations and each
himself or collectively by worker does one or a few
the members of a familty, operations,it is called process
it is called product - based - based division of labour.
division of labour
Specialisation Here,the worker Under it, the worker
specialises in the specialises in a particular
production of a commodity process of the production
or service. of the commodity.
Nature It is simple It is complex.
Basis It is based on labour - It is based on Capital -
intensive techniques of intensive techniques.
production.
Use It is generally found in It is generally found in large
small enterprises. enterprises like corporate or
quasi - corporate enterpises.
Example Indian farmer doing all A modern garment factory where
farm activities with the one person takes the
help of his family members measurement, another does the
collectively. cutting, some sew the clothes,
while a few workers button them
and others iron them.
[2018]
18. (i) The size of national income which is considered the indicator of economic
development of a nation is largely determined by the amount and quality
of entrepreneurial resource. What is produced, how much is produced
and how efficiently is produced, all depend upon the class of
entrepreneurs. A country will be able to produce a large amount of output
and generate a large national income if it possesses a large number of
entreprenrs with a modern outlook.
(ii) Entrepreneurs mobilise idle savings of the public through the issue of
shares and debentures.
(iii) Enepreneurs generate employment opportunities and thus help to reduce
unemployment problem in the country.
(iv) they also set up industries in the backwar eas of the country to avail
various concessions and subsidies provided by the government. In this
way, they help to reduce regional disparities in the country.
(v) Entrepreneurs also help the nation reducing dependence on foreign
countries. [2018]
free gifts of nature, the supply of which can be regulated. Land possess the
following characteristics.
128
one place to another, while labourer and capital can be shifted. It is
fixed and cannot move from place to place. It also fixed in the sense that
the total supply of land in a country cannot be increased or decreased.
can be increased through the use of chemical fertilisers. [2019]
20. (i) Risk-Bearing : Risk-bearing function is most important function of an

entrepreneur. There is no other factor of production except the
entrepreneur who bears risk of the business. The risk is caused by
uncertainties attached to production, investment and profits.
(ii) Decision Making Functions : Decision making is an important function
of an entrepreneur. He has to take several decisions regarding his
business. These may be regarding the following :
(a) selection of the commodity to be produced.
(b) selection of design and quality of the product.
(c) selection of the location of the plant.
(d) decision of regarding scale of production.
(e) selection of techniques of production to be employed in the business.
[2019]
129
UNIT II
Short answers :
12. (i) Giffen Goods : Giffen goods refer to those goods
on which a consumer spends a very large part
of his income. Giffen pointed out that the law
of demand did not aply in the case of English
workers.
British workers had bread as their main item
of consumption. As the price of bread went up
in the market they could not afford to purchase
as much meat (a superior item of consumption)
as before. So they substituted more bread for
meat to maintain their intake of food.In this
situation, the demand curve will have positive slope as shown in below
figure.
(ii) Loss of faith in quality : When people have no faith in the quality of the
product, the law will not apply. Any fall in the price of the commodity will
be insufficient to bring about a rise in its demand. [2015]
13. If the bus fare between two cities comes down, the demand for bus services
will increase. The demand curve of bus travel will shift to right showing
increase in demand. i.e. downward movement of the demand curve for bus.
[2013]
14. Elasticity of demand for necessities of life, such as foodgrains, medicines,

textbooks, edible oil, etc. is very low. In comparison to luxury goods, consumers
will buy almost the same quantity of a necessary commodity per unit of time
whether its price is somewhat higher or lower. Thus, their demand is inelastic.
On the other hand, demand for luxury goods (e.g., air conditioners, big-sized
colour TV sets) are elastic. When prices of such commodities rise, some people
may avoid purchasing them. Their demand will fall sharply.
[2013]
15. The degree of elasticity of supply curve parrallel to x-axis is infinity.

ES =  [2013]
16. Supply curve is a graphical representation of a supply

schedule. Cuve SS reflects the individual supply curve. 6
Supply curve has a positive slope. i. e., it moves upward 5
from left to right. It shows that more quantity will be 4
supplied at higher prices and vice versa. The various 3
2
points on the supply curve (such a, b, c, d, and e)
1
represent different possible price quantity
relationships. 0 20 40 60 80100
Quantity Supplied
[2014]
130
17. Hypothetical Individual Demand Schedule

Individual demand
Price Quantity demanded
curve
(`) (in units)
5 1
4 2
3 3
2 4
1 5
Individual demand curve has been drawn according to individual demand
schedule. [2014]
18. There are some rare situations when the law of

demand does not apply. These are called exceptions
to the law.
(i) Giffen Goods : Giffen goods refer to those goods
on which a consumer spends a very large part of
his income. Giffen pointed out that the law of
demand did not aply in the case of English workers.
British workers had bread as their main item of
consumption. As the price of bread went up in the
market they could not afford to purchase as much meat (a superior item of
consumption) as before. So they substituted more bread for meat to maintain
their intake of food.In this situation, the demand curve will have positive
slope as shown in below figure.
(ii) Aricles of Distinction : This exception was first explained by the American
economist, Veblen. According to him , the demand for articles of distinction
is more when their price is high. A fall in their price may lead the rich
people to buy less because now the rich men’s desire for distinction is
not satisfied. With the fall in their price, they think, even poor people
can purchase them.
(iii) Ignorance : If consumers are ignorant about the quality of the commodity,
the law will not apply. In such cases, consumers would judge the quality
of the commodity from its price. They regard high - priced commodities
are better in quality as compared to low-priced commodities. A lower -
priced commodity is considered inferior and is therefore demanded less.
(iv) Loss of faith in quality : When people have no faith in the quality of the
product, the law will not apply. Any fall in the price of the commodity will
be insufficient to bring about a rise in its demand. [2014)
19. Price elasticity of demand means the change in the quantity demanded of a
commodity in response to change in its price. It indicates how consumers
react to changes in price. The greater the reaction, the larger will be the
elasticity; the lesser the reaction, the smaller will be the elasticity.
Percentage change in Demand for the goods
It can be measured as : Percentage change in the price of the goods
[2014, 2019]
131
20. Normal Goods Inferior Goods.

1. Normal goods are those goods the 1. Inferior goods are those goods, the
demand for which increases with demand for which falls as income of
the incre ase in income of the consumer increases
consumers.
2. Here there is a direct relationship 2. Here, there is an inverse relationship
between income and demand. between income and demand.
3. e.g. Goods like T. V., 3. Demand for unbranded clothes fall
with increase in income. Hence, they
are inferior goods.
[2015]
21. Cross elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand of a

commodity to a change in the price of other related commodity. That is cross
elasticity of demand measures by how much quantity demand will rise or fall
given a change in the price of another commodity.
Percentage change in demand of commodity X
Ec = Percentage change in price commodity Y
Symbolically,
Q X
QX
Ec = PY
PY
Where DQX = Change in quantity demanded of X - commodity.
QX = Original demand of X - commodity
DPY = Chage in price of Y - commodity
PY = Original price of Y - commodity [2015]
22. Perfectly Elastic Supply : If there is an infinite

change in quantity supplied in response to a small
change in price, the supply of that commodity is
said to be perfectly price elastic. It is purely an
imaginary concept
Perfectly elastic supply is shown graphically in the
above Figure. PS is the perfectly elastic supply
curve which is a horizontal line. It shows that at
OP price, any quantity of the commodity can be
supplied.
[2015]
23. The Government can reduce the inequalities of income and wealth in an
economy by taxing the rich and using the revenue earned to provide subsidies
goods to the poor. [2016]
24. The degree of Price elasticity of demand for the following goods are:
(i) Cosmetics – Elastic
(ii) Medicine – In Elastic
132
(iii) School uniform – In Elastic

(iv) Air condition – Elastic [2016]
25.
Price (`) Qty.of Mangoes demanded (kgs)
350.00 2
300.00 4
250.00 6
200.00 8
150.00 10
[2016]
100.00 12
26. Perfectly inelastic supply curve
Y
S
P1
Price
P2 ES = 0
X
O Q
Quantity Supplied [2016]
27. The impact of the level of technology on supply are :

(i) If old and outdated technology is used in production process, the cost of
production will increase therefore the level of production will fall which
cause decrease in supply.
(ii) On the other hand, if the level of technology is improved, it helps to
reduce the cost of production. As result, production levels will rise which
will increase the level of supply. [2016]
28. (i) Change in stock : With the increase in the price of the commodity,
sellers are ready to sell more from their old stock of goods. On the other
hand, when the price of the commodity decreases, sellers would like to
increase their stock to avoid losses.
(ii) Profit and Loss : With the rise in prices, producers generally increase
their production and supply in view of higher profit possibilities and when
there is fall in the price, producers would produce and supply less to
avoid losses. [2017]
29. Elasticity of supply is greatly influenced by how costs of production respond to

output changes. If an increase in output by the firm in an industry causes
only a slight increase in their cost per unit or leads to decrease in cost per
unit, supply will be fairly elastic. [2017]
133
30. Perfectly elastic demand curve.

It is a situation in which a small change in price
causes an infinitely large change in amount
demanded. A small rise in price on the part of the
seller reduces the demand to zero. A small reduction
in price, on the other hand, leads to an infinitely
large increase in demand. In our real life, we do
not have any such commodity which has perfectly
elastic demand. Here, elasticity of demand is equal
to infinity and demand curve becomes parallel to
X-axis as shown in figure. [2017]
31. Complementary goods are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy
a particular want, e.g. pen and ink, car and petrol, etc. In such cases, there
will be an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the
amount demanded for the other. For example, if price of petrol goes up,
demand for cars will go down (due to fall in petrol’s demand).
Substitute goods are those goods which can be used in place of others, e.g.,
tea & coffee, Coke and Pepsi. The change in the price of tea has its effect on
coffee’s demand. The rise in price of tea will raise the demand for coffee or
vice versa. [2017]
32. Supply of a commodity depends on several factors. Important among them are
discussed below. (Write any one)
(i) Price of the Commodity : Price of a commodity is the most important
determinants of its supply. Higher the price, the larger will be the supply.
As the price rises, the producer in the expectation of earning larger
profits will increase the supply of the commodity and vice versa.
(ii) Price of other Commodities : When prices of all other commodities increase,
it becomes more profitable for the producers to produce those commodities.
Consequently, the supply of the existing commodity falls and vice versa.
(iii) Goals of the Firms : The supply of a commodity also depends upon the
goals of firms. Their goals may be profit maximization or sales
maximization. If their goal is to maximize profits, more quantity will be
supplied only at high price. But if the firm wants to maximize their sales,
more quantity will be supplied even at the same price.
(iv) Prices of factors of Production : A fall in the price of a factor of production
will reduce the cost of production which, in turn, will increase the
production and supply.If on the other hand, the price of factor of production
rises, supply will decrease due to fall in the margins of profits.
(v) State of technology : If the producers make use of improved and advance
technology in their process of production, the cost of production will come
down. Total supplies, thus, will increase. But against it, supply of goods,
using old and inferior techniques of production, will fall.
(vi) Number of Producers : If the number of firms producing a particular
commodity increases, market supply of the commodity will increase. When
existing firms of an industry are making huge profits, some new firms
may enter that industry and the total production and supply will thus
increase. On other hand, in the event of losses, some firms may leave
the industry and thus, supply will fall. [2018]
134
33.
[2018]
34. Complementary goods are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy
a particular want, e.g. pen and ink, car and petrol, etc. In such cases, there
will be an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the
amount demanded for the other. For example, if price of petrol goes up,
demand for cars will go down (due to fall in petrol’s demand). [2018]
35. Normal goods are those goods the demand for which increases with the
increase in income of the consumer.
For example, demand for milk, rice increases with an increase in the income
of the consumer. [2019]
36. Following are the circumstances under which the law of supply does not
apply.
(i) In case of agricultural goods : The supply of agricultural goods depends
more on natural factors such as drought, floods, natural calamities etc.
and less on their prices.
(ii) In case of perishable goods : The supply of perishable goods like milk,
vegetables, fish, eggs, etc. is also not affected by their prices. Sellers
cannot hold these goods for long .
(iii) Goods of Auction : The law does not apply in case of goods of auction
because their supply is always limited and fixed which cannnot be changed
at all.
(iv) In case of rare goods : Artistic goods of high quality and poems written by
top - class poets fall uder this category. Their supply cannot be increased
even when their price rise.
(v) Disposal of old Stock : When sellers intend to clear off their old stock of
goods, they would like to sell more goods by reducing their prices.
[2019]
37. Income effect here implies effect of change in

consumer’s real income resulting from change in
the price of a commodity on his demand. As the
price of a commodity decreases, the real income
of the consumer (i.e. income in terms of goods
and services) increases. When price of a
commodity falls, consumer has to spend less on
purchase of that commodity. With money thus
saved, a consumer can buy more quantity of that
commodity. Conversely, his real income would
135
fall in case of rise in prices. Hence, he will be in a position to buy less of the
commodity when its prices rises. [2019]
38. Supply means the quantity offered for sale at a particular price and time by
the producer. Producers may offer different quantities of a commodity for sale
at different prices.Supply can also be defined as a schedule of quantities that
will be offered for sale at various prices. [2019]
Long answers :
1. The degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded due to changes in price
of the commodity is known as price elasticity of Demand.
Four Factors Affecting Price Elasticity of Demand
(i) Nature of the Goods : More necessary the good for a consumer, less
elastic is the demand for the good. It is because that it is difficult to give
up the consumption of a necessary good.
(ii) Number of substitutes : More the number of close substitutes of a good
available in the market. higher is the price elasticity of that good. It is
because that a consumer can easily shift from one substitute to another
in case of a price change.
(iii) Number of uses : More the number of uses of a good, more likely is the
demand of that good price elastic.
(iv) Proportion of Income Spent : The demand of a good will be price elastic
if proportion of income spent on that good is large. It is because that total
expenditure on the good changes considerably. [2015]
11. Increase in demand of a good is defined as rise in its demand due to change
in the factor/factors other than the own price of the good.
Four Factors affecting Price elasticity of demand
1. Nature of the Goods : More necessary the good for a consumer, less
elastic is the demand for the good. It is because that it is difficult to give
up the consumption of a necessary good.
2. Number of substitutes : More the number of close substitutes of a good
available in the market, higher is the price elasticity of that good. It is
because that a consumer can easily shift from one substitute to another
in case of a price change.
3. Number of users : More the number of uses of a good, more likely is the
demand of that good price elastic.
4. Proportion of Income Spent : The demand of a good will be price elastic
if proportion of income spent on that good is large. It is because that total
expenditure on the good changes considerably. [2013]
12. The term supply refers to the quantity of a good that a firm is willing to supply
at a particular price during a period of time.
According to the law of supply, other things being equal, the quantity supplied
of the commodity varies directly with the price. In other words, when price of
a commodity rises, supply rises and when price falls, supply also falls,
Supply Schedule
A Supply schedule shows various quantities of a commodity that can be offered
for sale at different prices during a given period of time.
136
(i)Individual supply schedule shows the different quantities of a commodity

that an individual firm or producer is prepared to sell at various prices.
The law of supply can be explained with the help of individual supply schedule.
HYPOTHETICAL INDIVIDUAL SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR COMMODITY X.
Price per Quantity supplied of
unit of X X per month.
(`) (Units)
2 20
3 40
4 60
5 80
6 100
The hypothetical individual supply schedule of commodity X is given in

the table. It is clear from the above individual supply schedule that more
and more quantity of commodity X is being offered for sale by the firm as
the price of the commodity increases. The firm is willing to supply 20
units of products X per month when the product price is Rs.2 per unit.
When the price rises to Rs 3 per unit, it is now willing to sell 40.
(ii) Supply curve : Supply curve is a graphical representation of a supply
schedule. Cuve SS reflects the individual supply curve. Supply curve has
a positive slope. i. e., it moves upward from left to right. It shows that
more quantity will be supplied at higher prices and vice versa. The various
points on the supply curve (such a, b, c, d, and e) represent different
possible price quantity relationships.
(iii)) Assumptions : The phrase ‘other things being equal’ as used in the law
of supply indicates its assumptions. The main assumptions of the law are
as follows:-
(1) Price of other related goods should not change.
(2) Technology of production should not change.
(3) Cost of factors of production should remain the same.
(4) Goal (objectives) of the firm should not change.
(5) Taxation policy of the firm should not change.
(6) Producer do not expect any change in the price of the commodity in
near future. [2013, 2017]
13. Supply refers to quantity of a commodity that a firm is willing to offer for sale
at a given price during a given period of time. Three Reasons for the Rightward
shift of the supply curve When supply of a product in the market increases,
the supply curve shifts to the right. The right-ward shift is caused by the
following factors :
(i) When price of factors of production fall, cost of production falls and profit
margin rises. It increase the supply.
(ii) The use of advanced and improved technology reduces cost of production
and raises the profit margin. As a result, supply curve shifts to the right.
(iii) Supply curve shifts to the right when the number of firms producing a
particular commodity increases. [2014]
137
14. ES =  : When there is an infinite supply at a particular

price and the supply becomes zero with a slight fall in
price, then the supply of such a commodity is said to be
perfectly elastic. In such a case E p = 0 and the supply
curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to the X-axis,
as shown in the following diagram.
Quantity supplied can be OM, OQ or ON at the same prices
of OP.
ES, > 1 : When percentage change in quantity supplied

is more than the percentage change in price, then supply
for such a commodity is said to be highly elastic. In such
a case, Ep > 1 and the supply curve has an intercept on
the Y-axis as shown in the following diagram.
Quantity supplied rises from OM to ON when price
increases from OP to OP1. As MN is proportionately more
than PP1, Ep >1. [2014]
15. Basis Contraction of Demand Decrease in Demand

1. Meaning Other things being the same, Decrease in demand implies
when demand for a commodity that at any given price a smaller
falls as a result of rise in its quantity is purchased.
price, it is called contraction of
demand.
2. Demand Unde r it, the re is upward Under it, there is leftward shift
curve move me nt along the same in the demand curve as shown
demand curve (from B to A) as under.
shown in Fig.
Y Downward shift
Y Upward
D
Movement D of the
P1 A D2 demand curve
Price
B P
Price
P
D
D D1
O O Q1 Q X
M1 M X
Quantity demanded Demand
3. Example Price Demand Price Demand

(Rs per unit) (Units) (Rs per unit) (Units)
10 100 10 100
12 80 10 80
4. Cause It is caused by a rise in price. It is caused by the following
factors :
(i) Decre ase in consume r’s
income.
(ii) Fall in the price of
substitute goods.
(iii) Rise in the price of the
complementary goods.
(iv) De cre ase in numbe r of
consumers.
[2015]
138
16. When supply of a commodity changes due to change in any factor other than
the own price of the commodity, it is known as 'change in supply'. Graphically
called shift in supply curve.
Three Determinants of Leftward Shift of Supply Curve
(i) Rise in price of Related Product : If the price of related product increases,
then the supply of the given commodity will fall. Then supply curve of the
given product shifts to the left.
(ii) Increase in Prices of Factors of Production : Other things being equal,
when prices of factors of production increase, cost of production increases.
Accordingly, producers are willing to supply less at the existing price.
This supply curve shifts to the left.
(iii) Increase in Taxes : When taxes are raised by the government, then the
cost of product is increases. Therefore supply decreases and the supply
curve shifts to the left. [2015]
17. Demand means the quantity of a commodity or service that a consumer is

willing to buy at a given price and at a given time.
The two factors which determine demand are :
(i) Population : Increase in population increases the demand or vice versa.
Market demand for so many commodities has increased in India due to
this factor. Several multinational companies are entering the Indian
market due to its large size. Like the size of population, its composition
also affects the demand. Composition of population means the distribution
of population on the basis of sex, age, etc. An increase in female population
would increase the demand for cosmetics, sarees, etc.
(ii) Season and Weather : The seasonal and weather conditions also have
effect on consumer’s demand. For example, demand for woollen clothes
goes up during winter. Fans, coolers etc. are demanded more during
summer.
[2016]
18. Increase in supply

Increase in supply occurs when the producers are
willing to supply more at the same price, due to
change in other factors.
Price Quantity supplied
(Rs per Unit) (Units)
5 100
5 120
The price of a commodity remains fixed at Rs 5 per
unit but its quantity supplied increases from 100
units to 120 units.
In this case, the supply curve shifts to the right showing increase in supply.
In the fig, original price of the commodity is OP at which the producer wishes
to supply OS quantity of the commodity. Under the influence of other factors,
the supply curves shifts rightward to take new position as S 1S1. This supply
curve shows that the producer is prepared to sell more quantity (i.e., OQ 1
instead of OQ) at the same original price of OP.
139
Decrease in supply (Leftward shift)

S1
Decrease in supply reflects the situation in which the Y S
producer supplies less quantity at the same price. A B
P
Price Supply
(Rs per Unit) (Units)
Price
S1
S
5 100
5 70
In the table, we see that the producer is willing to O Q1 Q X
supply lesser quantity (i.e. 70) at the same price of Rs Quantity Supplied
5 per unit. Like increase in supply, decrease in supply also is the result of
change in factors other than the price of the commodity.
At original price of OP, the producer supplies OQ quantity of the commodity.
When the supply curve shifts from its original position (i.e. SS) upwards to the
left and takes the position of S1S1, he is now willing to supply lesser quanity
(i.e. OQ1) at the same price (OP). The supply has fallen by Q1Q. [2016]
19. Meaning : Price elasticity of supply is measure of the degree of of reposiveness

of quantity supply to changes in the product's own price.
The three factors that determine elasticity of supply :
(i) Possibility of shifting from production : The size or degree of reponse
depends on how easily producers can shift from the production of other
products to the one whose price has risen. It the producers can shift
easily from one production to another, the supply would be more place
elastic. For example, if agricultural land and labour can readily be shifted
from one crop another, the supply of any one crop will be more elastic
than if they cannot be easily shfited.
(ii) Length of Time : Price elasticity of supply also depends upon the length
of time for response. It may be difficult to change quantities supplied in
few weeks or months in response to price change but easy to do so over a
period of year. Therefore, supply tends to be relatively inelastic in the
short-run and relatively elastic in the long-run.
(iii) Behaviour of cost of Production : Elasticity of supply is greatly influenced by
how cost of production respond to output changes. If an increase in output
by the firms in an industry causes only a slight increase in their cost per
unit or leads to decrease in cost per unit supply leads to a large increase in
cost of production, the supply would be relatively inelastic. [2016]
20. Relatively Inelastic Demand : When a large

change in price does not bring about much
change in the demand, the demand is said to
be inelastic. In this situation, percentage change
in demand is less than the percentage change
in price. For example, a fall in price by 10 per
cent leads to a rise in demand by only 5 per
cent. Such a situation will arise when the
demand for commodity is very urgent (i.e., when
its consumption cannot be postponed or the
expenditure on it is very small or its close
140
substitutes are not available in the market. The numerical value of price
elasticity here will be less than unity (i.e. E d < 1). [2018]
21. (i) Demand means the quantity of a commodity or service that a consumer
is willing to buy at a given price and at a given time.
(ii) Some of the important determinants of individual demand are :- (Write
any three)
(a) Price of the Commodity : Of all the factors affecting demand, price is
the most important factor. Ordinarily, demand for a commodity
increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises. For
example, a consumer’s demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced
at Rs. 40 per kg and rises to 2 kg when its price falls to Rs. 30 per kg.
(b) Price of Related Goods : The demand for a commodity depends not
only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods. If a
change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good,
it is called cross demand. Related goods may be in the form of
substitutes and complementary.
(1) Substitute goods are those goods which can be used in place of
others, e.g., tea & coffee, Coke and Pepsi. The change in the
price of tea has its effect on coffee’s demand. The rise in price of
tea will raise the demand for coffee or vice versa.
(2) Complementary goods are those goods which are jointly
demanded to satisfy a particular want, e.g. pen and ink, car and
petrol, etc. In such cases, there will be an inverse relationship
between the price of one commodity and the amount demanded
for the other. For example, if price of petrol goes up, demand for
cars will go down (due to fall in petrol’s demand).
(c) Income of the consumer : Other things being equal, generally, there
is a direct relationship between the consumer’s income and the
demand for a commodity. However, the effect of change in income on
consumer’s demand depends upon the nature of the commodity. We
may distinguish between normal goods and inferior goods.
(1) Normal goods : Normal goods are those goods, the demand for
which increases with the increase in income of the consumer.
For instance, a consumer increases his demand for milk, clothes,
furniture, refridgerators and TV sets as his income increases.
(2) Inferior goods : Inferior goods are those goods, the demand for
which falls as income of the consumer increases. Thus, there is
an inverse relationship between income of the consumer and
the amount demanded of inferior goods. For example, as the
income of household rises, it may shift its consumption from
unbranded clothes to branded ones.
(d) Tastes and Preferences : The amount demanded of a commodity
also depends on consumer’s tastes and preferences. When we begin
to like certain commodities, their demand will increase.
(e) Consumer credit facility : If credit facilities are provided at low rates
of interest by the banks, households would be encouraged to buy more
than what they would buy in their absence. For instance, demand for
cars will increase if car loans from banks are easily and cheaply available.
141
(iii) Aricles of Distinction : This exception was first explained by the American
economist, Veblen. According to him , the demand for articles of distinction
is more when their price is high. A fall in their price may lead the rich
people to buy less because now the rich men’s desire for distinction is
not satisfied. With the fall in their price, they think, even poor people
can purchase them. (2018]
22. (i) Relatively Elastic Supply : Supply of a commodity will be said to be

elastic, if the percentage change in quantity supplied exceeds the
percentage change in price. Supply curve is sterp.
Y
Supply Schedule of commodity Y
Price Quantity Supplied
(Rs.) (Kg.)
30 100
40 150 ES > 1
X
Quantity Supplied
(ii) Relatively Inelastic Demand : When a Y

large change in price does not bring about
much change in the demand, the demand D
is said to be inelastic. In this situation,
percentage change in demand is less than P
Price
the percentage change in price. For

P Ed < 1
example, a fall in price by 10 per cent leads P1
to a rise in demand by only 5 per cent. Such
a situation will arise when the demand for D
Q
commodity is very urgent (i.e., when its X
O Q Q1
consumption cannot be postponed or the
Quantity Demanded
expenditure on it is very small or its close
substitutes are not available in the market. The numerical value of price
elasticity here will be less than unity (i.e. E d < 1). [2019]
23. (i) The law of demand states ‘other things being equal demand is inversely
proportional to price i.e. when price rises, demand falls and when price
falls demand rises’.’
Assumptions of the law
In the statement of law, the phrase ‘other things being equal’ has been
used. By ‘other things’, we mean factors other than price which influence
the demand. They are:-
(i) There should be no change in consumer’s income during the period
of consumption.
(ii) There should not be any change in the price of related goods
(i. e. substitute or complementary goods)
(iii) There should be no change in consumers’ taste and habits.
(iv) Consumers do not expect any change in the price of the commodity
in the near future.
(v) No change in population.
142
Demand Schedule.
Demand schedule shows different quantities of a commodity demanded
(per period of time) at different prices (per unit of the commodity).
The following table shows that the household will demand more sugar at
a lower price, other things being equal. For instance, when price is ` 20
per kg, he demands only 1 kg of sugar but, at ` 19, he is prepared to buy
2 kg, at ` 18 per kg, 3kg sugar and so on. This shows that price and
demand are inversely related.
Price of Sugar (per kg.) Quantity of Sugar Demanded
(per month) (kg)
20 1
19 2
18 3
17 4
16 5
Demand Curve
When price falls from Rs. 20 to Rs. 19, demand rises form 1 to 2 kg. of sugar.
(ii) Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the
households buy at a particular price during a period of time. Market
demand for a commodity also depends on the following factors.
(i) Population : Increase in population increases the demand or vice
versa. Market demand for so many commodities has increased in
India due to this factor. Composition also affects the demand. An
increase in female population would increase the demand for
cosmetics, sarees, etc.
(ii) Season and Weather : The seasonal and weather conditions also
have effect on consumer’s demand. For example, demand for woollen
clothes goes up during winter. Fans, coolers etc. are demanded more
during summer.
(iii) Government policy : Government policy of a country can also affect
the demand for a particular commodity or commodities. It may reduce
the demand for a commodity by imposing a tax on it or increase the
demand by lowering tax on it or increase the demand by lowering its
price through subsidies.
143
(iv) State of Business : The prevailing business conditions in a country

also affect the level of demand. For example, during boom periods,
market demand will increase and during period of depression market
demand will fall.
(v) Distribution of income : If there are more poor people, the demand
for necessities of life will be more. Increase in the percentage of rich
people will increase the demand for luxury goods. [2019]
144
UNIT III
NOTE : New unit added in syllabus.
UNIT IV
Short answers :
6. (i) Distribution of National Income : Money facilitates the distribution of
national income among people. Total output of a country is jointly produced
by factors of production. Money helps in the distribution of national product
in the form of rent, wages, interest and profits.
(ii) Basis of Credit : In the modern economic system, credit plays a key role
and money constitutes the basis of credit. For example, credit instruments
like cheques, drafts, bills of exchange, etc., cannot be used without the
existence of money.
(iii) Productivity of Capital : Money also increases the productivity of capital
as it is most liquid type of capital. It can be put to any use. It is because of
the liquidity of money that capital can be easily transferred from less
productive uses to more productive uses.
(iv) Miscellaneous Functions : First, money is a bearer of options. Every
person is free to hold wealth in the form of money and spend it as he
desires, depending upon the circumstances. Secondly, money is a
guarantor of solvency. If an individual or a business firm has liquid wealth
in the form of money, his capacity to pay back the debt is guaranteed.
[2014, 2017]
7. Banks also perform certain agency functions for and on behalf of their customers :
(i) Collection and Making Payments for Credit Instruments : Bank collect
or make payment for bills, cheques, promissory notes. For these services
, some charges are usually made by the banks.
(ii) Collection of Dividends on Shares : Bank collect dividends on shares
and interest on debentures of their customers.
(iii) Purchase and Sale of Securities : Banks undertake purchase and sale
of various securities like shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, etc., on
behalf of their customers.
(iv) Trustee and Executor : Banks preserve the wills of their customers and
execute them after their death.
(v) Transfer of Funds : Banks help their customers in transferring funds
from one place to another through cheques, drafts, etc.
[2013]
11. Recuring Deposits Fixed Deposits

1. Recurring deposits are those 1. Fixed deposits are those which
deposits where money is can be withdrawn only after the
deposited in instalments for a expiry of a certain fixed period
fixed period of time. say one or three years.
2. They are accepted by banks at 2. They are accepted at a particular
regular intervals. point of time.
3. They promote saving habits 3. They are suitable for those who
among people. have surplus funds with them for
some time period.
[2015, 2019]
145
14. Tax Fee

1. Tax is a compulsory contribution 1. A fee is a payment charged by the
to be paid by every citizen upon government to bear the cost of
whom it is imposed. administrative services rendered
primarily in the public interest but
conferring special benefit to the
individual.
2. A tax is paid by every one and 2. Fees are to be paid only by those
there is no quid pro quo. who receive special benefits from
the services rendered by the
government.
[2014]
22. Direct taxes refer to those taxes which are paid by those on whom they are
legally imposed. Such a tax is not transferable. In case of such kind of taxes,
the impact of tax (i.e., the immediate money burden or taxing point), and its
incidence (i.e., the ultimate money burden), falls on the same person. Income
tax (other than agricultural income), wealth tax, gift tax, estate duty are
important examples of direct taxes in India.
[2016]
24. Under the proportional tax system, all incomes are taxed at a uniform rate.
In other words, a proportional tax is one in which the rate of tax remains the
same, all tax payers pay an equal proportion of income.
A tax is said to be progressive when the rate of taxes increases as the tax
payer’s income increases. [2017]
26. Redeemable debt is that which is repayable by the government after a fixed
period of time. The interest on this loan is paid by the government regularly.
When the debt matures, the government pays back the principal amount to
lenders. For the repayment of principal, either the government creates a
fund in which a fixed amount is deposited every year or it raises the amount
through taxation. Irredeemable debt is that whose principal amount is not
refunded by the government. However, interest is paid regularly on such
loans for the period of its duration. [2015]
27. During barter system, value of commodities was expressed in terms of other
commodities. This led to the argument that how many units of one commodity
can be exchanged for the other. In other words, there was a confusion about
the proportion in which two goods can be exchanged for each other. Today, as
value of every commodity is measured in terms of money, it is easy to carry
out trade. [2013]
30. When money is generally accepted as a medium of exchange and a unit of

value, it naturally becomes the unit in terms of which deferred or future
payments are expressed. Money has successfully performed the function of a
standard of deferred payments because, firstly, its value is relatively more
stable than that of other commodities. Secondly, the element of durability is
146
higher as compared to other commodities and finally, it possesses the quality

of general acceptability. [2013, 2017]
31.
Demand Deposits Fixed Deposits
1. Demand deposits can be 1. These deposits can be withdrawn
withdrawn by their depositors at only after the expiry of a certain
any time without notice. fixed time period.
2. They are chequable, i.e., demand 2. They are not chequable.
deposits are withdrawable
through cheques.
3. No interest is paid on these 3. These deposits carry high rates
deposits. Rather depositors have of interest.
to pay something to the bank for
its services.
4. These deposits constitute a part 4. They fall under the category of
of money supply. near money or liquid assets.
[2013, 2017]
32. Banking Services, now-a-days, have become most essential for all types of people
whether individuals or business. The main advantages of a bank account are :
(i) It helps to develop the habit of savings among the people.
(ii) Payments through cheques are always easier, safer and cheaper.
(iii) The businessmen can get their bills of exchange discounted easily, if
they have an account with the bank.
(iv) A customer can also avail overdraft facilities from the bank in times of
financial crisis. [2013]
33. Indirect taxes are regressive as they fall indiscriminately on all income groups.
They can be made progressive by levying higher taxes on luxurious commodities
and lower taxes on necessities. [2013]
34. Impact of taxes means the immediate burden of the tax and the incidence of
tax is the ultimate burden of the tax. [2013]
35. Public debt refers to the loans raised by a government within or outside the
country. Every government has to borrow when its expenditure exceeds its
revenue. The borrowing or taking loans by the government is called public debt.
Findly Shirras defines public debt as “National debt is a debt which a state
owes to its own subjects or to the nationals of other countries”. [2013]
36. (a) Voluntary debt is a debt which is taken from the people by the government
on a voluntary basis. In case of voluntary loans, people voluntarily and
willingly subscribe to government loans. On the other hand, compulsory
debts are those loans which are forcibly taken from the people by the
government. When the government exercises its power or pressure for
getting loans, such loans are known as compulsory loans.
(b) A tax will be regressive when the rates of tax decrease as the tax base
(income) increases. Under the regressive taxation, the total amount of
147
tax increases on a higher income in the absolute sense, but in the relative
sense, the tax rate declines on a higher income. Hence, relatively a
heavier burden falls upon the poor than on the rich. Therefore, regressive
taxes are unjust and inequitable. They do not satisfy the canon of equity.
They tend to promote inequalities of income in the society.
Under this system, the rate of taxes increases upto a certain limit but
after that, a uniform rate is charged. The result of this tax is that the
higher income groups make less sacrifice than the lower income groups.
[2013]
37. A tax is compulsory payment imposed on the persons or companies by the

governments to meet the expenditure incurred on providing common benefits
to the people.
Merits of direct taxes.
(i) Economy : Direct taxes are economical in the sense that the cost of collection
of these taxes is relatively low, because the same officers who assess small
income or properties can also assess large income or properties.
(ii) Equity : Direct taxes are based on the principle of ability to pay. They fall
more heavily on the rich than on the poor. So the burden of a direct tax is
equitably distributed on different people and institutions.
(iii) Certainty : Direct taxes are certain. The tax-payer knows how much tax
is due from him and so, he can adjust his income and expenditure. The
government also knows fairly well the amount of revenues coming to it
by way of direct taxes and can adjusts its income and expenditure.
(iv) Elasticity : Another merit of direct taxes is that they are based on the
canon of elasticity. These taxes are elastic in nature as the government
revenue can be increased by raising the tax rates in times of crisis.
(v) Civic Consciousness : Direct taxes inculcate a spirit of civic responsibility
amongst the tax-payers. Since the tax-payers provide the funds from
their own pockets to the government, they take keen interest in seeing
that these funds are properly utilised. This public awareness plays an
important role in checking the wastage of public expenditure.
Demerits of direct taxes.
(i) Unpopular : Since these taxes are directly imposed on people, they cannot
be shifted on to others. They are painful to the tax-payers. They are not
popular among the people and, therefore, are generally opposed by the
tax-payers.
(ii) Inconvenience : The main drawback of direct taxes is that they cause a
lot of inconvenience to the tax-payers. The tax-payers have to maintain
accounts to the satisfaction of tax authorities and have to submit the
statement of their income along with the sources of income from which
it is derived.
(iii) Possibility of Evasion : There is always a great possibility of tax evasion
as these taxes are calculated on the basis of honesty of tax-payers.
Businessmen usually adopt wrong practices and do not show their correct
income to the tax authorities.
(iv) Uneconomical : Direct taxes are often expensive to collect. The cost of
collection is particularly heavy when the number of tax-payers is large
and each pays only a small amount of tax.
148
(v) Arbitrary : It is argued that the direct taxes are arbitrary. The rate of
taxes depends upon whims of taxation authority and not on the ability to
pay.
(vi) Narrow in scope : Direct taxes are generally imposed on the rich people.
Low income group people cannot be approached through these taxes.
[2013]
38. Tax on income Tax on a commodity.

1. Taxes imposed on income or 1. Taxes imposed on commodities are
properties are direct taxes. indirect taxes
2. They are directly paid to the 2. They are paid to the government
government by the person on by one person but their burden is
whom it is imposed. borne by another person.
3. They cannot be shifted on to 3. They can be shifted on to others.
others.
4. These taxes are levied according4. These are the taxes in which tax
to the ability of the tax-payer. paying ability of the tax-payer is
assessed indirectly.
5. Examples : Income tax, Wealth 5. Examples : VAT, Excise Duty,
Tax, Corporation Tax (i.e. tax on Customs Duty, service tax, GST
company’s income), Estate Duty. etc,
[2014]
39. The reasons responsible for the tendency of increasing volume of expenditure
under the following three heads are :
(i) Growth of democracy : The recent growth of democracy and socialism
everywhere in the world has caused public expenditure to increase
very much. Expenditure on elections and by - elections is increasing.
Number of ministers and executive officers has also been increased.
Further, the ruling party has to fulfil its promises and launch new
programmes to persuade public opinion in its favour.
(ii) Increase in defense expenditure : International political situation is
uncertain and insecure. People are always afraid of a war. Hence,
every nation must be strong enough to protect itself to the extent
possible for it.
(b) Social Causes
(i) Population Growth : With the increase of population, the
responsibilities of the state also increase which consequently leads
to the increase in public expenditure.
(ii) Social Services : The generalised social services, e. g., education,
public health, water supply and sanitation facilities etc., which are
considered as the duty of the sate has been increasing. New
departments like Child welfare, Women welfare, Labour welfare,
etc., have been estabilised. All this have led to growth of public
expenditure.
(iii) Social Security Measures : Government is now always eager to raise
the standard of living of people in lower income groups. They are
spending huge amounts for providing benefits such as old - age
149
pension, sickness benefits, accident benefits, free education and

medical services to industrial workers etc.
(c) Economic Causes
(i) Rise in Prices : There has been a gradual increase in the price level
in almost every country of the world and the governments have to
spend more money for the same amount of goods and services that
they desire, and to increase the salaries and dearness allowance of
government employees.
(ii) Growth of Public Sector : The public sector has been increasing in
capitalist and mixed economies which has led to increase in public
expenditure.
(iii) Economic Assistance to Private Sector : States also give economic
assistance to various industries which have undertaken the
programmes of planned development. This has also increased the
public expenditure to great extent.
(iv) Development Programmes : Urbanisation has led to increase in
government expenditures on civil administration, education, public
health, water supply, parks, etc. [2014, 2016, 2019]
40. Government may borrow from international institutions like IMF, World Bank,
foreign governments etc. [2014, 2018]
41. Limited legal tender : Limited legal tender money refers to that money which
can be accepted only up to a certain limit. For example, in India, coins of
smaller denominations (upto 25 paise coins) are legal tender only upto payment
of Rs. 25. If the total payment exceeds Rs.25, the seller (or creditor) can
refuse to accept it.
Unlimited Legal Tender : Unlimited legal tender money refers to that money
which people are legally bound to accept it as a means of payment. In India,
all coins of 50 paise and above and all currency notes are unlimited legal
tender money. [2014]
42. As banker to the government, it performs the following functions :

(i) It receives deposits from the government and collect cheques and drafts
deposited in the government account.
(ii) It makes purchases and sales of government securities.
(iii) It provides cash to the government as required for payment of salaries
and wages to their staff and other cash disbursements.
(iv) It makes payments on behalf of the government.
(v) It also advances short term loans to the government to meet the deficit
in its budget.
(vi) It supplies foreign exchange to the government for paying external debt
or making other payments. [2014]
43. Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities
by the central bank from/to the public and banks. When the central bank
intends to contract credit during inflation, it sells government securities
which are usually purchased either by commercial banks or by their customers.
Consequently, cash reserves with the banks are reduced and so does their
150
lending power. On the other hand, when the bank desires to expand credit
during deflation in the economy, it starts purchasing such securities. Therefore,
the policy of open market operation brings about a change in the total volume
of credit by the commercial banks. [2014]
44. The exchange of goods and services for goods is known as barter system.The
following difficulties were involved in the barter system of exchange :
(i) Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants : Double coincidence of wants
means the simultaneous fulfillment of mutual wants by buyers and
sellers. It is necessary for a person who wishes to trade his good or
service to find some other person who is not only willing to buy his good
or service, but also possesses that good which the former wants.
(ii) Lack of Common Measure of Value : Even if the two persons who want
each other's goods meet by coincidence, the problem arises as to the
proportion in which the two goods should be exchanged. The value of a
commodity or services means the amount of other goods and services it
can be exchanged for, in the market. In the absence of a common measure
of value, trade was difficult to be carried out.
(iii) Lack of Divisibility : Another difficulty of barter system relates to the
fact that all goods cannot be divided and subdivided. In the absence of a
common medium of exchange, a problem arises when a big indivisible
commodity is to be exchanged for a smaller commodity. For example, if
the price of a horse is equal to five sheep, then a person having a sheep
cannot exchange it for the horse because it is not possible to divide the
horse into small pieces.
(iv) Problem of Storing Wealth : Under barter system, it is difficult to store
value. In the absence of money, the individuals have to store wealth in
the form of goods like horses, shoes, wheat, rice, etc. The value of stored
commodities may change in the due course of time. These goods may
perish after some time. Secondly, it is very expensive to store specific
goods for a long time.
(v) Lack of Standard of Deferred (Future) Payments : Another drawback of
barter system is that it lacks a standard of deferred payments. So, credit
transactions requiring future payments cannot take place smoothly under
barter trading.
There are three main problems in this context. These are :
(a) It may create controversy regarding the quality of goods or services
to be repaid in future.
(b) The two parties may be unable to agree on the specific goods to be
used for repayment.
(c) Both parties run the risk that the value of goods to be repaid may
increase or decrease in future. [2015]
151
45. Basis Central Bank Commercial Bank

Meaning Central bank is an apex Commercial bank is a bank
institution of the monetary and which deals in money and
banking structure of the credit for purposes of earning
country. It regulates the entire profit. It just operates under
banking system of the country. the guidelines of the central
bank.
Objective Its main objective is to promote Its main objective is to earn
social welfare. profit.
Ownership Central bank is generally a Commercial banks may be both
government owned institution. privately owned or government
owned institutions.
Note- It has got the monopoly right Commercial banks do not have
issue of note-issue. such rights.
Banker It is a banker of the Commercial bank is a banker
government. It is also the only of the general public. It
banker of the commercial has direct public dealing.
banks. It does not have direct
public dealing.
There can be only one central There are a number of
bank with a few offices in a commercial banks in every
country. country with a large number
of branches all over the country
and also even abroad.
[2015]
46. Direct taxes are progressive as they depend upon ability to pay. More the
ability to pay, more the taxes, less the ability to pay, less the taxes. In this
way, they help to reduce income inequality. [2015]
47. Indirect tax refers to that tax which is imposed on one person but is paid
partly or wholly by another. Customs and excise duties are the important
sources of revenue from indirect taxes in India. Thus, the impact and the
incidence of these taxes are on different persons. For example, the impact of
sugar excise duty is on the producer, but when he realises the tax amount
from the consumer by raising the price of sugar, the incidence will be on the
consumer. [2015]
152
48. (a) Demand Deposits Fixed Deposits

1. Demand deposits can be 1. These deposits can be
withdrawn by their depositors withdrawn only after the expiry
at any time without notice. of a certain fixed time period.
2. They are chequable, i.e., 2. They are not chequable.
demand deposits are
withdrawable through
cheques.
3. No interest is paid on these 3. These deposits carry high rates
deposits. Rather depositors of interest.
have to pay something to the
bank for its services.
4. These deposits constitute a 4. They fall under the category of
part of money supply. near money or liquid assets.
(b) Under this system, the rate of taxes increases upto a certain limit but
after that, a uniform rate is charged. The result of this tax is that the
higher income groups make less sacrifice than the lower income groups.
[2016, 2017]
50. The bank rate is the rate at which a central bank lends money to member
commercial banks against approved securities or eligible bills of exchange. A
change in the bank rate leads to change in other interest rates prevailing in
the market. In order to control the volume of credit (in the situation of inflation)
central bank raises its bank rate. It will increase the cost of borrowing by
banks. An increase in the bank rate will then cause the banks to raise the
rates of interest at which they lend. This will discourage businessmen and
others to borrow from them, leading to reduction in the volume of credit.
[2016]
51. The government resorts to so many means of revenue just to meet out the
expenditures. The volume of public expenditure is increasing day by day as
the states are assuming wider area of responsibilities. [2017]
52. Unproductive loans refer to those loans which are incurred on those projects
which do not yield any income. For example, loans taken by the government
to finance a war and for covering the budgetary deficit are unproductive loans.
Such loans do not add to the productive capacity of the economy. Unproductive
loans are considered as a dead weight upon the government. [2017]
53. Two sources of revenue for the government are :

(i) Tax revenue : Tax is a compulsory payment imposed on the person or
companies by the government to meet the expenditure incurred on
providing common benefits to the people.
(ii) Non-Tax revenue : Revenue to the government other than taxes is called
non tax revenue. E.g. commercial revenues, administrative revenue etc.
[2018]
153
54. Debt is said to be productive when it is used to finance a project which brings
revenue to the government, for example, loans used for the construction of
railways, irrigation and power projects and for the establishment of heavy
industries such as iron and steel, cement, fertilisers, etc. The income earned
from these projects is enough to pay the interest of the loan along with the
principal. Thus, productive loans should not be considered as a burden on the
government. [2018]
55. By debt trap we mean a situation where the government has to borrow for the
purpose of meeting the interest obligations on old debt. It is a situation in
which a debt is difficult or impossible to repay typically because interest
payments prevent repayment of the principal. India has virtually caught in a
debt trap. About 60 per cent of total amount of external debt is required to
spend on debt services. [2018]
56. Near money means those assests which are highly liquid, which are not cash
but can be converted into cash. Examples are bank draft, bills of exchange.
[2018]
57. By nationalisation, we mean the taking over by the government the ownership
and management of the commercial banks. The following were the main
objectives behind the nationalisation of the commercial banks in India :
(i) To mobilize national savings and to channelise them into productive
purposes.
(ii) To prevent the use of bank funds for anti-social activities.
(iii) To generate public confidence in banking system of the country.
(iv) To prevent concentration of economic power in a few hands.
(v) To expand banking facilities in the country.
(vi) To provide more credit to the priority sectors like agriculture, small scale
industries, etc. [2018]
58. The central bank has the sole monopoly to issue currency notes. Commercial
banks cannot issue currency notes. Currency notes and coins issued by the
central bank are the legal tender money. Legal tender money is one which
every individual is bound to accept by law in exchange for goods and services
and the discharge of debts.
However, the monopoly of central bank to issue the currency notes may be
partial in certain countries. For example, in India, one rupee notes are issued
by the government and all other notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India.
The main reasons for giving the monopoly right of note-issue to the central
bank are:
(i) It brings uniformity in note circulation.
(ii) It gives distinctive prestige to the note-issue. As a result, people develop
faith in the economy.
(iii) It enables the government to have supervision and control over the supply
of money in the country.
(iv) It enables the central bank to exercise the control over the creation of
credit by the commercial banks. [2018]
154
59. (i) Economy : Direct taxes are economical in the sense that the cost of
collection of these taxes is relatively low, because the same officers who
assess small income or properties can also assess large income or
properties.
important role in checking the wastage of public expenditure. [2019]
60. Under this system, the rate of taxes increases upto a certain limit but after
that, a uniform rate is charged. The result of this tax is that the higher
income groups make less sacrifice than the lower income groups. [2019]
61. Overdraft facility is the most common way of lending. Under it, the borrower
is allowed to overdraw his current account balance. Overdraft is a temporary
facility. [2019]
Long answers :
1. (i) Internal debt is that debt which is raised by the government from
individuals and institution, etc., within the country. In the case of external
debt, the government borrows from persons, institutions or governments
of the foreign countries. Internal debt is taken mainly for internal purposes
as financing of development expenditure within the country while external
debt is incurred both for development purposes and for meeting the balance
of payment deficits.
(ii) Debt is said to be productive when it is used to finance a project which
brings revenue to the government, for example, loans used for the
construction of railways, irrigation and power projects and for the
establishment of heavy industries such as iron and steel, cement,
fertilisers, etc. The income earned from these projects is enough to pay
the interest of the loan along with the principal. Thus, productive loans
should not be considered as a burden on the government. On the other
hand, unproductive loans refer to those loans which are incurred on
those projects which do not yield any income. For example, loans taken
by the government to finance a war and for covering the budgetary deficit
are unproductive loans. Such loans do not add to the productive capacity
of the economy. Unproductive loans are considered as a dead weight
upon the government. [2016]
155
4. The methods used by the central bank to influence the total volume of credit
in the banking system, without any regard for the use to which it is put, are
called quantitative method of credit control. They are -
Bank Rate.
The bank rate is the rate at which a central bank lends money to member
Open market operations.
Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities
of credit by the commercial banks.
Cash Reserve Ratio.
Commercial banks are required under law to keep with central bank a
minimum percentage or proportion of their deposits as cash reserves. This is
called Cash Reserve Ratio. RBI does not pay interest on funds set aside for
CRR requirement. When credit is to be contracted, central bank can increase
this ratio and thereby cash resources of the banks can be reduced and banks
are forced to contract credit. During inflation, RBI increases the CRR to
contract credit and during deflation RBI decreases the CRR to increase the
supply of money in the economy.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio.
Under SLR, banks are required to keep a specified percentage of their demand
and time deposits. The minimum cash reserves to be kept by thebank with it
is known as statutory liquidity ratio. It (SLR) comprises (a) excess reserves (b)
government and other approved securities (securities whose payment is
guaranteed by the government) and (c) current account balances with other
banks.
India's central bank (the RBI) is empowered to vary this ratio of the minimum
cash reserves in the range of 25 per cent to 40 per cent. When the central
bank has to contract credit, it increases the statutory liquidity ratio. Increase
in SLR means larger minimum cash reserves with the commercial banks and
less is left for lending. On the other hand, when SLR is reduced, banks now
keep less cash reserves with them which raises their lending power.
[2019]
156
7. Quantitative Methods
1. Nature : These methods influence the total volume of credit without
differentiating between essential and non-essential uses of credit. These
methods are mostly indirect and impersonal.
2. Effect : These methods affect the lenders.
3. Methods : These methods include
(a) Bank Rate
(b) Open Market Operation
(c) Cash Reserve Ratio
(d) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Qualitative Methods
1. Nature : These methods are discriminatory in nature in the sense that
they differentiate between essential and non- essential uses of the credit.
These methods are more direct.
2. Effect : These methods affect both the lenders as well as the borrowers.
3. Methods : These methods include
(a) Margin Requirements
(b) Moral Suasion
(c) Rationing of Credit. [2014]
14. Central bank acts as the banker to the banks in four ways : (a) custodian of
the cash reserves of the commercial bank (b) as lender of the last resort (c)
as clearing agent and (d) as supervisor.
(a) As a custodian of the cash reserves of the commercial banks, the
central bank maintain the cash reserves of the commercial banks. Every
commercial bank has to keep a certain per cent of its cash reserves with
the central bank by law.
(b) As Lender of the Last Resort : As banker to the banks, the central bank
acts as the lender of the last resort. In other words, in case the commercial
banks fail to meet their financial requirements from other sources, they
can, as a last resort, approach the central bank for loans and advances.
The central bank assists such banks through discounting of approved
securities and bills of exchange.
(c) As Clearing Agen t : As the custodian of cash reserves of the
commercial banks, the central bank acts as the clearing house for
these banks. Since all banks have their accounts with the central
bank, the central bank can easily settle the claims of various banks
against each other simply by book entries of transfers from and to
their accounts.
(d) As Supervisor : The central bank supervises, regulates and controls the
commercial banks. This function is done by using its vested powers relating
to licensing, branch expansion, liquidity of assets, amalgamation (merger
up of banks). [2017]
15. The institution that enjoys the monopoly of note issue in India is Reserve
Bank of India.
The important qualitative methods are :
(i) Margin requirements
(ii) Credit authorisation scheme
157
(iii) Moral suasion

(iv) Rationing of credit.
Margin Requirement.
A margin is the difference between the amount of loan and the market value
of the security offered by the borrower. If the margin is fixed at 30 per cent by
the central bank, then the bank is allowed to advance a loan only upto 70 per
cent of the value of the security. By changing the margin requirements, the
central bank can affect the amount of loans.
Credit Authorisation Scheme.
The credit authorisation scheme introduced in 1965 was also a kind of selective
credit control. Under this scheme, the RBI regulated not only the quantity of
credit but also the terms on which credit flowed to different large borrowers.
The minimum limit for prior authorisation for borrowers in the private sector
was initially fixed at Rs. 1 crore. This scheme was withdrawn as a part of
financial reforms.
Moral Suasion.
Moral suation means persuation, request and appeal by the central bank of a
country to its member banks to expand or contract credit as the situation
demands. Under this method, the central bank applies the policy of persuasion
and pressure on the commercial banks in order to get them to fall in line with
its policy. The central bank frequently announces its policy and urges the
commercial banks to adopt it.
Rationing of credit.
Under this programme, the Reserve Bank fixes credit quota for member banks.
Quota system was introduced in 1960. If the member banks seek more loans
than their fixed quota, they will have to pay higher interest. [2013]
16. Statutory Liquidity Ratio : Under SLR, banks are required to keep a specified
percentage of their demand and time deposits. The minimum cash reserves
to be kept by the bank with it is known as statutory liquidity ratio. It (SLR)
comprises (a) excess reserves (b) government and other approved securities
(securities whose payment is guaranteed by the government) and (c) current
account balances with other banks.
cash reserves in the range of 25 per cent to 40 per cent. When the central
bank has to contract credit, it increases the statutory liquidity ratio. Increase
in SLR means larger minimum cash reserves with the commercial banks and
keep less cash reserves with them which raises their lending power.
Cash Reserve Ratio : Commercial banks are required under law to keep with
central bank a minimum percentage or proportion of their deposits as cash
reserves. This is called Cash Reserve Ratio. RBI does not pay interest on
funds set aside for CRR requirement. When credit is to be contracted, central
bank can increase this ratio and thereby cash resources of the banks can be
reduced and banks are forced to contract credit. During inflation, RBI increases
the CRR to contract credit and during deflation RBI decreases the CRR to
increase the supply of money in the economy. [2013]
158
17. (i) Public expenditure on the establishment of heavy and basic goods
industries in the initial periods increases the growth rate of the economy.
(ii) Further, public expenditure helps in encouraging private enterprises by
establishing state-owned financial and banking institutions to provide
cheap credit to them.
(iii) Lastly, public expenditure helps in bringing about regional balance in the
economy by diversifying industries in backward and less developed areas
of the country. Financial assistance may be provided to those producers
who establish industries in the backward regions of the country.[2013]
18. Public debt refers to the loans raised by a government within or outside the
revenue. The borrowing or taking loans by the government is called public
debt. Findly Shirras defines public debt as “National debt is a debt which a
state owes to its own subjects or to the nationals of other countries”.
Internal debt is that debt which is raised by the government from individuals
and institution, etc., within the country.
In the case of external debt, the government borrows from persons, institutions
or governments of the foreign countries. Internal debt is taken mainly for
internal purposes as financing of development expenditure within the country
while external debt is incurred both for development purposes and for meeting
the balance of payment deficits.
Redeemable debt is that which is repayable by the government after a fixed
period of time. The interest on this loan is paid by the government regularly. When
the debt matures, the government pays back the principal amount to lenders. For
the repayment of principal, either the government creates a fund in which a fixed
amount is deposited every year or it raises the amount through taxation.
Irredeemable debt is that whose principal amount is not refunded by the
government. However, interest is paid regularly on such loans for the period
of its duration. [2014]
19. Progressive taxes are the one where in the rate of taxes increases with the
increase in income of an individual. Progressive taxes are favourable for a
developing country like India where vast amount of population even today
lives below povery line. Government can levy higher taxes on the elite secton
of the society and can transfer the receipts to provide benefits to the lower
strata in the form of subsidised foodgrains, kerosene, generating employment
through infrastructural programmes, providing cheap helth and education
facilities etc. [2014]
20. Commercial banks are those banks which perform all kinds of banking functions
such as accepting deposits, advancing loans, credit creation, financing trade
and commerce. A banking company is ‘one which transacts the business of
banking’ which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment,
of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and
withdrawable by cheque, draft or otherwise.
Commercial Banks mobilise deposits from the public :
The primary functions of commercial bank is to accept deposits from the
public. To attract savings, the banks accept mainly three types of deposits :
159
(a) Demand Deposits (also known as current deposits) are those deposits
which can be withdrawn by the depositor at any time by means of cheques.
No interest is paid on such deposits.
(b) Saving Deposits are those deposits on the withdrawal of which bank
places certain restrictions. Cheque facility is provided to the depositors.
A low rate of interest is paid on them. The bank places certain restrictions
on the depositor in withdrawing his deposits.
(c) Fixed Deposits (or time deposits) are those deposits which can be
withdrawn only after the expiry of a certain fixed period. Money deposited
in Fixed Deposit Account for a fixed period of time, say one or two or
three years, is called fixed deposit. [2014]
21. The methods used by the central bank to influence the total volume of credit
in the banking system, without any regard for the use to which it is put, are
called quantitative method of credit control. They are -
Bank Rate.
The bank rate is the rate at which a central bank lends money to member
Open market operations.
Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities
Cash Reserve Ratio.
Commercial banks are required under law to keep with central bank a
minimum percentage or proportion of their deposits as cash reserves. This is
called Cash Reserve Ratio. RBI does not pay interest on funds set aside for
CRR requirement. When credit is to be contracted, central bank can increase
this ratio and thereby cash resources of the banks can be reduced and banks
are forced to contract credit. During inflation, RBI increases the CRR to
contract credit and during deflation RBI decreases the CRR to increase the
supply of money in the economy.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio.
Under SLR, banks are required to keep a specified percentage of their demand
and time deposits. The minimum cash reserves to be kept by the bank with it is
known as statutory liquidity ratio. It (SLR) comprises (a) excess reserves (b)
government and other approved securities (securities whose payment is guaranteed
by the government) and (c) current account balances with other banks.
160
cash reserves in the range of 25 per cent to 40 per cent. When the central bank
has to contract credit, it increases the statutory liquidity ratio. Increase in
SLR means larger minimum cash reserves with the commercial banks and
keep less cash reserves with them which raises their lending power. [2014]
22. (i) Standard of Deferred Payments : When money is generally accepted as

a medium of exchange and a unit of value, it naturally becomes the unit
in terms of which deferred or future payments are expressed. Money
has successfully performed the function of a standard of deferred payments
because, firstly, its value is relatively more stable than that of other
commodities. Secondly, the element of durability is higher as compared
to other commodities and finally, it possesses the quality of general
acceptability.
(ii) Store of Value : Money also serves as a store of value. People can now
keep their wealth in the form of money. Money allows us to store surplus
purchasing power which can be used at any time in future to purchase
goods and services. In simple words, money enables people to save a part
of their current income for spending in future. It was Keynes who first
realised the store of value function of money and regarded money as a
link between the present and the future.
(iii) Transfer of Value : Money also functions as a means of transferring
value. Through money, value can be easily and quickly transferred from
one place to another because money is acceptable everywhere. It is
because of this function of money, people can buy goods at far off places
for the satisfaction of their wants. [2015]
23. (a) The central bank has the sole monopoly to issue currency notes.
Commercial banks cannot issue currency notes. Currency notes and
coins issued by the central bank are the legal tender money. Legal tender
money is one which every individual is bound to accept by law in exchange
for goods and services and the discharge of debts.
However, the monopoly of central bank to issue the currency notes may
be partial in certain countries. For example, in India, one rupee notes
are issued by the government and all other notes are issued by the
Reserve Bank of India.
The main reasons for giving the monopoly right of note-issue to the central
bank are:
(i) It brings uniformity in note circulation.
(ii) It gives distinctive prestige to the note-issue. As a result, people
develop faith in the economy.
(iii) It enables the government to have supervision and control over the
supply of money in the country.
(iv) It enables the central bank to exercise the control over the creation
(b) As Lender of the Last Resort : As banker to the banks, the central bank
acts as the lender of the last resort. In other words, in case the commercial
banks fail to meet their financial requirements from other sources, they
161
can, as a last resort, approach the central bank for loans and advances.
The central bank assists such banks through discounting of approved
securities and bills of exchange. [2015]
24. Public expenditure is that expenditure incurred by the public authorities (i.e.
Central, State and Local Governments) to satisfy those common wants, which
the people in their individual capacity are unable to satisfy efficiently. For
e.g. expenditure incurred by the government on education, health, public
works, expenditure on administration and maintenance of law and order are
examples of public expenditure.
The reasons responsible for the tendency of increasing volume of expenditure
under the following three heads are :
everywhere in the world has caused public expenditure to increase
very much. Expenditure on elections and by - elections is increasing.
Number of ministers and executive officers has also been increased.
Further, the ruling party has to fulfil its promises and launch new
programmes to persuade public opinion in its favour.
(ii) Increase in defense expenditure : International political situation is
uncertain and insecure. People are always afraid of a war. Hence,
every nation must be strong enough to protect itself to the extent
possible for it.
(b) Social Causes
(i) Population Growth : With the increase of population, the
responsibilities of the state also increase which consequently leads
to the increase in public expenditure.
considered as the duty of the sate has been increasing. New
departments like Child welfare, Women welfare, Labour welfare,
etc., have been estabilised. All this have led to growth of public
expenditure.
(iii) Social Security Measures : Government is now always eager to raise
the standard of living of people in lower income groups. They are
spending huge amounts for providing benefits such as old - age
pension, sickness benefits, accident benefits, free education and
medical services to industrial workers etc.
(c) Economic Causes
(i) Rise in Prices : There has been a gradual increase in the price level
in almost every country of the world and the governments have to
spend more money for the same amount of goods and services that
they desire, and to increase the salaries and dearness allowance of
government employees.
expenditure.
(iii) Economic Assistance to Private Sector : States also give economic
assistance to various industries which have undertaken the
162
programmes of planned development. This has also increased the

public expenditure to great extent.
(iv) Development Programmes : Urbanisation has led to increase in
government expenditures on civil administration, education, public
health, water supply, parks, etc. [2015, 2018]

to the people.
(i) Economy : Direct taxes are economical in the sense that the cost of collection
of these taxes is relatively low, because the same officers who assess small
income or properties can also assess large income or properties.
important role in checking the wastage of public expenditure. [2015]
26. Public expenditure is that expenditure incurred by the public authorities (i.e.
Central, State and Local Governments) to satisfy those common wants, which
the people in their individual capacity are unable to satisfy efficiently. For
e.g. expenditure incurred by the government on education, health, public
works, expenditure on administration and maintenance of law and order are
examples of public expenditure.
(i) Public expenditure on the establishment of heavy and basic goods
industries in the initial periods increases the growth rate of the economy.
(ii) Further, public expenditure helps in encouraging private enterprises by
establishing state-owned financial and banking institutions to provide
cheap credit to them.
(iii) Lastly, public expenditure helps in bringing about regional balance in the
economy by diversifying industries in backward and less developed areas
of the country. Financial assistance may be provided to those producers
who establish industries in the backward regions of the country. [2016]
163
27. Direct Taxes Indirect Taxes

1. Taxes imposed on income or 1. Taxes imposed on commodities are
properties are direct taxes. indirect taxes
government by the person on by one person but their burden is
whom it is imposed. borne by another person.
3. They cannot be shifted on to others. 3. They can be shifted on to others.
4. These taxes are levied according 4. These are the taxes in which tax
to the ability of the tax-payer. paying ability of the tax-payer is
assessed indirectly.
company’s income), Estate Duty. etc,
[2016]
28. In economics, capital has been traditionally defined in the sense of physical
capital. In this sense, capital refers to those reproducible or man-made durable
goods that are used as inputs to produce other goods and services in the future.
(i) (a) Real capital refers to the physical stocks of goods which are used as
input in the production process thus, the machines, raw materials
etc. are the examples of real capital. This is also called concrete
capital. The contribution of real capital towards, the increase in
national output of any country is certainly more important than the
money capital because money capital does not necessarily contribute
towards the increase in national output.
(b) Debt Capital consists of titles to wealth like share, debenture,
government promissory notes, etc. They represent invested funds
and yield income. For example, if any individual invest his fund in
purchansing IDBI flexibonds; ICIC bond, etc, in our country, then he
will fixed interest income on the value of those bonds. Hence, these
bonds are considered as debt capital.
(ii) (a) Sunk Capital : Is that which can only be put to a single use. It is also
called as 'specialised capital.' It always remains at the place where
it is fixed. For example, a printing machine can only be put for printing
and nothing else.
(b) Money Capital : The term 'Money Capital' or finance capital' is used
to describe capital in term of money. Money itself is not a means of
production. However, money can be used for buying capital goods
(like machines, and raw materials) It would not be wrong to treat the
money used for this purpose as capital. [2016]
29. Money is defined on the basis of functions it performs. Anything which is

generally accepted as a medium of exchange, in payment of debt and as
payment of goods or services is called money. Money is, "Anything that is
generally acceptable as a means of exchange and at the same time acts as
measure and store of value."
The Primary functions of money are :
(i) Medium of Exchange : Medium of exchange is considered to be the first
and the most important function of money. As money has the quality of
164
general acceptability, therefore, all the exchanges in an economy take

place in terms of money.
While functioning as medium of exchange, money benefits the society in
many ways :
(a) It overcomes the difficulties of barter system.
(b) It promotes transactional efficiency in exchange with minimum effort
and time. By acting as an intermediary, it increases the ease of
trade.
(c) It allows freedom of choice in the sense that a person can use money
to buy goods of his choice from people who offer him the best bargain.
(ii) Measure of Value : The second fundamental function of money is that it
acts as a common measure of value. Money serves as a unit of
measurement in terms of which the values of all goods and services are
measured and expressed. Money is a useful measuring rod of value only
when its own value remains stable. The value of money is linked to its
purchasing power. As the general price level increases, a unit of money
can purchase lesser amount of goods and services. So the value or
purchasing power of money declines. Hence, money will be useful unit of
value only as long as its own value or purchasing power remains constant.
Money also acts as a unit of account. [2016]
30. The five agency functions of a Commercial Bank are :

(i) Collection and Making Payments for Credit Instruments : Bank collect
or make payment for bills, cheques, promissory notes. For these services,
some charges are usually made by the banks.
(ii) Collection of Dividends on Shares : Bank collect dividends on shares
and interest on debentures of their customers.
(iii) Purchase and Sale of Securities : Banks undertake purchase and sale
of various securities like shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, etc., on behalf
of their customers.
(iv) Trustee and Executor : Banks preserve the wills of their customers and
execute them after their death.
(v) Transfer of Funds : Banks help their customers in transferring funds
from one place to another through cheques, drafts, etc. [2016]
31. The main difference between a commercial bank and the central bank is that
the principal objective of the 'central bank' is to maximize economic welfare of
the country while the principal objective of a commercial banks is to earn
profit. Lending is the second basic function of the bank. The commercial
banks lend out money to traders and businessmen, which is the main source
of a bank's earning. A commercial bank advance credit to its borrowers in the
following three ways :
(i) Cash Credit : In cash credit, the bank advances a 'cash loan' up to a
specified limit to the customer against a bond or other security. A borrower
is required to open a current account and bank allows the borrower to
withdraw up to the full amount of the loan. The interest is charged only on
the amount actually utilized by the borrower and not on the loan sanctioned.
(ii) Overdraft : The overdraft facility is allowed to the depositor maintaining
a current account with the bank. According to this facility, a borrower is
165
allowed to withdraw more amount than what is there in the current

account. The excess amount so withdrawn has to be repaid to the bank
with interest. However, the overdraft facility is given only against security
of some assets or on personal security of the customer.
(iii) Discounting Bills of Exchange : The banks provide financial help to the
merchants and exporters, who are the customers of that bank, by way of
discounting their bills of exchange. In such facility, the bank pays the
amount of bill presented by the customer, after deducting the usual bank
discount. This way, the customer gets the amount of the bill before the
date of its maturity. As such the bank assists its customers to a great
extent by accepting their bills and providing them with liquid assets (money).
Usually a bill matures after 90 days or so and then the bank presents it to
the acceptor and receives full amount of the bill. [2017]
32. Now-a-days, the government plays a vital role in promotion of economic

development of a country, particularly of an under-developed country like
India which lack even the basic necessities of life, such as, food, cloth, housing,
health, education etc. India suffers from a number of problems like high
incidence of poverty, chronic problem of unemployment and widespread
inequality in the distribution of income and wealth. All these factors have
necessitated active participation of the state in the task of promoting economic
development and that is why the public expenditure in India has grown by
leaps and bounds. Following are the main reasons:
Political Causes
everywhere in the world has caused public expenditure to increase very
much. Expenditure on elections and by - elections is increasing. Number
of ministers and executive officers has also been increased. Further, the
ruling party has to fulfil its promises and launch new programmes to
persuade public opinion in its favour.
Social Causes.
(i) Population Growth : With the increase of population, the responsibilities
of the state also increase which consequently leads to the increase in
public expenditure.
considered as the duty of the sate has been increasing. New departments
like Child welfare, Women welfare, Labour welfare, etc., have been
establised. All this have led to growth of public expenditure.
Economic Causes.
(i) Rise in Prices : There has been a gradual increase in the price level in
almost every country of the world and the governments have to spend
more money for the same amount of goods and services that they desire,
and to increase the salaries and dearness allowance of government
employees.
expenditure. [2017]
166
33. These terms are associated with Indirect tax. The meaning of the terms are
as follows:
(i) Impact : Impact refers to "On whom the Tax is levied in the first instance."
It means who is primarily responsible to pay the tax. In indirect tax, the
impact of the tax is on seller who is primarily responsible to pay the
imposed tax.
(ii) Shifting : It refers to transfer of the burden of the tax amount. In indirect
tax, though it is seller who initially pays the tax but he adds (transfers) this
tax in the cost of the product and collects it from the buyer of the product.
(iii) Incidence : Incidence refers to "who bears the final burden of the tax."
So in the case of indirect tax, it is the ultimate consumer who bears the
ultimate burden of the tax by paying it through its price.
Merit of Indirect Taxes
(i) Convenient : They are mostly levied on commodities and are paid by
consumers when they buy them in the market. The amount of the tax is
included in the price of the commodity and the consumer pays the tax
without experiencing its pinch.
Demerits of Indirect Taxes
(i) Regressive : Indirect taxes are not equitable as they are regressive in
nature. It affects the poor more than the rich man. For example, a
commodity tax imposed on foodstuffs will affect a poor family to a much
greater extent than a rich family.
(ii) Uncertain : As soon as the tax is levied on a commodity, its price rises in
the market and, consequently, its demand declines. It cannot be said
with certainty as to which extent the demand of the commodity has
declined consequent upon the imposition of the tax. Hence, there is
always uncertainty about the income occurring from the indirect taxes.
[2017]
34. In advanced countries indirect taxes are relatively less significant as compared
to less developed countries.
Following are the main merits of indirect taxes.
(i) Convenient : Indirect taxes are more convenient than direct taxes. They
are paid in small amounts, and that too at intervals, instead of in lump
sum. They are generally included in the price of the commodity and
hence not much burden is felt by their payers.
(ii) Wide coverage : Indirect taxes can be imposed on a large variety of goods
so that most of the persons contribute something to the revenue of the
government.
(iii) Equity : Indirect taxes can be made equitable by imposing heavy taxes on
luxury goods consumed by the rich consumers and low taxes on the
essential commodities.
(iv) Elastic : Indirect taxes can be made elastic and productive, particularly
when they are imposed on essential goods like edible oils, flour sugar, etc,
whose demand is inelastic. But, this will go against the cannon of equity.
(v) No Evasion : Indirect taxes are difficult to be evaded as they are included
in the price of the commodity. A person can evade an indirect tax only
when he decides not to purchase the taxed commodity.
(vi) Check on consumption of harming commodities : Heavy indirect taxation
on commodities like wine, opium, etc., serves a great social purpose. It may
check their consumption and save the society from their harmful effects.
167
(vii) Protection against foreign competition : By imposing import duties, domestic

industries can be protected from foreign competition. When the government
wants to protect a particular industry against foreign competition, it imposes
heavy import duty on the imported goods.As a result, prices of imported
commodities would go up and domestically produced commodities would be
available in the market at cheaper price. [2018]

to the people.
The following are the important characteristics of a tax.
(i) Compulsory Payment : A tax is a compulsory payment made by the people
to the government. No one can refuse to pay it. Taxes are imposed by the
government only. Refusal to pay taxes is subjected to legal action by the
government.
(ii) General welfare : The amount received from the taxes is spent for common
benefits or general welfare. This means tax money is not used for the
benefit of tax-payers alone.
(iii) No Quid Pro Quo : The essence of a tax is the absence of a direct quid pro
quo (proportionate return) to the tax payer from public authority.
(iv) A tax is payable regularly and periodically as determined by the taxing authority.
(v) A tax is a legal collection. [2018]
36. Basis Central Bank Commercial Bank

Meaning Central bank is an apex Commercial bank is a bank
institution of the monetary and which deals in money and
banking structure of the credit for purposes of earning
country. It regulates the entire profit. It just operates under the
banking system of the country. guidelines of the central bank.
Objective Its main objective is to promote Its main objective is to earn
social welfare. profit.
Ownership Central bank is generally a Commercial banks may be both
government owned institution. privately owned or government
owned institutions.
Note- It has got the monopoly right Commercial banks do not have
issue of note-issue. such rights.
Banker It is a banker of the Commercial bank is a banker
government. It is also the only of the general public. It
banker of the commercial has direct public dealing.
banks. It does not have direct
public dealing.
Number There can be only one central There are a number of
bank with a few offices in a commercial banks in every
country. country with a large number
of branches all over the country
and also even abroad.
[2018]
168
37. Banks helps in economic development in the following ways :

(i) Necessary for Trade and Industry : Banks provide timely financial
assistance to traders and industrialists.
(ii) Distribution of Funds : Banks help in the distribution of surplus capital
from regions where it is not wanted to those regions where it can be
most usefully used.
(iii) Promote Capital Formation : Banks also promote capital formation. They
accept deposits from the people who have surplus money and advance it
to the investors.
(iv) Banks Encourage the right type of industries : Banks prefer to advance
loans only to those industries whose products are in great demand. Thus,
they encourages the right type of industries.
(v) Growth of priority sectors : Commercial banks play an important role in
the development of the priority sectors such as agriculture, small-scale
industry, retail trade, export, etc.
(vi) Useful to Underdeveloped Countries : In underdeveloped countries like
India, a large number of people live in villages where banking facilities
are quite inadequate. So, rural savings are wasted. By opening more and
more branches in these rural areas, idle savings can be mobilized and
made available to the productive enterprises. [2018]
38. (i) Public debt refers to the loans raised by a government within or outside the
revenue. The borrowing or taking loans by the government is called public
debt. Findly Shirras defines public debt as “National debt is a debt which a
state owes to its own subjects or to the nationals of other countries”.
(ii) Redeemable debt is that which is repayable by the government after a
fixed period of time. The interest on this loan is paid by the government
regularly. When the debt matures, the government pays back the principal
amount to lenders. For the repayment of principal, either the government
creates a fund in which a fixed amount is deposited every year or it
raises the amount through taxation.
(iii) Unproductive loans refer to those loans which are incurred on those
projects which do not yield any income. For example, loans taken by the
government to finance a war and for covering the budgetary deficit are
unproductive loans. Such loans do not add to the productive capacity of
the economy. Unproductive loans are considered as a dead weight upon
the government. [2019]
39. (i) Lack of Common Measure of Value : Even if the two persons who want
each other's goods meet by coincidence, the problem arises as to the
proportion in which the two goods should be exchanged. The value of a
commodity or services means the amount of other goods and services it
can be exchanged for, in the market. In the absence of a common measure
of value, trade was difficult to be carried out.
(ii) Lack of Standard of Deferred (Future) Payments : Another drawback of
barter system is that it lacks a standard of deferred payments. So, credit
transactions requiring future payments cannot take place smoothly under
barter trading.
169
There are three main problems in this context. These are :

(a) It may create controversy regarding the quality of goods or services
to be repaid in future.
(b) The two parties may be unable to agree on the specific goods to be
used for repayment.
(c) Both parties run the risk that the value of goods to be repaid may
increase or decrease in future. [2019]
40. (i) Fiscal agent of the government : As a fiscal agent, it performs the
following functions :
(a) It manages the public borrowings.
(b) It collects taxes and other payments on behalf of the government.
(c) It represents the government in the international financial
institutions (such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund, etc.)
and conferences.
(ii) Advisor to the government : The central bank also acts as the financial
adviser to the government. It gives advice to the government on all financial
and economic matters such as deficit financing, devaluation of currency,
trade policy, foreign exchange policy, etc. [2019]
41. (i) A tax is compulsory payment imposed on the persons or companies by the
governments to meet the expenditure incurred on providing common
benefits to the people.
(ii)
Direct Taxes Indirect Taxes
1. Taxes imposed on income or 1. Taxes imposed on commodities
properties are direct taxes. are indirect taxes
government by the person on by one person but their burden
whom it is imposed. is borne by another person.
3. They cannot be shifted on to 3. They can be shifted on to others.
others.
4. These taxes are levied 4. These are the taxes in which tax
according to the ability of the paying ability of the tax-payer is
tax-payer. assessed indirectly.
company’s income), Estate etc,
Duty.
[2019]
170
UNIT V
Short answers :
1. Demand pull inflation may be defined as a situation where the aggregate
demand exceeds the economy’s ability to supply the goods and services at the
current prices, so that the prices are pulled up by the excess demand.
[2014]
3. Creeping inflation Running inflation

1. When the rise in prices is very slow 1. When price rises rapidly at a rate
like that of a snail or creeper, it is of 10 to 20% per annum, it is called
called creeping inflation. In terms running inflation.
of speed, prices rise about 2 per
cent annually.
2. Such an inflation is regarded safe 2. Such an inflation affects the poor
and essential for economic growth and the middle class people
because it keeps the economy away adversely.
from stagnation and motivates the
producer to stay in the market and
continue his production activity.
[2013, 2018]
4. Demand pull inflation may be defined as a situation where the aggregate

demand exceeds the economy’s ability to supply the goods and services at the
current prices, so that the prices are pulled up by the excess demand.
[2014]
5. When the rise in prices is very slow like that of a snail or creeper, it is called
creeping inflation. In terms of speed, prices rise about 2 per cent annually
which is regarded safe and essential for economic growth because it keeps
the economy away from stagnation and motivates the producer to stay in the
market and continue his production activity. [2015, 2016]
6. During the process of production, various factors of production are employed

like land, labour and capital. They are not available free of cost. The owner of
these factors receive rent, wages, interest. These remunerations to the factors
is called as ‘Cost of production’.An increase in cost of production results in
Cost push inflation. [2017]
7. Small farmers do not gain much during inflation as the major portion of their
produce is not marketed but instead, kept for self-consumption. Moreover,
they have the purchase inputs, like seeds, fertilisers, insecticides, etc., at
higher prices during inflation. [2018]
Long answers :
4. Inflation refers to a situation in which prices of goods and services rise
persistently at a fast pace.
Effects of Inflation
(i) Fixed Income Groups : Fixed income earners (i.e. wage and salary
earners, pensioners etc.) suffer during inflation. It is because that their
171
incomes do not increase in the same proportion in which prices or the

cost of living rises. As a result, these fixed income earners tend to buy
less amount of goods and services than before even when there is little
rise in their income.
(ii) Producers : Producers tend to gain during inflation. It is because that
prices of their inventories (stock of goods and raw-material, go up. Prices
rise at a faster rate than the cost of production. Producers get better
prices for their goods during inflation. [2013, 2017]
5. When prices rises due to rise in cost of production, it is called cost push inflation.
Two Factor Causing Cost Push Inflation
(i) Rise in Wages : Rise in wages has been considered as the main determinant
of cost inflation is the modern theory of inflation; This is because in modern
times, workers have organized themselves into strong trade unions which
have succeeded in getting higher wages for their members.
(ii) Increase in the Price of Basic Materials : Cost push inflation is also
caused by increase in the prices of some basic materials, such as steel,
basic chemicals, oil, etc. Since, these materials are used directly or
indirectly in almost all the industries, any increase in their price affect
the whole of the economy and the prices everywhere tend to increase.
(iii) Higher Taxes : Another important cause of cost push inflation is the
imposition of higher taxes on commodities, like excise duties, sales tax
etc. These taxes are largely passed over by the producers to the consumers
by the way of taxes. [2013, 2015, 2019]
6. Inflation means a state of rising prices of goods and services.

Four causes of Inflation
(i) Increase in money supply : Increase in money supply is one of the major
causes of inflation. Increase in the supply of money leads to increase in
aggregate demand for goods and services and hence rise in their prices.
(ii) Increase in Population : Increase in population is another major cause
responsible for inflation. Increase in population leads to increased demand
for goods and services and hence increase in their prices.
(iii) Higher Taxes : The imposition of higher taxes on commodities results in
rise in prices of taxed commodities.
(iv) Rise in Wages : Rise in wages has been considered as the main cause
behind cost push inflation. [2014]
7. Inflation is commonly understood to be a situation in which prices of goods

and services persistently rise at a fast pace. Inflation refers to a state of
rising prices and not a state of high prices. A substantial rise in price or rise
in price at faster rates is called inflation.
1. Effect on Debtors : During inflation debtors are the gainers when they
pay back their debt. It is because the value of money was high when they
borrowed but it came down when they repaid their debts. So they are the
net gainers.
2. The various types of inflation are explained below:
(a) Creeping Inflation : Creeping inflation is the inflation whose rate of
increase is very mild, i.e., 2-3 percent per annum. So this is also
172
known as mild inflation. Such kind of inflation is not at all harmful

rather it helps in the growth of the economy by giving an extra impetus
to entrepreneurs to invest more.
(b) Walking or Trotting Inflation : When the rate of rise in inflation is
of international standard of 3 to 8 percent per annum, it is called
walking or trotting inflation.
(c) Running Inflation : When the sustained rise in prices is over 8
percent and generally around 20 percent per annum, it is called
running inflation. It normally shows two-digit inflation. Running
inflation is a warning signal indicating the need for controlling it
otherwise it will convert into hyperinflation. [2017]
8. (i) Demand pull inflation may be defined as a situation where the aggregate
demand exceeds the economy’s ability to supply the goods and services
at the current prices, so that the prices are pulled up by the excess
demand.
(ii) Demand pull inflation is mainly caused by the following factors :
(a) Increase in Money Supply : The first major cause of demand pull
inflation is increase in the supply of money which leads to increase
in aggregate demand.
(b) Increase in Disposable Income : When the disposable income of the
people increases, it raises their demand for goods and services leading
to demand pull inflation.
(c) Increase in Population : Increase in population is another major
cause responsible for rise in prices. Increase in population means
increased demand for consumer goods. It increases the aggregate
demand for goods and services and puts pressure on the existing
supply of goods and services. [2018]
9. Inflation is commonly understood to be a situation in which prices of goods

and services persistently rise at a fast pace. Inflation refers to a state of
rising prices and not a state of high prices. A substantial rise in price or rise
in price at faster rates is called inflation.
(i) Impact on the producers : Businessmen (i.e., entrepreneurs, traders,
producers, etc.) tend to gain during inflation, because
(a) prices of their inventories (stock of goods and raw material) go up
and thereby increasing their profits.
(b) Prices rise at a faster rate than the cost of production.
(c) They are generally borrowers of money (debtors) for business purposes.
(ii) Impact on the Salaried Class : Wage and salary earners suffer during
inflation. It is due to the reason that wages and salaries do not increase
in the same proportion in which the prices or the cost of living rises. Due
to inflation, purchasing power of money falls. As a result of it, fixed
income earners tend to buy less amount of goods and services than before
even when there is a little rise in their wages. [2019]
173
UNIT VI
Short answers :
2. Two reasons for consumer exploitation in India :
(i) Lack of Information : In a free market economy, producers and sellers
are free to produce any goods and services in any quantity and there is
no regulation on the prices. In such cases, providing full and correct
information about the product to consumers is of great importance. In
the absence of information about different aspects of the products namely,
price, quality, composition, conditions of use, terms of purchase, etc.,
the consumers are liable to make a wrong decision and hence lose money.
(ii) Illiteracy : Illiteracy is one of the major reasons that lead to exploitation
of consumers. The level of consumer consciousness in our country is
generally low. The level of illiteracy directly affects the level of awareness
about products and the markets. [2015]
3. Two Forms of Consumer Exploitation

(i) Underweight and Undermeasurement : The goods being sold in the market
are sometimes not measured or weighed correctly.
(ii) Sub-standard Quality : The goods sold are sometimes of sub-standard
quality. Selling of medicines beyond their expiry dates and supply of
defective home appliances are generally the regular grievances of
consumers. [2013]
4. RTI means Right to Information, under it any citizen of India may request
information from a public authority. [2015]
5. The Indian laws have accepted the following as the rights of the consumers :
(Write any 2)
(i) Right to Safety : The consumers have the right to be protected against
marketing of goods and services, which are hazardous to life and property.
(ii) Right to be Informed : All the consumers have the 'right to be informed'
about the particulars of goods and services that they purchase. They
have the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity,
standard and price of goods.
(iii) Right to Choose : It means assurance of access to variety of goods and
services at competitive price. In case of single supplier, the consumer has
the right to be assured of satisfactory quality and service at a fair price.
(iv) Right to be Heard : The consumer's interest should receive due
consideration at appropriate forums relating to consumer welfare.
(v) Right to Seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal
against unfair trade practices or exploitation and right to fair settlement
of the genuine grievances.
(vi) Right to Consumer Education : This includes knowledge about goods
and issues relating to consumer welfare. [2016]
6. COPRA refers to the Consumer Protection Act. This act was passed by Indian
parliament in 1986. The objective of COPRA is to provide a law to protect the
consumers' interests and provide them a proper grievance redressal forum so
that they can get their rights as consumer secured. [2017]
174
7. Consumer's consciousness towards his/her rights and duties is known as

consumer awareness. The knowledge of the consumers towards their rights
and protection is called consumer awareness. [2017, 2018]
8. In order to secure the rights, consumers have to fulfil the following duties :
(i) While purchasing the goods, consumer should look at the quality of the
product, as well as on guarantee or warranty period. Consumer should
preferably purchase standardised products which contain seal of ISI or
Agmark.
(ii) Consumer should ask for a cash memo and warranty card.
(iii) Consumers must be aware of their rights and duties.
(iv) Consumers should form consumer awareness organisations, which can
be given representation in various committees formed by the government
and other bodies in the matters relating to the consumers.
(v) He should know the method how to proceed if he is cheated. [2018]
Long answers :
1. Methods of Consumers' Exploitation in India.
The ways in which consumers are exploited by manufactures and traders are
mentioned below :
(i) Underweight and Undermeasurement : The goods being sold in the market
are sometimes not measured or weighed correctly.
(ii) Sub-standard Quality : The goods sold are sometimes of sub-standard quality.
Selling of medicines beyond their expiry dates and supply of defective home
appliances are generally the regular grievances of consumers.
(iii) Duplicate Articles : In the name of genuine parts or goods, fake or
duplicate items are being sold to the consumers.
(iv) High Prices : Very often the traders charge a price higher than
theprescribed retail price.
(v) Lack of Safety Devices : In order to increase the sale of their products,
some producers especially of electrical foods, electronic devices and such
other appliances, try to produce things of poor quality without caring for
the standard safeguard norms. Such things prove very dangerous for the
customers and some are even involved in serious accidents.
(vi) Artificial Scarcity : In order to get more and more profit, certain traders
resort to hoarding of things thereby creating artificial scarcity. They sell
these things later on at higher prices.
(vii) Poor After-sale Service : Many of the high cost durable items, such as
electrical or electronic equipments, home appliances and cars etc. need
adequate after-sale care. The supplier does not provide the satisfactory
after-sale services despite the necessary payments.
(viii) Adulteration and Impurity : In costly consumer items such as oil, ghee
and spices, adulteration is made in order to earn higher profits. This
causes heavy monetary loss to the consumers as well as spoil their health.
(ix) Rude Behaviour and Undue Conditions : In matters like LPG gas
connection, fixing of a new telephone line, procurement of licensing items
etc., consumers are often harassed and undue conditions are put before
them. [2014, 2016, 2018]
175
3. The Indian laws have accepted the following as the rights of the consumers :
(i) Right to Safety : The consumers have the right to be protected against
marketing of goods and services, which are hazardous to life and property.
(ii) Right to be Informed : All the consumers have the 'right to be informed'
about the particulars of goods and services that they purchase. They
have the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity,
standard and price of goods.
(iii) Right to Choose : It means assurance of access to variety of goods and
services at competitive price. In case of single supplier, the consumer has
the right to be assured of satisfactory quality and service at a fair price.
(v) Right to Seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal
against unfair trade practices or exploitation and right to fair settlement
of the genuine grievances.
and issues relating to consumer welfare. [2018]
4. A process through which a substance is added to a food item to increase its

quantity is called food adulteration. It is a serious social crime as it adversely
affects the health of the society. The main objective behind food adulteration
is to increase profit margin. Adding brick powder to chilly powder is an example
of food adulteration. It can let to serious health issues like diarrhoea, skin
allergies, cancer, paralysis and even death. [2013, 2019]
5. A consumer is a person who takes decisions about what to buy for satisfaction
of his wants.
Importance of Educating Consumers of their rights : When the government
withdrew itself from production activities and permitted the private sector to
take over, it was realised that there is a greater need to educate the consumers
of their rights. The consumers have to be aware not only the commercial
aspects of sale and purchase of goods but also of health and security aspects.
A consumer stands at a much weaker footing than a seller. A seller can
always use market conditions to his favour. Hence it is essential to educate
the consumer of their rights to enable them protected from the sellers.
[2013]
6. Consumer’s consciousness towards his/her rights and duties is known as

consumer awareness. An alert consumer is the one who is alert of his rights
and duties. An alert consumer will make sure that producers and sellers
don’t cheat him by adopting unfair trade practices. He will save himself from
various forms of exploitation like use of underweights while weighing goods,
consumption of sub-standard goods and duplicate articles, paying higher prices
than MRP, getting poor after sale services after the purchase of products,
adulteration and impurity and undue conditions. He will keep checks and
balances on anti-social activities like hoarding, black-marketing etc. In short,
he will remain free from exploitation. [2015]
176
7. The following are the major reasons that cause exploitation of the consumers :
(i) Lack of Information : In a free market economy, producers and sellers
are free to produce any goods and services in any quantity and there is
no regulation on the prices. In such cases, providing full and correct
information about the product to consumers is of great importance. In
the absence of information about different aspects of the products namely,
price, quality, composition, conditions of use, terms of purchase, etc.,
the consumers are liable to make a wrong decision and hence lose money.
(ii) Shortage of Goods and Services : The consumers are exploited when
the goods and services are not available in the required quantity or
numbers. Limited supplies are a result, usually, of lower production of
goods, as compared to the demand. This gives rise to tendency of hoarding
and price-increase.
(iii) Limited Competition : In some cases, single producer or a group of
producers control the production and supply of a product. He is in a
position to restrict the availability of supplies. There is, thus, a possibility
of manipulation in prices and availability.
(iv) Illiteracy : Illiteracy is one of the major reasons that lead to exploitation
of consumers. The level of consumer consciousness in our country is
generally low. The level of illiteracy directly affects the level of awareness
about products and the markets.
(v) Ill-effects of Advertisement : Most of the customers are so much attracted
by the advertisement of different articles that they do not try to verify
the quality of those goods. They buy with a lightening speed and often
repent afterwards. [2017]

177
COMMERCIAL STUDIES
QUESTIONS BANKS
1. Stakeholders in Commercial Organisations
2. Marketing and Sales
3. Advertising and Sales Promotion
4. Consumer Protection
5. E-Commerce
6. Capital and Revenue Expenditure/Income
7. Final Accounts of Sole Proprietorship
8. Fundamentals Concepts of Cost
9. Budgeting
10. Sources of Finance
11. Recruitment, Selection and Training
12. Industrial Relations, Trade Unions and Social Security
13. Logistics and Insurance
14. Banking
15. Striving for a Better Environment
 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (Commercial studies)
1. STAKEHOLDERS IN COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

A.1. Short Answers :
(i) EXPECTATIONS OF ASSOCIATES OR COMPETITORS
Ideal associates expect :
(i) Fair trade practices regarding price, quality and service
(ii) An atmosphere of healthy competition and ethical behaviour
[2013, 2017]
(b) [2017]
Basis of
Distinction Internal Stakeholders External Stakeholders
1. Stakeholders who are Stakeholders who are

Meaning involved in the businesscontributing to the
firms from within the business enterprise from
outside the organisation
organisation are known as
internal stakeholders. are known as external
stakeholders.
2. Types They consist of owners/ They consist of creditors,
shareholders, and suppliers, dealers, com-
employees of the petitors, Government, lo-
organisation. cal community, and the
society.
(j) [2015]
Basis of Stakeholders Customers
Distinction
1.Financial Stakeholders like Customers do not have a
stake shareholders and financial stake in a business
employees have a financial firm.
stake in a business firm.
2.Supply of Stakeholders supply Customers do not supply any
capital financial capital or human capital to the organisation.
capital.
3.Product Products are not Products are manufactured
orientation manufactured according to according to the tastes of
the tastes of the the customers.
stakeholders.
4.Market Market orientation is not Market orientation is
orientation necessary for satisfaction of necessary to satisfy
stakeholders. customers.
5.Prticipation Stakeholders such as the Customers do not
in owners participate in the participate in management
management management of of the organisation
organisation.
179
X - ICSE (Commercial studies)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
A.2. Long Answers :

(b) Expectations of Employees
(i) Security of job and continuity of service under congenial conditions.
(ii) A fair remuneration in the form of wages and salaries
(iii) Safe and comfortable working environment
(iv) Various welfare facilities such as housing, medical care, social
security (in the form of pension, gratuity, provident fund, etc.),
health, recreation, etc.
(v) Opportunities for education, self-development, promotion and career
growth. [2016]
(c) [2013]
Basic of Shareholders Creditors
Distinction
1. Type of They are internal They are external
Stakeholder stakeholders. stakeholders.
2. Nature of They invest in the capi- They only give loan to
investors tal of the company. the company.
3. Degree of They assume greater risk They assume lesser
risk of loss of capital. risk of loss of loan.
(d) Society or community expects :

(i) To protect the environment from all types of pollution
(ii) To produce socially desirable products in accordance with national
interest and priorities
(iii) To help weaker sections of society by giving them preference in
employment and other fields
(iv) To improve standard of living of people by promoting educational,
medical and cultural institutions
(v) To donate funds for charitable and public welfare activities
[2014, 2015]
(e) Expectations of Government
An ideal Government should expect :
(i) To follow the laws and regulations of the country
(ii) To pay all taxes honestly, regularly and in time
(iii) To avoid corrupting public servants
(iv) To make proper use of scarce resources of the nation
(v) To assist in solving national problems like poverty, unemployment,
unbalanced regional growth, etc.
(vi) To avoid monopoly and concentration of economic power. [2017]
(f) Ideal suppliers (those who provide raw materials) expect :

(i) Fair prices for the supplies
(ii) Regular and timely payment according to credit terms
(iii) Resonable terms of delivery and payment
(iv) Regular orders for supply
(v) Correct information about the company’s financial position
(vi) Helthy and co-operative inter-business relationship [2018]
180
(g) Expectations of Employers (Owners, Shareholders and Manager.)

(i) Safety of capital contributed by them
(ii) A fair and regular return (in the form of dividend or interest) on
their capital
(iii) Capital appreciation in the value of their investment
(iv) Accurate, up-to-date and regular information about the working and
financial health of the company [2019]
2. MARKETING AND SALES
(c) [2014, 2019]

Basis of Product Service
Distinction
1. Tangibility Fully Tangible Intangible, may have
a.Can be felt and touched physical evidence.
b.Can be fully standardised a.Cannot be touched
b.Cannot be stanndardised
2. Inseparability Fully separable, remote Not separable, remote
of buyer and transactions are possible transactions not possible.
Seller
3. Quality Can be measured and Difficult to control and
controlled measure.
4. Inventory Can be stored Cannot be stored
5. Sensitivity to Low sensitivity, e.g., a soap Highly sensitive, e.g.,
time. can be bought in advance of doctor’s services are
need. needed when there is a
patient.
(d) [2015, 2019]

Basis of Marketing Sales
Distinction
1. Scope Marketing is a wider term. It Selling involves exchange of

includes not only selling but goods for money between the
other activities such as sellers and buyers.
marketing research, product
planning and development
and advertising, etc.
2. Focus Marketing, needs of Selling focuses on the needs

customers are determined of the seller, and
first and then suitable marketing, on the needs of
products are developed to the buyer.
satisfy their needs.
181
Basis of Marketing Sales

Distinction
3. Marketing begins before Selling begins after the

Beginninng production and continues products are manufactured
and End after the sale. Market and comes to an end with
research and after-sale their transfer to the buyer.
service are important
elements of marketing.
4. Marketing is externally Selling is internally oriented
Orientation oriented as it seeks to because it seeks to
achieve profits through maximise profits through
customer satisfaction. increased volume of sales.
5. Demand Marketing involves creation Selling presupposes the
Creation and maintenance of existence of demand for the
consumer demand. firm’s product.
(e) Two factors to be considered while fixing the price of a product are as
follow :
(i) Cost of the product
(ii) Demand and competition in market [2015]
(f) Finance is required in marketing to keep stocks, to meet transport,

storage and other costs and to grant credit. In other words, financing
facilitates the marketing activity. [2016]
(g) Financing an essential function of Marketing is :

Generation of Revenue, Customer Oriented, Employment Generation,
Standard of Living, Large Scale Production, Economic Development,
Foreign Exchange Earner, Creative [2018]
(h) (i) Target Rate of Return : An adequate return on investment or net

sales is an important pricing objective. The idea is to secure a
sufficient return on capital employed after covering costs of
production and distribution. An estimate is made of the profits
required to yield the expected rate to return over the long run.
Prices are so set that the total sales revenue exceeds the total
costs by the estimated profit amount. In other words, this objective
leads to cost plus pricing.
(ii) Price Stability : In this objective, a firm seeks to cut or eliminate
cyclical price fluctuations and to void price wars. This goal is used
in an industry having a few firms. In an oligopolistic situation where
one firm is very big and all others are small, the big firm acts as the
price leader and other firms follow it. All the firms try to avoid price
wars. Price stability helps in planned and regular production in the
long run However, it may create rigidity in pricing.
(iii) Market Share : Market share (sales of a firm in relation to those of
competitors) is a very meaningful mark for measuring the market
position or success. When the market has a potential for growth
182
over earning a reasonable return on investment may be declining if

its market share maintained.
(iv) Meet or Prevent Competition : In a market characterised by cut-
throat competition, firms often take pricing decision to meet or
present competition. Established firm may cut prices drastically to
prevent competitors from entering a market. A company adopts below
cost pricing to fight competition.
(v) Profit Maximisation : Firms pursuing this objective try to earn as
much money as possible. Small and little known firms may try to
change as much price as the customer can bear. Due to high profits,
new entrepreneurs will be attracted into the industry and prices
will come down in the long run. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(c) According to William Stanton, "Marketing is a total system of interacting
business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want
satisfying goods and services to the benefit of present and potential
customers."
The main objectives of marketing are as follows :
(i) Creation of Demand : A business firm can sell goods and services
only when there are customers willing to buy them. Therefore, the
first purpose of marketing is to create demand for goods and services.
For this purpose, marketing finds out the needs and preferences of
customers. Then advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and
other methods are used to create demand and to persuade customers
to buy.
(ii) Customer Satisfaction : Modern marketing is customer oriented.
All marketing activities begin and end with the customers. The focus
is on selling satisfaction rather than on selling a specific product or
service.
(iii) Market Share : Every business firm seeks to have a reasonable
share of the total demand. In a competitive market, aggressive selling
efforts are necessary to make products and services popular. Good
quality goods are offered at reasonable prices to capture a large
share in the market.
(iv) Profitability and Growth : Marketing seeks to achieve long-term
goals of profitability and growth by satisfying the wants of customers.
In order to survive and grow, a good business must create and satisfy
customers. If the customers are not satisfied, business will fail to
earn and survive. Therefore, modern marketing begins and ends
with the customers.
(v) Goodwill : Marketing aims at building the reputation of the enterprise
over a time. The enterprise attempts to earn a name for itself and
build its position in the market by selling quality products at
reasonable prices, and through efficient after sales services.
[2014, 2015]
(d) Two modes of purchasing goods are as follows:
(i) Purchase through Inspection : It implies personal examination of
the whole lot of goods at the sellers place.
(ii) Purchase by Description: It refers to buying of goods after reading
the catalogue or price list which contains the description of goods.
[2016]
183
(e) The importance of marketing is :

(i) Generation of Revenue : Marketing is the only source from which
business can generate revenue to meet its expenses and to earn
profits. The survival and growth of a business enterprise depends
on the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing.
(ii) Customer Satisfaction : Marketing helps to identify and satisfy the
needs and wants of consumers. Modern marketing begins and ends
with the customers.
(iii) Employment Generation : Marketing offers challenging and
rewarding jobs to a large number of persons. It also generates
employment in production by enlarging the scale of distribution and
production.
(iv) Higher Standard of Living : Marketing is helpful in improving the
standard of living of people by offering a wide variety of goods and
services with freedom of choice. It has modernised the living
standards of people through the supply of quality products at
reasonable prices.
(v) Large Scale Production : Marketing makes mass selling possible
and thereby facilitates large scale production. Economies of large
scale production help to reduce the cost of production per unit.
(vi) Economic Development : Marketing gives a boost to transportation,
banking, insurance, warehousing and other economic activities. It
makes the economy strong and stable by balancing production with
consumption. In fact, marketing is the kingpin that keeps the
economy moving ahead.
(vii) Foreign Exchange Earner : Marketing helps in exploring foreign
markets and in exporting goods and services. It is through marketing
that a country earns valuable foreign exchange.
(viii) Creation of Utilities : Marketing includes all activities involved in
the creation of place utility, time utility and possession utility. Place
uitlity is created by making goods available at the places where
they are needed. Time utility is created by making goods available
at the right time. Possession utility is created when goods are
transferred to those who need them. [2018]
3. ADVERTISING AND SALES PROMOTION

(c) Two suggestions to draw attention to an advertisement
(i) use attractive pictures
(ii) use catchy but short headlines such as "Complan — the Complete
Food". [2013]
(d) Basis of Advertising Publicity [2015]

Distinction
1. Sponsor It is done by an In it the sponser may
identified sponsor. not be identified.
2. Payment It is paid for by the It is not directly paid
sponsor. for by the sponser.
184
(e) Two demerits of advertising are as follows :

1. Higher Price : Large - scale operations result in lower costs and
lower prices. In developed countries, businessmen have reduced
cost s and prices while spending millions on advertising every year.
"As a competing tool, advertising is perhaps less costly than many
other tools which will be used to a greater degree if advertising
were banned."
2. Undermines Social Values : Many advertisements are highly
objectionable and socially undersirable as they encourage social
evils like drinking and smoking. To some extent advertising spoils
the landscape and diverts attention of dri -vers. Some adverti se
ments may really be in poor taste but majority of them help to improve
social standards. The improved attitude towards hygiene is
attributable in no small measure to the extensive
advertising of detergents. [2015]
(f) Point of [2016]

Advertising Coupons
Distinction
1. Meaning Any paid form of A coupons is a certificate
impersonal presentation that entitles its holder to
and promotion of a a specified saving or
product, service or idea discount or gift on thte
by an identified sponsor. purchase of a particular
product.
2. Scope Wide-Newspapers, The holders of coupons
magazines TV, radio, present their coupons to
posters, films and other retailers and get the
media. product at a reduced
price.
(g) [2016]
Point of Sales Promotion Advertising
Distinction
1. Meaning Marketing activities Any paid form of
which impersonal presentation
stimulate consumer and promotion of a
buying and dealer product, service or idea
effectiveness. by an identified sponsor.
2. Time Long term prespective.

horizon Short term perspective. To build image of
To increase immediate producer and his
sales. product.
(h) Brand promotion is that element of marketing mix which is designed to

inform, remind, persuade and influence the customers so that they
purchase the brands of the advertiser company. Brand promotion is applied
and persuasive communication used for informing and reminding the
customers of the company's brands. [2016]
185
(i) Mural advertising is a kind of outdoor advertising which are made on the
walls of the buildings and parks. The mural advertising is an old form of
advertising but it can still be found widely used by small firms. [2017]
(j) Social advertising means advertising of socially useful ideas, schemes,

programmes, causes, etc. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Blood Donation,
Smoking is injurious to health, Swachch Bharat Abhiyan, are some of
the examples of social advertising. Print (newspapers and magazines),
radio, television, films, outdoor and other media are used for social
advertising. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(f) Factors Influencing Choice of Advertising Media
1. Nature of Product : Consumer products of daily use require a general
and wide appeal for advertising. Therefore, newspapers, radio and
TV are most useful media. On the other hand, industrial products
like machines are better advertised in trade and technical journals
and direct mail.
2. Location and Size of Market : Local and small markets can be
covered through films, outdoor media and regional newspapers.
Newspapers, radio and TV are perferable when the market is large
and geographically scattered.
3. Type of Message : Short advertisements can be given on radio, TV
and films. But lengthy advertisements are better given in newspapers
and direct mail.
4. Coverage of Media : When the message is to cover a large number
of people, newspapers, radio and TV are suitable. Magazines, direct
mail and outdoor media have a limited coverage.
5. Cost of Media : Radio, TV and films are costlier than direct mail,
newspapers and outdoor media. [2013]
(g) Five benefits of advertising to manufacturers/dealers are as follows :

(i) Advertising helps them to face competition in the market.
(ii) It enables them to sustain demand during off season and depression.
(iii) It helps to increase total sales.
(iv) It is helpful in introducing new products.
(v) It helps to build the firm's goodwill or image. [2014]
(h) No advertisement should be permitted :

(i) which decries any race, caste, colour, creed, nationality except for
the specific purpose of effective dramatisation, such as combating
prejudice;
(ii) which is against any of the objectives principles, or provision of the
constitution of India;
(iii) which will tend to incite people to crime or to promote disorder,
violence, or breach of law;
(iv) which exploits the national desires or furnishes, details of crime or
limitation thereof;
(v) which would adversely affect friendly relations with foreign states;
[2015]
186
(i) Modern advertising exerts such a corrupting influence on cultural and

social life that it is not only wasteful but immoral. It degrades ethical
and aesthetic values through nude photographs and indecent language.
Many advertisements are highly objectionable and socially undesirable
as they encourage social evils like drinking and smoking. To some extent
advertising spoils the landscape and diverts attention of drivers. Some
advertisements may really be in poor taste but majority of them help to
improve social standards. The improved attitude towards hygiene is
attributable in no small measure to the extensive advertising of
detergents. [2017]
(j) Mention five difference between Advertising and Personal Selling

(Salesmanship) [Not in portion]
(k) (i) Distribution of Free Samples : Free samples of low-priced and repeat
sales items are distributed to selected people to gain consumer
acceptance and to popularise the product. This is an effective device
of sales promotion as consumers can test the product before buying
it. It is particularly useful in the introduction of new products and
frequently purchased convenience goods such as tea, coffee,
detergent, ketchup, etc. However, this device is costly and can be
used by big firms. It is not suitable for products which are very
expensive or do not give repeated sales.
(ii) Coupons : Some firms issue coupons to prospective buyers through
newspapers, direct mail, dealers, package and door-to-door
salesmen. A coupon is a certificate that entitles its holder to a
discount or gift on the purchase of a particular product. Coupons
are used to introduce new products and to increase sales of
established products or to increase sales during the slack period.
(iii) Premiums or Bonus Offers : A sales premium or bonus offer is the
offer of an article free of cost or at a nominal price on the purchase
of a specified product. For instance, one `Lux' toilet soap may be
given free on the purchase of an economy pack of `Surf' detergent
powder. A premium is also known as a combination offer.
(iv) Trading Stamps : Trading or bonus stamps are issued by retailers
to customers who buy goods from them. The number of stamps given
to a buyer depends upon the amount of purchases made by him.
This technique induces customers to buy their requirements from
the retailers. The purpose is to increase customer loyalty.
(v) Prize Contests : Under this device, consumers are given rewards
for analytical or creative thinking about the product in the form of
slogan writing, sentence completion, problem solving quiz, etc. Such
contests help to create consumers' interest in the product, provide
new ideas for advertising and may reveal buying motives. [2018]
(l) Advertising agency is a specialised organisation which provides all

advertising related services for some fee/commission. When it is owned
and operated by the advertiser himself, it is called in-house agency.
The main functions of an advertising agency are given below
(i) Planning : The advertising agency plans the advertising campaign.
A client firm delegates the responsibility of advertising planning
and execution to the agency.
187
(ii) Creation and Execution : Specific advertisements are created. The

advertising copy is written; the layout is prepared; illustrations are
drawn; photographs are finalised; and a correct mechanical form
for running it in the selected media is produced.
(iii) Co-ordination : The advertising agency co-ordinates several
activities. It often works with the client’s sales force and distribution
network to ensure the long-run success of the advertising
programme. Ideas, media, copy and decisions are co-ordinated
properly to project and implement the advertising programme.
(iv) Accounting : The advertising agency maintains proper accounts in
co-operation with the client. The account executives see to it that
the agency keeps to the stated plan. The amount of fees received
from the client and the payment of taxes, bills and other charges
are accounted for by the accountant.
(v) Media Planning : The advertising agency selects the media or a set
of suitable media for the client to reach the right type of audience
which is an important factor in media selection. The rates,
circulation, population, audience, income and other important
information are collected for the purpose.
(vi) Research : Research is a key function in an advertising campaign.
The decisions on creativity and media selection are taken on the
findings uncovered for research. [2019]
4. CONSUMER PROTECTION
(c) Two rights of a consumer

(i) The Right to Safety : This is the right to be protected against the
marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property. There
are various risks involved in the consumption and use of products,
such as food, drugs, toys, electrical appliances, etc. For example,
gas cylinder, if not sealed properly may cause injury to life or even
death. The consumers have the right to get protection against such
risks.
(ii) The Right to be Heard : The consumer has a right to register his
dissatisfaction and get his complaint heard at appropriate forums.
This right to make protest. Grievances and claims of consumers
must be heard and considered. [2013]
(d) Features of consumer Protection Act, 1986 are as follows:

(i) Social Welfare Law : It is highly progressive piece of social welfare
legislation. It is acclaimed as the Magna Carta of Indian consumers.
This is a unique law which directly pertains to consumer in the
market place and seeks to redress complaints arising therefrom.
(ii) Special Consumer Courts: The act has created special consumer
courts for enforcement of the rights of the consumers. [2016]
188
A.2. Long Answers :

(b) The Indian laws have accepted the following as the rights of the
consumers :
(i) Right to Safety : The consumers have the right to be protected
against marketing of goods and services, which are hazardous to
life and property.
(ii) Right to be Informed : All the consumers have the 'right to be
informed' about the particulars of goods and services that they
purchase. They have the right to be informed about the quality,
quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods.
(iii) Right to Choose : It means assurance of access to variety of goods
and services at competitive price. In case of single supplier, the
consumer has the right to be assured of satisfactory quality and
service at a fair price.
(v) Right to Seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek
redressal against unfair trade practices or exploitation and right to
fair settlement of the genuine grievances.
and issues relating to consumer welfare. [2015,2017,2019]
5. E-COMMERCE
A.1. Long Answers :
(a) (i) Global Reach/Global Choice : The boundaries of electronic business
are not defined by geography or by national borders, but rather by
the coverage of computer networks. A customer can select from all
potential suppliers of a required product or service, regardless of
their geographical location.
(ii) Improved Competitiveness/Quality of Service : Electronic business
enables suppliers to improve competitiveness by becoming "closer to
the customer". Electronic commerce technology offers improved
levels of pre- and post-sales support, with increased levels of product
information, guidance on product use, and rapid response to
customer inquiries.
(iii) Mass Customisation/Personalised Products and Services : With
electronic interaction, suppliers are able to gather detailed
information on the needs of each individual customer and
automatically tailor products and services to those individual needs.
This results in customised products at mass market prices.
(iv) Convenience : E-commerce provides round the clock services. One
can access anything from anywhere at any time. Such flexibility
provides great convenience to sellers, buyers and employees.
(v) Lower Investment : It is much easier to start an e-business than a
traditional business. Capital required is much less. A small firm
can obtain the same benefits of internet technology which are
available to big business. [2019]
189
6. CAPITAL AND REVENUE EXPENDITURE / INCOME

(b) Capital Expenditure means the expenditure the benefits of which are
available over a long time period. It is made to acquire fixed assets and
is of a non-recurring nature. Purchase of plant and machinery is an
example of capital expenditure.
Some examples of captial expenditure are given below:
(a) Purchase of land, building, plant and machinery, equipments,
furniture, loose tools, etc.
(b) Cost of addition, extension and improvements to existing fixed assets.
(c) Cost of overhauling second hand machines.
(d) Expenses incurred for putting an asset into a working condition. [2016]
(c) The benefit of some revenue expenditure is received beyond the accounting
period in which it is incurred, such a revenue expenditure is called
deferred revenue expenditure. [2016,2019]
(d) Revenue expediture means the expenditure the benefit of which is

exhausted within the current year. Such expenditure is of a recurring
nature and does not result in the acquisation of permanent assets.
The following types of expenses are included in revenue expenditure.
[2014,2017]
(e) [2015]
Basis of Capital Expenditure Revenue Expenditure
Distinction
1. Purpose Capital expenditure is Revenue expenditure is
incurred for acquisition or incurred for the day-to-day
erections of fixed assets to be conduct of business.
used in the business.
2. Earning Capital expenditure Revenue expenditure does
Capacity increases the earning not increase the earning
capacity of the business. capacity as it is incurred
for maintaining the exist-
ing earning capacity.
3. Period of The benefit of capital expen- The benefit of revenue ex-
Benefit diture extends to more than penditure extends only to
one year. the current year.
4. Accounting Capital expenditure is shown Revenue expenditure is
Treatment in the Balance Sheet as an shown as an expense in the
asset. Trading Account or Profit
and Loss Account.
5. Nature Capital expenditure is of a Revenue expenditure is re-
non-recurring nature curring in nature as it is
because such expenditure is incurred on day to day
not incurred every day. operations.
190
(f) Capital receipts refer to the receipts of a non-recurring nature such as

additional capital from owners, loans raised by the firm and money
obtained from a sale of fixed assets.
Some expamples of capital receipts are given below:
(a) Amount received by way of loans.
(b) Capital raised by an issue of shares and debentures. [2018]
7. FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
A.1. IN THE BOOKS OF SHRI RAI BAHADUR

(c) Trading Account for the year ended 31st March 2012 [2013]
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
To Opening Stock 6,160 By Sales less Returns 34,176

To Purchases less returns 15,610 By Closing Stock 8,760
To Wages 7,962
To Carriage 754
To Lighting and Heating 164
To Electric Power 384
To Gross Profit c/d 11,902
42,936 42,936
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31 March

To Salaries 1,612 By Gross Profit b/d 11,902
To Rates and Taxes 388
To Commission 414
To Insurance 206
To Advertising 214
To Postage, Telegramns, etc. 826
To Bad Debts 62
To Net Profit 8,180
11,902 11,902
BALANCE SHEET
as on 31st March, 2012
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Sundry Creditors 4,422 Cash at Bank 5,268

Capital 32,000 Stock in Trade 8,760
Less Drawings 4,240 Sundry Debtors 6,082
27,760 Furniture and Fittings 378
Add: Net Profit 8,180 35,940 Plant and Machinery 4,034
Land and Building 15,840
40,362 40,362
191
(d) [2014]
RON TRADING CO.
Trading Account for the year ended 31st March 2013
To Opening Stock 23,000 By Sales : 3,75,775

To Purchases : 3,09,800 Less : Sales Returns 6,775 3,69,000
(Less) : Returns 9,850 2,99,950 By Closing Stock 9,000
To Carriage 2,500
To Wages and Salaries 12,000
3,78,000 3,78,000
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

for the year ending on 31st March 2013
To Salaries and Wages 51,000 By Gross Profit B/d 40,550
To Postage 1,200 By Discount 2,625
To Mobile Phone Bill (Official) 6,000 By Net Loss C/d 28,475
To Discount 1,250
To Trade Expenses 5,000
To Travelling Expenses 700
To Interest 3,500
To Bad Debts 3,000
71,650 71,650
BALANCE SHEET
as on 31st March 2013
Capital 10,25,000 Land and Building 8,60,000

Less Net Loss 28,475 9,96,525 Machinery 1,02,000
Sundry Creditors 80,000 Sundry Debtors 40,000
Bill Payable 6,750 Bills Receivable 2,275
Investments 70,000
Stock-in-trade 9,000
10,83,275 10,83,275
192
(e) [2015]
M/S JINDAL ENTERPRISES
TRADING ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH 2011
Dr Cr
To Purchases : 22,000 By Sales : 45,000

Less : Purchase Returns 1,000 21,000 Less : Sales Returns 2,000 43,000
To Opening Stock 5,000 By Closing Stock 26,000
69,000 69,000

Dr for the year ending on 31st March 2011 Cr
To Discount 400 By Gross Profit b/d 43,000
To Carriage outwards 600 By Commission 300
To Salaries 6,000
To Rent 1,500
To Bad debts 600
To Stationary 2,500
To Net Profit transferred
to Balance Sheet 30,500
43,300 43,300
BALANCE SHEET
as on 31st March 2011
Capital 20,000 Cash at Bank 1,400

Add: Net Profit 30,500 Stock in hand 26,000
Less: Drawings 50,500 Debtors 5,000
1,500 49,000 Furniture 5,000
Creditors 10,000 Machinery 36,000
Bank Loan 14,400
73,400 73,400
193
(f) [2016]
Mr. A. Haridas
TRADING ACCOUNT
Dr for the year ending on 31st March, 1980 Cr
To Opening Stock 35,000 By Sales : 2,50,000

To Purchases : 75,000 Less : Sales Returns 2,800 2,47,200
Less : Purchase Returns 2,000 73,000 By Closing Stock 40,000
To Carriage Inwards 1,500
To Wages 25,000
To Gross Profit transferred
to Profit & Loss A/c 1,52,700
2,87,200 2,87,200

for the year ending on 31st March, 1980
Dr Cr
To Trade Expenses 12,000 By Gross Profit b/d 1,52,700

To Carriage Outwards 3,500
To Discount Allowed 1,500
To Salaries 19,850
To Advertisement 15,000
To Rent, Rates & Taxes 3,500
To Net Profit transferred
to Balance Sheet 97,350
1,52,700 1,52,700
BALANCE SHEET
as on 31st March, 1980
Creditors 25,000 Cash in Hand 750

Bills Payable 10,500 Cash at Bank 22,700
Capital 1,55,000 Land & Buildings 1,30,000
Add: Net Profit 97,350 Debtors 48,000
2,52,350 Bills Receivable 22,000
Less: Drawings 9,000 2,43,350 Furniture & Fixtures 15,400
Closing Stock 40,000
2,78,850 2,78,850
194
(g) In the books of ABC Enterprises [2017]

TRADING ACCOUNT
Dr for the year ending on 31st December, 2014 Cr

To Purchases : 82,210 By Sales 1,49,840
Less : P/Return 4,240 77,970 Less : S/Return 1,820 1,48,020
To Wages 8,560
To Carriage Inward 2,310
To Gross Profit c/f 62,640
1,62,940 1,62,940

To Salaries 6,280 By Gross Profit b/d 62,640

To Rent, Rates and Insurance 6,940 By Discount 180
To Office Expenses 9,520
To Light and Water 7,950
To Traveling Expenses 9,870
To Net Profit 22,260
62,820 62,820
BALANCE SHEET
as on 31st December, 2014
Capital 90,000 Leasehold Premises 25,000

Add: Net Profit 22,260 Plant and machinery 24,000
Less: Drawings (7,000) 1,05,260 Bills Receivable 1,240
Creditors 16,980 Furnitures 3,500
Sundry Debtors 38,970
Bank 12,400
Cash in hand 2,210
Closing Stock 14,920
1,22,240 1,22,240
195
(h) In the books of Pratim Pal [2018]

TRADING ACCOUNT
Dr as on 31st December, 2000. Cr

To Purchases : 15,410 By Sales 23,120
Less : P/Return 730 14,680 Less : S/Return 1,020 22,100
To Wages 1,250
To Gross Profit c/f 6,580
25,240 25,240

To Trade Expenses 960 By Gross Profit b/d 6,580

To Salaries 2,000 By Discount received 330
To Insurance 210
To Rates 750
To Discount Allowed 580
To Net Profit 2,410
6,910 6,910
BALANCE SHEET
Capital 14,400 Premises 7,500

Add: Net Profit 2,410 Cash in Hand 650
Less: Drawings -1,000 15,810 Cash at Bank 2,350
Sundry Creditors 1,700 Sundry Debtors 2,310
Fixtures of Fittings 1,560
Closing Stock 3,140
17,510 17,510
196
(i) In the books of ABC Enterprises [2019]

TRADING ACCOUNT
Dr as on 31st December, 2015. Cr

To Purchases 30,000 By Sales 83,000
(-) Returns 1,000 29,000 (-) Returns 250 82,750
To Wages 1,500
To Gross Profit 56,250 6,580
transferred to Profit & Loss
A/c 56,250
91,750 91,750

To Salaries 4,000 By Gross Profit

transferred from Trading A/C 56,250
To Insurance 500 By Rent 2,000
To Discounts Allowed 750
To Legal charges 1,000
To Advertisment 2,000
To Net Profit 43,000
58,250 58,250
BALANCE SHEET
Capital 25,000 Cash A/C 2,000

(-) Drawings (1,000) Bank balance 3,000
(+) Net Profit 43,000 67,000 Building 40,000
Creditors 7,000 Furnitures 15,000
Debtors 5,000
Closing Stock 9,000
74,000 74,000
197
8. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF COST

(a) Basis of Variable Cost Semi-Variable Cost [2013]
Distinction
1. Meaning Variable costs are the There are certain costs

costs which vary directly which do not vary
in proportion to changes proportionately but do not
in the volume of output. remain constant with
changes in the volume of
output. Such costs are
known as semi-variable
costs.
2. Scope Cost of direct material It includes cost like in

and direct labour, power, telephone costs, basic
etc., are example of rental charge is fixed but
variable costs. When the call charges are variable.
output is double, variable
cost will also be double.
(b) Basis of Shut down cost Sunk cost [2018]

Distinction
1. Meaning A business firm may have Sunk costs are historical or
to suspend its operations past costs which cannot be
for a period due to some changed by any future
temporary problems. decision.
2. Example Shortage of Raw Materials, Cost of Machinery, Cost of
Non-availability of Labour Building.
3. Future of During this period though These costs are irrelevant
costs no work is done yet certain for decision making
fixed cost of plant may because they cannot be
have to be incurred like… altered by later decisions.
For eg: Factory Rent,
Insurance.
(c) [2017]
Basis of Direct Cost Indirect Cost
Distinction
1. Cost Material, labour and Indirect costs refer to the
other expenses which are expenses incurred on those
directly or easily items which are not
traceable to a product, directly chargeable to
service or job are known production.
as direct costs.
198
Basis of Direct Cost Indirect Cost

Distinction
2. Material All material which All material which is used
becomes an integral part for ancillary purposes and
of the finished product which cannot be
and which can be conveniently assigned to
coveniently assigned to specific physical units is
specific physical units of known as indirect
the finished product is material.Consumable
known as direct material stores, oil lubricants and
or process material. Wood cotton waste etc., are a few
used in making furniture, examples of indirect
is an examples of direct material.
material
(e) Indirect cost refers to the expenses incurred on those items which are
not directly chargeable to production. Salaries of timekeeper, foremen
are examples of indirect costs. In the running of a particular train, cost
of railway staff are indirect costs. Indirect cost is incurred for the
concern as a whole rather than for a particular product. Indirect costs
include materials, indirect labour and indirect expenses. [2013]
(f) Basis of Indirect labour [2014]

Direct labour
Distinction
1. Product Direct labour cost is a Indirect labour cost is
Relation part not a part of a specific
of a product unit of a product.
2.Traceability Direct labour costs are It cannot be easily

specifically and traced to specific units
conveniently traceable of output.
for specific product.
(g) [2015]
Basis of Controllable Costs Uncontrollable Costs
Distinction
1. Meaning Controllable costs are Uncontrollable costs are
those costs which can be those costs which are
controlled or regulated by beyond the administrative
an organisation and its control of an enterprise.
management.
2. Example Inventory costs can be Obsolescence cannot be
controlled. controlled by an
organisation.
199
(h) Basis of Fixed Cost Variable Cost [2016]

Distinction
1. Behaviour Fixed costs remain Variable costs vary in
constant within a given proportion to changes in
range of activity and a the volume of output.
given time period inspite
of changes in the volume
of output.
2. Basis Fixed costs are time Variable costs are activity

based. based.
(i) Semi-variable costs : Such costs contain fixed and variable elements. A
part of the cost remains constant but rest of the part varies with the
production. Semi-variable or semi-fixed costs change in the same
direction as that of the output but not in the same proportion.
Depreciation, repairs, etc., are the examples of semi-variable costs.
[2017, 2019]
(j) All material which is used for ancillary purposes and which cannot be
conveniently assigned to specific physical units is known as indirect
material. Consumable stores, oil lubricants and cotton waste, printing
and stationery material, nails, glue and polish used in making furniture,
etc. are a few examples of indirect material. Such material may be used
in the factory, office or selling and distribution division. [2018]
9. BUDGETING
(b) The master budget is a summary of all budgets. Therefore, it is also
known as a summary budget. The Institute of Cost Management
Accountants, England, has defined it as "the summary budgets,
incorporating its component functional budgets, which is finally approved,
adopted and employed." [2019]
(c) [2013]
Basis of Production Budget Sales Budget
Distinction
1. Meaning A production budget A sales budget contains an

contains an estimate of the estimate of the total volume
total volume of production or value of sales turnover
during a future time period during a future period of time
2. Purpose A production budget serves A sales budget serves as the
as the basis for raw basis of preparing other
materials, labour and budgets.
factory overheads.
(d) (i) A budget is an estimate and is not fully accurate.

(ii) A budget creates rigidity as people stick to a budget once it is
adopted. [2014]
200
(e) Budget : A budget is a detailed plan of operations for some specific

future period. It is an estimate of needs and expected results prepared
in advance of the period to which it relates. A budget is formal
expression of plans and policies laid down by the management for the
concern as a whole and for each of its sub-divisions. According to the
Institute of Cost and Management Accountants England, a budget is "a
financial and/or quantitative statement, prepared prior to a defined period
of time, of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of
attaining a given objective.’’ Thus, the main features of a budget are as
follows :
(i) A budget relates to a future period and is prepared in advance.
(ii) It is based on the objectives to be attained and a detailed plan of
actions.
(iii) It is a statement expressed in monetary and/or physical units. [2015]
(f) Cash budget is a summary statement of the firm's expected inflows and
outflows of cash over a future time period. It involves a projection of
future cash receipts and cash payments over different time intervals. [2016]
(g) Two utilities of a budget are given below :

(i) Sound Planning : Budgets make planning precise and purposeful.
Objectives are expressed in quantitative terms. Budgets help to
minimize snap judgements and under optimism on the part of
planners.
(ii) Sense of Responsibility : Budgets helps to establish divisional and
departmental responsibility. They prevent "buckpassing" and create
a sense of responsibility among managers. [2018]
(h) (i) Production Budget : Production budget contains an estimate of the

total volume of production productwise and week or monthwise and
a forecast of the closing inventory of finished product.
(ii) Materials Budget : After deciding the volume of sales and the volume
of production, it is necessary to estimate the cost of producing the
budgeted output.
(iii) Factory Overhead Budget: Factory or manufacturing overheads
include the cost of indirect labour, indirect materials and indirect
expenses.
(iv) Administrative Overheads Budget : This budget contains the
expenses of all administrative offices of the firm.
(v) Selling and distributive overheads Budget : This budget contains
all the expenses relating to selling, advertising, delivery of goods to
customers, etc. [2018]
(i) A sales budget contains an estimate of the total volume or value of sales
turnover during a future period of time. A sales budget serves as the
basis of preparing other budgets. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(a) Budgets are very useful in management. They offer the following
advantages.
(i) Sound Planning : Budgets make planning purposeful and precise.
Objectives and programmes are expressed in physical or monetary
201
units in budgets. Budgets are prepared on the basis of forecasts.

(ii) Higher Efficiency : Budgets brings efficiency and economy to the
working of a business firm. They help management in obtaining the
most profitable combination of different factors of production.
(iii) Sense of Responsibility : Budgets helps to establish divisional
departmental responsibility. They prevent “buckpassing” and create
a sense of responsibility among managers.
(iv) Source of Motivation : Budgets represent the ‘milestones’ to be
reached. They tell people what is expected. Budgets become the
goals or targets to be attained. The budget is an impersonal
policeman that maintains ordered efforts in the organisation.
(v) Coordination : Budgets force executives to think as a group. Budgets
are prepared in consultation with one another. Therefore, they help
in achieving co-ordination between different departments of the
enterprise. The interaction between persons working in different
departments that takes place during the process of budgeting
facilitates uniformity of policies and united actions.
[2013, 2014, 2017]
10. SOURCES OF FINANCE

(a) [2019]
Point of Shares Debentures
Distinction
1. Nature Part of capital, owned Debt or loan, borrowed

funds. funds.
2. Status Owners Creditors
of holders
3. Right to Dividends cannot be Interest can be claimed as
return claimed as a matter of a matter of right.
right.
4. Security No charge on assets Generally a charge on
assets.
5. Voting
Full voting rights. No voting rights.
rights
6.Redemption Not repayable during Generally repayable after a
lifetime of a company specified period.
(except redeemable
preference shares)
7. Order of After all claims of Prior to all types of
repayment creditors are settled. shareholders.
8. Uncertain and fluctuating Absolutely certain or fixed
Frequency depending on profits. irrespective of profits.
of return
9. Risk to Complete risk borne by Minimum risk in case of
holders holders. secured debentures.
202
(b) Discounting bills of exchange implies procuring cash from a bank in

exchange for credit instruments. Commercial banks provide short-term
finance to business concerns by discounting their bills of exchange,
promissory notes and hundies. Banks charge some commission for this
service by paying a price lower than the face value of the credit
instrument. The holder of the instrument remains liable to the bank if
the instrument is
dishonoured on maturity. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(a) Capital market performs the following functions.
(i) Promotion of Thrift : A capital market inspires people to save
money. It offers incentives for saving money in the form of attractive
rates of interest and dividend. It also provides scope for appreciation
in the capital value investment.
(ii) Investment Avenue : A capital marke provides profitable avenues
to investors. It helps investors in earning maximum available return
0n their funds.
(iii) Liquidity : Securities used in a capital market are negotiable. The
investors can sell them at any time. They can convert their securities
into cash as and when necessary.
(iv) Availability of Capital : A capital marke enables borrowers to obtain
needed funds at a reasonable cost. It keeps the wheels of industry
and commerce moving by providing funds easily and quickly. It also
enables the government to raise funds through bonds and other
types of securities.
(v) Ready Market : Borrowers get a ready market for their shares,
debentures, bonds and other instruments in a capital market. They
can sell these securities directly to investors. Capital market serves
as a link between those who save money and who need money.
(vi) Transfer of Funds : A capital marke provides a mechanism for
transfer of claims on capital funds.
(vii) Balance between Demand and Supply : A capital market brings
about a balance between demand and supply of capital. It maintains
cost of capital at reasonable levels.
(viii) Stability : Capital markets consist of financial intermediaries. These
experts can promote stability in the values of securities which
represent capital funds. [2019]
11. RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND TRAINING

(a) The main objectives of an orientation programme are (a) to build-up the
new employee's confidence in himself and in the new organisation so
that he may become an efficient employee, (b) to give the necessary
information to the employee about the location of work rooms, canteen
and other facilities, leave rules, rest period, etc, [2014]
203
(b) [2017]
Points of Recruitment Selection
Difference
1. Meaning Searching prospective Choosing the candidates
employees and stimulating having necessary
them to apply for jobs. qualifications.
2. Aim To create a large pool of To eliminate all
candidates. unsuitable candidates.
(d) Group discussion is widely used to screen candidates for admission into
management school. It is a useful device for selecting people when the
job requires cooperation of several persons. It can be used for selecting
supervisors and executive who require social or human skills. But the
time allowed for interaction is not adequate enough to make an accurate
assessment. [2013]
(h) Two methods of off-the-job training are as follows :

(i) Coaching wherein a supervisor teaches the trainee through
observation, explanation, guidance, etc.
(ii) Job rotation wherein the trainee is moved from one job to another
to widen his knowledge and skills. [2017]
(i) Selection involves weeding out or eliminating unsuitable candidates.

Therefore, it is a negative process. [2018]
(j) Two Methods of On-the-job training :

(i) Job Instruction Training (JIT) : This is the most popular form of on-
the-job training. It is also known as step-by-step training. It consists
of the following steps :
• Letting the trainees try out the job to show their understanding.
• Observing try out and providing necessary assistance and follow-up.
(ii) Job Rotation : This method involves the movement or transfer of
the trainee from one job to another, basically of similar nature,
either in the same department or different departments.
[2013, 2015]
(k) Internal Sources of Recruitment when job vacancies are filled up from
people already working in the organisation, it is called internal
recruitment. There are two main sources of internal recruitment.
(i) Promotions : Vacancies at higher levels may be filled up by promoting
persons working at lower levels. For example, when the present
sales manager of a company retires, one of the branch managers
may be promoted as the new sales manager. Promotion involves
shifting an employee to a higher post carrying a higher status and
more salary.
(ii) Transfers : Transfer means shifting an employee from one factory,
branch or office to fill vacancy in another factory, branch or office of
the company. For example, shortage of sales persons in one branch
may be met by transferring sales persons from another branch.
Transfer involves shifting an employee to a similar job without change
in status and salary. [2013, 2015]
204
(l) Two objectives of training are as under :

(i) To increase quantity and quality of employee performance.
(ii) To reduce accidents on the workplace and costs of supervision. [2013]
(m) Recruitment means identifying the sources of required staff and

contacting the sources to attract the sufficient number of candidates
from which the choice can be made. According to Edwin Flippo,
"recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation." [2015]
(n) Any four sources of external recruitment are as follows:

(i) Advertisements (ii) Employment exchanges
(iii) Placement Agencies (iv) Campus interviews. [2016]
(o) The main stages in the selection processs of workers in an organisation

are as follows :
(i) Application Blank : Recruits may be asked to apply on a blank form
supplied by the firm. Alternatively, they may write a letter of
application for the job. In either case the purpose is to obtain
necessary information about the candidate. The application blank
is one of the most widely used tools of selection due to several
resons.
(ii) Personal Interviews : There is no substitute for a personal interview
in selecting salespersons. A personal interview reveals
characteristics that cannot be observed by other means. For example,
an interview is the best way to find out the conversational ability,
speaking, voice and social intelligence of an applicant. Another
purpose of interview is to cross-check the information given in the
application blank. Interviews are the most widely used tool for
selection. These can be good predictors of success in the sales job.
(iii) Psychological Tests : Various types of tests are used in selecting
salespeople. Generally, a company uses a battery of tests rather
than a single test. Psychological tests are being used increasingly
in selection due to several reasons. First tests are sometimes better
predictors of job performance than any other selection tool.
(iv) Reference Check : Reference are of two types – employment and
personal. In case of experienced employees, the reference is the
previous employer. For a fresh graduate, the college principle my be
a reference. If handled properly, reference of either kind can be a
valuable aid in selection. References may disclose important facts
which may otherwise remain uncovered.
(v) Job Offer : When all the steps in the selection process have been
completed, ranking of the selected applicants is done. Job offers are
made by sending appointment letter to the individuals who are to
join the company. [2016]
(p) The main advantages of staff training are as follows :

(i) Higher Productivity : Training helps to improve the job performance
of employees. Well-trained employees are more efficient and, as a
205
result, the quantity and quality of performance increases. Quality

products help in increasing sales and profitability.
(ii) Reduced Supervision : Well-trained employees are self-reliant. They
do not require continuous and intensive supervision. Therefore, the
supervisors can save their time and energy.
(iii) Better Safety : Human error or negligence is the major cause of
accidents in industries. Employees who lack knowledge and skill
regarding their job often commit mistakes. Training makes
employees proficient and reduces accidents. Training makes
employees safety conscious and enables them to make better use of
safety devices.
(iv) Economy : Trained employees make better and economical use of
the materials and machinery. Proper handling of facilities reduces
wastage, spoilage and breakage. Loss due to damage is minimised.
(v) Higher Morale : Effective training improves job attitudes and self-
confidence of employees. They feel that management cares for them.
Trained employees can work better and thereby earn rewards. As a
result, their motivation and morale is boosted. Higher morale helps
to reduce absenteeism and labour turnover. [2016]
(q) (i) There may be inbreeding as fresh talent from outside is not obtained.
Internal candidates may not give a new outlook and fresh ideas to
business.
(ii) Unsuitable candidates may be promoted to positions of higher
responsibility because the choice is limited.
(iii) The employees may become lethargic if they are sure of time-bound
promotions. There may be infighting among those who aspire for
promotion within the organisation.
(iv) Internal recruitment cannot be a complete method in itself. The
enterprise has to resort to external recruitment at some stage
because all vacancies cannot be filled from within the organisation.
[2017]
(r) Two methods of off-the-job training are as follows :

(i) Coaching wherein a supervisor teaches the trainee through
observation, explanation, guidance, etc.
(ii) Job rotation wherein the trainee is moved from one job to another
to widen his knowledge and skills.
Two Methods of On-the-job training :

(i) Job Instruction Training (JIT) : This is the most popular form of on-
the-job training. It is also known as step-by-step training. It consists
of the following steps :
• Letting the trainees try out the job to show their understanding.
• Observing try out and providing necessary assistance and follow-up.
(ii) Job Rotation : This method involves the movement or transfer of
the trainee from one job to another, basically of similar nature,
either in the same department or different departments.
[2018, 2019]
206
12. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, TRADE UNIONS AND SOCIAL SECURITY

(a) The main objectives of industrial relations are as follows :
(i) To develop and maintain harmonious relations between management
and labour so essential for higher productivity of labour and industrial
progress in the country.
(ii) To safeguard the interests of labour as well as management by
securing the highest level of mutual understanding and goodwill
between all sections in industry. [2013]
(c) Gratuity is a terminal benefit to a worker when he leaves the employment

after working for a certain number of years. Originally, gratuity was an
ex-gratia or voluntary payment made by an employer to his employees
who retired after long and dedicated services. It is meant to protect the
superannuated employees against the risk of old age. Under the Payment
of Gratuity Act, 1972, gratuity is payable to an employee on the following
occasions :
(a) termination of employment on superannuation.
(b) termination of employment on retirement.
(c) termination of employment due to resignation.
(d) termination of employment due to disablement.
(e) termination of employment on death. [2013]
(d) Functions of a Trade Union are as follows:

(i) Self - Expression: Unions serve as a medium through which workers
can express their grievances and suggestions to employers.
(ii) Collective Bargaining: A trade union negotiates and bargains with
the management to settle the terms and conditions of employment.
[2016]
A.2. Long Answers :
(d) Under Provident Fund Scheme both employee and employer contribute
specified amount every month. This amount along with interest earned
thereon can be withdrawn by the employee for house construction,
marriage of children. Any balance is payable on the retirement of the
employee. [2014]
(e) Two reasons for workers joining a trade union are as under:
(i) To safeguard against exploitation by the employer.
(ii) To secure higher wages and better terms and conditions of
employment. [2014]
(f) The benefits of taking an insurance policy are given below :

(i) Protection against risk : Business is full of risks. Many of the
business risks can be covered through insurance. In the absence of
insurance, a business may be completely wiped out by a sudden
loss.
(ii) Increase in business efficiency : Insurance removes uncertainty
and relieves the businessmen of mental tension. They are
207
encouraged to work hard and improve the efficiency of business

operations. Insurance helps in expansion of business by providing a
sense of security.
(iii) Financial assistance : Insurance increases the capacity of business
to borrow. A businessman can raise loan by pledging life insurance
policy as collateral security. Moreover, redeemable life insurance
policy as collateral security. Moreover, redeemable debentures can
be issued on the collateral security of capital redemption policies.
(iv) Insurance of key employees : Key employees are those employees
whose absence or incapacity will cause a tremendous reduction in
the income of business. The survival and growth of business depends
on such employees. They are the most valuable asset of a business.
Life policies can be taken to protect against the loss arising out of
the death, disability, etc., of key executives.
(v) Continuity of operations : Insurance policies provide adequate funds
in the event of loss so that a business may be rebuilt and carried on
without much interruption or delay. Insurance ensures stability of
business.
(vi) Employee welfare : Through insurance a businessman can make
provision for the old age, disability, premature death, etc. of his
employees. Such provision motivates the employees to work hard
and enables the employer to fulfil his legal and social responsibility
towards the employees. [2014]
(g) Five objectives of Industrial Relations are as under :

(i) To develop and maintain harmonious relations between management
and labour so essential for higher productivity of labour and industrial
progress in the country.
(ii) To safeguard the interests of labour as well as management by
securing the highest level of mutual understanding and goodwill
between all sections in industry.
(iii) To establish and maintain industrial democracy based on the
participation of labour in the management and gains of industry, so
that the personality of every individual is fully recognised and
developed.
(iv) To avoid all forms of industrial conflict so as to ensure industrial
peace by providing better working and living standards to workers.
(v) To raise productivity in an era of full employment by reducing the
tendency of higher labour turnover and absenteeism. [2014, 2019]
(h) Trade unions are an essential feature of industry in every country. Trade
unions emerged as are action to the factory system and capitalistic
society. In the early stage of industrialisation, working class in the
absence of legal protection felt exploited at the hands of employers.
Workers joined hands to protect their interests through collective action.
A trade union is thus, an organised association of persons working
together. Under the Trade Unions Act, 1926, "a trade union is any
combination of persons, whether temporary or permanent, formed
primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen
and employers, or between workmen and workmen, or between employers
208
and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of

any trade or business, and includes the federation of two or more trade
unions." [2015]
(i) Remedial Training : This type of training is designed to correct the

mistakes and shortcomings in the work behaviour and job performance
of employees. Some employees might have picked up faulty ways of doing
work. Remedial training is provided to remove these defects and to teach
the right methods of doing the job. [2018]
(j) Trade unions are an essential feature of industry in every country. Trade
unions emerged as a reaction to the factory system and capitalistic
society. In the early stage of industrialisation, working class in the
absence of legal protection felt exploited at the hands of employers.
Workers joined hands to protect their interests through collected action.
A trade union is, thus an organised expression of the needs, aspirations
and attitudes of the working class.
The following are the characteristics of trade unions :
(i) Association : A trade union is an association or combination of
employees. It has a large number of worker members from one or
more occupations.
(ii) Voluntary : Membership of a trade union is voluntary. Generally,
there is no legal or other pressure to join a trade union and a
person can join or leave the union on his free will.
(iii) Permanent : A trade union is a continuing or permanent rather
than a temporary or casual combination. It has to be a long term
body as otherwise it cannot achieve its objectives.
The main objectives of trade unions are as follows :
(i) To secure for the worker fairer wages in the light of the cost of
living and the prevailing standards of living,
(ii) To improve working conditions by securing shorter working hours,
better leave facilities, adequate social security, better housing and
education and other welfare benefits,
(iii) To assure the workers a share in the increased profitability of
industry through payment of adequate bonus. [2018]
13. LOGISTICS AND INSURANCE

(a) [2013, 2017]
Point of Private Warehouse Public Warehouse.
Difference
1. Meaning A private warehouse is A public warehouse is
meant for storage of the meant to earn income by
owner's goods storing goods of others
2. Establishment A private warehouse can A public warehouse is
be established anywhere established at a place well
connected by railways,
roadways and other means
of transport.
209
(f) Two advantages of road transport over air transport

(i) Road transport is cheaper than air transport.
(ii) Road transport offers door-to-door service which is not possible in
case of air transport. [2013]
(g) Two disadvantages of Rail Transport are as follows :

(i) Rail transport does not offer door-to-door service.
(ii) Rail transport is costly and involves formalities. [2014]
(h) Two characteristics of an ideal warehouse are as under :

(i) It should be located at a central place.
(ii) It should provide adequate space for storing goods. [2014]
(i) [2014]
Point of Difference Warehouse Receipt Warehouse Warrant

1. Meaning A warehouse receipt is A warehouse warrant is,
an acknowledgement of on the other hand, a little
goods kept in a to ownership.
warehouse but is not a
little to ownership
2. Transferability Warehouse receipt is not Warehouse warrant is
transferable. transferable
(j) Insurance may be defined as a contract in writing whereby one party

(known as the insurer) undertakes to indemnify the other party (called
the insured) in consideration for a certain sum of money (called premium)
against any loss as a result of some uncertain event. The event or
contingency against which insurance is made is called the 'risk'. The
contract providing for insurance is known as ' insurance policy'. [2015]
(k) Two types of warehouses found in India are as under:

1. Public Warehouses : These warehouses are meant for use by
businessmen in general. Any businessman can store his goods in
these warehouses for some charge. Public warehouses may be owned
by Government, public trusts and other public authorities. The owner
of a public warehouse serves as an agent to the owner of the goods.
He is expected to take due care of the goods and return the same to
the owner. He enjoys a lien on the goods for this charges. Public
warehouses are located in places which are well connected by roads,
railways and water-ways/airways. Some of the public warehouses
are general warehouses while others are specialised warehouses.
General warehouses store a variety of goods whereas specialised
warehouses store one type of goods.
2. Bonded Warehouses : A bonded warehouse is established under a
bond with the customs authorities for storage of dutiable goods till
the payment of imports duty. The owner of a bonded warehouse
gives on undertaking not to relaease the goods until the customs
duty is paid. Bonded warehouses are located in port towns and are
licensed by the Government. These warehouses operate under the
vigilance of customs officials. Bonded warehouses accept imported
210
goods for storage before the payment of customs duty. Once the
duty is paid, goods are released on the authority of a warrant issued
by the customs authorities. [2015]
(l) Two advantages of rail transport over road transport are given below :
(i) Rail transport has a much larger carrying capacity than road
transport.
(ii) Rail transport is much more dependable and cheaper than road
transport. [2015]
(m) Two Disadvantages of Road Transport over Water Transport are as follows:
(i) Road transport is flexible as compared to water transport, as in road
transport door to door service is available, but door to door service is
not possible in case of water transport.
(ii) Road transport is faster mode of transport as compared to water
transport at short distances. [2016]
(n) Gratuity [2017]

Basis of Provident Fund
Distinction
1. Contribu- The employee makes no Both the employer and
tions contributions. the employee make
regular contributions.
2. Amount Fifteen days’ wages for Amount standing to the
every completed year of credit at the time of
service. retirement.
(o) Bonded warehouses are those warehouses which are licensed by the
government to accept imported goods for storage before the payment of
custom duties by importers of such goods. These warehouses are situated
near the ports. The goods are delivered by the warehouse-keepers only
after the payment of import duty has been made. Such warehouses are
called 'Bonded Warehouses' and goods stored therein are said to be 'in a
bond.' [2017]
(p) Advantages of rail transport are as follows :

(i) Larger capacity : Railways can carry a much larger quantity of
goods than motor vehicles. More wagons can be added to handle
larger volume of traffic. Therefore, railway transport is more suitable
for carrying bulky and heavy goods.
(ii) Dependable : Railways are more reliable because they follow fixed
routes, have regular time schedules and are available throughout
the year. Rail transport remains relatively unaffected by rains, floods,
fog, etc.
(iii) Safety : Railways are a safer mode of transport. Goods are protected
from sun, rain, snow, etc. There are also fewer breakdowns and
accidents. [2018]
(q) It is necessary to store goods to avoid violent fluctuations in prices.

Producers and merchants can secure better prices by storing goods in
warehouses. [2019]
211
(r) Logistics is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw
materials, parts and finished products from the supplier through the firm and
on to customers. It includes all the activities that faciliate the flow of product
from the source of raw materials to the point of final consumption Logistics is
also known as Physical Distribution Management
(PDM). [2019]
(s) As the name suggests, health insurance means insurance for protection
of health against various types of diseases. In case of ill health, the
insured person receives the cost of treatment/hospitalisation upto the
insured amount. Mediclaim is the most popular health insurance policy.
Under this policey, the insured person gets cashless facility from the
specified hospitals. The cost of treatment (upto 5 lacs) in the hospital is
directly paid for by the insurance company to the hospital.
Health insurance also covers loss of income from sickness in addition to
medical expenses. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(a) "Insurance is a contract in which a sum of money is paid by the
assured in consideration of insures incurring the risks of paying a
large sum upon a given contingency." - Justice Tindal
Five principles of insurance.
(i) Utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei): As contrast of insurance is
based on mutual trust and confidence. It means that each party to
the insurance contract must disclose all the information which is
likely to influence the other party's decision to enter into
contract. The proposer knows better the facts relating to the risk.
Therefore, he must disclose all material facts known to him.
(ii) Insurable interest : A person must have interest in the non -
occurrence of the event being insured. He should stand in a position
that he would benefit from the existence of the subject matter and
would suffer a loss from its destruction or damage.
(iii) Indeminity : Indemnity implies compensation. According to this
principle, the insurer shall compensate the insured in case of a
loss against which the policy was issued. The purpose is to place
the insured financially in the same position in which he was before
the loss.
(iv) Subrogation : This principle is a corollary to the principle of
indemnity. According to the principle of subrogation, the insurer
becomes owner of the damaged property after compensating the
insured for loss. For example, a person insures his car for Rs.
2,50,000. The car is badly damaged in an accident. The insurance
company pays Rs 2,50,000 to the insured. The damaged car which
is worth Rs. 500,000 becomes the property of the insurance company.
(v) Contribution : This is also a corollary to the principle of indemnity.
According to the principle of contribution, If a person gets the same
property insured with two or more insurers, all the insurers will
contribute to the compensation to be paid to the insured. The
insurance companies will pay in proportion to the sums insured
with them. [2017]
212
(d) (i) Utmost good faith (Uberrimae fidei) : An insurance contract is

based on utmost good faith on the part of both the parties. It is the
legal duty of the proposer (one who wants to get an insurance policy)
to disclose all the material facts about the subject to be insured. A
material fact is one which would affect the judgement of the insurer
in assessing the degree of risk. It includes any communication made
to or any information received by die proposer.
The insurer has no access to the information which is in the
possession of the insured. Therefore, the insurer relies on the
information provided by the proposer. The amount of premium is
fixed on the basis of the information supplied by the proposer.
The insurer has no access to the information which is in the
possession of the insured. Therefore, the insurer relies on the
information provided by the proposer. If the proposer cancels or
withhelds any material facts, the insurer can repudiate the contract
of insurance. Thus, good faith requires each party to disclose all
the information at his command to the other party.
One party cannot induce the other party, by hiding material facts,
to enter into a contract of insurance which is disadvantageous to
the other party. If a party fails to disclose any material fact within
his knowledge, the other party can avoid the contract on grounds of
material misrepresentation.
(ii) Doctrine of subrogation : It implies that after indemnifying the
insured for his loss, the insurer becomes entitled to all the rights
and remedies relating to the property insured. The insure shall
step into the shoes of the insired, For example, X insures his house
against fire for Rs. 50,000. The house is put on fire by his neighbour
Y. X gets a claim of Rs 50,000 from Rs 30,000 from Y. X will have to
return Rs. 30,000 to the insurance company. Doctrine of subrogation
is applicable to all contracts of indemnity and it is not applicable to
life insurance. Insurer’s right of subrogation will extend only to the
extent of the sum insured.
Sum insured with an insurance company
Total sum insured with all the companies × Amount of loss
For Example, X gets an insurance policy of Rs 50,000 from A & Co.
Rs 30, 000 from B & Co and Rs 20,000 from C & Co. He suffers a
loss of Rs. 40,000 due to fire. X cannot claim
50000
(a) Liability of A & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 20,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
30000
(b) Liability of B & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 12,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
20000
(c) Liability of C & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 8,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
[2016]
213
(e) [2013]
Basic of Principle of Indemnity Principle of Insurable
Distinction Interest
1. Meaning The promise to compen- The pecuniary interest
sate the insured for the in the subject matter of
loss covered under the insurance
contract
2. Application Does not apply to life Applies to every type of
insurance as money insurance
cannot compensate for
loss of life
3. The party The insurer gives the The insured must have
indemnity insurable interest
4. Occurrence Compensation promised Must be present at the
is given after the loss time of insurance and or
occurs at the time of loss
5. Membership Legal implication The Essential as otherwise
insurance contract does the insurance contract
not became null and void becomes null and void
in its absence
(f) Group Insurance is a scheme which provides insurance cover on the

lives of several persons under one insurance policy. It is generally taken
by an employer to insure the lives of his employees at a low cost. The
policy provides risk cover to an employee so long as he remains in the
service of the concerned employer. Insurance cover is provided to all the
employees without proof of insurability. Three features of Group Insurance
are as follows:
1. It is an insurance contract between an employer and the insurance
company.
2. The insurance premium is paid by the employer and a part of it is
deducted from the employee's wage or salary.
3. In case of death of an employee, the amount received by the employer
from the insurance company is paid to the nominee of the concerned
employee. [2013, 2018]
(g) Contribution : This is also a corollary to the principle of indemnity.

According to the principle of contribution, If a person gets the same
property insured with two or more insurers, all the insurers will
contribute to the compensation to be paid to the insured. The insurance
companies will pay in proportion to the sums insured with them.
[2014, 2018]
(i) Following are the five benefits of warehousing :

(i) Seasonal production : Goods which are produced seasonally (like
wheat, rice, etc.) must be stored so that they are supplied to the
consumers throughout the year. In order to supply such commodities
to the consumers, their storage is very much necessary.
(ii) Seasonal demand : Many goods (woollen cloths, umbrella, rain coats,
fans, etc.) are produced throughout the year but their demands are
seasonal. Such goods must be stored and preserved until the
214
beginning of the next season. To enable the producers producing

such goods to work throughout the year, goods produced by them in
off-season must be stored in warehouse.
(iii) Storage of perishable goods : Perishable goods like vegetables, fruits,
eggs, etc., are stored in cold storage to enable the consumers to
consume them regularly throughout the year. In the absence of
warehouses, the market for the sale of perishable goods will become
limited.
(iv) Production at one place but demand at various places : When
goods are produced at a distance from the consumers they must be
stored safely in the warehouses near the market so that the products
can be made available to customers at different places whenever
and wherever they are required by them.
(v) Stabilisation of prices : It is necessary to store the goods in the
warehouses to avoid the violent fluctuations, especially those goods
which are produced during a particular season.
(vi) Curing or processing : Some goods require curing or processing
before they are ready for sale. So, goods should be stored for curing
or processing. [2017]
(j) Indemnity: Indemnity implies compensation. According to this principle,

the insurer shall compensate the insured in case of a loss against which
the policy was issued. The purpose is to place the insured financially in
the same position in which he was before the loss. [2018]
(k) (i) Cost of Service : Ocean transport is the cheapest for carrying heavy
and bulky goods across the sea. But the speed is very slow and this
facility is available only between certain points. Air transport is the
costliest. It is, therefore, suitable only for goods which are highly
valuable or are urgently required.
(ii) Speed of transport : Air transport is the quickest because planes
fly at high speed and take the shortest route. Aeroplanes can provide
unbroken journey-over oceans, high mountains and dense forests.
Ocean transport is the slowest and is, therefore, unsuitable for
perishable goods.
The above description makes it clear that each mode of transport is
suitable only for a particular type of goods.
Air transport is suitable for light and precious articles which are to
be delivered quickly. Ocean transport is appropriate for carrying
heavy and bulky goods over long distances at the cheapest possible
cost. [2018]
(l) Demerits of air transport are as follows :

(i) Costly : Air transport is the costliest mode of transport. The cost of
operation and maintenance of aerodromes and aeroplanes is very
high. Therefore, air transport is suitable only for goods which are of
high value in relation to their bulk and weight.
(ii) Limited capacity : The load-bearing capacity of an aeroplane is
limited. Therefore, it is not suitable for carrying bulky and heavy
goods.
(iii) Risky : Risk of accidents and plane crash is high in .air transport.
Even a slight mechanical barrier or bird-hit may destroy a plane
with all the passengers and cargo on board. [2019]
215
(m) Doctrine of subrogation : It implies that after indemnifying the insured

for his loss, the insurer becomes entitled to all the rights and remedies
relating to the property insured. The insure shall step into the shoes of
the insired, For example, X insures his house against fire for Rs. 50,000.
The house is put on fire by his neighbour Y. X gets a claim of Rs 50,000
from Rs 30,000 from Y. X will have to return Rs. 30,000 to the insurance
company. Doctrine of subrogation is applicable to all contracts of
indemnity and it is not applicable to life insurance. Insurer’s right of
subrogation will extend only to the extent of the sum insured. The insurer
can recover only what the insured
Sum insured with an insurance company
× Amount of loss
Total sum insured with all the companies
For Example, X gets an insurance policy of Rs 50,000 from A & Co.

Rs 30, 000 from B & Co and Rs 20,000 from C & Co. He suffers a loss of
Rs. 40,000 due to fire. X cannot claim
50000
(a) Liability of A & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 20,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
30000
(b) Liability of B & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 12,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
20000
(c) Liability of C & Co. = × 40000 = Rs. 8,000
5000 + 30000 + 20000
Indemnity implies compensation. According to this principle, the insurer
shall compensate the insured in case of a loss against which the policy
was issued. The purpose is to place the insured financially in the same
position in which he was before the loss. this is mitigation of loss. [2019]
14. BANKING
(b) [2013]
Basis of Savings account Current account
Difference
1. Objective To cultivate the habit of To proide facilities to
saving account industrialists and
businessmen to deposit or
withdraw the money as and
when they need.
2. Period of No fixed period for deposit It is an open and a running
deposit account for which there is no
fixed period for deposit.
216
(h) [2013, 2019]

Basis of Credit Card Debit Card
Difference
1. Meaning Credit card are lines of Any time you use a debit
crefit when you use a credit card to buy something,
card, the issuer puts money money is deducted from
towards the transaction. the account.
2. Intrest If a credit card bill is not No interest is charged

Charged paid in full, interest is because no money is
charged on outstanding borrowed.
balance. The interest rate is
usually very high.
(i) [2015, 2019]

Point of Central bank Commercial bank
Difference
1. Status It is the apex institution of It is one of the organs of

the country’s monetary and the money market.
banking structure.
2. Ownership It is owned by the It is owned by the
government. shareholders.
3. Objective It is a non-profit institution. It is a profit making
institution.
4. Customers It is a banker to the It is a banker to the
government. general public.
5. Issue of Notes It has the monopoly of note It cannot issue notes but
issue. only cheques.
(j) An overdraft is a facility which a commerical bank allows to current

account holders. The account holder can withdraw amount in excess of
the balance in his current account. The excess amount called overdraft
has to be repaid within a few days and interest is charged on it. [2014]
(k) Discounting of a bill of exchange means the holder of the bill obtains the
amount of the bill from a bank before the date of maturity. The bank
deducts commission from the amount. The holder must repay the amount
to the bank in case the bill is dishonoured on the due date. [2014]
(l) (a) Fixed Deposits - A lumpsum is deposited for a fixed time period.
(b) Savings Deposits - This account is opened for the purpose of
depositing small saving. [2014]
(m) In this type of account, a customer is allowed to deposit a certain amount

of money (say `. 10, 50, 100 etc.) every month for a specified period of
time. At the end of the period, he is given the total deposit amount along
with interest at the prescribed rate. Such an account is also called
cumulative time deposit. [2015]
217
(n) A pay-in slip sounds like another term for what is more commonly called
a deposit slip. When a person wants to deposit checks or cash in his
bank account he customarily fills out a slip to show the number of his
account, the date, and the details of the deposit. [2016]
(o) ATM is an automatic machine. A customer can withdraw or deposit money

with the help of this machine by inserting his/her ATM card and typing
his/her personal identity number (PIN). The ATM operates for all the 24
hours. This is much less costly and less time consuming than a human
teller (bank employee). [2016]
(p) [2017]
Basis of
Distinction Overdraft Cash Credit
1. Meaning Overdraft is a facility to a Cash credit is an

bank's customer to arrangement by which
withdraw money in excess the bank advances cash
of what is available in the loans upto a specified
customer's account. limit to the customers
against some security.
2. Interest But the customer has to Interest is charged on the
repay this extra amount actually utilised
withdrawal with interest by the borrower and not
within a short on the whole amount
granted to him.
(q) A travellers' cheque is a credit instrument issued by a bank. It is made

out in the form of circular note on a printed form. Each cheque has a
definite sum printed as its value. It bears the signatures of an authorised
official of the issuing bank and specimen signatures of the holder. A
commission is charged for issuing travellers' cheques. The holder of a
travellers' cheque can obtain cash from the agents or branches of the
bank at different places. The holder will sign the cheque and surrender
it and his signatures given on the cheque are verified. The agent or
branch will pay cash to the holder. Travellers' cheques are not technically
negotiable instruments. However, they enjoy a very wide acceptance
and are often used in the settlement of debts. [2018]
(r) A Bank draft is a type of cheque. It is drawn by a bank either on its own
branch or on another bank. Therefore, it is also called “banker’s cheque.”
Bank draft is a very convenient, cheap and safe method of remitting
money from one place to another. In order to remit money through a
bank draft, a person first obtains the bankdraft from the bank. [2018]
(s) National Electronics Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a system of inter bank

transfer of funds electronically. The amount involved in this kind of
transfer is less than Rs. 2 lac. [2019]
(t) (i) Update your contact information with your financial institution. Your
bank can’t ask you about a suspicious charge unless it has your
current phone number.
218
(ii) Copy the customer service phone number from the back of each of
your debit or credit cards and keep this list in a separate location
from your purse or wallet in case a thief steals the latter. [2019]
(u) Internet fraud is a type of fraud or deception which makes use of the
Internet and could involve hiding of information or providing incorrect
information for the purpose of tricking victims out of money, property,
and inheritance. Internet fraud is not considered a single, istinctive
crime but covers a range of illegal and illicit actions that are ommitted
in cyberspace. It is, however, differentiated from theft since, in this
case, the victim voluntarily and knowingly provides the information,
money or property to the perpetrator. It is also distinguished by the
way it involves temporally and spatially separated offenders. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(a) A commercial bank serves as an agent for its customers in the following
ways :
(a) Collects cheques, bills, dividends, interest, rent, etc., on behalf of
customers.
(b) Pays cheques, bills, rent, taxes, interest, insurance premium, fees,
subscriptions, etc., on behalf of customers.
(c) Purchases and sells securities on behalf of customers as per their
instructions.
(d) Acts as trustee, executor, guarantor etc., in financial matters for
their customers. [2013]
(b) Central bank means the bank which regulates the entire banking system
in a country and carries out its monetary policy. Central bank is the
apex bank, and every country has a central bank. Reserve Bank of India
is the central bank of our country.
The Reserve Bank of India performs the following functions :
(i) Monopoly of Note Issue : Government grants the exclusive right to
the central bank to issue notes on its behalf. In India, one rupee
notes are issued by the Ministry of Finance. All other currency
notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India.
(ii) Government's Bank : The central bank acts as a banker, fiscal
agent and advisor to the Government. It makes and receives
payments on behalf of the Government, manages public debts for
the Government. As a fiscal agent the central bank advises the
Government on matters concerning monetary and banking policies.
(iii) Controller of Credit : Commercial banks create credit by lending
money. They may create too much or too little credit. The level of
credit in the country causes fluctuations in the price level. Thus
the central baks controls credit in the economy through various
quantitative and qualitative methods of credit control.
(iv) Custodian of Foreign Exchange : The central bank is the sole
custodian of gold and foreign currency reserves of the country.
Foreign exchange reserves are needed for making payments to
foreign countries.
219
(v) Maintaining the Exchange Rate : Exchange rate is the rate at

which the home currency can be exchanged for a foreign currency.
Whenever there are wide fluctuations in the exchange rate, the
central bank, buys and sells foreign currencies to stabilise the
exchange rate. The central bank is authorised to fix and change the
exchange rate ratio. [2015]
(c) The central bank provides clearing house facility to the commercial banks.
In other words, it settles the claims of commercial banks through a
process of book entries. The daily balances between the commercial
banks can easily be adjusted by means of debit and credit entries in
their respective accounts with the central bank. Let us take an example
to explain this process. Suppose, the Bank of Baroda has to pay an amount
of Rs 20 lakhs to the Punjab National Bank. To settle its due the Bank of
Baroda will issue a cheque of Rs 20 lakhs to the Punjab National Bank,
The Reserve Bank of India will debit the account of the "Bank of Baroda"
by Rs 20 lakhs and credit the account of the Punjab National Bank by
the same amount.
The clearing house facility offers several advantages. Firstly,
settlement between different commercial banks can be made conveniently
through book entries. Secondly, the possibilities of cash withdrawals
during an economic crisis are reduced. Therefore, it helps to stabilise
the banking system in the country. The State Bank of India carries out
these settlements where the Reserve Bank of India has no office.
[2013, 2019]
(d) ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

OF A COUNTRY :
Banking is the lifeline of a country's economy, because the economy
cannot function smoothly without a sound commercial banking system.
In the words of James Stephenson, "Banks are the distributors and
protectors of that liquid capital which is the life-blood of any nation."
Commercial banks contribute to the economic development of a country
in the following ways :
1. Safety of Money : Money deposited in a bank remains safe. Precious
articles too can be kept in the safe custody of banks in lockers.
2. Increase in Credit : Customers with bank accounts enjoy better
creditworthiness in the business world. Banks also provide credit
to their customers.
3. Savings : Banks encourage the habits of saving and thrift among
people. They mobilise public savings and invest them in productive
avenues. They increase the rate of capital formation in the country.
4. Transfer of Money : Banks provide a convenient and safe means of
sending money from one place to another. Moreover, payment through
cheques provides a legal proof of the transaction.
5. Collection of Money : Banks collect and realise the bills, interest,
etc., on behalf of their customers.
6. Facilitate Foreign Trade : Foreign trade cannot be carried on
smoothly without banking. Banks receive and make payments,
220
provide credit and deal in foreign exchange. They protect importers

from the risk of loss on account of exchange rate fluctuations. They
issue letters of credit and provide information on the
creditworthiness of importers. They give financial references on
behalf of their customers.
7. Moral Advantage : Banks encourage moral and ethical behaviour
on the part of their customers.
8. Mobilisation of Savings : Bank mobilise the scattered savings of
people in a country.
9. Capital Formation : Banks channelise the mobilised savings into
business and industry. The capital so formed helps in the economic
growth of the country. Banks also help, companies in raising capital
through issues of shares, debentures, etc. [2013]
(e) These are joint stock banks which receive deposits from the public and
business firms. They also provide short-term and medium-term loans to
customer. These banks carry on all kinds of banking functions within
the framework or the Banking Regulations Act, 1949 in India. Commercial
banks are classified into two broad categories-scheduled and non-
scheduled banks. Scheduled banks are those included in the second
schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act. Commercial banks not included
in this schedule are non-scheduled banks.
Commercial banks perform the following functions :
(i) Accepting Deposits : Accepting deposits is the main function of a
commercial bank. It attracts deposits for the purpose of making loans
and investments. People deposit their money in banks for the sake
of safety and for earning interest, A commercial bank receives
deposits from individuals, firms and other institutions. Banks offer
different types of deposit accounts to suit the needs of various
depositors. Public deposits constitute the main resources of a bank.
Banks receive the following types of deposits :
(a) Fixed Deposits - A lumpsum is deposited for a fixed time period.
(b) Savings Deposits - This account is opened for the purpose of
depositing small saving.
(c) Current Deposits - Such deposits are made by business firms
in current accounts.
(d) Recurring Deposits - In these deposits, the deposit holder is
required to make deposit of fixed amount every month for a
specified period.
(ii) Granting Credit : Commercial banks lend money in the following
ways:
(a) Loans and Advances - A specified amount is granted for a
specified time period.
(b) Cash Credit - under this arrangement, the bank allows the
borrower to borrow up to a specified limit.
(c) Overdraft - A customer who has a current account with the
bank can withdraw more than the amount standing to his credit
upto a specified limit.
221
(d) Discounting of Bills - Banks make payment against the bills

before the date of maturity.
(iii) Agency Functions : A commercial bank serves as an agent for its
customers in the following ways :
(a) Collects cheques, bills, dividends, interest, rent, etc., on behalf
of customers.
(b) Pays cheques, bills, rent, taxes, interest, insurance premium,
fees, subscriptions, etc., on behalf of customers.
(c) Purchases and sells securities on behalf of customers as per
their instructions.
(d) Acts as trustee, executor, guarantor etc., in financial matters
for their customers.
(iv) General Utility Services :
(a) Transfer of funds from one branch to another.
(b) Issuing letter of credit and standing as surety for customers.
(c) Accepting valuables, jewellery and securities for safe custody.
(d) Underwriting capital issues. [2016]
(f) Central bank means the bank which regulates the entire banking system
in a country and carries out its monetary policy. Central bank is the
apex bank, and every country has a central bank. Reserve Bank of India
is the central bank of our country.
The Reserve Bank of India performs the following functions :
(i) Monopoly of Note Issue : Government grants the exclusive right to
the central bank to issue notes on its behalf. In India, one rupee
notes are issued by the Ministry of Finance. All other currency
notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India.
(ii) Government's Bank : The central bank acts as a banker, fiscal
agent and advisor to the Government. It makes and receives
payments on behalf of the Government, manages public debts for
the Government. As a fiscal agent the central bank advises the
Government on matters concerning monetary and banking policies.
(iii) Controller of Credit : Commercial banks create credit by lending
money. They may create too much or too little credit. The level of
credit in the country causes fluctuations in the price level. Thus
the central baks controls credit in the economy through various
quantitative and qualitative methods of credit control.
(iv) Custodian of Foreign Exchange : The central bank is the sole
custodian of gold and foreign currency reserves of the country.
Foreign exchange reserves are needed for making payments to
foreign countries.
(v) Maintaining the Exchange Rate : Exchange rate is the rate at
which the home currency can be exchanged for a foreign currency.
Whenever there are wide fluctuations in the exchange rate, the
central bank, buys and sells foreign currencies to stabilise the
exchange rate. The central bank is authorised to fix and change the
exchange rate ratio. [2017]
222
(g) The central bank provides clearing house facility to the commercial banks.
In other words, it settles the claims of commercial banks through a
process of book entries. The daily balances between the commercial
banks can easily be adjusted by means of debit and credit entries in
their respective accounts with the central bank. Let us take an example
to explain this process. Suppose, the Bank of Baroda has to pay an amount
of Rs 20 lakhs to the Punjab National Bank. To settle its due the Bank of
Baroda will issue a cheque of Rs 20 lakhs to the Punjab National Bank,
The Reserve Bank of India will debit the account of the "Bank of Baroda"
by Rs 20 lakhs and credit the account of the Punjab National Bank by
the same amount.
The clearing house facility offers several advantages. Firstly,
settlement between different commercial banks can be made conveniently
through book entries. Secondly, the possibilities of cash withdrawals
during an economic crisis are reduced. Therefore, it helps to stabilise
the banking system in the country. The State Bank of India carries out
these settlements where the Reserve Bank of India has no office. [2019]
15. STRIVING FOR A BETTER ENVIRONMENT

(a) Efficient technology means the technology that helps to raise productivity
and reduce the time and costs involved in the production of products
and services. For example, a computer is more efficient than a typewriter
or a calculator. Eco-friendly technology is the technology that does not
have a negative effect on ecology or natural environment. It involves
reduction in the amount of raw material used, reduction in energy used,
reducing pollution, recycling material, using renewable materials,
ensuring that goods are durable and judicious use of resources keeping
the future in mind. [2013]
(b) CHIPKO ANDOLAN (MOVEMENT) : In the 1970s, organised resistance

to the destruction of forests spread throughout India. This came to be
known as the Chipko Andolan (movement). The Chipko movement was
led by a group of villagers in the Uttarakhand region. They opposed
commercial logging. The movement is known for its tactic of hugging
trees to prevent them from being cut down by the contractors. Among
the women who created the history in saving forests, the most prominent
was Gauri Devi of Latu village. She led the first all-women action to save
their community forest in March 1974. Her example was repeated by
counteless women who came to form the backbone of the Chipko
movement. Another prominent leader of the Chipko movement was
Sunderlal Bahuguna. He was a Gandhian activist whose appeal to Mrs.
Indira Gandhi resulted in a ban on the felling of green trees. He undertook
a 5000-kilometre trans-Himalaya Foot March (Padyatra) in 1981-83 to
spread the Chipko message. Bahuguna coined the Chipko slogan : “Ecology
is permanent economy.” Ghanshyam Raturi, a poet, wrote the following
poem describing the method of embracing the trees to save them from
felling.
‘Embrance the trees and save them from being felled;
The property of our hills, save them from being looted’. [2013]
223
(c) Environmental ethics means the set of moral standards which guide us
how to interact with our environment. These standards indicate what is
the right conduct according to the society. For example, we should not
pollute air, water, soil, etc. in our everyday routine. A factory owner is
expected to avoid pollution of air and local water bodies. We have a
moral duty to conserve limited natural resources because future
generations have an equal right to these resources. Moreover, justice
requires that we handover to our children and grand children a world
that is not worse than the one we inherited from our parents and grand
parents. [2015]
(d) Following are the examples :

(i) National Environment Awareness Campaign (NEAC).
(ii) Eco Clubs and National Green Corps (NGC).
(iii) Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA).
(iv) The Green Wave. [2017]
(e) Sustainable Use of Water : The following steps can be taken for this
purpose.
(i) Build many small reservoirs in place of a few big projects.
(ii) Encourage and improve traditional methods of rainwater harvesting
and storage.
(iii) Use drip irrigation and other water conservation measures in
agriculture.
(iv) Prevent leakages from dams and canals. [2018]
(f) People will conserve and restore natural resources only when they are
sensitive to the environment and realise the importance of ecological
balance. Environmental sensitivity in people can be created only through
major public awareness programmes. Public must learn to act as a watch-
dog to protect its environment from deterioration and destruction. Well-
informed citizens and environmentalists have the duty to take the
initiative in making the common man aware of the need for ecological
restoration and conservation. Most of the local people in villages and
indigenous tribes possess an intimate knowledge of nature and wildlife.
Traditions, taboos and religious beliefs deeply rooted in native people
have been an effective instrument of conserving nature and wildlife
since time immemorial. Ancient traditions protect several plants such
as Peepal and Banyan as well as birds, monkeys, snakes and animals.
In fact, some people worship some trees, birds and animals. Milk is
offered to snakes, bread is fed to cows and dogs, bananas are fed to
monkeys, grains are fed to pigeons, flower is fed to ants as a matter of
religious beliefs and rituals. [2018]
(g) (i) Appointment of Officers and their Powers and Functions (i) Without
prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 3, the Central
Government may appoint officers with such designation as it thinks
fit for the purposes of this Act and may entrust to them such of the
powers and functions under this Act as it may deem fit.
224
(ii) Power to give Directions Notwithstanding anything contained in

any other law but subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central
Government may, in the exercise of its powers and performance of
its functions under this Act, issue directions in writing to any person,
officer or any authority and such person, officer or authority shall
be bound to comply-with such directions. [2019]
A.2. Long Answers :

(a) Environmental values can be inculcated in public through education
and awareness. Along with moral values, significance of natural resources
and the need for their conservation should be taught in schools and
colleges. Environmental issues are, therefore, woven new into the entire
curriculum rather than being an additional subject. However,
environmental or other values cannot simply be taught through books.
Example and disciplined practice are required. For example, when
students observe their teacher caring for water, soil, energy, trees, etc.
they are likely to imbibe the teacher's behaviour. Environmental value
oriented education may consist of the following steps :
(i) Develop suitable literature in the form of comics, slogans, charts
and other child friendly materials.
(ii) Compile short stories having strong value components.
(iii) Develop literature on human values for teachers.
(iv) Develop audio and video programmes both for teachers and students.
(v) Design special literature for parents.
(vi) Develop syllabus of all subjects to inculcate right values.
(vii) Organise specific in-service courses and training programmes for
teachers on value education.
(viii) Establish resource centres on value oriented education at state,
regional and national levels.
(ix) Hold discussions on the negative impact of economic growth on
environment.
(x) Create awareness among all so that everyone has a sacred duty to
protect the environment. [2013]
(b) Sustainable development means the development that meets the needs
of present generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. For development to be sustainable,
it must take into account social and ecological factors in addition to
economical aspects of the living and non-living base both in the long run
as well as the short term. Three main elements of sustainable
development are well-being of the human society, well being of the
environment, and sustainability over time.
The two example of sustainable use of resources are as follows :
Sustainable Use of Water : The following steps can be taken for this
purpose.
(i) Build many small reservoirs in place of a few big projects.
(ii) Encourage and improve traditional methods of rainwater harvesting
and storage.
225
(iii) Use drip irrigation and other water conservation measures in

agriculture.
Sustainable use of Energy : The steps needed for this purpose are as
follows :
(i) Use alternative sources of fuel such as hydrogen, methanol, biogas,
solar energy, etc.
(ii) Develop fuel efficient and smokeless chullahs.
(iii) Solar cooking does not burn any fuel and is the most eco-friendly
option. [2014]
(c) Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into reusable

objects to prevent waste of potentially useful materials.
Environmental values refer to the moral standards which people are
expected to follow while interacting with nature and its resources.
For instance, we should not pollute air, water and soil in our daily
activities. A factory owner is expected not to release untreated factory
waste or effluents into local water bodies. Self-interest many create
and ethical diemma. For example, in order to treat factory waste some
expenditure is necessary. If the factory owner does not want to incur
such expenditure he faces the dilemma - saving cost versus, facing public
criticism.
Environmental values make people environmentally conscious. Teaching
environmentaly values encourages people to carry cloth bags, use organic
manure, keep surroundings clean, respect other people’s things, refuse
use of polybags, styro foam containers, etc., reuse plastic and glass
containers and recycle paper to save trees, and to plant more trees. [2016]
(d) An eco-friendly technology is the technology of production which does

not harm the environment in any way. Eco-friendly technology is also
known as sustainable technology. It is based on the use of renewable
resources as raw material, energy and transformation through highly
efficient biotechnology to produce environment friendly products.
Eco-efficiency technology on the other hand uses less and less resources
to produce more and more goods. Both these concepts play very important
role in the conservation of environment in the following manner :
(i) Use of renewable resources : Eco-friendly technology uses renewable
resources for the production of goods and services. The renewable
resources are replenishable resources like sunlight, rain water,
wind, etc., are some of the examples of renewable resources.
(ii) Reduction in raw material : Eco-efficiency leads to the reduction
in the amount of the raw material used. The wise use of raw
materials will lead to less wastage and less pollution.
(iii) Recycling material : This reduces the amount of waste, landfill
spaces and the pressure on using newer resources. Many waste
products can be recycled and this saves the raw material and cost
of production.
(iv) Reducing pollution : The use of eco-friendly and eco-efficiency
technology reduces the hazardous effects of pollutants on
environment. Use of technologies like wind power, solar power, hydro
power and biogas are some examples of eco-friendly and eco-eficiency
technologies. [2017]
226
(e) Function of Central Pollution Centrol Board

(i) Air quality/pollution : CPCB runs nation-wide programs of ambient
air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring
Programme (NAMP). The network consists of 621 operating stations
covering 262 cities/ towns in 29 states and 5 Union Territories of
the country. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as
wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and
temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality.
(ii) Water quality/pollution : Fresh water is a finite resource essential
for use in agriculture, industry, propagation of wildlife and fisheries
and for human existence. India is a riverine country. It has 14
major rivers, 44 medium rivers and 55 minor rivers besides numerous
lakes, ponds and wells which are used as primary source of drinking
water even without treatment. Most of rivers being fed by monsoon
rain, which is limited to only three months of the year, run dry
throughout the rest of the year often carrying wastewater discharges
from industries or cities or towns endangering the quality of our
scarce water resources.
(iii) Urban area programs (Ecocity Program) : CPCB programs for urban
areas, also known as EcoCity Program comes under X Plan to improve
environment through implementation of identified environment
improvement projects in the selected towns and cities.
(iv) Municipal Solid Waste rules : Every municipal authority comes
under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000 (MSW rules, 2000) and responsible for collection,
segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
municipal solid.
(v) Noise Pollution/Rules : According to S.O. 123 (E) by MoEF, various
sources like industrial activity, construction activity, generator sets,
loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular
horns and other mechanical devices have deleterious effects on
human health. CPCB has the responsibility to regulate and control
noise producing and generating sources with the objective of
maintaining the air quality standards.
(vi) Environmental Data Statistics : CPCB manages environmental data
statistic in which air quality data and water quality data comes
through. In the case of air quality data, it measures the level of
SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM. CPCB measure and maintains water
quality data as well. [2019]

227
ENGLISH PAPER - I
BOARD PAPER
SPECIMEN PAPER ANSWER - 2018 TO 2019
SPECIMEN PAPER - 2018-19
Answer 1
(a) Lost and Found
It was the year 1990. The world was yet to be on the verge of digital speed.
No mobile phones. No satellite television. Though computerized train tickets
were available, email tickets' advent were still a long way off. Against such a
backdrop Shekhar's brother Rajesh got married. A lot of relatives from all
over the country and a few from abroad had come. Shekhar had gone to see
off his cousin Krishna and family at Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
(then known as Victoria Terminus) . They were proceeding to Bangalore.
Shekhar's aunt, Kamala, who had an unconfirmed AC ticket for Coimbatore
dated a few days later, wanted to get it cancelled and travel by plane instead.
Shekhar had thus carried the ticket and planned to cancel it after seeing off
the travel party to Bangalore. After the customary banter, Shekhar bade
good bye to his cousin and family. He then proceeded to the ticket counter.
On reaching the counter, Shekhar tucked his hand into his pant pocket. To
his horror, the train ticket was not in the pant pocket! He searched his
other pant pocket and his shirt. But it just was not there. He rushed back
into the platform thinking that it may have fallen in the Bangalore train. But
the train had already left. Cursing his luck and stupefied as how the ticket
had done its vanishing trick, Shekhar headed home.
Wondering what he would tell his father at home, Shekhar had decided on
one thing. He would definitely pay for his aunt Kamala's flight ticket to
Coimbatore. It was a steep Rs. 1000 yet he would bear it. He rang the doorbell
of his house. Aunt Kamala answered the bell with a beaming smile. With a
choked throat Shekhar said, "I have misplaced your ticket. But I will pay for
your plane ticket. I am really sorry to…." Aunt Kamala interrupted, "Is this
the ticket you have lost?" Shekhar was a bit perplexed. He remembered
distinctly that he had the ticket in his pocket while seeing off his relatives
to Bangalore. Then how is it that the ticket was there in aunt Kamala's
hand??? Then the unraveling of the mystery was done. Shekhar's ticket had
slipped out of his pocket onto Krishna's seat. Krishna noticed the ticket once
the train left. Wondering how he could reach the ticket out to Shekhar, the
train dragged into the next stop at Dadar. A young lad who had come to see
off his uncle walked up to Krishna and said, "Uncle, do you recognize me? I
am Satish, your colleague Purshottam's nephew." Krishna realized that this
was a god sent opportunity. He requested Satish to deliver this lost ticket at
Shekhar's place. Satish then travelled to Shekhar's place and handed over
the lost ticket that was found even before the latter returned.
Vocabulary
Verge- about to start
Advent- entry
Banter- friendly and harmless fight
Stupefied- confused and not knowing what to do
Steep- expensive
Perplexed- astonished
Unraveling- solving [20]
229
X - ICSE (English paper 1)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
(b) Democracy Cannot Survive Without Education

I once read a statement that one of the worst failures in the world is
democracy. This astonished me to a great extent. I had always been fascinated
by the definition of democracy written in our Civics textbooks as a government
of the people, for the people and by the people. Could there be a concept
better than this for an egalitarian society? How shameful it is that one of
the best concepts to govern the world is being considered as one of the worst
failures! Just a simple introspect has made me conclude that education
ought to be the major harbinger of a successful democracy. I support the
above statement without an iota of doubt.
A major impediment to a proper development is lack of education. Today all
political parties announce populist policies and freebies during pre-election
campaigning. They even carry out these promises. But, is there anything
like a free lunch? Will this not have an effect on the economy and the
infrastructure? These sorts of sops will only (mis)manage an economy that
is akin to a deflated football. If people get themselves educated, they will be
able to see through the sly ploy of the political parties. Fortunately every
political party that comes to power does advocate various simple development
schemes like cheap or free education for the economically backward and
underprivileged sections of the society. People from these strata of society
need to take advantage of these schemes and put themselves on the path to
progress. It will not only create within them a state of awareness about their
basic rights but also make them aim higher as far as their professional
careers are concerned. This in turn will improve the overall economy and
stop the poor from depending only on redundant freebies.
Thus I personally feel that education is an indispensable part of a democracy.
Let us not shun or undermine it. We need to use it to the maximum for a
healthier nation. A slogan in Marathi when translated, talks about education
of girls being the key element to progress. Similarly, education of every
citizen ensures a successful and flourishing democracy.
Vocabulary
Egalitarian- equality of the people
Introspect- self-reviewing
Ought to- should
Iota- smallest fraction
Harbinger- signaling the approach of
Populist- steps taken by government to please the public
Impediment- obstacle
Freebies- benefits
Infrastructure- the smooth functioning of public facilities
Sops- benefits
Akin- similar
Sly- cunning
Ploy- step
Advocate- recommend
Strata- section
Redundant- unnecessary
Indispensable- irreplaceable
Undermine- underestimate
Shun- avoid [20]
230
 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (English paper 1)
(c) Journey Back Home

The longing to get back home drives me impatient to hear the final school
bell at 3.30. All hell breaks loose inside the class when all the students
want to get back to that heaven called home. We then move out of the school
in a disciplined manner though our instinct asks us to break free of the
shackles of the institution and celebrate the start of our journey back home..
After a customary fight as to who should occupy the window seat, the journey
commences. No sooner does the bus take a turn out of the school compound
than it comes to a seemingly eternal halt stuck in choc-a-bloc traffic. A lady
with a toddler in arms begs for alms from the occupants of swanky cars and
rickshaws. Some oblige with a 2-rupee coin or even a ten-rupee note and
some do not bother to look at them. They even beg from the students inside
the bus. Some students in a friendly banter point to the student sitting
adjacent and say, "Look, I am not rich, he is." After 15 to 20 minutes, the
bus finally passes the signal.
The bus then takes a wider road where thankfully the traffic is not that
heavy. On the pavements one can see hawkers shouting out their wares
which range from ladies dress materials to hand bags and smart shirts to
fancy shoes. One can hear these hawkers calling out to customers who have
moved ahead due to an unacceptable price of a commodity. As the bus moves
ahead my attention shifts to a place where I would like to settle as a resident-
--- the shopping mall. Outside the mall, constant bickering among the
rickshaw drivers as to who was in the line first to ferry customers is a
common sight. One finds ladies carrying bags whose number will require a
ten hands. As the bus slowly reaches my residential vicinity, a certain level
of happiness engulfs me. The monotony never really wears out the happiness.
Nothing is more heavenly than the aroma of the snacks that my mother
makes as I reach home. After I gorge on the snacks, I settle down to prepare
myself for the next day at school. It ranges from writing home work to
completing assignments to working on projects.
Vocabulary
Shackles- chains
Eternal- forever
Choc-a-bloc- dense
Swanky-expensive and stylish
Banter- friendly fight
Wares- items
Bickering- small fights
Ferry- to transport
Vicinity-area
Engulfs- surrounds
Monotony- regular, boring activity
Aroma- fragrance
Gorge- eat heavily [20]
(d) New Horizons

With great amount of reluctance, I sat in my father's official car. My father
had been transferred from Chandigarh to Lucknow recently. Our chauffeur
Hari Singh bhaiya with a smile on his face greeted me. "Good morning Baba."
His tone looked a bit artificial possibly because he was forcing himself into
familiarity. The Hindi he spoke was quite articulate unlike the Punjabi tinge
prominently seen in Delhi and Chandigarh. In about ten minutes we reached
the school.
231
I got down from my car and started a slow lifeless walk towards the gate.
Hari Singh bhaiya cried from behind, "I will come to fetch you at 3pm
baba."Though I heard him, I was in no mood to respond as I was engulfed by
the thought of facing new people. In an unsure voice I enquired as to where
standard 9 division B students were queued up in the assembly. I joined the
relevant line and after the regular prayer and pledge all of us went to our
respective classrooms. Though I am sure every student in my class would
have noticed me, some displayed their expressions openly while others be-
haved as though I never existed. My class teacher walked in and announced,
"Today we have a new student in our class. His name is Parth Goswami. He
stood first in standard 8 at his school in Chandigarh." When she made this
statement her eyes roved towards Sandesh in the class with a wry smile. I
realized that Sandesh was the topper in this class. I had always been taught
by my parents that never to look with envy towards a competitor. Instead I
should strike a friendship, try to learn from him and improve upon my weak-
nesses.
At recess time, I walked up to Sandesh and extended a hand of friendship
while introducing myself. Sandesh reacted with a somewhat cold and sur-
prised look which changed like instantly to a smile of warmth. He said, "I
actually thought that you would look at me with envy but you have behaved
exactly the way my parents advise me to deal with a rival." Both of us laughed
heartily and hugged each other warmly. I now knew that a friendship that
goes beyond the schooling years had been established. The rest of the time
in class I went through drowned all the apprehensions and I was sure to
have a great time in this school. Good friends are truly a gift of God. It was
indeed a new horizon.
Vocabulary
Chauffeur- driver
Articulate-clear
Tinge- flavor
Engulfed- surrounded
Roved- moved
Wry- sarcastic
Apprehensions- doubts [20]
(e) Toil by the Tender

The picture below is a grim reminder of the fact that eradication of child
labour is still a far off goal. The girl does not seem to be more than ten years
of age. This tender creation of God seems to be one who was born to toil. The
location is that of a construction site. Presumably her parents should also be
workers here. It is a well-known fact that these workers do not have a
permanent dwelling of their own. Their nomadic existence and lack of
awareness only leads to passing on the legacy of illiteracy to their progeny.
Governments irrespective of their political origins and ideologies have always
advocated themselves with the cause of eradicating child labour. However a
lackadaisical approach and a poor follow-up on part of the enforcing authorities
have only impeded the long cherished dream of child labour abolition. Putting
the onus only on the government would also be unfair. NGOs and the citizens
need to join hands and work towards spelling an end to this societal shame.
What exactly is the root cause of child labour? Nobel Prize winner Kailash
Satyarthi categorically denies the contention that poverty drives families to
indulge their children into labour. Big metros like Mumbai, Delhi and others
232
witness a lot of affluent families employing children below the age of twelve
as caretakers of their toddling children. There have also been cases of barbaric
treatment of these children. In this digital age which aims at improving the
quality of life and making the most difficult things simpler, prevalence of
child labour comes as a shocking reality. Every citizen should therefore
espouse himself with eradication of child labour. Education is the basic right
of every child. A philanthropist approach not only by the affluent but also the
lesser income groups can convert this dream into a reality. A collective
conscious effort from every strata of society will help abolish child labour.
Vocabulary
Toil- hard work
Grim-serious
Dwelling- place of stay
Nomadic- moving from one place to another
Eradicating- removing
Lackadaisical- casual
Impede- obstruct
Onus- responsibility
Categorically- very clearly
Contention-argument
Affluent- very rich
Barbaric- cruel
Prevalence- something that happens commonly
Espouse- to take something as a goal
Philanthropist- a person who does charity
Strata- section [20]
Answer 2
(a) A-801, Monica Apartments,
Devidayal Road
Mulund(West)
Mumbai-400086
28th May, 2019.
Dear Ayush,
Hope you have recovered from your bout of Malaria. I would suggest that you
take rest for a couple of days even after you feel better as there will still be
some weakness because of convalescence.
You were really missed for the interschool drama competition. But the good
news that I would like to share that we won the award for the best presenta-
tion. All of us were skeptical about Parth taking your place in the drama. But
surprisingly he too performed to expectations. Frankly before entering the
stage I was feeling quite nervous. I felt as though I would forget all the
dialogues. However, as soon as I entered the stage and started mouthing my
dialogues all my nervousness vanished into thin air. Right from the start to
the end, our comical drama held the attention of the audience. Once the
drama ended, there was a big applause from everyone. You were really
missed, Ayush. Anyway, I am sure that we will put up a better drama next
233
year, with of course, you as one of the participants.

Wishing you a speedy recovery and convey my respects and love to your
parents.
Yours affectionately,
Shirish Gadgeel
Vocabulary
Bout- attack
Convalescence- stage before complete recovery
Skeptical- doubtful [10]
(b) A-17, Ashiyana

Chedda Nagar
Chembur
Mumbai-400079
13th June 2018
The Station Master

Dadar Railway Station
Dadar (Central Railway)
Mumbai-400014
Sir
I travelled from Chennai to Dadar on June 11, 2018 by Chennai Express. On
alighting from the train at Dadar platform number 7, I realized that one of
my suitcases was missing.
I travelled by AC 2-tier compartment, Coach no B2, seat number 20. The
suitcase is of Aristocratic brand and black in colour. I request you that in
case you get this lost suitcase please keep it under your care and inform me
accordingly.
I would be highly grateful if you could locate this suitcase as it has quite a
few important documents.
Yours truly,
L. Gowrisankar [10]
Answer 3
(a) Let Us Salute Our Mentors
Little Angels' Club
28th August, 2018
We invite all the students and teachers to celebrate Teachers' Day at
Gomantak Hall, Vile Parle on September 5 , 2018 at 12 noon. Entertainment
programmes have been scheduled which will be followed by lunch. People
intending to participate can contact Mr. Suraj Sharma. Lunch coupons will
be provided at the rate of Rs.100.
Raju Ranka
President, Little Angels' Club, Vile Parle [5]
234
(b) gm@manjushasupermarket.com
Teachers' Day Programme.
Sir,
We will be organizing a Teachers' Day programme at Gomantak Hall, Vile
Parle on September 5 , 2018 at 12 noon. We would like to display a notice for
this at your popular supermarket. It would also be great if you could sponsor
this programme. I am sure this will also give your enterprise a good mileage
for business.
Kindly let us know what would be the convenient time to meet you to hold a
discussion in this regard.
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
Raju Ranka
President, Little Angels' Club, Vile Parle [5]
Answer 4
(a) (i) distraction- change of attention
(ii) frail-weak
(iii) commotion-confusion
(b) (i) The Vakils had been one of the first Bombay families to build holiday
cottages on the Thul beach. They had grown too old and frail to travel
often to Thul Beach. Therefore, they sold the cottage to the De Silvas
who too were from Bombay. [2]
(ii) The De Silvas were young and energetic and heartily enjoyed life at
the beach. Therefore house was more suited to them. [2]
(iii) Pinto was a dog at Thul Beach. He started barking at the unfamiliar
sight of an approaching car and stranger. [2]
(iv) The noise had the dog Pinto bark at the arrival of strangers. There was
a commotion in the marshy creek that separated the hut from the
house. The herons, egrets, kingfishers and moorhens flapped into the
dense greenery of the pandanus, the casuarina and the bhindi trees
for shelter. [2]
(v) From Hari's answer we come to know that Hari thought Bombay to be a
very big and lively city and no one would leave such a place to lead a
dormant life in Thul. [2]
(c) The De Silvas arrived in a heavily loaded car which came to a standstill in
front of the Mont Repos.
(v) The young and energetic De Silvas from Bombay had arrived at the Mont
Repos in Thul in a heavily loaded car. Their arrival resulted in a lot of
hubbub, all kinds of excitement and expectations. It would get employment
for the family in the little hut obviously resulting in wages. [8]
235
Answer 5
(a) (1) Pulled [½]
(2) Observing [½]
(3) Had built [½]
(4) Had forgotten [½]
(5) Were [½]
(6) Had made [½]
(7) Stared [½]
(8) Remembering [½]
(b) (i) beneath/under [½]

(ii) about [½]
(iii) in [½]
(iv) down [½]
(v) away [½]
(vi) for [½]
(vii) on [½]
(viii) over [½]
(c) (i) Since he practiced every day, he came first in the race. [1]
(ii) She did such intricate embroidery that her eyesight was affected. [1]
(iii) Molly has a good vocabulary as she reads a lot. [1]
(iv) On breaking open the door, they saw everything was in a mess. [1]
(d) (i) Priya asked her classmate if she would lend her the book the next
day. [1]
(ii) He was scolded by the teacher for coming late. [1]
(iii) It was too hot for the P.T. period to be held. [1]
(iv) No sooner was her song over than I knew that she had won the
competition. [1]
(v) Our school sent up an exhibit better than any other at the Town
Hall. [1]
(vi) Only visitors above eighteen were allowed into the hall. [1]
(vii) No sooner did the bell ring than the children ran out. [1]
(viii) They were asked to make a combination of all their ideas into
one document. [1]

236
Answer 1.
(a) Filling the Generation Gap
Rohit and Rateesh touched their grandfather Savlaram Bhosale’s feet. It
was a special day indeed. Their enterprise ‘Bhosale Fertilizers’ had won the
State Government Award for the Best Public Service for Social Cause. If
there was one person whom they had to thank, it was their grandfather
Savlaram.
A couple of decades back, their parents Arun Bhosale and Hirabai Bhosale
had hung themselves. The third successive drought in Marathwada in as
many years and piling debts had brought them to this precarious position. At
the age of sixty-five this was not something Savlaram had asked for. As part
of the daily chore now, he made tea for his grandchildren. Five-year old
Rateesh, a bit young to realize the gravity of the situation unlike seven-year
old Rohit, complimented his grandfather, “Grandpa, if you set up a tea-stall
in a city, you can mint money.” Savlaram gave a subconscious nod as he
was engulfed by the stress of taking care of his grandchildren all alone.
Then the truth of Rateesh’s statement struck him!
The next day they travelled to Pune. With his bare finances he put up a tea-
stall close to a shanty where he took up his abode for him and the children.
The children were admitted to a municipal school nearby. Their academic
excellence won them scholarships and sponsors for their education in
Agricultural Engineering. In spite of job offers from top companies, they set
up an enterprise of their own and created an awareness among the drought-
stricken villages about using the right fertilisers and rotating the crops.
Their efforts won them an award from the state government. For this
achievement, did they have anyone else to thank other than their
grandfather? Had he not shown the steely resolve of bringing up his two
grandsons, they would never have achieved what they did. Their parents
had given up a battle that was far from being lost. But it was their grandfather
who on seeing the situation of despair in his village decided to shift to make
ends meet. He put up a stall that was razed as an illegal structure on more
than a few occasions. But without losing hope, he sold close to two hundred
cups of tea a day with a lot of office goers as his regular patrons from the
nearby commercial centres. He did all this right after the age of sixty-five
just to support his two grandsons in giving them education and making
them successful professionals. He had filled the gap that had been left void
by his son and daughter-in-law. [20]
(b) The Third Eye

A cell phone thief was nabbed within two hours of committing the crime.
The police were able to track him down easily. Thanks to the closed-circuit
televisions at all the railway stations. The images were flashed across all
the police stations in the city which facilitated the police zeroing in on him
within no time. This brings one of the most debated questions. Should there
be a limit to the places where closed-circuit cameras can make their way?
More importantly, should the classrooms in schools have closed-circuit
cameras? Definitely the advantages of having them clearly outweigh the
disadvantages.
237
One may argue that indulging in pranks and mischief is a part of every
child's disposition. This may result in the child trying to control his behaviour
as the camera plays a big deterrent. These feelings may get pent up and he
may show excessive overbearing behaviour when he is not in view of the
cameras. Taking into account these aspects, the teachers need to be
sensitised as to which actions of the student need to be taken as unacceptable
and which need to be given the turn of a blind eye. The teachers need to
identify themselves with the age group of the students. They need to
remember what they did as children. They need to empathise with the
children remembering their own wards.
Closed-circuit cameras will be useful in varied situations of the classroom.
With increasing reports of sexual abuse of small school children within
lonely classrooms by staff, these cameras can play a role in nailing the
culprit. Rare instances of high-handed behaviour by the teachers can also
be kept under check. There have been several cases where the studious
and methodical students find their notebooks missing just prior to the exams.
The cameras in the classroom will help in identifying the real mischief-
monger. But students who are caught in this act ought to be more counselled
than rebuked. In fact, in all the instances when students are caught in
some sort of mischief, the school should not resort to corporal punishment.
School authorities need to understand that the closed-circuit camera
television should be used as a progressive tool and not as a policing equipment.
Otherwise the whole purpose of a camera will be defeated. Let the closed-
circuit television not be a monster- a name which Roald Dahl gave the
television. Let it truly be a third eye that helps positively in a classroom.
[20]
(c) Ruffling Responsibilities
Our class teacher, Mrs. Menon told me that the following Monday, I will
have to ensure that the students from standard five stand in a single file as
the Vice-President of our school Mr. A.K. Kapoor wanted to address the
students on the occasion of Children's day. I was elated at this job given to
me for two reasons. One reason was for giving me the responsibility and the
other that I had to only control students from standard five who I thought
being much younger than I was, would be easy to control. When I reached
home, I told my elder brother who was now in college about this onus on my
shoulders. I also told him that I need to take care only of standard five
students which would not be much of a problem. He gave a smile and extended
his hand, "All the best." The smile looked more smirky than genuine. However,
the excitement of the responsibility paled the necessity of reading too much
into the smile.
Finally, Monday arrived. I reached the assembly catchment area early as
instructed. Standard five boys, about seventy in number slowly started
trickling in. As was the normal practice the line had to be in the ascending
order of height. I was asked to ensure two lines of thirty-five boys each.
When I asked the shortest boy to take the first position in the queue, he
started arguing with me telling that he was not the shortest. I actually felt
like spanking him but we were strictly instructed against manhandling. As
the Vice-President's address started all the students were asked to sit
down. Just as I was about to control one boy from pelting small stones in the
air, another would indulge in the same mischievous act. Hooting sounds,
hitting on the back of the head of the boy ahead in the line were some of the
238
brattish behaviour they indulged in. Their pranks were getting so much on
my nerves that I started praying when this assembly would finally end.
When my brother returned home in the evening, he asked me about the
morning experience. I realized why he had given that smirk the previous
day. Looking at my non-response he said, "No job is really easy. Even if it is
one that you feel you can enjoy, you have to support it with a lot of hard
work." It was truly a learning experience. It dawned on me that even if you
pick up a job with passion, you have to support with hard work and a lot of
patience. [20]
(d) Mercurial Madness

On the day my final exams got over, I decided that I would get up at 5.30am
the next day. Nikunj and I met near Nehru Road junction. Even before we
commenced jogging, we had already started burning a few calories. Thanks
to the humid weather in Mumbai. Summer mornings are normally known to
be pleasant but over the years the discomfort of the heat is nowadays
experienced at any time of the day.
The melodious crooning of the pleasant voiced birds like the lark and the
cuckoo too had almost vanished. We had earlier decided that we will jog for
about an hour. But within twenty minutes of jogging, we were sapped of all
energy and we could not carry on any further. We decided to have a glass of
lime juice at a stall to balance out the electrolyte loss. I saw a few thatched
hutments on the roadside. The ladies were busy plastering the exteriors of
the houses with cow dung to keep the interiors cool. The heat being highly
unbearable, I had to switch on the fan once I entered home. Every day after
boiling rice, my mother as per a religious tradition, places a small quantity
of rice on the window-sill of the kitchen for the crow. That day a crow even
after having its regular quota of rice continued cawing. My mother kept a
small bowl of water. The crow within no time finished off the liquid just
indicating how parched its throat was. Just across the building that I stay,
there is a small marshy pond. After lunch as I was relaxing in my balcony, I
saw a couple of buffaloes basking in this pond. Only after a lot of bullying by
the herdsman, did the buffaloes decide to budge out of the pond.
I thus realized that the effect of heat during summers has been getting
worse with every passing year. I do not think any sort of introspection is
required. The clichéd statement that man needs to respect nature, though
repetitive and irritating, needs to be given heed. Otherwise we can see that
nature is only responding to us the way we are treating it. [20]
(e) Junking Junk Food

The picture shown is a very serious statement of contemporary times. School
children have queued outside a stall that is selling chip packets among a lot
of other non-nutritious food. The children obviously have left their homes
early in the morning. These children are famished as they have not eaten
anything. This draws our attention to a very serious problem in our society.
The children of today are not being given enough education about nutrition.
Parents too do not seem to have realized the importance of supplementing
children with the right kind of food. Scientific studies have shown that
eating within one hour of waking up boosts the energy and keeps the stamina
intact for a major part of the day. However, they leave their houses early in
the morning after having just a glass of milk. Children due to the advanced
curriculum are expected to absorb a lot of knowledge. Other than the regular
239
academics, they have to involve themselves in a lot of project work too. With
growing competition, life has become highly demanding. But because of poor
eating habits, the children do not equip themselves with proper nutrition
thus affecting their grasping skills. Their mind gets fatigued and they are
not able to receive beyond a certain limit. The eating schedules of children
are in total contrast to the ones the previous generations had. The children
of the previous generation would eat a lot of food rich in nutrition. Wheat
items, leafy vegetables, fruits and fibre-rich food were a part of their eating
regularities. Supplementing themselves with probiotics like curds, soya and
other items used to keep their immune system intact. But the children of
today order food through online portals sitting within the comforts of their
homes. Eating junk food from fast food outlets is making them obese and
open to the risk of various health problems.
Parents, the children of yesteryears, are aware about the value of good and
right eating. They need to impart their knowledge to the children. Regular
counseling with a nutritionist must also help. The parents of today ought to
ensure proper eating habits for their children to facilitate their growth into
successful individuals. [20]
Answer 2
(a) 18, Silver Springs
Mahim
Mumbai
23rd May 2019
The Principal
Bal Vihar School
Mahim
Mumbai.
Sir,
After discussing with a few of my progressively thinking school-mates, we
would like to inform you that we are interested in forming a club in our
school.
In this club we can have facilities of indoor games like Carom, Chess and
Table-tennis. This will serve as a good recreational activity for all the
students in our school. Moreover children who are skillful at these games
can represent the school at inter-school competitions. This will be a good
value addition to the highly-esteemed image of our school. We have already
worked out a reasonable budget for the inception of this club.
I therefore request you to kindly give us an appointment so that we can have
a fruitful discussion and set the ball rolling.
Yours truly,
Sundar
(b) 18, Silver Springs

Mahim
Mumbai
23rd May 2019.
Dear Ritesh
240
I received your mother's letter yesterday. I do not want to discourage you or

sound negative but your marks are far from satisfactory. I have decided to
write this letter not to rebuke you but to suggest a few tips that will enhance
your performance.
First and foremost, are you just mugging up the answers without
understanding the concepts? If so please stop this habit. Every chapter in
every subject is driven by certain concepts. Once these concepts are clear
we can answer the question flawlessly whichever way it is posed. Make a
time-table which you can follow systematically. Practice writing the answers
where you get stuck because of not being able to remember the words.
Keywords are very important in every answer. In the event of any doubt or
difficulty, just send me a message on my mobile. Another earnest request I
would like to make is that during your free time please relax or even possibly
sleep. Do not waste your time watching messages, photos or videos on social
media. It will only eat into your time and make you feel tired.
Ritesh, I want you to work to your potential which is quite immense. Your
skill is like that uncut diamond which is waiting to be utilized. I am sure in
your next exams you will come out in flying colours. Convey my regards to
your mother. She considers me as your friend, philosopher and guide and
that is the reason she has asked me to write to you.
Yours affectionately,
Sundar [10]
Answer 3
(a) Test of Knowledge
Inter-School Quiz Competition
On 23rd May 2017
10 am
At St. Peter's School Auditorium
A team of three students from each school is invited to participate in a Quiz
Competition at the above mentioned date, time and venue. Interested schools
may please give their names to Mrs. Ratna Sawant [5]
(b) headmasterstj@gmail.com
Inter-School Quiz Competition
Sir
St. Peter's school would like to conduct an Inter-School Quiz Competition at
its school auditorium on 23rd May at 10am. We would request you to send a
team of three students to participate in the same. Kindly mail a confirmation
of this to the principal of our school.
Thanking you
Yours truly,
Rajshekar [5]
Answer
(a) (i) wonderful [1]
(ii) saw [1]
(iii) spontaneously [1]
241
(b) (i) When Billy wanted to know about a good cheap hotel, the porter helped
him out by giving the name of The Bell Hotel which was located down
the road.
(ii) The people at the Head office of the company where Billy worked were
fantastically brisk. He wanted this quality to rub off on him too.
Therefore, Billy too wanted to do everything briskly.
(iii) It was more of Billy's upbeat mood that made him feel that animals
were a good sign in a place like a hotel.
(iv) The sentence which says Billy found himself automatically moving
forward into the house shows something strange happened to him.
As soon as he had rung the bell the door was swung open and he was
welcomed by a nice smiling woman.
(v) The room cost five dollars a night including breakfast.
(c) As Billy looked through the window, he saw a bright fire burning in the
hearth, a little dog on the carpet cozily asleep with its nose tucked into its
belly. There was a half-dark room with a piano, a big sofa, plump armchairs
and a large parrot in a cage.
Answer 5
(a) (1) Lived [½]
(2) Named [½]
(3) Saw [½]
(4) Consumed [½]
(5) Laboured [½]
(6) Plowing [½]
(7) Turning [½]
(8) Tending [½]
(b) 1. Under [½]

2. About [½]
3. Into [½]
4. across [½]
5. off [½]
6. to [½]
7. for [½]
8. with [½]
(c) (i) Though he was very ill, he did not take any medicine. [1]
(ii) After you come back from your holiday, we will discuss your problem.[1]
(iii) It was foolish of him to remain absent on Friday. [1]
(iv) Although Rahul ran all the way to the bus-stop, he missed the bus. [1]
(d) (i) The old woman asked if he could help her cross the street. [1]
(ii) No sooner did the sun rise over the hills than the fog disappeared. [1]
(iii) It rained too heavily for them to go for the picnic. [1]
(iv) Unless your friends get here before 7 o clock, we cannot take them
out for dinner. [1]
(v) The students of classes XI and XII elected the school captain. [1]
(vi) Greenland is larger than any other island in the world. [1]
(vii) It was indeed cruel of Shylock to demand his pound of flesh. [1]
(viii) Arun's mother asked him for an explanation about the missing
button on his shirt. [1]

242
ENGLISH PAPER -II
BOARD PAPER
SPECIMEN PAPER ANSWER 2018-19 & 2019-20
SECTION A — DRAMA
Answer 1.
(i) This scene is set in Belmont. The Prince of Morocco has come to try
his luck with the lottery of caskets. Of the three caskets of gold,
silver and lead whoever chooses the right casket with Portia's portrait
in it wins her hand in marriage. Thus the Prince of Morocco has
come with the hopes of selecting the right casket and marrying Portia.[3]
(ii) From the given extract, we come to know that the Prince of Morocco is
of dark complexion. He also says that the proximity of his country
Morocco to the equator has given him this complexion. When he says
that he and the northward born prince should make an incision in
their skins to prove whose blood is reddest, it shows the level of
confidence he has and the amount of bragging he indulges in. [3]
(iii) The Prince of Morocco says that he is ready to pluck the sucking cubs
from the she-bear while they are drinking milk. He is also ready to
challenge the lion when he roars for prey. As his aspect has feared
the valiant and even the best regarded virgins from his clime have
liked his complexion, he does not need to change his complexion. Yet
he is ready to change his complexion to win Portia. [3]
(iv) Morocco has to swear that if he chooses the wrong casket, he is not
supposed to speak to any lady by way of marriage. He should not reveal
to anyone as to which casket he chose. The third condition is that he
has to leave Belmont without further delay. [3]
(v) When Portia speaks about the 'the lottery of my destiny' she is talking
about the imposition of her father about the lottery of caskets. She
cannot choose a husband for herself and she has to marry the suitor
who chooses the casket with her portrait in it. Portia is unhappy about
this lottery. She feels it is unfair to be debarred from choosing a
husband for herself. She laments she cannot choose whom she likes
because that person has to select the right casket if she wants to
marry him. She cannot refuse whom she dislikes because if that person
chooses the right casket then she has to marry him if she has to
perform her father's wish as a loyal daughter. [4]
Answer 2
(i) Portia means to say that since Shylock craved for the law he will have
nothing but Antonio's pound of flesh lawfully. She says that he has to
take it at his own risk. He is not supposed to shed a drop of Christian
blood while cutting the forfeiture nor cut more or less than a pound of
flesh. [3]
(ii) Shylock responds with a lot of frustration. He says that let the devil
take away Antonio and he will not have anything to do with him
(Antonio). [3]
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 MT EDUCARE LTD. X - ICSE (English paper II)
(iii) Portia says that if an alien by direct or by indirect means tries to seek
the life of a citizen, then the person against whom he contrived will
get half his goods. The other half will go to the privy of the state and
the mercy for the offender will be at the authority of the Duke only.
Shylock has exactly committed the crimes that have been mentioned
and therefore he has to bend and beg mercy and life from the Duke. [3]
(iv) Half of Shylock's wealth has to be given to Antonio as the former had
plotted to take the life of the latter. After the Duke asks Antonio as to
what he has to say, Antonio proposes to give all the share of his goods
upon Shylock's death to Lorenzo and Jessica. [3]
(v) Portia is in the disguise of a doctor of laws. A lot of positive facets of

Portia's character are revealed. She as a dutiful wife shows a perfect
understanding of the amity between her husband Bassanio and his
closest friend Antonio. The way she traps Shylock in his own words
displays her shrewd approach and immense intelligence. [4]
Answer 3
(i) This scene is set in the court of Venice. These words are addressed
to Bassanio by Antonio. Shylock is insistent on taking Antonio's pound
of flesh. Portia after unsuccessfully trying to convince Shylock declares
that the bond is forfeit and Antonio must lay bare his bosom for Shylock
to cut the forfeiture. Portia then asks Antonio if he has anything to
say. Antonio then replies with 'But little'. [3]
(ii) Antonio tells Bassanio not to feel sad and blame himself for being the
cause of Antonio's end. He feels that fortune has been kind to him as
normally fortune after making a man bankrupt does not give him
instant death. He has to suffer his torture of poverty right through old
age. Here Antonio feels that fortune has been kind as it is blessing
him with instant death and spares him the suffering of poverty. [3]
(iii) Antonio instructs Bassanio to talk about him to his(Bassanio's)

honourable wife Portia. Bassanio should also tell Portia how Antonio
loved him. He requests Bassanio to talk fair about him after death
and let her be the judge whether Bassanio had a true lover in Antonio. [3]
(iv) Bassanio replies that he has a wife whom he loves more than his own
life and the world. He says that he is ready to sacrifice himself, his
wife and the whole world to save Antonio from the cruel Shylock as
Antonio's life carries more value than anything else in the world for
him. [3]
(v) Antonio concludes his speech on an intended pun and dry humour.
He asks Bassanio only to repent that he has lost a friend and
he(Antonio) will not repent his death because if Shylock does cut
deep enough he will be instantly paying with his heart. Here he has
used a pun by conveying heart in two different meanings. One is the
physical part of his body as Shylock is going to cut close to his heart
and the other is with all his feelings. This shows that Antonio apart
from his melancholic nature also indulges in dry humour. He has
accepted death and life as the two sides of the same coin. [4]
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X - ICSE (English paper II)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
The Mousetrap: Agatha Christie

Answer 4
(i) The conversation between Mollie and Giles takes place at the great
Hall at Monkswell Manor, late in the afternoon.
The weather outside is freezing cold. Due to the extreme cold the
roads are covered with snow. The heavy snowing is expected to
continue. It was almost dark though it was only late afternoon. [3]
(ii) Mollie and Giles were venturing into a business of their own for the
first time. They wanted to run a guest house and had taken great
pains to make is as comfortable as possible to create a good impression
on their guests.
It was important for them to create a favourable impression so that
their business ran successfully. [3]
(iii) Mrs. Barlow was the maid who helped Mollie with the running of the
guest horse. She was a good local woman from the nearby village,
who came daily to help Mollie.
Mrs. Barlow left early that day as she was afraid of the weather and
the heavy snow which could cause inconvenience in transport. [3]
(iv) Mrs. Boyle was actually the magistrate responsible for sending the
three children to the bad foster home. She had taken this call as
she assumed that the foster parents were decent enough to take
care of the three children. [3]
(v) Mrs. Boyle was the magistrate who had instructed the three children
to stay in the foster house. But the foster home was too harsh. The
children were treated very badly. In lost, the younger brother was
ill-treated to such an extent that he fact has life. This shocking
incident made the elder brother avenge for the death of Mrs Boyle as
he holds her responsible for his brother’s death. Hence Georgie
killed Mrs. Boyle in the disguise of Sergeant Trolter. [4]
Answer 5
(i) Mrs. Boyle, one of the guests of Monkswell Manor, is of a complaining
sort. She first complains that the taxi would not come up the drive
but stopped at the gate as the snow was not cleared. She then
complains that there was no one from the guest house waiting to
receive her at the station and she had great difficulty in hiring a
taxi. She then complains that Mrs. Ralston is too young and
inexperienced to run the guest house. [3]
(ii) Mrs. Boyle does not appreciate the idea given by Giles to leave the
place if it was not appropriate enough for her. She insists on staying
in Monkswell Manor to find out more about the place. [3]
(iii) Mrs. Boyle is an imposing woman who is always dissatisfied with

everything. She is habituated to finding faults. Even though Giles
suggests that she could stay elsewhere if she did not like the place.
she does not wish to comply with it. This shows us that she was
quite insensitive to her hosts' feelings while complaining. She did
246
not think twice to hurt them. She was also thick-skinned and did
not wish to leave the guest house even though she was given an
option. [3]
(iv) Mrs. Boyle was actually the magistrate responsible for sending the
three children to the bad foster home. She had taken this call as
she assumed that the foster parents were decent enough to take
care of the three children. [3]
(v) Mrs. Boyle was the magistrate who had instructed the three children
to stay in the foster house. But the foster home, was too harsh. The
children were treated very badly. In fact, the younger brother was
ill treated to such an extent that he lost his life. This shocking
incident made the elder brothers avenge for the death of Mrs Boyle
as he holds her responsible for his brother's death. Hence Georgie
kills Mrs. Boyle in the disguise of sergeant Trotter. [4]
Answer 6
(i) Mollie gets agitated and starts screaming. Trotter asks her not to
scream or he will shoot her. Then Trotter tells Mollie how he decided
to take revenge for Jimmy's death when he grew up. He has already
killed two persons responsible for his brother's death and he is now
going to kill her because she too is equally responsible. [3]
(ii) Trotter tells Mollie that the children's father was an Army sergeant
serving abroad. If he had been alive, he would have been discharged
from the army by now. [3]
(iii) Mollie's surmise is that after being a prisoner with the Japanese and
having suffered there terribly, the children's father must have come
and learnt about the fate of his children. He would have lost temper
and decided to take revenge. [3]
(iv) Major Metcalf is the major suspect as he becomes frightfully upset

on learning that the police was coming. [3]
(v) Mollie starts playing the tune of the 'Three Blind Mice'. It is here
that the mystery is solved. When the tune is heard being played on
the piano, Trotter calls Mrs Ralston (Mollie). When Mollie enters the
room, Trotter accuses her of hiding the fact that she had first-hand
knowledge of the Longridge Farm affair. He accuses Mollie of being
callous towards the children. He takes a revolver out of his pocket
and discloses that he is not a policeman. He is Georgie, the brother
of Jimmy who died at the farm. Then he tells her how he made a
fake call to her and how he cut the telephone wires before he came
to the front door. Mollie listens to him and gets agitated. Trotter
asks her not to scream or he would shoot her. Then Trotter tells
Mollie how he decided to take revenge for Jimmy's death when he
grew up. He has already killed two persons responsible for his brother's
death and he is now going to kill her because she too is equally
responsible. He drops the revolver down and leans over her with his
left hand on her mouth and his right hand on her neck. [4]
247
SECTION B - POETRY
Answer 7
(i) The old man is Old Kaspar. His grandson Peterkin has found something
round and circular in shape while playing near the stream and he comes
to ask his grandfather what that large, round and smooth object is. Old
Kaspar sighs as he is a little sad and disappointed because what his
grandson has found is a skull. Old Kaspar further tells Peterkin with a
sigh that the round and smooth object is the skull of a man who had
fought in the Battle of Blenheim. [3]
(ii) Old Kaspar's grandson Peterkin had found something round and circular
in shape while he was playing near the stream. He came to ask his
grandfather what that large, round and smooth object was. Old Kaspar
told Peterkin that the round and smooth object was the skull of a man
who had fought in the Blenheim war. This aroused the curiosity of both
Peterkin and his sister Wilhelmine and this prompted the old man to
give an account of the battle of Blenheim. [3]
(iii) Old Kaspar's family suffered great losses in the Battle of Blenheim. Kaspar
narrates how his father used to live near a stream too, but when the
warstarted his house was burnt down to the ground. Kaspar's father had
no option but to flee the land he stayed in with his wife and child. The
disastrous war had such a lasting impact that his father could not find
shelter thereafter. [3]
(iv) The battle of Blenheim was fought between England and Austria on one
side and France on the other. The English army won the battle. Kaspar
feels that many brave men had laid down their lives and the common
people had to face a lot of hardships. He gives these sacrifices as the
reasons for the so-called great victory. [3]
(v) The refrain in this poem is the oft-repeated line by Old Kaspar 'It was a
great victory'. This refrain puzzles the reader to a very great extent.
Kaspar talks about his own father fleeing his home with his family and
about pregnant ladies and children losing their lives. Yet he tells that it
was a great victory. The poet Robert Southey takes a satirical route and
explains the horrors of the 'great battle.' Through the characters of the
children Peterkin and Wilhelmine the poet in a non-didactic but subtle
and strong manner conveys the futility of war. The poet thus shows that
war brings only pointless destruction and senseless massacres of the
innocent like old men, pregnant ladies and children. The poet feels wars
at any cost must be strictly avoided. [4]
Answer 8
(i) The poet seems to have realised the evil impact of excessive television
viewing. He says that the most important thing that he has learned in
his life is that children should be prohibited to watch the television. The
poet further suggests that it would be best to not install a television set
at all. [3]
(ii) Whenever the poet has visited a house , he has seen the children watching
television. They are so engrossed in this futile activity that they sit lazily
248
at one place for long hours. They keep staring at the screen watching
useless programmes. They are completely engulfed by the idiotic box.
The poet says that one day when he went to someone's place, the children
were engrossed in watching Television over a prolonged period of time.
They were gaping so long that their eyes almost popped out of their
sockets giving him the feeling that a dozen eyeballs were on the floor. [3]
(iii) The poet has vividly pointed out how the children are adversely affected
due to continuously being glued to the idiot box. It kills their imaginative
and creative skills. It dulls their senses and they are unable to experience
world's fantasies. The children only see television. So their ability to
think is completely destroyed. [3]
(iv) The poet recommends and even begs the parents to throw away their TV
sets. He further advises them to replace it with a lovely bookshelf with
lots of books. Initially they may reject the idea of reading. But once they
start reading the books, it would fill their hearts with joy. They will
wonder what they had found in that repulsive and nauseating television. [3]
(v) The poet advises and even begs the parents to throw away their TV set.
He further advises them to replace it with a lovely bookshelf with lots of
books. He says that initially the children will reject the change. They
will give dirty looks, screams and yell, bite and kick and hit their parents
with sticks.The poet then assures them that this is a temporary phase
which will subside within a fortnight and once they start reading the
books it would fill their hearts with joy. The poem is light -hearted with a
strong message for parents. The poet has strongly conveyed that excessive
watching of TV is harmful for children. It is an eye-opener to the parents
whose children are continuously glued to the idiot box- the television.
The poet vividly brings out the disadvantages of watching TV. He reminds
them that before the TV was invented, children used to read a lot. The
poet reassures the parents that gradually their children will enjoy reading
and thus love their parents for introducing them to the fantastic new
world of interesting books. [4]
Answer 9
(i) The weather was extremely cold when they found themselves together.
Each of them had a stick of wood held in their hand to feed the dying
fire. However none of them gave their stick to keep the fire burning due
to their personal prejudices against one another. [3]
(ii) The third man is a poor man wearing tattered clothes. He sees a rich
man sitting among the group of six people. Being filled with envy and
jealousy, he decides to let the rich man die out of cold. He thinks that
the rich just survive on the poor man's labour and therefore has a feeling
of hatred towards the rich. Having this feeling of jealousy and spite, he
holds his stick back and leaves the rich to experience the severe cold. [3]
(iii) The black man saw in his piece of wood the greatest opportunity to spite
the white. He had faced years of discrimination, prejudice, hatred and
atrocity from the whites. He saw this as the biggest chance to take
revenge. Moreover even in such a hopeless situation a white lady who
249
was one among the six, had not sacrificed her log of wood as she had
seen the black. This behavior of the white lady justifies the feelings that
the black showed. [3]
(iv) The sixth man in the group was the opportunist. He had a very selfish
nature. He could only see his own profit in every little thing he would do.
The only reason that stopped him from giving away his wood was because
he did not see any of the other people giving their wood. He feels that if
the others had done so, he too would have put in his log of wood. since
the others did not contribute in keeping the fire burning, This shows a
very selfish, immature and opportunistic attitude of stashing things for
his own self. [3]
(v) Yes, the title 'The Cold Within' is quite apt The cold within means the
lack of warmth within that is caused due to selfishness, arrogance and
greed. The vices of hatred, revenge, spite, racial prejudices did not make
them give up their sticks. Since they did not part with the sticks that
were necessary for their survival, the fire died out. As they did not have
anything to protect them from the cold, they died out of the bitter cold
outside. Although the cold outside got the better of the six people and
killed them, it was the feeling of hatred, anger, jealousy, revenge, spite,
arrogance and selfishness within that actually killed the six humans.In
fact, sadly, none of them had any love or compassion for the other persons
in their group. [4]
SECTION C - PROSE
Answer 10
(i) The 'she' mentioned here is Margot. Margot is a former inhabitant of
Earth. She has grown into a depressed character because of the ab-
sence of the sun on planet Venus. She does not mix with the children
in their normal fun-loving activities because of this depression. She is a
meek and timid girl. She is not able to fight the other children when
they taunt her or even forcibly lock her in the closet. She looks like an
old photograph from a dusted album that has whitened or faded. [3]
(ii) The story is set in the planet of Venus. The first difference one notices
between Venus and earth is the climate. Venus unlike earth rarely
gets the rays of the sun. Instead it gets rainfall continuously for years
together. The second difference can be seen in the disposition of the
people. Due to the absence of the sun the people from Venus as de-
picted by the children in the chapter seem to be totally devoid of any
empathy or compassion in strong contrast to the people from earth. [3]
(iii) Margot had been an inhabitant of the Earth before migrating to Venus.
Unlike the other children she could recall the sun's appearance clearly.
She compares the sun to a flower. She also felt that it bloomed just for
an hour. This tells us that she remembers the sun's appearance and
she is clearly missing it in Venus. [3]
(iv) Margot was a loner and unable to connect with the other children
emotionally. She also refrained from singing and playing with them.
Due to this behavior her parents were ready to return to earth in spite
250
of the heavy travelling expenses. The children were possibly envious of

this fact and thus showed their indifference towards her when William
gave a shove. [3]
(v) Margot had been an inhabitant of the Earth before migrating to Venus.
Unlike the other children she could recall the sun's appearance clearly
comparing it to a bloomed flower. Her painful yearning for the sun and
her rich memory about it had made her dull, lonely and sad. Being a
loner, she was unable to connect with the other children emotionally.
She also refrained from singing songs of happiness and playing games
with them. Even a month before, she had refused to bathe aggressively
in a state of hysteria and panic. The only time she would join them in
singing was when they sang songs about the sun. Due to this
unconventional behavior, the other children used to treat her badly.
The children were possibly envious that she was returning to earth.
The absence of sun on their planet had made them totally devoid of
human emotions like compassion, understanding and empathy. [4]
Answer 11
(i) Muni had reared his goats hoping that he could sell them at a good price
someday, and he would utilize the money to open a small shop in that
very area. Sitting here, watching towards the hills he had often dreamt
how he would put up a thatched roof here, spread a gunny sack out on
the ground and display on it fried nuts, coloured sweets, and green coco-
nut for the thirsty and famished wayfarers on the highway, which was
sometimes very busy. [3]
(ii) The foreigner was dressed in Khaki. The Khaki dress made Muni think
that the foreigner was either a soldier or a policeman. When his eyes fell
on Muni, he thought that the former had come to investigate into the
murder that was committed in the adjoining village Kuppam. Muni planned
to run away but decided against it as he thought that the foreigner may
shoot him down. He felt that dogs chase only those who run. [3]
(iii) In the adjoining village Kuppam a badly mutilated body was found. There
was a lot of gossip and speculation about the murder. Muni felt that the
foreigner had come to investigate into the murder. [3]
(iv) The visitor was actually interested in knowing the details about the horse.
He was so fascinated that he was even ready to buy it for a good price. He
offered Muni a cigarette soon after they met.Muni was surprised at this
offer as no one had offered him a cigarette for years together. Only once
did the shop man offer a cigarette as a loan,. [3]
(v) The part towards the end of the story where the foreigner offers one
hundred rupees to Muni for the horse statue and Muni thinks that he is
being paid for the goats is the most amusing. The reason I find it amusing
is because both the characters are speaking in a language that is totally
alien to each other. Yet the misunderstanding that takes place between
the two turns out to be one of mutual benefit and absolute happiness.
Muni gets the money to realize his ambition and the foreigner gets to buy
the horse statue. The statement made by the foreigner 'We can do
anything if we have a basis of understanding' is the most ironical and
hilarious. [4]
251
Answer 12
(i) The narrator has the job of looking beyond the Ebro river and exploring
the bridgehead as to how far the enemy has advanced. He has to ensure
that all the people board the trucks to Barcelona. But he notices an old
man sitting by the bridge and not moving towards the trucks. The old
man has a sad tale to tell the narrator. He is forced to leave his town
San Carlos because of an expected artillery attack. The old man also
informs the narrator about the animals he is taking care of---- a cat, two
goats and four pairs of pigeons. He is most worried about the safety of the
goats. Looking at the old man's physical plight and mental disturbance,
the narrator takes time to give him a patient hearing and strong
assurance. . He is feeling sorry and empathetic towards the old man.
Therefore the narrator takes a long time to converse with him. [3]
(ii) In the first paragraph, Hemingway declares that the old man "was too
tired to go any further." The man does get up and try to move later. The
discussion with the narrator tends to suggest the old man could really go
no further and would simply perish on the spot. He is seventy-six years
old and seems dazed and confused, going on about how he had been
taking care of the animals when he was told to leave because of incom-
ing artillery. He laments leaving them to die, although he suggests the
cat may be able to take care of himself. The narrator tries to reassure
him, and he finally gets him to stand up, but the old man sways from
side to side and then sits down backwards in the dust." Moreover, the old
man continues talking to no one in particular, leading the reader to
believe he has lost touch with reality. Not able to stay, the narrator
leaves the old man, commenting, "the fact that cats know how to look
after themselves was all the good luck that old man would ever have."
Some of these statements from the story make one believe that old man
is about to give up on life. Though the end does not reveal as to what
happens to him, one presumes that he would eventually die. [3]
(iii) Ernest Hemingway through the story 'Old Man at the Bridge' has clearly
brought out the ill-effects of a war through an absolutely regular and
ordinary character-----The Old man. It talks about depression, despair
and the inevitability of death in a state of war. The story brings out the
sad plight of civilians during a war. Evacuating their homes and leaving
behind their prized possessions and pets is not an easy task for the
people concerned as they are emotionally attached to their home town.
The main protagonist, the old man, is a fatalist and has surrendered
himself to the ill-effects of war. On being asked about his political lean-
ings, the old man says that he has none. The soldier asks the old man to
catch a ride on the truck so that he can safely proceed to Barcelona. The
old man however, because of his age, is unable to proceed. The soldier
fears that the old man will meet his end as the Fascists will be crossing
the bridge over the Ebro. The day being overcast makes the narrator feel
that the old man might survive for the time being. However death seems
imminent for the old man sooner or later.
The narrator is worried about the old man's safety who in turn is con-
cerned about his pigeons and goats. He is confident that the cat could
take care of itself. Thus both are in a state of depression brought out by a
situation for which they are just not responsible. The narrator feels sad
for the old man's predicament and gives a very telling statement, "There
was nothing to do about him."
252
The portrayal is quite realistic and though written about almost 80 years
ago, it will possibly hold true as long as mankind exists. Even today when
we see the pictures of the Syrian conflict situations in the newspapers,
we always witness ordinary civilians fleeing places with their children
in arms. We always wonder what these children have done that they are
paying such a heavy price. It is indeed a big irony that man in spite of
being the most intelligent of species does not have the common sense to
lead a peaceful coexistence. [4]

253
SECTION A — DRAMA
or
The Mousetrap
Answer 1.
(i) Antonio's mood was quite melancholic at the start of the scene. However,
he did not know the cause of his sadness. Neither did he know where it
has originated or how he came across it. Salarino says that Antonio's
mind was tossing on the ocean where his ships were moving like important
citizens like signiors and burghers. Salarino after giving a lot of metaphorical
references said Antonio was sad to think upon his merchandise. When
Antonio denied this Salarino asked whether he was in love. This reason
too was negated by Antonio. These were two of the reasons that Antonio's
friends gave for his apparent sadness. [3]
(ii) Antonio asks Bassanio to spell out what he wants. If Bassanio's requirement
stands within the eye of honour, then his purse, person and his extremest
means all lie unlocked to his occasions or needs. [3]
(iii) Bassanio talked about a richly left lady whose name was Portia. She was
beautiful and more beautiful than the word 'beautiful'. She was no way
inferior to Brutus' Portia in beauties and virtues. Suitors from across the
wide world too knowing her worth were coming to seek her hand in
marriage. He compared Portia's golden hair to the Golden Fleece with the
suitors as the Jasons. Sometimes from her eyes too, Bassanio got fair
speechless messages of love. [3]
(iv) Antonio was unable to lend his friend with money as all his finances were
put in ships. But he asked Bassanio to take loan from anyone in Venice
that can be extended to the maximum. Antonio would then play as a
guarantor. This was the assurance of help given by Antonio to Bassanio. [3]
(v) This extract showed the deep bonding that Bassanio had with Antonio.
Bassanio thought of sharing his plans and strategies only with Antonio.
This was because of the love and money showered by Antonio. Antonio too
in spite of not having finances willingly agreed to help out Bassanio by
playing the guarantor. Their friendship was later tested in the play when
they went to borrow three thousand ducats from Shylock. Antonio as the
guarantor agreed to sign the barbaric bond churned out by Shylock without
a second thought. He was thus risking his life for Bassanio. The fact that
Bassanio on the very day of his wedding left from Belmont to Venice to
save Antonio showed the mutual concern and love they had for each
other. [4]
254
Answer 2
(i) Bassanio found the gentle scroll in the lead casket. This casket had
Portia's portrait within. Thus Bassanio had won Portia's hand in mar
riage. [3]
(ii) Bassanio was feeling giddy in spirit and gazing in a doubt as the feeling
of this great an achievement was yet to sink in. Before he chose the
casket, his financial position was in disarray and he did not have any
power. But after choosing the casket, the entire wealth of Portia and
the powers that she had were immediately transferred to Bassanio.
Thus the sudden upsurge in his financial position and social status
was proving a bit too difficult to handle. Therefore, he was feeling giddy
in spirit and gazing in a doubt. [3]
(iii) The ring given by Portia symbolized the existence of love between her
and Bassanio. She asked Bassanio not to part from, lose or give it away.
In the event of the ring being lost, it predicted the ruin of their love. [3]
(iv) Bassanio told that he is totally bereft of all words. He assured Portia
that he would not part, give or sell the ring. If at all the ring parts from
Bassanio's finger, she should be bold enough to say that Bassanio is
dead. [3]
(v) After hearing Antonio's letter, Portia asked Bassanio to dispatch all
business and rush to Belmont to save Antonio. This behavior brings to
the fore Portia's quick, selfless and astute thinking. The very fact that
she asked Bassanio to rush to Belmont on the day of their marriage
showed that she had owned up her husband's problems. The immediate
solution she found to Antonio's problem showed her great presence of
mind and that she was a lady of action who made things happen rather
than waiting for things to happen. [4]
Answer 3
(i) This scene is set in a court of Venice. Portia has come there to save her
husband Bassanio's bosom friend Antonio from the clutches of Shylock.
Bassanio had borrowed a loan of three thousand ducats from Shylock
with Antonio as the guarantor. Antonio was not able to return the money
within the stipulated time of three months thus risking the forfeit of a
pound of flesh as per a bond signed with Shylock. Portia after consulting
her cousin Dr.Bellario has come to Venice to handle this peculiar case
and save Antonio. [3]
(ii) Bellario was sick in the instant that the messenger came with the
Duke's letter. But in loving visitation a young doctor from Rome, Balthazar
had come to meet Bellario. After turning over a lot of books on law,
Bellario felt Balthazar with his intelligence and understanding of the
law was the best person to handle this rarest of rare cases and be in his
stead. [3]
255
(iii) Bellario and Balthazar had turned over a lot of books on law to handle
the peculiar legal dispute between Shylock and Antonio. Bellario fur-
nished Balthazar with his opinion. Balthazar had developed his own
expertise in this case. In this manner. Bellario readied Balthazar in
handling the case. [3]
(iv) Due to the inability of Antonio returning the three thousand ducats,
Shylock was baying for Antonio's pound of flesh as per the bond of forfei-
ture. The Duke along with the noblemen and magnificoes had urged
Shylock not to insist on the forfeiture of the bond. The Duke was keen
to save Antonio, a respected merchant of Venice who was facing a lot of
financial reversals. But Shylock due to his vindictive nature insisted on
having the pound of flesh. In the event of his wish being denied, he said
that the integrity and law of Venice will be questioned and the freedom
and charter of Venice too would be in danger. Thus, the Duke was faced
with the dilemma of either saving Antonio or allowing the law to take its
course which meant certain death for him. The Duke was finding it
difficult to resolve the difference or dispute between Shylock and Anto
nio. [3]
(v) Portia initially tries to convince Shylock to show mercy on Antonio by

giving a brief oration on its quality. She even says that thrice the
value of the bond is being offered to him. But Shylock is adamant on
having the pound of flesh. Portia then pretends to give in to Shylock's
obdurate behaviour. But she turns the tables by telling Shylock to go
as per the wordings which means only a pound of flesh. If a single
drop of Christian blood is spilled, or the scales turn in the estimation
of a hair, Shylock will have to die and his wealth will be confiscated
unto the state of Venice. In this manner, she corners Shylock and
stops him of his will. This reveals Portia's quick wit and intelligence.
She changes from a gentle soul to a ruthless professional by trapping
Shylock in his own words and shows a perfect understanding about
the intricacies of the law. From this we come to understand that she
is a quick learner. She also comes across as a loyal wife of Bassanio
by saving his friend Antonio. [4]
The Mousetrap: Agatha Christie

Answer 4
(i) Giles did not want the bus ticket to be noticed by anyone. So he failed
to hear what Trotter had said earlier. He was dazed to know the fact
that the murderer would arrive at the guest house or possibly has
arrived already, to kill the second accused. [3]
(ii) Trotter was following the phone wire to see if it was cut. He was at-
tempting to kill Mrs. Boyle. He was actually Georgie, one of the three
children involved in Longridge farm case, in the disguise of Trotter. [3]
256
(iii) Mrs. Boyle closed the window as the weather was quite chilly and a
cool wind was blowing in. The radio said that to understand the 'me-
chanics of fear', one has to study its exact effect produced on the hu-
man mind. It then supposes a situation about a person being alone in a
room late afternoon when a door opens softly behind. At this point in
reality, the door opens with the tune of 'Three Blind Mice' being played. [3]
(iv) The murderer increased the volume of the radio to mask the sounds of
killing. Mrs. Mollie Ralston entered the room immediately after the
murder. She turned on the lights and saw Mrs. Boyle dead on the
floor. [3]
(v) The victim was Mrs. Boyle. She was murdered as she was connected to
the Longridge Farm case. She was the magistrate who was in charge of
sending the three children to the farmer's house. Trotter was in real-
ity, Georgie, one of the three children who was seeking revenge from
the accused. The murderer whistled the signature tune of 'Three blind
mice'. The tune is significant as it is being played by the murderer
whenever he is killing someone. Also there were three people accused
of the children's sufferings. Mrs. Boyle turned out to be the second
mouse. [4]
Answer 5
(i) Mrs Boyle makes many remarks as they reach the Monkswell Manor.
The three complaints she makes are: firstly, the drive was full of snow,
which according to her should have been cleared secondly, Mollie was
very young, hence inexperienced to run an inn like that. Thirdly, the
Manor was very old which made Monkswell Manor her hope that it
had it got a heater. [3]
(ii) When Mrs Boyle has many complaints and wishes that she had not
gone to the Monkswell Manor, Giles tells her that she is welcome to
leave. In response to this she says that she would not leave before she
has tried what the place was like and that Giles need not think of
turning her out. [3]
(iii) Mrs. Boyle had many complaints when she entered Monkswell Manor.
She refused to leave when told by Giles. This shows that she was a
woman with a bad temper, stern and unpleasant in her demeanour.
She is a big snob, a dominating and irritating type of woman. [3]
(iv) Mrs Boyle was really (actually) one of the magistrates on the Bench at
the time of the Longridge Farm case. She was responsible for sending
the three children to Longridge Farm. [3]
(v) In the end Mrs Boyle is strangled to death by Georgia disguised as

Sergeant Trotter. Mrs Boyle was killed by Georgie because she was the
one of the magistrates on the beach responsible for sending the three
children to Longridge Farm due to her ill - judgment of the foster parents. [4]
257
Answer 6.
(i) When Trotter says that the telephone wire that links him with the
police headquarters has been cut, Mollies response is that he doesn't
even know that, she says the telephone connective might have been
down due to the snow. In response to this, Giles says that the line was
deliberately cut, just outside the front door and that he found the blade. [3]
(ii) Trotter says that the children's father was an Army sergeant staying
abroad and that if he was alive he might have been discharged from the
Army. [3]
(iii) Mollie’s surmise is that the children's father might have come home
after being a prisoner with the Japanese and having suffered terribly
he might have found his wife dead and children facing terrible experi-
ence, with one of them dead. He might have gone off his head
wanting revenge. [3]
(iv) Mollie surmise is that the murderer might be the children's father. The
murderer might be middle-aged and old. Major Metacalf fits the de
scription of the children father. Hence, he is a possible suspect. [3]
(v) In the end the mystery is solved when Trotter reveals that he was one
of the three children abused at the farm. He was about to kill Mollie
who was held responsible for not responding to the letter that asked for
help but was stopped by Miss Casewell who later reveals that she was
Kathy, his sister Georgie. [4]
SECTION B - POETRY
Answer one or More questions from this Section.
A Collecfion of Poems
Answer 7.
(i) Peterkin and Wilhelmine are the grandchildren of Old Kaspar. Old Kaspar
had finished his work for the day and basking in the evening
sun near his cottage door. [3]
(ii) Peterkin found a skull near a rivulet flowing close to the cottage. The
skull was large, smooth and round in shape. [3]
(iii) 'Each other' refers to the English with the support of Austria on one side
and the French on the other. The reason as to what they fought each
other for is ironically not known to Old Kaspar. Yet he terms it as a
great victory for the English. The poet has in a subtle yet powerful
manner brought out the fact that the common man is not directly in-
volved in a war in his country. Yet he is the person who has to bear the
maximum brunt of it. [3]
(iv) These words are addressed to Old Kaspar. His house was burnt down
and his father had to flee the place with his family they inhabited. They
were left with no place to take shelter in. [3]
258
(v) The consequences associated with great and famous victories are quite
depressing and devastating. Even the victorious side has to bear a lot of
casualties which includes soldiers and innocent civilians. Infants and
childing mothers too become targets to this mindless and futile phe
nomenon known as war. [3]
Answer 8.
(i) The speaker is the patriot who is narrating in the first person. He is
being taken to the gallows at the Shambles' Gate. He is being taken
there for execution as he has committed an unpardonable act as per
the people's judgment. The unpardonable act is however not mentioned. [3]
(ii) A year ago the patriot was given a grand welcome. Myrtles mixed with
roses were strewn down in his path. People had assembled on rooftops
to catch a glimpse of their hero. The houses seemed to heave and sway
under the impact of the people who had gathered on the rooftops. The
church spires too seemed to be on fire symbolizing the glory. The old
walls of the city seemed to be rocking with the crowd and cries. [3]
(iii) The patriot thinks people had gathered at the scaffold's foot of the
Shambles' gate as they were eager to see him getting executed. He
thinks so because the houses and rooftops seem to be totally devoid of
people except for the palsied few. Majority of the people are at the
Shambles' gate to witness his execution. Ironically the same people
had given him a grand welcome the previous year with myrtles and
roses mixed in the path. But now there has been a complete turnabout
with people baying for his blood. [3]
(iv) The physical condition of the speaker is quite pathetic. He is now being
taken in the rain. His wrists have been tied so tightly that the ropes
are cutting through his skin. People are flinging stones at him and
though he cannot touch his forehead with his hands, he can feel that it
is bleeding. [3]
(v) The central message of the poem is that the public or people in general
are always fickle-minded. They will excessively praise a person to such
an extent that they will be ready to do the impossible for him. But the
very same people will want to execute him later if they find something
unacceptable. The poem ends on a note of hope. The speaker says that
in the afterlife, God may ask him after being paid by the people, how he
is going to pay God. He would now say that it is God who will pay him.
Being in His kingdom, he need not fear anything as it is He who will
judge and not the fickle-minded people. [4]
Answer 9.
(i) The young men had come from all over the world. The Para-Olympics
event had brought all of them together. They had prepared themselves
after working quite hard and were keen to take gold, silver or a bronze
medal home. [3]
259
(ii) The last event of the day was the hundred meter race. Nine athletes
were taking part in the race. All of them had poised themselves to take
a start to run. They were waiting for the exploding of the pistol which
signaled the start of the race and the final test of all the efforts that
each one of them had put in the past few years. [3]
(iii) As soon as the athletes set off at the firing of the pistol, the youngest
stumbled and staggered to the ground. All his hard work had become
futile. His hopes of winning a medal were dashed to the dirt. He let out
a cry of anguish in frustration. [3]
(iv) The strange turn that took place after the youngest athlete fell to the
ground was that all the other eight participants turned around, went
back to him and lifted him to his feet. After linking their arms together
all the nine reduced their sprint to a walk and crossed the finishing
line together. In the rarest of rare gestures, all the nine participants
were given the gold medals. [3]
(v) The poet has beautifully used a pun with the words 'Special Olympics'.
The tournament was named so as it was being held for the differently-
abled. But what happened at the hundred-meter race was something
unique and unprecedented. The eight athletes lifted the youngest ath-
lete after he had stumbled in the tracks. They then walked together to
the finishing line. All the nine athletes were awarded the gold medals.
The poet thus mentions that this incident only proved that the name
'Special Olympics' could not have been more perfect. The poem cel-
ebrates the human quality of compassion and empathy. All the eight
athletes who saw the young lad fall to the ground seemed to empathize
with him as only they could realize the pain one needs to endure after
years of practice and hard work get shattered within seconds. All of
them put their competitive spirit aside and brought in the all-essential
quality of peaceful co-existence, an endangered trait in a fast-develop
ing world. [4]
SECTION C - PROSE
Answer one or more questions from only ONE of the folloming books that you
Answer 10.
(i) Mr. Oliver was a teacher in a school on the outskirts of Simla. He was
an Anglo-Indian and had been teaching in the school for several years.
He was a bachelor and believed that he did not have a nervous bent of
mind.. He encountered a school boy while he was returning to his
hostel from the Simla bazar. He had taken a shortcut through the pine
forest which most of the local people avoided as they found the swaying
of the pine trees a bit eerie and gave them a feeling that the
forest was haunted by spirits. [3]
(ii) Mr. Oliver was a teacher in a school on the outskirts of Simla. The
school in which Mr. Oliver worked had been run on the lines of an
English Public school. Therefore it was proclaimed as the Eton of the
East. Most of the boys who studied there were from wealthy Indian
families. They wore blazers, caps and ties. [3]
260
(iii) Mr. Oliver approached the boy as he was sitting alone on a rock in the
pine forest. He observed that the boy had hung his head down and was
holding his face in his hands. His body shook in a jerky manner giving
an impression that he was crying. His body was shaking convulsively
with his head hung low but he was not making any sound. Mistaking
him for a boy from his school, Mr. Oliver asked him what he was doing
there at that hour as boys were not supposed to be out after dark as per
the rules of the school. [3]
(iv) A lantern is a lamp with a transparent case protecting the flame or

electric bulb, and typically having a handle by which it can be carried
or hung: The watchman was holding the lantern. Mr. Oliver had just
seen a boy devoid of eyes, nose, ears and mouth. The face was as
smooth as the head with just a school cap covering the head. Looking at
such an unusual and scary face, he scrambled towards the school build-
ing. Finding a familiar person, the watchman, in the path with a lan
tern after such a horrible experience gave him relief. [3]
(v) Mr. Oliver after looking at the featureless face of the boy scrambled
towards the school buildings. The watchman who stood in the path with
a lantern in hand asked Mr. Oliver what the matter was. He asked Mr.
Oliver if there had been an accident which made Oliver run in fear.
Oliver told the watchman that he had seen a boy with no face. The
watchman then took the lantern towards his face to confirm whether it
was similar to his face. The watchman's face too had no eyes, nose,
mouth and ears, no features at all - not even an eyebrow!. And that's
when the wind blew the lamp out.
Mr. Oliver coming across a featureless face of a boy and then stumbling
on to a watchman with a similar visage before his lantern blows out
seems to be the perfect reason to consider the story as one of horror.
Even the abrupt end leaves the reader in a shroud of mystery and
optional imagination. [4]
Answer 11.
(i) The Berlin Olympic Games of 1936 is being referred to in the above
extract.
According to the narrator Jesse Owens, nationalistic feelings were run-
ning high during the games because Adolf Hitler, the Fuhrer of Ger-
many, had put forward a rather immature theory that Germans were of
a naturally superior "master race". Since Hitler put forward the as-
sumption, the other races wanted to rubbish the theory while the Ger
mans themselves wanted to prove the Fuhrer right. [3]
(ii) Owens had been confident of winning the running broad jump event
because just a year before the event, Owens had set a world record of
jumping 26 feet, 8 ¼ inches as a sophomore.
Owing to the startling figures, and years of hard work, Owens was
expected to win the Olympic gold. [3]
261
(iii) Adolf Hitler was of the belief that the German, Aryan race and some
other European races were superior to the other races. This was a
doctored line of thinking in Nazi Germany that sought to promote ag-
gressive nationalism and belittle other races, especially the black
skinned. Jesse Owens wanted to prove Hitler wrong. There was anger
seething within him towards Hitler which was turning out to be counter-
productive. He was performing like a perfect example of every coach's
belief that an angry athlete is the one who would make mistakes. Owens
had fouled in the first of his three qualifying jumps, Owens jumped
from several inches beyond the take-off board. On the second jump,
Owens fouled even worse. A third foul, and Owens could be heading
back home. [3]
(iv) Owens' rival who approached him at this point was none other than Luz
Long, a tall German athlete. Long asked Owens to attempt the jump a
few inches before the board so that he would qualify for the finals. He
also reasoned out that it was more important that Owens qualify for
the finals than to come first in the trials. It was the finals that mat
tered the most where he had to perform the best. [3]
(v) On the day of the finals, Luz Long broke his past record. Owens had his
back against the wall, and he was pushed to his peak performance.
Owens set a new Olympic record of 26 feet 5-5/16 inches. That also
meant that Owens had beaten Long in the finals of the Olympic games,
a dream that he envisioned right from the time when he left from
America.
But Jesse considered his friendship with Luz Long as the greatest Olym-
pic prize. The advice by Long was invaluable in Owens qualifying, and
eventually winning the Olympic gold. One more fouled jump at the
qualifying stage would mean that Owens would have had to bow out of
the games without even qualifying for the finals.
Thus Luz Long's advice given to Owens right before his third qualifying
jump had its weight worth in gold resulting in the 24-carat friendship
between the two. [4]
Answer 12.
(i) The story is set on the planet Venus. The sun had not come out for the
last seven years. It had been raining during this period, thousands
upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the
other with rain, with the drum and gush of water, with the sweet
crystal of showers and the concussion of storms so heavy they were
tidal waves come over the islands. A thousand forests had been crushed
under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again.
This seemed to be the eternal life on Venus, where men and women
with their families had come to set up civilization and live out their
lives. [3]
(ii) Scientists had predicted that the sun would make an appearance on
Venus after seven long years. The children from Venus, not remember-
ing the sun as far as their memory could serve, were feeling excited to
262
see this wonderful creation of God. Margot was set apart from these
children as she had shifted with her parents five years ago. Thus she
knew the appearance, shape and the warmth of the sun unlike the
other children. [3]
(iii) The sun came out in the colour of flaming bronze and looked quite
large. The sky changed to a blazing blue tile colour. The jungle also
burned with sunlight as the children rushed out into a totally unseen
atmosphere of springtime. The children took out their jackets and let
the sun burn their arms. They felt the sun on their cheeks like a warm
iron. They stopped running and viewed the great jungle that had never
stopped growing. It was a nest of octopi, clustering up great arms of
flesh like weed, wavering, flowering in this brief spring. It was the color
of stones, white cheeses, ink and the moon. The children lay on the
jungle mattress, hearing it sigh and squeak under them resilient and
alive. They ran among the trees, slipping, falling, pushing each other
and playing hide-and-seek and tag. But for a major part of the time,
they squinted at the sun until tears ran down their faces. They breathed
the fresh air and listened to the silence which suspended them in a
sea of no sound and no motion. They savoured everything around them.
They behaved like wild animals which had escaped from their caves.
They kept continuously running in shouting circles for an hour when
one of the girls to her horror felt a large cup of raindrop on her palm.
This marked the beginning of the end of their short-lived happiness.
Margot could not witness this phenomenon as she was locked in the
closet by William. He and the other children were envious of Margot as
she was the only child who had seen the sun while living on earth.
Moreover, she never used to play or mingle with the other children.
After experiencing the delightful warmth of the sun, they now realized
Margot's withdrawn and aloof behavior was due to the absence of this
magnificent divine creation. Thus their feeling of apathy and hostility
towards Margot had now converted to one of empathy and compassion. [4]

263
HINDI
BOARD PAPER
2009 TO 2019
BOARD PAPER – 2009
A.1
i) ceveg<³e meewvo³e& Òesceer nw, ®eens Jen veejer nes DeLeJee Heg©<e~ Jen DeHeves JeÀes otmejesb JeÀer ¢efä ceW DeeJeÀe|<ele yeveeves JeÀe ³elve
JeÀjlee nw~ ³en ÒeJe=efÊe veejer ceW pevcepeele nw~ Fmeer ÒeJeÀej ceveg<³e efJeefJeOelee Òesceer Yeer nw~ Yeespeve nes DeLeJee Jem$e ³ee Iej
JeÀes meepe-meppee Jen GmeceW HeefjJele&ve ®eenlee nw~ Fmemes GmeJesÀ ceve JeÀes mHetÀe|le Deewj mevlees<e efceuelee nw~ ³ener JeÀejCe nw
efJeÀ HewÀMeve Flevee Òe®eefuele nw~ ceveg<³e JeÀer ³ener YeeJevee ceveg<³e ceW HewÀMeve efÒe³elee JeÀe JeÀejCe Yeer nw~ Deye ÒeMve ³en
G"lee nw efJeÀ HewÀMeve JeÌ³ee nw ? ³ener efJeÀ Hegjeveer JesMe-Yet<ee JeÀes l³eeieJeÀj ve³ee-mee HenveeJee~ veF& mes veF& yeeleesb JeÀes
DeHeveevee~ yeesue®eeue, G"vee-yew"vee Deeefo ceW Yeer JegÀí veJeervelee ³ee efHeÀj meeceev³e mes efYeVelee ner HewÀMeve yeve jne nw~
meceepe JesÀ mecemle ³egJee Jeie& Hej HewÀMeve JeÀe Yetle meJeej nw~
HeefM®eceer meY³elee mes ÒeYeeefJele nesJeÀj leLee efmevescee, yeepeej SJeb Deeme-Heeme JesÀ JeeleeJejCe JeÀes osKeJeÀj nj J³eeqJeÌle
HewÀMeve JesÀ Devegmeej JeÀece JeÀjvee Hemevo JeÀj jne nw~ HewÀMeve mes ueesie Fme JeÀoj ÒeYeeefJele nQ, efJeÀ DeHeves yeeueesb JeÀes ve³es-
ve³es {bie mes mebJeejves JeÀer, lejn-lejn JesÀ megieeqvOele lesue ueieeves JeÀer, ¬eÀerce, HeeG[j Je MeQcHet JesÀ Òe³eesie JeÀer yeefæ{³ee mes
yeefæ{³ee, ®eceJeÀoej Deewj yengcetu³e Jem$eesb JeÀes efJeMes<e ÒeJeÀej mes yeveeJeÀj Henveves JeÀer ³ee ³etjesHeer³e JesMeYet<ee OeejCe JeÀjves
JeÀer nesæ[ meer ueieer nw~ íe$e SJeb íe$eeDeesb JeÀes lees HewÀMeve Flevee ÒeYeeefJele JeÀj ®egJeÀe nw efJeÀ ceeB-yeeHe GveJeÀer ceeBieesb JeÀes
Hetj JeÀjles-JeÀjles LeJeÀ ®egJesÀ nQ~
ueesie HewÀMeve JeÀe mener DeLe& ve mecePeles ngS yejyeeo nesJeÀj Yeer KegMe nQ~ osKee peeS lees HewÀMeve efÒe³elee leLee Þe=bieej
efÒe³elee JeÀer DeeJeM³eJeÀlee $eÝleg, JeeleeJejCe leLee Deee|LeJeÀ ÒemeeOeveesb JesÀ meeLe yeoueleer jnleer ns~ HewÀMeve Yeer Dev³e
JemlegDeesb JesÀ meceeve SJeÀ ®e¬eÀ nw pees mece³e JesÀ meeLe peneB mes ®euelee nw Jener DeeJeÀj Hetje neslee nw~ JeÀne peelee nw efJeÀ
oeoer-³egie JeÀer JesMe-Yet<ee Heesleer-³egie ceW oesnjeF& pee jner nw~ GoenjCele: njs jece-njs Je=À<Ce mes mepes DeeJejCe, {erues
JegÀjles, uegBieer pees ueesie Deepe Òe³eesie JeÀjles nQ GveJeÀe ªHeevlej nce HetJe&peeW JesÀ Jem$eesb ceW osKeles nQ~ veejer JesMe-Yet<ee ceW
IeeIeje-®eesueer, efceveer-mJeÀì& yeveJeÀj mece³e-mece³e Hej ªHe efoKeeles nQ~ eEJeÀleg DeepeJeÀue lees HewÀMeve ceW ¬eÀeeqvle ner Dee ieF&
nw~ nj J³eeqJeÌle HewÀMeve JeÀe oerJeevee nw~ Heg©<eesb JesÀ HeÀ]wMeve peer ceW lees ¬eÀeeqvle ner Dee ieF& nw~ JeÀneB GveJesÀ JeÀHeæ[s meHesÀo ³ee
nuJesÀ jbieesb leJeÀ meerefcele Les JeÀneB jbieeW Deewj eEÒeìesb JeÀer yenej ves veeefj³eesb JeÀes Yees Hejeefpele JeÀj efo³ee nw~ JeÀYeer-JeÀYeer veejer
leLee Heg©<e ceW Devlej yeleevee cegeqMJeÀue nes peelee nw~ ®esve, ueeJesÀì, JeÀeve ceW yeeueer Yeer ueesJeÀefÒe³e nw~ Flevee ner veneR,
'neF& nerue Yeer Heg©<eesb ves DeHevee ueer nw~ Fmemes DeefOeJeÀ Deewj JeÌ³ee ÒeYeeefJele nes meJeÀlee nw ceveg<³e~
HewÀMeve mes ÒeYeeefJele nesJeÀj ceveg<³e DeHeves DeeqmlelJe JeÀes Keeslee pee jne nw~ HewÀMeve JesÀ Devegmeej ®euevee yegje veneR nw~
Hej peye HewÀMeve J³eeqJeÌle Hej neJeer nes peeS lees yejyeeoer JesÀ efmeJee³e Deewj JegÀí veneR nes meJeÀlee nw~ Leesæ[e mecYeue JeÀj
J³eeqJeÌle ®eues lees HewÀMeve Flevee yegje Yeer veneR nw~ ogJeÀeveesb leLee otjoMe&ve Hej efJe%eeefHele nj JemlegDeesb' JeÀes DeHeveeves mes Henues
Gmes HejKevee DeeJeM³eJeÀ nw~ efpeve Jem$eesb mes nceejer meY³elee, Meeueervelee SJeb megbojlee JeÀes neefve HengB®es GmeJeÀe GHe³eesie ve
JeÀjvee Yeuee nw~ meeLe ner DeHeveer ®eeoj mes yeenj HeeBJe Hemeejvee Yeer yegef×ceÊee venerb~ YetKes Hesì jnvee, DeHeves JeÀes meBJeejvee,
³ee JesÀJeue HewÀMeve JeÀer Hetpee JeÀjJesÀ Dev³e cenlJeHetCe& JeÀe³ees¥ JeÀes Yetue peevee, Heleve JeÀes efvecev$eCe osvee nw~ Deepe pe©jle
nw Iejesb JesÀ JeeleeJejCe ceW Yeer meeoieer ueeves keÀer ~ [15]
ii) ceveg<³e SJeÀ meeceeefpeJeÀ ÒeeCeer nw~ peneB Yeer Jen jnlee ³ee yemelee nw, ncesMee mees®elee nw efJeÀ JeneB JeÀe Deeme-Heæ[esme
De®íe nes Deewj Deeme-Heæ[esme JeÀer yeele ceW meyemes Henues Heæ[esmeer Deelee nw~ Jener Heæ[esmeer JeÀnueelee nw pees nceejs Heæ[esme ceW
jnlee ³ee yemelee nes~ Deye ÒeMve ³es G"lee nw efJeÀ Deiej Heæ[esmeer De®íe nes lees SJeÀ efce$e mes Yeer yeæ{JeÀj nceeje efveJeÀì
mebyebOeer yeve peelee nw Deewj Deeole mes Deiej yegje nes lees JeÀÆj Me$eg Yeer yeve peelee nw~ osKee peeS lees Heæ[esefme³eesb mes De®íe
J³eJenej yeveeJeÀj ner jKevee ®eeefnS, JeÌîeesbefJeÀ efce$e mes nce JeÀYeer-JeÀYeer ner efceueles nQ~ DeHeves mebyebefOe³eesb mes l³eewnej-HeJe&
Hej ner cegueeJeÀele nesleer nw~ Deepe veneR Yeer nesleer, JeÌîeesbefJeÀ ueesieesb JesÀ Heeme mece³e ner veneR nw~ ceiej Heæ[esmeer lees efveJeÀì
265
X - ICSE (Hindi) 
jnves JesÀ JeÀejCe nj mece³e JeÀece Deelee nw~ JeÀYeer-Yeer nce Hej mebJeÀì Deelee nw, lees Heæ[esmeer meyemes Henues Hengb®elee nw, megKe-
ogKe, neefve-ueeYe ceW nj Heue Heæ[esmeer menevegYetefle peleeves JeÀes GHeeqmLele jnlee nw FmeefueS yegpegiees¥ JeÀe JeÀnvee nw efJeÀ
Heæ[esmeer mes JeÀYeer Yeer yewj veneR JeÀjvee ®eeefnS ~
Fme mebyebOe ceW ceQ ³en peªj JeÀntBiee efJeÀ ceQ meewYeei³eMeeueer ntB efJeÀ cesjs Deeme-Heæ[esme JesÀ ueesie yengle De®ís nQ ~
DeepeJeÀue lees meYeer efMeef#ele nesles nQ, FmeefueS efJeMeeue Ëo³e Jeeues SJeb G®®e efJe®eejesb JesÀ Yees nesles nQ~ FmeefueS ueæ[eF&-
Peieæ[e Yeer veneR neslee~ cesjs Heæ[esme ceW pepe, JeJeÀerue, DeO³eeHeJeÀ SJeb J³eeHeejer meYeer lejn JesÀ ueesie jnles nQ~ megyen mes Meece
leJeÀ DeHeves-DeHeves JeÀe³eeX ceW J³emle jnles nQ~ meeceves Heæ[ peeS lees ogDee-meueece nes peeleer nw~ JeÀece ceW J³emle jnves JesÀ
JeÀejCe p³eeoelej mece³e ceesnuues ceW meVeeìe íe³ee jnlee nw~ Meece JeÀes meYeer ueesie DeHeves JeÀe³eeX mes JeeHeme ueewìles nQ lees
ceesnuues Jeeueesb ceW ceevees ÒeeCe Dee peeles nQ~ FleJeej JeÀes meYeer JeÀe DeJeJeÀeMe jnlee nw lees meYeer ueesie DeeHeme ceW Òesce mes
yew"JeÀj yeele®eerle JeÀjles nQ~ ³etB lees nceejs Heæ[esme ceW meYees ueesie TB®es efJe®eejeW JesÀ nQ, Hej SJeÀ Ssmee J³eeqJeÌle Yeer jnlee nw
efpemes Mee³eo ceQ JeÀYeer Yeer ve Yetue HeeTB~ oeveJeJeÀe³e Mejerj JeÀe, yeæ[er-yeæ[er DeeBKeW, JeÀeues JeÀHeæ[s ner Henvelee nw~ GmeJesÀ
HeefjJeej ceW GmeJeÀer yetæ{er ceeB Deewj SJeÀ veewJeÀj nw, Jener Iej JeÀe meeje JeÀe³e& JeÀjlee nw~ Jewmes Gmemes efJeÀmeer JeÀes JeÀesF& HejsMeeveer
veneR nw, Hej GmeJesÀ yeejs ceW Deueie-Deueie yeeleW megveves JeÀes efceueleer nQ~ JeÀesF& Gmes uesKeJeÀ JeÀnlee nw, lees JeÀesF& JeÀefJe, JeÀesF&
Gmes peemetme JeÀnlee nw, lees JeÀesF& iegC[e JeÀnlee nw~ eEJeÀleg Gme J³eeqJeÌle ves JeÀYeer efJeÀmeer JeÀes JeÀesF& og:Ke veneR efo³ee~ Jen
lees JeemleJe ceW HejesHeJeÀej JeÀe DeJeleej nw~ GmeJeÀer ³ener Deeole cesjs ceve ceW Iej JeÀj ieF&~ Jen nj mece³e íesìs-yeæ[s, TB®e-
veer®e meYeer JeÀer mene³elee JeÀjlee nw~ íesìs ye®®eesb mes Jen yengle Òesce JeÀjlee nw, meYeer ye®®es Gmes `®e®®et' JeÀnJeÀj HegJeÀejles nQ~
Jen ye®®eesb JesÀ meeLe ner Kesuelee nw Deewj Gve Hej JegÀí ©He³es Yeer Ke®e& JeÀj oslee nw~ cesjs Heæ[esme ceW JegÀí Pegiieer [eueJeÀj
Yeer jnles nQ~ GveJesÀ ye®®es yejmeele ceW Yeerieles nQ, peeæ[s ceW ef""gjles jnles nQ Deewj Yeer<eCe ieceea ceW leHeles jnles nw, Hej JeÀesF&
GveJeÀer HejsMeeveer JeÀes veneR osKelee, JeÌîeesbefJeÀ DeepeJeÀue nj Fbmeeve DeHeves efueS peerlee nw~ eEJeÀleg Jen J³eeqJeÌle otmejesb JesÀ efueS
peerlee nw, Gve iejerye ueesieesb JeÀer Keyej ueslee nw, ³eLee³eesi³e mene³elee Yeer JeÀjlee nw~ FmeefueS Jen cegPes mecceeve JeÀjves SJeb
Hetpeves ³eesi³e ueielee nw~ Deepe JesÀ ³egie ceW Ssmes Yeer ueesie nesles nQ pees otmejesb JesÀ efueS efpeSB, lees nce JeÀn meJeÀles nQ efJeÀ
veececee$e JesÀ ner nesbies~ Kewj cesje Jees Heæ[esmeer Deepe Yeer cesjs Heæ[esme ceW efJeÐeceeve nQ, efveef½ele YeeJe mes DeHeves HejesHeJeÀej JesÀ
JeÀe³eeX ceW ueerve jnlee nw, pewmes Jen yengle yeæ[e cenelcee nes Deewj DeHeves ceve JeÀes SJeÀeûe JeÀj Gve iejeryeesb JeÀer mesJee ceW ner
ueieeS ngS nes~ [15]
iii) Yeejle osMe ceW efveefM®ele mece³e Hej $eÝlegDeeW keÀe HeefjJele&ve neslee jnlee nw ~ meYeer $eÝlegSB DeHevee SkeÀ Deueie cenlJe SJeb
ÒeYeeJe íesæ[leer nQ~ ûeer<ce $eÝleg ceW ceveg<³e met³e& keÀer leerJe´ G<Celee keÀe DevegYeJe keÀjlee nw lees Mejo $eÝleg ceW þb[ mes
keBÀHekeÀHeenì ~ Fmeer ÒekeÀej Je<ee¥ $eÝleg ceW DeefOekeÀ Je<ee& mes meejs keÀe³e& ©keÀ peeles nQ ~ FmekesÀ efJeHejerle Jemeble $eÝleg ceW
JeeleeJejCe Flevee megneJevee Deewj megceOegj neslee nw efkeÀ mecHetCe& peveceeveme Fme $eÝlegjepe keÀer meb%ee oslee nw ~ $eÝlegjepe Jemeble
JeemleefJekeÀ ªHe ceW $eÝleg efMejesceefCe nw ~ FmeefueS $eÝlegDeeW ceW $eÝlegjepe Jemeble cesjer meyemes efÒe³e $eÝleg nw ~
Debûespeer efleefLe kesÀ Devegmeej Jemeble HeÀjJejer mes ueskeÀj DeÒewue lekeÀ jnlee nw, Hejvleg nceejer Yeejleer³e ieCevee kesÀ Devegmeej
³en $eÝleg HeÀeuiegve ceen mes JewMeeKe ceen lekeÀ jnleer nw ~ Fme $eÝlegkeÀeue ceW ner mebJele Je<e& SJeb meewj Je<e& keÀe ve³ee ®evê
ÒeejcYe neslee nw ~ HeewjeefCekeÀ ceev³eleeDeeW kesÀ DeeOeej Hej ³en $eÝleg YeieJeeve keÀeceosJe kesÀ Heg$e Jemeble kesÀ Deeieceve keÀe
ÒeleerkeÀ nw ~ FmeefueS Fme $eÝleg keÀe DeHevee SkeÀ Deueie ner cenlJe nw ~ Fme $eÝleg kesÀ ÒeejcYe mes Deble lekeÀ DeveskeÀ HeJe& ceveeS
peeles nQ pewmes Jemeble Heb®eceer, nesueer, JewMeeKeer Fl³eeefo Deewj Fve HeJeeX keÀe cenlJe Yeer nw ~ eEkeÀleg nesueer SkeÀ Ssmee Oeeefce&keÀ
SJeb meeceeefpekeÀ HeJe& nw efpemekeÀer leguevee nce efkeÀmeer Deewj HeJe& kesÀ meeLe veneR keÀj mekeÀles ~ Yeejle kesÀ keÀesves-keÀesves ceW ³en
l³eesnej yeæ[s n<eexuueeme kesÀ meeLe cevee³ee peelee nw ~ jbieeW keÀe ³en l³eesnej peerJeve ceW jbie Yej oslee nw ~ ³en l³eesnej
HeÀeuiegve ceeme keÀer HetefCe&cee keÀes cevee³ee peelee nw ~ Deieues efove megyen HeÀeie Kesuee peelee nw ~
Ssmee ceevee peelee nw efkeÀ efnjC³ekeÀM³eHe keÀer yenve nesefuekeÀe Òendueeo keÀes DeHeveer ieeso ceW ueskeÀj Deeie ceW yewþ ieF& ~
nesefuekeÀe keÀes Jejoeve efceuee Lee efkeÀ Deeqive GmekeÀe kegÀí veneR efyeieeæ[ mekeÀleer ~ Jejoeve keÀe peye Yeer og©He³eesie neslee nw
lees Jen ÞeeHe ceW HeefjJeefle&le nes peelee nw ~ peye Deeie ueieeF& ieF& lees neseuf ekeÀe peue ieF& Deewj Òenueeo mekegÀMeue ye®e ie³ee ~
266
 X - ICSE (Hindi)
Òenueeo kesÀ ye®eves keÀer KegMeer ceW Deieues efove jbieeW keÀer HegÀJJeejeW mes GlmeJe cevee³ee ie³ee ~ keÀne peelee nw, leye mes ner nesueer
keÀe l³eesnej OetceOeeve mes cevee³ee peelee nw ~ FmekeÀe otmeje keÀejCe veF& HeÀmeue mes Yeer pegæ[e nw ~ Yeejle ke=À<eer ÒeOeeve osMe
nw Deleë FmekesÀ efJeefYeVe l³eesnej efkeÀmeer ve efkeÀmeer ªHe ceW efkeÀmeeve keÀer KegefMe³eeW mes mebyebOe nQ ~ ®ew$e ceeme ceW iesntB Deewj ®eves
keÀer veF& HeÀmeue lew³eej nes peeleer nw ~ ®eves keÀes [eefue³eeW meefnle Deeie ceW YetvekeÀj Kee³ee peelee nw ~ ®eves kesÀ Yetves ngS oeveeW
keÀes Yeer nesefuekeÀe keÀne peelee nw ~
YeeieJele HegjeCe ceW Þeerke=À<Ce Deewj ieesHe-ieesefHe³eeW keÀe nesueer Kesueves keÀe JeCe&ve efJemleej mes efceuelee nw ~ Fme efove meYeer
YesoYeeJe YetuekeÀj jbieeW ceW mejeyeesj nes peeles nQ ~ nesefuekeÀe onve ceW yegjeF&³eeW Deewj F&<³ee& YeeJe Deeefo keÀes YegueekeÀj ueesie
SkeÀ-otmejs kesÀ ieues efceueles nQ ~ ³en HejmHej YeeF&®eejs keÀe l³eesnej nw ~ efpeme ÒekeÀej nesueer ceW meye jbie efceuekeÀj SkeÀ nes
peeles nQ, Gmeer ÒekeÀej peele-Heele Deewj TB®e-veer®e kesÀ YesoYeeJe keÀes efceìekeÀj meyekeÀes SkeÀ nes peevee ®eeefnS ~ nesueer
Meebefle SJeb meoYeeJevee keÀe l³eesnej nw ~ FmeefueS Fme HeJe& keÀe cenlJe keÀYeer keÀce veneR nesiee ~ [15]
iv) HeefjÞece ner ceveg<³e keÀe me®®ee meeLeer nw Deewj HeefjÞece kesÀ meeLe DeeMee keÀe meceeJesMe nes peeS lees peerJeve ceW DemebYeJe
keÀe³e& Yeer mebYeJe efkeÀS pee mekeÀles nQ, eEkeÀleg keÀYeer-keÀYeer ³en Yeer osKee ie³ee nw efkeÀ HeefjÞece DeefOekeÀ keÀjves kesÀ HeM®eeled
Yeer DeeMee kesÀ efJeHeefjle keÀce HeÀue keÀer ÒeeeqHle nesleer nw Deewj leye J³eefkeÌle efvejeMe nes peelee nw ~ HeefjÞece mes cegKe ceesæ[ ueslee
nw ~ GHe³e&gkeÌle GeqkeÌle Yeer kegÀí Fme keÀLeve keÀes efmeodOe keÀjleer nw, keÀLeve nw -
`Keesoe Heneæ[ efvekeÀueer ®egefn³ee'
Òemlegle GeqkeÌle keÀe MeeeqyokeÀ DeLe& nw - yengle HeefjÞece keÀjves Hej Yeer keÀce HeÀue keÀer ÒeeeqHle nesvee ~ Fme keÀLeve keÀes Heæ{keÀj
SkeÀ Ieìvee cegPes mJeleë ner mcejCe nes Dee³eer ~ mecemleerHegj ceW megKeer veecekeÀ efkeÀmeeve HeefjJeej kesÀ meele megKeHetJe&keÀ jnlee Lee ~
KesleeW ceW keÀæ[e HeefjÞece keÀj Deveepe GlHeVe keÀjvee Deewj Gmes, yeepeej ceW yes®evee ner GmekeÀe keÀece Lee ~ Gme efkeÀmeeve keÀer
³es Ketyeer Leer efkeÀ GmekesÀ odJeeje Giee³es Deveepe kesÀ oeves ceesìs SJeb Gcoe nesles Les ~ Hetjs ieeBJe ceW meYeer ueesie GmeJeÀer cesnvele
JeÀer oeo osles Les~ yeepeej ceW GmeJeÀe Deveepe ®eens Jen iesntB nes, ®evee nes, ®eeJeue nes ³ee efHeÀj pJeej nes, neLeeW-neLe efyeJeÀ
peeles Les~ SJeÀ efove JeÀneR mes efJeÀmeeve JeÀes Helee ®euee efJeÀ iesntB JeÀer Kesleer JeÀjves JesÀ efue³es ve³es lejerJesÀ JeÀer Kesleer efmeKeeves JesÀ
efueS JegÀí ueesie ieeBJe ceW Dee³es nQ Jees ueesie pees Yeer ve³ee lejerJeÀe Kesleer JeÀes Gcoe yeveeves JesÀ efueS efmeKee³eWies Gmemes Deveepe
JeÀer yeeefue³eeB Deewj ceesìer Deewj De®íer nesbieer~ ³es Keyej HeeJeÀj ieeBJe JesÀ JeÀF& efJeÀmeeve JeneB HengB®es, megKeer efJeÀmeeve Yeer JeneB
Kesleer JeÀer veF& leJeÀveerJeÀ meerKeves HengB®ee~ meerKeJeÀj JeeHeme Iej Deeves JesÀ yeeo Fme yeej Gmeves pees iesntB JeÀes HeÀmeue yeesF&
GmeceW Gmeves veF& leJeÀveerJeÀ JeÀe Òe³eesie efJeÀ³ee~ efove-jele Ketye HeefjÞece efJeÀ³ee, cenBieW-cenbBieW Keeo [eues~ eEme®eeF& Yeer Ketye
JeÀer iesntBb JeÀer HeÀmeue JeÀer~ efpeme lejJeÀerye mes Jen Henues iesntB JeÀer Kesleer JeÀj Deveepe Gieelee Lee Fme yeej Gmeves Gme lejJeÀerye
JeÀe Òe³eesie veneR efJeÀ³ee, Fme yeej ieeBJe ceW DeeS Gve ueesieesb ves pees lejkeÀerye megKeer efJeÀmeeve JeÀes yeleeF& Leer, Gmeer lejJeÀerye
mes megKeer ves Kesleer JeÀer, Ketye HeefjÞece efJeÀ³ee efJeÀ Fme yeej HeÀmeue JeÀeìves Hej ogieveer Deeceoveer nesieer~ jespe Kesleesb JeÀes Heeveer
osvee, jKeJeeueer JeÀjvee, Keeo mes uesJeÀj lejn-lejn JeÀes oJeeF& efíæ[JeÀvee Fl³eeefo meYeer JeÀe³ees¥ ceW megKeer efJeÀmeeve ves JeÀesF&
JeÀmej ve íesæ[er leeefJeÀ Deveepe JeÀer Gcoe HewoeJeej nes~ Fme DeeMee ceW Jen JeÀF& jele leJeÀ mees³ee Yeer veneR~ Devlele: Jen
efove Dee ner ie³ee peye HeÀmeueesb JeÀer JeÀìeF& Meg© nesleer nw~ megKeer efJeÀmeeve Yeer DeHeveer HeÀmeue JeÀeìves Kesle Hej HengB®ee, lees
osKelee nw efJeÀ iesntB JeÀer meYeer yeeefue³eeB JeÀeueer Heæ[ ieF& nQ~ HeÀmeue Hetjer yejyeeo nes ieF& nw~ ceeuetce JeÀjves mes %eele ngDee efJeÀ
Gmeves efpeme oJeeF& JeÀe efíæ[JeÀeJe efJeÀ³ee Lee, iesntB JeÀer HeÀmeue Hej Jen Demej veneR ngDee, JeÌîeesbefJeÀ yen Kejeye oJeeF& Leer~
peneB-peneBb oJeeF& JeÀe Demej veneR ngDee, JeneB-JeneBb JeÀer HeÀmeue De®íer ngF& Leer~ Deye lees megKeer efJeÀmeeve JesÀ og:Ke JeÀe
ef"JeÀevee ve Lee, Gmeves Fme yeej Fleveer cesnvele JeÀj Gcoe HewoeJeej JeÀer JeÀecevee JeÀer Leer eEJeÀleg Kejeye oJeeF& JeÀe efíæ[JeÀeJe
JeÀjves JesÀ JeÀejCe efpeleveer cesnvele Gmeves iesntB JeÀer HeÀmeue JeÀes Gcoe yeveeves ceW JeÀer Leer, Jen meye yesJeÀej nes ieF&~ Jen yengle
efvejeMe ngDee JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ Gmeves Fleveer cesnvele JeÀer Leer Hejvleg De®íer meHeÀuelee Gmes ÒeeHle veneR ngF&, Gmeves "eve efue³ee efJeÀ
Deye Jen oJeeF³eesb JeÀes osKe-HejKe JeÀj ner uee³esiee~ [15]
267
v) Òemlegle ef®e$e Hegefueme mìsMeve JesÀ Heeme JeÀe nw~ FmeceW leerve ³egJeJeÀ SJeÀ iejerye J³eeqJeÌle JeÀes Iesjs ngS Keæ[s nQ iejerye J³eeqJeÌle
osKeves mes ner Del³eefOeJeÀ iejerye Deewj efvejern ceeuetce Heæ[lee nw~ GmeJesÀ neLe ceW SJeÀ Heesìueer nw~ Mee³eo GmeceW JegÀí meeceeve
nw~ SJeÀ J³eeqJeÌle lees uee"er uesJeÀj Yeer Keæ[e nw Deewj uee"er efoKeeJeÀj Gme iejerye J³eeqJeÌle JeÀes OeceJeÀe jne nw~ Mee³eo Fve
ueesieesb JeÀes ueie jne nw efJeÀ Jees JeÀneR mes meeceeve ®egjeJeÀj Yeeiee nw~ ³es meeje JeÀe³e& Hegefueme mìsMeve JesÀ yeenj ner Ieefìle ngDee
nw, FmeefueS [îetìer Hej lewveele Hegefueme FbmHewJeÌìj Fme efJe<e³e JeÀer peeveJeÀejer uesves JesÀ efueS HengB®e ie³ee nw~ Jees yeej-yeej íæ[er
efoKeeJeÀj Fve ueesieesb JeÀes jesJeÀves JeÀe Òe³eeme JeÀj jne nw leeefJeÀ Jen ceeceues JeÀer peeveJeÀejer ues meJesÀ, Hetíleeí JeÀj meJesÀ~
³es GmeJeÀe JeÀle&J³e Yeer nw~ Hejvleg ef®e$eevegmeej Gme iejerye J³eeqJeÌle JeÀer MeJeÀue osKeJeÀj ³en %eele neslee nw efJeÀ Jen JeÀesF&
cepeotj ueie jne nw efJeÀmeer cepeyetjer JeMe Gmeves ³es ®eesjer JeÀer nw~ Deewj ³es ueesie Gmes HeJeÀæ[JeÀj Hegefueme mìsMeve ues pee jns nQ~
eEJeÀleg JeÀesF& Yeer J³eeqJeÌle GmeJeÀer MekeÌue JeÀer Deesj O³eeve veneR os jne nw efJeÀ J³eeqJeÌle JeÀer oeæ{er yeæ{er ngF& nw, JeÀcepeesj
oervenerve Jen J³eeqJeÌle [jJeÀj DeHeves ceW efmeJegÀæ[e ngDee nw, GmeJesÀ meeLe Mee³eo JeÀesF& yegjer Ieìvee Ieefìle ngF& nw~ Jees JegÀí
JeÀnvee Yeer ®eenlee nw, Hejvleg Fleves ueesieesb ceW SJeb FvmeHewJeÌìj JesÀ meeceves DeHeveer Heesìueer mebYeeues ngS efmeJegÀæ[e pee jne nw~
Òemlegle ef®e$e JeÀes osKeJeÀj SJeÀ Ieìvee mJele: ner cesjs ceeqmle<JeÀ ceW efyepeueer JeÀer lejn keÀeQOe ieF& nw efJeÀ Fme mebmeej ceW DeHeveer
yeele otmejesb JesÀ meeceves jKeves JeÀe meYeer JeÀes nJeÀ nw Deewj nceW Òel³eskeÀ J³eeqkeÌle keÀes ³es DeefOekeÀej osvee ®eeefnS efkeÀ Jen ieuele
nw ³ee mener ~ Jejvee mebmeej ceW DeHejeOeeW ceW efpeme lejn keÀer yeæ{esÊejer nes jner nw, Deiej Ssmee jne lees efJeveeMe efveefM®ele nw ~
SkeÀ yeej yeerjiebpe ceW SkeÀ Ssmeer ner Ieìvee Ieefìle ngF& ~ SkeÀ Deeoceer meæ[keÀ Hej SkeÀ meeceeve keÀer ieþjer efueS yewþe
Lee ~ efoKeves ceW Jees SkeÀ mebefoiOe J³eeqkeÌle ueie jne Lee ~ Deeme-Heeme kesÀ ueesie Gme Hej vepejsb ieæ[eS ngS Les ~ Leesæ[er osj yeeo
Jees Deeoceer Gþe Deewj ®eueves ueiee ~ Jen Gme ieþjer keÀes Jees meerves mes ueieeS Lee, pewmes keÀesF& keÀerceleer meeceeve nes, leYeer
ueesieeW Gmes HekeÀæ[keÀj ueeþer kesÀ peesj Hej Hegefueme mìsMeve ues DeeS ~ Jees J³eeqkeÌle ueesieeW keÀes mecePeelee jne efkeÀ pewmee Jees ueesie
mecePe jns nQ Jewmee kegÀí Yeer veneR nw ~ yeej-yeej ueesieeW kesÀ Hetíves Hej Jees kegÀí Yeer veneR yeesuelee nw ~ Hegefueme mìsMeve Hej
HengB®eves Hej peyejomleer GmekeÀer Heesìue KeesuekeÀj osKeer ieF& lees GmeceW SkeÀ 10 Je<eea³e ye®®eer keÀer lemJeerj Deewj SkeÀ DeefmLe
keÀueMe Lee ~ Gmemes Hetíves Hej %eele ngDee efkeÀ kegÀí efove HetJe& ner GmekeÀer ye®®eer keÀer ceewle yeerceejer kesÀ keÀejCe nes ieF&, Jen
GmekeÀe Fueepe ve keÀjJee Hee³e Lee ~ Fmeer meoces mes Jen Heeieue-mee yevee FOej-GOej efHeÀj jne nw ~ ³es yeeleW Helee ®eueves Hej
meYeer keÀes DeHeÀmeesme ngDee Deewj meYeer ves Gmes íesæ[ efo³ee, GmekeÀer kegÀí ceoo Yeer keÀer ~ uesefkeÀve peje meesef®eS Fme lejn
efyevee mees®es mecePes efkeÀmeer keÀes Yeer Hegefueme Jeeues DeepekeÀue ieuele Fupeece ueieekeÀj HekeÀæ[ uesles nQ, efnjemele ceW [eue osles
nQ leLee efpevnW HekeÀæ[vee neslee nw GvnW íesæ[ osles nQ ³ener ceeveefmekeÀlee Deiej yeveer jner lees DeHejeOe ve keÀjves Jeeuee J³eeqkeÌle
Yeer DeHejeOe kesÀ efJe<e³e ceW mees®eves ueiesiee ~ peeieªkeÀlee De®íer ®eerpe nw, Hejvleg peeieªkeÀlee mes efkeÀmeer keÀer YeeJeveeDeeW
keÀes þsme veneR HengB®eveer ®eeefnS, FmekeÀe meowJe ncebs O³eeve jKevee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
A.2
i) 15 oJeeefjkeÀeHegjer
ueKeveT ~
efoveebkeÀ 07.04.15
efÒe³e efce$e meescesMe,
meoe ÒemeVe jnes !

legcneje He$e efceuee cegPes ³en peeveJeÀj yengle KegMeer ngF& efJeÀ legcneje ®e³eve Devleje&äêr³e mlej Hej ne@JeÀer ceW nes ie³ee nw~
³en met®evee HeeJeÀj cesjer KegMeer JeÀe ef"JeÀevee ve jne efJeÀ legce Yeejle JeÀe ÒeefleefveefOelJe, pece&veer ceW Kesues pee jns, Devleje&äêr³e
ne@JeÀer Òeefle³eesefielee ceW JeÀj jns nes~ ³en DeJemej cegPes legcneje efce$e nesves Hej ieewjJeeeqvJele keÀj jne nw ~
³en cesjs efueS Deefle n<e& JeÀe efJe<e³e nw efJeÀ Devlele: legcnejs HeefjÞece JeÀe HeÀue legcnW ÒeeHle ngDee nw~ legcnejs peeves JeÀe
cegPes og:Ke nw eEJeÀleg cesjs Fme og:Ke ceW legcnejer meyemes yeæ[er KegMeer efíHeer ngF& nw~ cesjer Deesj mes legcnW nee|oJeÀ yeOeeF&³eeB Deewj
268
legcnejs peerJeve JesÀ Fme MegYe-DeJemej Hej nceejer lejHeÀ mes nee|oJeÀ MegYeJeÀeceveeSB~ ceQ F&éej mes ÒeeLe&vee JeÀªBiee efJeÀ legcnejer
³ee$ee meHeÀue nes~ peerJeve JesÀ Fme meHeÀuelece HeLe Hej efvejvlej Deûemej jnes~ osMe leLee JegÀue JeÀe veece meowJe G®®e efMeKej
leJeÀ ues peeDees, Ssmeer nee|oJeÀ MegYeJeÀeceveeDeesb JesÀ meeLe ceQ He$e efueKevee meceeHle JeÀjlee ntB ~ Mes<e meye JegÀMeue nw~ He$eesÊej
JeÀes Òeleer#ee ceW~
legcneje efce$e
keÀecesMe
ii) mesJee ceW,

peue mebmLeeve DeefOekeÀejer,
peue efveiece keÀe³ee&ue³e,
MeenHegj, ieesjKeHegj ~
efJe<e³e ë ceesnuues ceW peue-DeeHetefle& efve³eefcele keÀjeves nsleg He$e ~
ceneso³e,
efveJesove nw efJeÀ ceQ DeeHeJeÀe O³eeve DeeefMe³eevee JeÀeueesveer MeenHegj #es$e ceW nes jns Deefve³eefcele peue-DeeHete|le mecem³ee
JeÀer Deesj DeeJeÀe|<ele JeÀjvee ®eenlee ntB~
Fme #es$e ceW efHeíues JeÀF& cenerveeW mes nj SJeÀ Iej JeÀe J³eeqJeÌle peue JesÀ efueS HejsMeeve nw~ peue lees peerJeve nw, Deiej
Fmeer JeÀer DeeHete|le Deefve³eefcele jnsieer lees ceveg<³e JeÀe peervee ogYe&j nes peeSiee~ JegÀí Ssmeer ner eqmLeefle nceejs ceesnuues JeÀer Yeer
nw~ efHeíues leerve cenerves mes meæ[JeÀeW keÀer KegoeF& nesves JesÀ JeÀejCe ueesieesb JesÀ Iejesb ceW Heeveer efve³eefcele ªHe mes veneR HengB®e Hee jne
nw~ JeÀYeer-JeÀYeer lees Heeveer JeÀe oyeeJe Flevee JeÀce nes peelee nw efJeÀ ®eewLeer cebefpeue lees otj Henueer cebefpeue leJeÀ ner veneR
HengB®e Heelee~ efHeíues ®eej efoveesb mes lees Fme #es$e JesÀ efveJeemeer Heeveer JeÀer SJeÀ-SJeÀ yeBtBo JesÀ efueS lejme ieS~ ieceea JesÀ Fme
Yeer<eCe oewj ceW venevee lees otj, Heerves JesÀ efueS Hes³epeue GHeueyOe veneR nes Hee jne nw~ ueesieesb JeÀes JeÀef"veeF³eeB yeæ{ jner nQ~
DeeHemes DevegjesOe nw efJeÀ Fme #es$e ceW peue-DeeHete|le efve³eefcele JeÀjJeeves JeÀe Gef®ele ÒeyevOe JeÀjW, leeefJeÀ Ye³ebJeÀj ieceea ceW
veeieefjJeÀesb JeÀes He³ee&Hle cee$ee ceW peue ÒeeHle nes meJesÀ~ Fme JeÀe³e& nsleg nce meye DeeHeJesÀ meowJe DeeYeejer jnWies~
meOev³eJeeo ~
YeJeoerHe,
keÀ Ke ie
efoveebkeÀ 07.04.15 [7]
A.3
i) yegveJeÀj oef#eCe JesÀ ceneve mevle efle©JeuuegJej Les, efpevneWves Deepe mes oes npeej Je<e& Henues JegÀjue' veeceJeÀ HegmleJeÀ efueKeer
Leer Deewj Deepe Yeer oef#eCeJeemeer Gme HegmleJeÀ JeÀes yeæ[er ÞeoOee JesÀ meeLe Heæ{les nQ ~
yegveJeÀj JeÀe J³eJenej yeæ[e De®íe Lee~ meYeer mes ceer"e yeesueles Les Deewj JeÀYeer efJeÀmeer mes ¬eÀesefOele veneR nesles Les~ [2]
ii ) ueæ[JesÀ ves megvee Lee efJeÀ yegveJeÀj JeÀes JeÀYeer ¬eÀesOe veneR Deelee, meYeer mes Jen ceer"e yeesuelee nw, Jes GmeJeÀe Feqcleneve uesJeÀj
osKevee ®eenles Les efJeÀ yegveJeÀj JeÀes ¬eÀesOe Deelee nw ³ee veneR DeLee&led Gmes iegmmee JewÀmes veneR Deelee ~
Jes mee[er JesÀ ìgJeÀæ[s Hej ìgJeÀæ[s FmeefueS JeÀj jns Les leeefJeÀ yegveJeÀj ¬eÀesefOele nes peeS Deewj ¬eÀesOe ceW DeeJeÀj Jen Gve
ueæ[JeÀesb JeÀes [eBì os Deewj Jes ueæ[JesÀ yegveJeÀj JeÀes ¬eÀesefOele JeÀjves JesÀ ceJeÀmeo ceW JeÀece³eeye nes peeSB~ [2]
iii ) ueæ[JesÀ odJeeje ef®eæ{e³es peeves Hej Yeer yegveJeÀj ves GvnW JegÀí veneR JeÀne, ve Gvnsb jesJeÀe, ve [eBìe Deewj ve ner DeHeves ceeLes Hej
efmeueJeìW Deeves oeR~
yegveJeÀj ves meeæ[er JeÀe cetu³e FmeefueS veneR efue³ee JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ Gve ìgJeÀæ[eW JeÀe oesyeeje Òe³eesie ceW ueeJeÀj Jen Hegve: SJeÀ meeæ[er
lew³eej JeÀj meJeÀlee nw pees efJeÀ ³en ueæ[JeÀe veneR JeÀj Heelee~ FmeefueS yegveJeÀj ves GvnW ³es yeele Yeer JeÀner efJeÀ ceQ Fve
ìgkeÀæ[eW JeÀes peesæ[JeÀj JeÀece ceW ues DeeTBiee, Hej ³es legcnejs JeÀece veneR Dee meJeÀles lees ceQ FmeJeÀe cetu³e JewÀmes ues meJeÀlee ntB ? [2]
269
iv) yegveJeÀj leefveJeÀ Yeer jesye ve JeÀjles ngS Gmes Ssmes mecePee jne Lee pewmes JeÀesF& yeeHe DeHeves yesìs JeÀes mecePee jne nes, ³es osKeJeÀj
ueæ[JeÀe DeHeves efJeÀS Hej Mee|cevoe nes ie³ee ~ Jen Mece& mes Heeveer-Heeveer nes ie³ee, GmeJeÀer DeeBKeW Yej DeeF¥ ~ Gmeves yegveJeÀj
JesÀ Hewjesb Hej efiejJeÀj ceeHeÀ]er ceeBieer~ [2]
v) Òemlegle ieod³eebMe mes ³en meerKe ÒeeHle nesleer nw efkeÀ JemlegDeeW keÀe ceesue efmeHe&À Hewmes mes veneR ueiee³ee pee mekeÀlee nw, yeefukeÀ Gve
JemlegDeeW keÀes lew³eej keÀjves ceW pees HeefjÞece ueielee nw Jees Deveceesue nw~ Hewmee Fbmeeve kesÀ Devoj IeceC[ keÀe meceeJesMe keÀjlee
nw FmeefueS Hewmes keÀes Kego Hej keÀYeer neJeer veneR nesves osvee ®eeefnS~ Hewmes mes HeefjÞece keÀe ceesue keÀoeefHe veneR ueiee³ee pee
mekeÀlee nw Deewj Oew³e& leLee efJevece´lee mes yeæ[s-yeæ[s IeceC[er, ceieªj ueesieeW keÀes Yeer meerOes jemles Hej uee³ee pee mekeÀlee nw~
meowJe yeæ[eW keÀe Deeoj keÀjvee ®eeefnS~ peerJeve kesÀ HeLe Hej mees®e mecePe keÀj ®eueW, HeefjÞece keÀe cetu³e mecePeW~ efkeÀmeer keÀe
cepeekeÀ ve Gæ[eSB~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) jesie - jesieer [½]
(b) HeefjJeej - HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ [½]
ii) (a) DeekeÀeMe - ieieve, J³eesce, Deemecee, veYe, Decyej [½]

(b) IeceC[ - ieJe&, DeefYecee, oHe&, DenbkeÀej, ocYe, ceeve [½]
iii) (a) ÒeMebmee - efvevoe [½]

(b) mesJekeÀ - ceeefuekeÀ, mJeeceer [½]
(c) mebefOe - efJeûen [½]
(d) iegHle - ÒekeÀì [½]
iv) (a) cegìdþer iejce keÀjvee - DeepekeÀue yeæ[W DeHeÀmejeW keÀer cegìdþer iece& efkeÀS efyevee keÀece veneR efvekeÀuelee ~ [½]
(b) neLe-Hewj ceejvee - jece ves keÀeHeÀer neLe-Hewj ceejves kesÀ yeeo veewkeÀjer Heeves ceW meHeÀuelee neefmeue keÀer ~ [½]
v) (a) mesJekeÀ - mesJee [½]

(b) jeä^ - jeäêr³e [½]
vi) (a) Hebef[le peer oJeeje keÀLee megveeF& pee jner nw ~ [1]
(b) nueJeeF& peuesefye³eeB yevee³esiee ~ [1]
(c) meeBPe nesles ner He#eer DeHeves-DeHeves veeræ[ keÀes ueewì Deeles nQ ~ [1]
Section B is not given due to change in present Syllabus

270
A.1
i) ye®eHeve JeÀes ceOegj mce=efle³eeB ceveg<³e JesÀ Ëo³e Hej DebefJeÀle nes peeleer nQ Gve mce=efle³eesb JeÀes ³eeo Deeles ner Ëo³e DeveesKes
Deevebo mes Yej G"lee nw Deewj cegBn mes DeHeves DeeHe ³es Meyo efveJeÀue Heæ[les nQ efJeÀ JeÀeMe ³es efove efHeÀj ueewì Deeles~ cesjs
ye®eHeve JeÀe DeueewefJeÀJeÀ Deeveboce³e #eCe Jen Lee peye ceQ ûeer<ceeJeJeÀeMe ceW p³es÷ MegJeÌue He#e JeÀer ®eeBoveer jele ceW veewJeÀe-
efJenej JeÀjves JesÀ efueS meHeefjJeej iebiee JesÀ efJeÀveejs ®eue Heæ[er ~ ceQ mJeYeeJe mes ÒeJeÀefleefÒe³e Deewj DeeveboefÒe³e ÒeeCeer nesves JesÀ
veeles Hete|Cecee JeÀer ®eeBoveer jele JeÀer íefJe mes megMeesefYele iebiee JeÀe ceveesnj efJeÀveeje efpemeJeÀer MeesYee DeJeCe&veer³e nw Gmes Òel³e#e
osKeJeÀj ceb$e cegiOe nes ieF& ~ pee³emeer JesÀ JeÀeJ³e DeeOeer jele efJenbiece yeesuee' mes ÒeYeeefJele JeÀefJe vejWê Mecee& JeÀe JeÀeJ³eebMe
¢ädJ³e nw-
’Deepe ceOeg JeÀer ®eeBoveer JeÀes efove mecePeJeÀj,
mees veneR Heeles efJekeÀue Keie ~
pewmes ner nce meYeer GlmegJeÀ nesJeÀj veoer JesÀ efJeÀveejs HengB®es ner Les efJeÀ JeÀF& ceuueenesb ves DeeJeÀj Iesj efue³ee Deewj JeÀnves
ueies efJeÀ nceejer veeJe mes ®eefueS~ Òe³eeie JesÀ leì JesÀ meeQo³e& mes DeefYeYetle nesJeÀj nce ueesie Yeer MeerIe´ Gme Deevebo JeÀes Heevee
®eenles Les efpemeJesÀ yeejs ceW megve-megveJeÀj ³eneB leJeÀ HengB®es Les~ veeJe mes Fme Heej mes Gme Heej leJeÀ peeves ceW Ssmee ueie jne Lee
pewmes efJeÀleves pevce yeerle ieS nesb Deewj efJeÀveeje Dee ner veneR jne Lee~ FmeJeÀe cegK³e JeÀejCe Lee Oejleer mes uesJeÀj DeeJeÀeMe
leJeÀ HewÀuee jpele ÒeJeÀeMe~ Deemeceeve, ®eeBo Je leejesb JeÀer HejíeF¥ meYeer nceejs meeLe-meeLe ®eue jns Les~ Gme DeodYegle meewbo³e&
JeÀes SJeÀeûelee mes peue ceW jnves Jeeues ceerve, ceJeÀj, leLee peuemeHe& Yeer Meeble nesJeÀj DeHeueJeÀ efvenej jns Les~ veeJe Yeer
Oeerjs-Oeerjs yeæ{ jner Leer JeÌîeesbefJeÀ Gme DeÒeeflece meewbo³e& JeÀes osKeves ceW GmeJesÀ Meesj mes efJeÀmeer Yeer ÒeJeÀej JeÀe J³eJeOeeve ve
HengB®es~
Fme ÒeJeÀej mebiece Hej HengB®e JeÀj mveeve, O³eeve, oeve-HegC³e JeÀjJesÀ Hegve: nce ueesie JeeHeme otmejs leì Hej peeves JesÀ efueS
lew³eej nes ieS~ Deeles mece³e JeÀe Guueeme leLee Glmeen ueewìles mece³e cebo Heæ[ ie³ee Lee~ LeJeÀeve Je veeRo JesÀ JeÀejCe meYeer
Gyeemeer uesves ueies Les! pewmes-pewmes nce ueesie efJeÀveejs Hej HengB®e jns Les Jewmes-Jewmes Òeele:JeÀeueerve ueeefuecee HewÀueves mes JeeleeJejCe
Deewj Yeer ceveesnj nes ie³ee Lee~ Òeele:JeÀeueerve KeieJegÀue JeÀe JeÀuejJe, cebefojesb ces yepeves Jeeues IebìeW JeÀe Meesj leLee iebiee JesÀ
oesveesb efJeÀveejesb mes G"ves Jeeues pe³e-pe³eJeÀej JeÀes megveJeÀj Oejleer JeÀe ³en Yeeie mJeie& mes Yeer DeodYegle Je efoJ³e ueieves ueiee~
jeef$e JeÀer DeHes#ee Òeele:JeÀeue leì Hej DemebK³e Yeeæ[ efoKeeF& os jner Leer~ GveJeÀer GlmegJeÀlee Deewj næ[yeæ[enì JeÀes
osKeJeÀj Ssmee ueielee Lee ceevees Jes nceW veeJe mes Deemeeveer mes Glejves ner veneR oWies Deewj Jes efJeÀveejs Hej HengB®eves mes Henues ner
oewæ[JeÀj yeer®eOeejs ceW ner ®eæ{ peevee ®eenles Les~ Fme ienceeienceer JeÀes osKeJeÀj Deewj veeJe Heueìves JesÀ [j mes nceejs ceuueen
ves nceW efJeÀveejs mes Leesæ[e Henues ner Gleej efo³ee Deewj JeÀne efJeÀ efpeOej mes ceQ yeleelee ntB Heesís-Heerís Dee peeFS leYeer cesjs íesìs
YeeF& ves efJeÀveejs Hej peuoer HengB®eves JesÀ efueS Deueie efoMee ceW oewæ[ ueiee oer~ GOej SJeÀ JegbÀ[ Lee efpemeceW mewJeÀæ[esb neLeer Yeer
Iegme peeSB lees ve efceue meJeWÀ Gmeer ceW efiejJeÀj Jen [tyeves ueiee leye Gme ceuueen ves oewæ[JeÀj GmeJeÀes yeeue HeJeÀæ[s Deewj
KeeR®eJeÀj efveJeÀeuee~ De®eeveJeÀ Fme neomes mes nce meYeer mleyOe nes ieS Deewj meejer KegefMe³eeBb JeÀeHetÀj nes ieF¥~ meYeer ueesieesb
ves jesles ngS efoue mes ceuueen JeÀes Oev³eJeeo efo³ee Deewj iebiee ceeB JeÀer pe³e-pe³eJeÀej JeÀjves ueies-
’iebiee-iebiee pees vej JeÀnner,
YetKes vebies JeÀyengb ve jnefn~
megveleefn cegKe iebiee ceeF&,
ÞeJeCe oeefye ³ece ®eues HejeF&~“
Deepe Yeer cegPes peye ³en Ieìvee ³eeo Deeleer nw lees ceve ce³etj Hegve: Gmeer megKe JeÀes Heeves JesÀ efueS ueeueeef³ele nes
G"lee nw Deewj Devee³eeme ner cegKe mes efveJeÀue Heæ[lee nw efJeÀ JeÀeMe ! Jes efove efHeÀj ueewì Deeles Deewj ³en mees®eJeÀj ceve
DeeveboeeflejsJeÀ mes Yej G"lee nw~ [15]
271
ii) Deepe kesÀ ³egie cesb mecee®eej-He$e nceejer owefvekeÀ DeeJeM³ekeÀleeDeeW ceW mes SkeÀ nw ~ Deepe keÀe ³egie Jew%eeefvekeÀ leLee
Devleje&äêr³e efmLeefle³eeW keÀe ³egie nw ~ Dev³e Jew%eeefvekeÀ GHekeÀjCeeW keÀer YeeBefle mecee®eej-He$e Yeer owefvekeÀ peerJeve keÀe
DeeJeM³ekeÀ Debie nes ie³ee nw ~ Òeeleë DeeBKe Kegueles ner meJe&ÒeLece nce ³en peeveves kesÀ efueS GlmegkeÀ nes peeles nQ efkeÀ ieeBJe,
veiej, Òeeble, osMe leLee efJeosMe keÀewve-keÀewve-meer IeìveeSB IeìeR leLeDee GvekeÀe nceejs peerJeve Hej keÌ³ee ÒeYeeJe Heæ[siee? Ssmes
Yeer ueesie nQ pees HeuekeÀ HeebJeæ[s efyeíekeÀj mecee®eej-He$e keÀer Òeleer#ee keÀjles nQ Deewj peye lekeÀ meYeer mecee®eejeW mes DeJeiele
veneR nes peeles leye lekeÀ GvekesÀ owefvekeÀ keÀe³eeX keÀe MegYeejcYe veneR nes Heelee ~ Deepe pees Ieìvee mebmeej kesÀ efkeÀmeer Yeer keÀesves
ceW Ieìer nw Jen met³eexo³e kesÀ HetJe& ner nceejer HengB®e ceW Dee peeleer nw ~
osMe-efJeosMe ceW leceece mecee®eej SpeWefme³eesb JeÀe peeue efyeíe ngDee nw~ ÒeeceeefCeJeÀ mecee®eej He$e JesÀ mebJeeooelee
osMe-efJeosMe JesÀ JeÀesves-JeÀesves ceW HewÀues ngS nQ pees mLeeveer³e mecee®eejesb JeÀe mebûen JeÀjJesÀ efJeefJeOe ceeO³eceesb leej-yesleej, ìsueer
eEÒeìj, ìsueerHeÀesve leLee Del³eeOegefveJeÀ vesì mes Yespe osles nW leye Jes jeleesbjele íeHes-Keeves ceW íHeJeÀj mecee®eej-He$e JesÀ ªHe ceW
nceejs meeceves Deeles nQ leLee Iej yew"s ner meYeer peeveJeÀeefj³eeB efceue peeleer nW~
mecee®eej-He$e Deepe JesÀ peve-peerJeve JeÀer owefveJeÀ-[e³ejer mJeªHe nw efpemeceW ueesieesb JeÀes DeHeveer DeefYe©ef®e JesÀ
Devegmeej meYeer yeeleW Heæ{ves JeÀes efceue peeleer nQ~ leepee Keyejesb JeÀer peeveJeÀejer JesÀ efueS ueesieesb JeÀes osMe-efJeosMe JeÀer
®eìHeìer, mevemeveer, J³eeqJeÌleiele, meeceeefpeJeÀ, jepeveerefleJeÀ, mecHeeoJeÀer³e Je Deeuees®eveelceJeÀ uesKe efceue peeles nQ~ ®eens
efMeef#ele, J³eeHeejer, Oeee|ceJeÀ JeÀefJe Je JeÀueeJeÀej efpeme Yeer #es$e JesÀ ueesie nesb meyeJeÀes DeHeves efJe<e³e JeÀer lejesleepee Keyej
efceue ner peeleer nw~
mecee®eej-He$e JesÀ JeÀF& Jeie& nesles nQ, owefveJeÀ, Heeef#eJeÀ, ceeefmeJeÀ, $ewceeefmeJeÀ, DeodOe&Jeee|<eJeÀ leLee Jeee|<eJeÀ Fl³eeefo~
eEJeÀleg meJe&efÒe³e owefveJeÀ mecee®eej-He$e ner neslee nw~ FmeceW efove-Òeefleefove JesÀ mecee®eej met®eveeSB, efJe%eeHeve Deeefo íHeles nQ~
efnvoer ceW meJe&ÒeefmeodOe eEnogmleeve, Deepe, owefveJeÀ peeiejCe, meneje, DeeF&-vesJeÌmeì Deeefo mecee®eej-He$e Deeles nQ~ mecee®eej-
He$e JeÀer GHe³eesefielee nceejs peerJeve ceW Del³eefOeJeÀ ns JeÌîeesbefJeÀ FmeJeÀes Heæ{JeÀj nce ueeYeeefvJele nesles nw~ ³en ueesieesb JeÀe
%eeveJeOe&ve JeÀjlee nw leLee GvnW peerJeve JeÀer JeemleefJeJeÀleeDeesb leLee IeìveeDeesb mes Heefjef®ele JeÀjJeelee nw~ FmeJeÀe Ye³e
yeæ[er-yeæ[er ceneve MeeqkeÌle³eesb JeÀes oyeeJeÀj jKelee nw~ ceneve ³eesoOee vewHeesefue³eve ves SJeÀ yeej DeHeveer mesvee mes JeÀne Lee-
`ceQ ueeKe mebieerveesb JeÀer DeHes#ee efJejesOeer mecee®eej-He$eesb mes [jlee ntB ~' Flevee ner veneR mecee®eej-He$e ceW Fleveer MeeqJeÌle nw efJeÀ
³en meeceeefpeJeÀ yegjeF³eesb JeÀes otj JeÀjJesÀ leLee ueesieesb JeÀe JeÀ®®ee ef®eìdþe KeesueJeÀj GvnW megOeej Yeer meJeÀleer nw~ JeÀesF& Ssmee
#es$e veneR nw peneB Hej FmeJeÀe oyeeJe Deewj Ye³e ve nes~ ³en JeÀjeæ[]esb ueesieesb JeÀer DeepeerefJeJeÀe JeÀe meeOeve Yeer nw~ FmeJeÀer
meogHe³eesefielee ceW JeÀesF& mebosn veneR efJeÀ ³en ®esleeJeveer JesÀ meeLe-meeLe megOeejves JeÀe Yeer Òe³eeme JeÀj meJeÀleer nw~ ³en efMe#ee
Deewj %eeve JeÀer Je=odefOe JeÀjves ceW mene³eJeÀ nw~ jepeveerefle JeÀer G"e HeìJeÀ Deewj cegJeÀeyeues yeepeer mes Yees ³en Deítlee veneR
nw~ Got& JeÀefJe DeJeÀyej Fueeneyeeoer JeÀe JeÀLeve mcejCe nes jne nw efJeÀ -
`KeeR®ees ve leerj JeÀceeve ve leueJeej efveJeÀeuees,
peye leesHe cegJeÀeefyeue nes lees DeKeyeej efveJeÀeuees~~'
FmeJesÀ ner ceeO³ece mes ueesie meeceeefpeJeÀ JegÀjerefle³eeW, Oeee|ceJeÀ DebOeefJeéeemeeW, Del³ee®eejeW, Ye´äe®eejeW JeÀes jesJeÀves ceW meHeÀue
nes meJesÀ nQ Dev³eLee Fve Hej DebJegÀMe jKevee JeÀef"ve ner veneR DemecYeJe nw~ efJeÀmeer ves mel³e ner JeÀne nw -
`PegJeÀ peeleer nw leueJeej Yeer DeKeyeej JesÀ Deeies~
PegJeÀ peeleer nw mejJeÀej Yeer DeKeyeej JesÀ Deeies~~'
mecee®eej-He$e Heæ{ves JesÀ DevesJeÀ ueeYe Je cenlJe nesles nQ~ FmeJesÀ odJeeje ueesieesb JeÀe yeewodefOeJeÀ %eeve yeæ{lee nw Deewj
lejn-lejn JeÀer ®egveewefle³eesb JeÀe meecevee JeÀjves JesÀ efJeefJeOe Dee³eece efoKee³eer osles nQ~ SJeÀ DeeoMe& mecee®eej-He$e ceW meYeer
efJe<e³eesb mes mebyebefOele mecee®eej nesvee DeeJeM³eJeÀ neslee nw efpememes ÒeyegodOe Hee"JeÀieCe JeÀes ³e$e-le$e YeìJeÀvee ve Heæ[s~ Jewmes
lees Mee³eo ner JeÀesF& #es$e Fmemes Deítlee nes JeÌîeesbefJeÀ meYeer JegÀí FmeceW ÒeJeÀeefMele neslee nw efpememes pevelee JeÀes JeÀneR Yeer
efJeÀmeer Yeer ÒeJeÀej JeÀer HejsMeeveer JeÀe meecevee ve JeÀjvee Heæ[s~ pewmes efJeÀ jsue Je yemeeW JesÀ DeeJeeieceve JeÀe efJeJejCe, efyepeueer
Je Heeveer mebyebOeer met®eveeSB, DeeJeÀeMeJeeCeer leLee otjoMe&ve JesÀ JeÀe³e&¬eÀce JeÀe efJeJejCe, osMe-efJeosMe keÀer Òeieefle keÀe
272
ÒeeceeefCekeÀ y³eewje, efJeJeen nsleg otune-ogunve kesÀ ®e³eve nsleg, jespeieej nsleg efjkeÌle mLeeve leLee peerJeve keÀer DeveskeÀ
DeeJeM³ekeÀleeHetefle& nsleg ³en mepeie jnlee nw ~
Deepe mecee®eej-He$e keÀes yengcegKeer Deewj yengDee³eeceer nesvee ®eeefnS leeefkeÀ Jes peerJeve keÀer ³eLeemecYeJe DeeJeM³ekeÀlee
keÀer ÒeeceeefCekeÀ peevekeÀejer kesÀ DeeOeej Hej peve-mesJee keÀe cenlJeHetCe& HeÀpe& efveYee mekeWÀ ~ Deepes kesÀ ³egie keÀer ³en SkeÀ
ceneveMeeqkeÌle nesveer ®eeefnS ~ ³en efkeÀmeeryeele keÀes efpeme jbie ceW jbiekeÀj Òemlegle keÀjWies HeeþkeÀ Gmeer jbie ceW mejeyeesj nes peeSBies ~
Deleë mecHeeokeÀeW ceW Flevee ceveesyeue nesvee ®eeefnS efkeÀ Jes efve<He#e YeeJe mes efkeÀmeer Ye oyeeJe ceW ve DeekeÀj me®®eer yeele keÀn
mekeWÀ~ DeHeÀJeeneW keÀes DeefOekeÀ nJee ve oskeÀj Meeble keÀjves keÀer keÀesefMeMe keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ Jewmes lees efJeJeskeÀMeerue HeeþkeÀieCe
veerj-#eerj keÀer lejn mel³e-Demel³e keÀes peeveles nQ efHeÀj Yeer ³eeqlkeÀef®ele keÀYeer Yeer Yeéfcele ve nesves HeeSB keÌ³eeWefkeÀ keÀLeveer Deewj
keÀjveer ceW peceerve-Deemeceeve keÀe Devlej neslee nw ~ ®etBefkeÀ efmekeÌkesÀ kesÀ oesveeW HenuegDeeW keÀe Deblej neslee nw, FmeefueS efmekeÌkesÀ
kesÀ oesveeW HenuegDeeW keÀes mecePekeÀj ner ÒeYeeefJele nesvee ®eeefnS ~
Deepe kesÀ Glke=Àä Deewj Devetþs mecee®eej He$e kesÀ efJe<e³e Deewj peeieªkeÀ leLee efJeJeskeÀMeerue HeeþkeÀ kesÀ meb³eespeve mes
ner mecet®eer ceeveJelee keÀe keÀu³eeCe nes mekeÀlee nw ~ nceeje meJeexÊece Òe³eeme ner keÀu³eeCekeÀejer efJeée efvecee&Ce ceW mene³ekeÀ
nes mekeÀlee nw - ³ener JeemleefJekeÀ GHe³eesefielee Deewj meeLe&keÀlee nw ~ DeeoMe& mecee®eej-He$e keÀe efJekeÀeme keÀjvee ®eeefnS pees
ÒeieefleMeerue Deewj %eeveJeOe&keÀ nes ~ efkeÀmeer ves me®e ner keÀne nw -
`me®e Jees nw efpemes Heæ{ kesÀ DeeJeepe Gþs,
vee efkeÀ SkeÀ DeìHeìe meVeeìe íeS ~
SkeÀ peeieªkeÀ osMe ®eenles nQ,
FmeefueS meceeuees®evee ner veneR me®e Heæ{eles nQ nce ~~' [15]
iii) DeepeJeÀue ner Yeeie oewæ[ Yejer efpeboieer ceW efjMles-veeleesb JeÀer Denefce³ele Kelce nesleer pee jner nw~ peneB nceejs YeejleosMe ceW
Hetjer Oejleer JesÀ osMeJeeefme³eeW JeÀes DeHevee yevOeg-yeevOeJe mecePeves JeÀe GHeosMe efo³ee peelee Lee - ’JemegOewJe JegÀìgcyeJeÀced!~
JeneR Deepe JeÀue mJeeLe&Hejlee Deewj Jew%eeefveJeÀ Òeieefle JesÀ efueS J³emle nesves JesÀ JeÀejCe ueesie DeHeves meies-mebyebefOe³eesb JeÀes
He³ee&Hle mece³e veneR os Hee jns nQ~ Fme leL³e mes mebyebefOele YeejleWog nefjM®ebê peer JeÀe SJeÀ JeÀeJ³eebMe Òemlegle nw -
`legcns iewjesb mes JeÀye HegÀjmele,
nce DeHeves iece mes JeÀye Keeueer~
®euees yeme nes ®egJeÀe efceuevee,
ve nce Keeueer ve legce Keeueer ~~'
DeLee&led Iej JesÀ ye®®es Je yegpegie& IejJeeueesb JeÀe meeLe Heeves JesÀ efueS lejmeles ner jns peeles nQ eEJeÀleg GveJesÀ Heeme ye®®eesb JesÀ efueS
JegÀí uecns ner veneR nW pees GveJeÀes nBmeleer, efKeueefKeueeleer cegmJegÀjenì JeÀes osKeW Deewj GveJeÀer DeeHe yeerleer megve meJeWÀ~
ceBnieeF& Yeer ceej JeÀe meecevee JeÀjves JesÀ efueS m$eer-Heg©<e meYeer JeÀes JegÀí ve JegÀí JeÀece JeÀjvee Heæ[lee nw~ Del³eeOegefveJeÀ
meJe&megKemeeOeve mes mecHeVe nesves JesÀ efueS pees DeeeqlceJeÀ mvesn Deewj ¢æ{yebOeve nw Jen Oetefceue Deewj ogye&ue nes peelee nw~ nce
meYeer DeeOegefveJeÀlee Deewj efoKeeJes JeÀer Yeeie oewæ[ ceW DeveskeÀ HejsMeeefve³eesb mes petPeles ngS peerJeve-³eeHeve JeÀj jns nQ eEJeÀleg
Meem$eeW ceW JeÀne ie³ee nw efJeÀ -
`Deefle meJe&$e Jepe&³esled~'
Del³eefOeJeÀ mJeeLe&Hejlee, OeveueesuegHelee leLee Deefle JeÀe³e&J³emlelee JesÀ JeÀejCe nceeje DeHevee ner HeefjJeej ncemes otj
nes peelee nw~ Jes nceejs Heeme mes iegpejvee ner veneR ®eenles JeÀnvee-megvevee lees otj JeÀer yeele nw~ JeÀneR nceejs Oeve-mebûen JeÀer
meeOevee ceW JeÀesF& J³eJeOeeve ve Heæ[ peeS FmeJeÀe JegÀÒeYeeJe ³en Heæ[lee nw efJeÀ Iej JesÀ meYeer meom³e yegjeF³eeW JeÀer Deesj yeæ{
peeles nQ peye leJeÀ nceW ieueleer JeÀe Helee ®euelee nw leye leJeÀ GvnW JeeHeme ueewìevee yeæ[e cegeqMJeÀue nes peelee nw~ FmeefueS
Fme Yeeieoewæ[ Yejer eEpeoieer ceW DeefleJ³emle Yeeieeoewæ[er JeÀjvee vegJeÀmeeveoe³eJeÀ nes peelee nw~ peye leJeÀ nceejs Heeme yeæ[s
leLee íesìeW JeÀes og:Ke oo& leLee KegefMe³eeB yeebìves JeÀe mece³e veneR nes meJeÀlee leye leJeÀ nce JeemleefJeJeÀ peerJeve JesÀ Deevebo
273
mes Hejs jnles nQ~ nceW nj mecYeJe JeÀesefMeMe JeÀjveer ®eeefnS efJeÀ yegpegiees¥ JeÀe ceeve-mecceeve mes Deewj ye®®eesb JeÀe mvesnHetJe&JeÀ JegÀí
#eCe GveJesÀ Heeme yew"JeÀj efove Yej efyeleeS ieS megKeoe³eer #eCeesb Deewj HejsMeeefve³eesb JeÀes peeveves JeÀe Òe³eeme JeÀjvee ®eeefnS~
Fmemes HeefjJeej JesÀ ceO³e Òesce met$e ¢æ{ neslee nw~ ³eefo efJeÀmeer meom³e JesÀ Devoj JeÀesF& DeJeiegCe GlHeVe nes peelee nw lees Oeerjs-
Oeerjs H³eej mes mecePeeJeÀj otj efJeÀ³ee pee meJeÀlee nw~ Meem$eesb ceW JeÀne ie³ee nw efJeÀ -
`meblees<eced Hejced megKeced '
Fme GHeosMe JeÀe DevegJeÀjCe JeÀjles ngS nceW DeHeveer Yeeie oewæ[ Yejer eEpeoieer mes ³ee lees J³emlelee ceW mes JegÀí mece³e
DeHeves HeefjJeej peveesb JeÀes osvee ®eeefnS efpememes GveJesÀ efoue ceW mvesn leLee mecceeve JeÀe YeeJe peeie=le nesves ueies Deewj Oeerjs-Oeerjs
efyeKejs ngS efjMles Hegve: mebJejves ueieWies~ efjMleeW JeÀes mebpeesves JesÀ efueS Deveceesue GHenej, God³eeve YećeCe, ®eueef®e$e Fl³eeefo
Dev³e ceeO³ece nQ peneB nce efove JeÀer JeÀ[gJeenì JeÀes YetueJeÀj ÒemeVeleeHetJe&JeÀ Gme mece³e JeÀes Deevebo efJeYeesj nesJeÀj efyeleeles
nQ~ nceeje ®eb®eue ceve ner ®elege|oJeÀ efoMeeDeesb ceW YeìJeÀlee jnlee nw~ nceW DeHeveer DeeJeM³eJeÀleeDeeW JeÀes meerefcele JeÀjJesÀ ner
JeÀece-JeÀepe ceW J³emle nesvee ®eeefnS~ leYeer nceejs Heeme DeHeves mJepeveeW JesÀ efueS ³eLeesef®ele mece³e efveJeÀue meJeÀlee nw
JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ JeÀne Yeer ie³ee nw efJeÀ -
`DeHeves-DeHeves nesles nQ Deewj HejeS-HejeS~'
Deleë DeHeves efjMleeW keÀes cepeyetle jKeves ceW ner YeueeF& nw leYeer nceeje peerJeve Þes³emkeÀj nes mekeÀlee nwb~ [15]
iv) ceveg<³e mJeYeeJe mes ner ueeue®eer leLee mJeeLeea neslee nw Deewj ³en ceveg<³e keÀe mJeYeeJe ner neslee nw efkeÀ nceeje ceve ®eb®euelee
mes Devee³eeme ner Gme Deesj ®eueves Hej nceW efJeJeMe keÀjlee nw peneB mes Fbmeeve keÀes efvejeMee ner neLe ueieleer nw Hejvleg ³es nceeje
mJeYeeJe ner nw efkeÀ þeskeÀj KeekeÀj ner nce mecYeue keÀj ®eueles nQ ~ Òemlegle GeqkeÌle otj kesÀ {esue megneJeves meJe&Lee Fme keÀLeve
keÀes mel³e keÀjlee nw efkeÀ otj keÀer yeeleW De®íer ueieleer nQ Hejvleg peye lekeÀ nce GmekeÀer JeemleefJekeÀlee mes Heefjef®ele nesles nQ leye
ncebs DeHeÀmeesme neslee nw efkeÀ ceQ Fme Deesj DeekeÀef<e&le keÌ³eeW ngDee ? Kewj íesefæ[S ! Fme GeqkeÌle mes SkeÀ keÀneveer mJeleë ner ceve
ceW keÀeQOeves ueieer nw ~ Yeoesner ieebJe ceW cebieuet veece keÀe SkeÀ efkeÀmeeve DeHeves HeefjJeej kesÀ meeLe megKeHetJe&keÀ jn jne Lee efkebÀleg
Menj mes ieeBJe Deeves Jeeues nj J³eeqkeÌle mes Jen yengle ÒeYeeefJele neslee Lee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ GvekesÀ cegKe mes Menj keÀer ®ekeÀe®eeQ®e peerJeve
kesÀ yeejs ceW megve-megve keÀj GmekeÀe ceve Yeer meJe&megKe mecHevve nesves kesÀ efueS ueue®ee³ee keÀjlee Lee ~ Gmeves DeHeves ieeBJe kesÀ
yeoues ngS ªHe keÀes osKekeÀj mees®ee efkeÀ DeepekeÀue meYeer DeepeerefJekeÀe Heeueve nsleg leLee Menj keÀer ®ekeÀe®eeQOe Yejer eEpeoieer
mes ÒeYeeefJele neskeÀj ieeBJe mes Menj keÀer Deesj Heuee³eve keÀj jns nwb ~ meyekeÀes osKekeÀj Jen mees®eves ueiee efkeÀ ieeBJe keÀer DeHes#ee
Menj peekeÀjp³eeoe Hewmes keÀceeSiee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Oeveepe&ve kesÀ meeLe ner meeLe JeneB Deejece Yeer p³eeoe nw ~ Deleë Jen Menj keÀer
®ekeÀe®eeQOe Yejer eEpeoieer mes ÒeYeeefJele neskeÀj HeefjJeej keÀes ieeBJe ceW ner íesæ[keÀj DeepeerefJekeÀe nsleg cegcyeF& Menj ®euee ie³ee~
cegcyeF& ceW jnkeÀj ceneveiejeW keÀer Yeeieleer oewæ[leer eEpeoieer keÀes DeHeveevee leLee ueesieeW keÀes DeHevesDeeHe ceW efmeceì keÀj peerJeve
efyeleevee osKekeÀj Gmes yengle ner DeeM®e³e& ngDee efkeÀ nce ieeBJe kesÀ ueesie lees Fve ueesieeW mes yengle De®ís leLee megKeer nesles nQ~
keÀce me keÀce Jes ueesieeW kesÀ ogëKe-megKe ceW MejerkeÀ lees nesles nQ ~ Menj keÀe peerJeve lees yengle keÀefþve neslee nw Gmes jespeieej
leLee cekeÀeve kesÀ efueS FOej-GOej YeìkeÀvee Heæ[e leLee ceBnieeF& keÀer ceej ves lees GmekeÀer keÀcej ner leesæ[ oer ~ p³eeoe mes
p³eeoe Hewmes keÀceeves kesÀ ®ekeÌkeÀj ceW Jen Menj ceW cesnvele Je cepeotjer keÀjves ueiee eEkeÀleg ieeBJe kesÀ efoveeW keÀes ³eeo keÀjkesÀ Gmeves
nej ceeve ueer leLee LekeÀ nej keÀj Gmes DeHeves ieeBJe keÀe Meeble Je megKeer #eCe ³eeo Deeves ueiee ~ Jen Heíleeves ueiee Deewj
mees®eves ueiee efkeÀ ieeBJe keÀe meeoe peerJeve mJeie& kesÀ megKe mes yeæ{keÀj nw JeneB keÀece Hewmee ner mener megKe, Meebefle Je megketÀve lees
neslee nw ~
leye Gmes Menj keÀe peerJeve keÀefþve leLee Yeeie oewæ[ mes Yeje ngDee ueieves ueiee ~ Jen DeHeves Gme mece³e keÀes keÀesmeves
ueiee efpeme mece³e Jen DeHevee ieeBJe Je HeefjJeej íesæ[keÀj Menj ceW Dee³ee ~ Deleë DeHeveer ieueleer Hej Heíleelee ngDee Gmeves
JeeHeme DeHeves Iej ueewìves keÀe efveM®e³e efkeÀ³ee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Menj keÀe ®ece®eceelee Deewj DeekeÀ<e&keÀ peerJeve Gmes jeme veneR
Dee³ee~ GHe³eg&keÌle GeqkeÌle mes mebyebefOele ³en keÀneveer Yeer ³ener yeleeleer nw efkeÀ pees ueesie otmejs kesÀ keÀnveW DeekeÀj efyevee
íeveyeerve efkeÀS ner keÀesF& Yeer efveCe&³e ues uesles nQ Hejvleg peye Jes DeHeves vepeoerkeÀ peeles nQ lees GvnW DeHeves ieueleer keÀe DevegYeJe
neslee nw me®e ner keÀne ie³ee nw efkeÀ otj kesÀ {esue megneJeves~ [15]
274
v) Òemlegle ef®e$e ceW ÒeeLeefcekeÀ HeeþMeeuee keÀe ¢M³e efoKeeF& os jne nw efpemeceW ye®®es muesì Hej De, Dee efueKekeÀj Òemevve-cegêe
ceW DeHeves DeO³eeefHekeÀe keÀes efoKee jns nQ ~ YeejleJe<e& SkeÀ efJeMeeue osMe nw FmekeÀer DeefOekeÀlece pevelee ûeeceerCe Deb®eue ceW
efveJeeme keÀjleer nw, peneB pevemebK³ee keÀer Je=oefOe kesÀ keÀejCe DeveskeÀ mecem³eeDeeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw ~ Yeejle
mejkeÀej meYeer YeejleJeeefme³eeW keÀes efMe#ee, Yeespeve, MegoOe peue Deewj He³ee&JejCe osvee ®eenleer nw efMeef#ele jnkeÀj ner ueesieeW
keÀe peerJeve megjef#ele jn mekeÀlee nw~ èfvej#ejlee' keÀes meceeHle keÀjvsÀ kesÀ efueS mejkeÀej ves `mee#ejlee' DeefYe³eeve ®euee³ee nw -
èfJeÀleves ceesleer efíHes ngS nQ,
mecegbê JeÀes leuenìer ceW~
efJeÀleveer ÒeefleYeeSB efíHeer ngF& nwb,
efvej#ejesb JeÀer yemleer ceW~~'
Fme mee#ej DeefYe³eeve JeÀe cegK³e JeWÀê nw `DeeBieveyeeæ[er Deewj ÒeeLeefceJeÀ Hee"Meeuee, efJeod³eeue³eesb ceW HeeB®e Je<e& JesÀ
ye®®es Heæ{ves peeles nQ JeneB GvnW mejJeÀej odJeeje HegmleJeÀ, Yeespeve, ieCeJesMe, iesntB Deewj ©He³es Yeer efoS peeles nQ~ DeeBieveyeeæ[er
ceW íesìs-íesìs ye®®eeW JeÀes Heæ{e³ee peelee nw leLee GveJeÀer osKeYeeue Yeer JeÀer peeleer nw~ ieeBJe ceW Svece odJeeje efve:MeguJeÀ
ef®eefJeÀlmee efMeefyej ueiee³ee peelee nw JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ ’mJemLe Mejerj ceW mJemLe ceeqmle<JeÀ JeÀe Jeeme neslee nw“ efvejesieer JeÀe ceve
DeO³e³eve ceW meg®ee© ªHe mes ueielee nw~ mejJeÀej iejeryeesb JesÀ leve-ceve oesveesb JeÀes megjef#ele jKeves JesÀ efueS DeVe, Oeve Je Jem$e
DeeJebefìle JeÀjleer jnleer nw~ ye®®ee ®eens Deceerj nes ³ee iejerye, nes meYeer JeÀes efMeef#ele JeÀjvee ner mejJeÀej JeÀe cegK³e GÎsM³e
nw~ ef®e$e ceW MeerleJeÀeue JeÀer JeÀ#ee oMe&veer³e nw JeÌîeesbefJeÀ ye®®eesb ves iece& JeÀHeæ[s Yeer Henves nQ Deewj Heerís yew"JeÀj Yeespeve Keeles
leLee otOe Je peue Heerles ngS efoKeeF& os jns nQ~ nceejs osMe ceW DeefOeJeÀlej pevelee DeefMeef#ele nw efpememes GveJesÀ ye®®es Yeer
DeveHeæ{ jn peeles nQ~ Fme mee#ej DeefYe³eeve JesÀ efueS ³en GeqJeÌle ÒeefmeodOe nw -
òerHe mes oerHe peues, SJeÀ mes ome Heæ{s!'
Deepe efJeod³eeue³e efMe#ee JesÀ meeLe-meeLe Yeespeve Yeer oslee nw~ mee#ejlee JesÀ ceeO³ece mes mejJeÀej ieeBJe, veiej leLee
osMe JesÀ efueS GHe³eesieer veeieefjJeÀ yeveevee ®eenleer nw~ JeÀjesæ[eW Ssmes ye®®es nQ pees iejeryeer ceW Heue-yeæ{JeÀj ceeB-yeeHe JeÀer
ueeHejJeener mes efMe#ee Heeves mes Jebef®ele nQ~ GvnW DeHeves DeefOeJeÀejeW JeÀe %eeve veneR neslee Deewj meceepe odJeeje GveJeÀe Mees<eCe
efJeÀ³ee peelee nw~ peye leJeÀ nce efMe#ee JesÀ Òeefle peeieªJeÀ Je me®esle veneR nesbies leye leJeÀ meceepe Deewj osMe JeÀes GVeefle veneR
nes meJeÀleer nw~
èfMe#ee' HetCe&ªHe mes J³eeqJeÌle JeÀes mee#ej yeveeleer nw leLee ueesieeW JeÀer mees³eer ngF& MeeqJeÌle³eesb JeÀes peieeleer nw~ mejJeÀej
ye®®eesb JeÀes HegmleJeÀer³e %eeve JesÀ meeLe-meeLe ÒeeJe=ÀefleJeÀ Deewj J³eeJeneefjJeÀ %eeve osves JeÀer JeÀesefMeMe JeÀj jner nw JeÌîeesbefJeÀ
Deepe JeÀe 'efMe#eeLeea' ner JeÀue JeÀe 'ÒeyegodOe veeieefjJeÀ' yevelee nw~ Meem$eesb ceW JeÀne Yeer ie³ee nQ efJeÀ -
`ceelee Me$eg efHelee yesjer,
³ees ve yeeuees Heeef"le:~~'
DeLee&led Jen yeeueJeÀ yeæ[e ogYee&i³eMeeueer nw efpemeJesÀ ceelee-efHelee efMe#ee JesÀ Òeefle ueeHejJeen nesles nQ~ efMe#ee JeÀe
ÒecegKe Òe³eespeve J³eeqJeÌle JesÀ efJeJesJeÀ JeÀes peeie=le JeÀjJeeJeÀj efíHeer ngF& MeeqJeÌle³eesb JeÀe meb%eeve JeÀjJeevee nw~ efJeod³eeue³e ceW
efMe#eCe JeÀe³e& meg³eesi³e efMe#eJeÀ mes JeÀjJeevee ®eeefnS efpemes DeHeves efJe<e³e JeÀe mecHetCe& %eeve nes efpememes íe$eesb JeÀe
MeejerefjJeÀ, ceeveefmeJeÀ leLee yeewodefOeJeÀ efJeJeÀeme nes meJesÀ~ ³eefo nce efMe#ee peiele ceW íeS YeeF&-YeleerpeeJeeo Deewj
Ye´äe®eej JeÀes veneR jesJeWÀies lees JeemleefJeJeÀ efMe#ee Òeoeve veneR JeÀj HeeSBies~ nceejer efMe#ee osMe, jeä^, peeefle Deewj ceeveJelee
JesÀ efueS meogHe³eesieer veneR nes peeSieer~ efMe#ee JesÀJeue HegmleJeÀer³e ner veneR J³eeJeneefjJeÀ %eeve mes HeefjHetCe& nesveer ®eeefnS~
³en J³eeqJeÌle JesÀ ceve ceeqmle<JeÀ leLee F®íe JeÀe³e& MeeqJeÌle³eesb JeÀe efJeJeÀeme JeÀjJesÀ efíHes Je megHle iegCeesb JeÀes ÒeJeÀì JeÀjJesÀ
DeelceefJeMJeeme leLee ¢æ{lee Òeoeve JeÀjleer nw~ Meem$eeW ceW JeÀne Yeer ie³ee nw -
`mJeosMes Hetp³eles jepee, efJeodJeeve meJe&$e Hetp³eles~~'
mejJeÀej ves otjoMe&ve ÒemeejCe ceW efMe#eCe meeOeveeW odJeeje ceveesjbpeve %eeve JeÀe Òemeej efJeÀ³ee nw efpememes JeÀef"ve mes JeÀef"ve
Hee" íe$e JesÀ ceve-ceeqmle<JeÀ Hej íe peeS Deewj Jes Fmes efJeefJeOe GHeJeÀjCeesb JeÀer mene³elee mes mejuelee leLee menpelee mes
mecePe ueW~
275
osMe keÀe JeemleefJekeÀ efnle peve-peve ceW efMe#ee keÀe Òe®eej-Òemeej keÀjvee nw ~ ÒeeLeefcekeÀ efMe#ee ner cenlJeHetCe& Deewj
mLee³eer nesleer nw ~ efMe#ee Je Yeespeve kesÀ meeLe-meeLe KesueketÀo Deewj J³ee³eece keÀer Yeer J³eJemLee keÀer ieF& nes keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ³en ceve
Deewj Deelcee kesÀ efJekeÀeme keÀe GÊece meeOeve nw J³ee³eece mes leve-ceve keÀer ogye&uelee Deewj jesie mes ye®eeJe neslee nw Deewj íe$e
meyeue, mJemLe Deewj efvejesie jnlee nw ~ efMe#ee, Yeespeve Deewj ¬eÀeræ[e keÀer ef$eJesCeer mes íe$eeW kesÀ peerJeve keÀe GÎsM³e HeefjHetCe&
nes peelee nw ~ nceeje osMe Deewj osMeJeemeer keÀþesj Deewj efJe<ece HeefjefmLeefle³eeW mes iegpej jns nwb, ®eejeW Deesj Ye´äe®eej Deewj
Del³ee®eej keÀe jepe HeveHe jne nw, peve-ceve keÀes efMeef#ele keÀjves keÀe ceneve JeerCee Gþevee DemebYeJe leLee og<keÀj keÀe³e& nw
keÌ³eeWefkeÀ -
èfMe#ee keÀe ngDee nw kewÀmee neue,
otj keÀuece mes ngDee nw veewefveneue ~~'
íe$eeW kesÀ ®engbcegKeer efJekeÀeme kesÀ efueS mejkeÀej leLee efMe#ekeÀ Jeie& keÀes meleled Òe³elveMeerue jnvee ®eeefnS ~ jeä^ kesÀ
efJekeÀeme leLee jeäêr³elee kesÀ mecceeve keÀes yeveeves leLee yeæ{eves kesÀ efueS ye®®es, yetæ{s meyekesÀ efueS efMe#ee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~
mejkeÀej kesÀ DeLekeÀ Òe³eeme mes ieeBJeeW Deewj MenjeW ceW mee#ejeW keÀe ÒeefleMele yeæ{ jne nw efpememes mejkeÀej kegÀjerefle, DebOeefJeMJeeme,
Del³ee®eej, Ye´äe®eej Deewj efvej#elee keÀes peæ[ mes GKeeæ[ keÀj HeWÀkeÀves ceW meceLe& nes jner nQ ~ DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW Deewj
keÀÊe&J³eeW mes Heefjef®ele ve nesves kesÀ keÀejCe ueesie YeìkeÀkeÀj Deemeeveer mes otmejs kesÀ oJeeje þies Deewj uetì efueS peeles nQ ~ FvneR
yeeOeeDeeW keÀes efJeveä keÀjves kesÀ efueS efMe#ee keÀe Òe®eej-Òemeej Del³eeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ Devleleë nce meYeer mes efJeve³eHetJe&keÀ
Deeûen keÀjles nQ efkeÀ -
`mees³es Yeejle keÀes peieevee nw,
efMe#ee keÀe oerHe peueevee nw ~
mee#ejlee keÀe nw pees Òe³eemeer,
Jener nw me®®ee YeejleJeemeer ~~' [15]
A. 2
i) DeeojCeer³e ceeleepeer,
meeoj ®ejCe mHeMe&,
ceQ ³eneB Hej JegÀMeueleeHetJe&JeÀ jnles ngS DeeHeJeÀer JegÀMeuelee JeÀer JeÀecevee JeÀjleer nBt ~ ceeB ces DeHeves efce$eses& JesÀ meeLe
ÒeJe=Àefle-oMe&ve JesÀ efueS HeJe&le-³ee$ee Hej ieF& Leer~ ceQ JeneB Hej cegK³ele: oes GÎsM³e JeÀer Hete|le JesÀ efueS ieF& Leer~ SJeÀ lees
HeJe&leer³e mLeue Hej ÒeJe=Àefle JeÀe DeueewefJeÀJeÀ meewbo³e& osKeves Deewj otmeje JeneB JesÀ cetue efveJeemeer DeHevee peerJeve ³eeHeve JewÀmes
JeÀjles nQ ³en peeveves cewves cemetjer peeles mece³e osnjeotve JeÀer Jeeefo³eeW JeÀe megKeo oMe&ve efJeÀ³ee~ Hesæ[eW JeÀer TB®eer-TB®eer
HebeqJeÌle³eeB THej G"leer ®eueer pee jneR LeeR, yeme Oeerjs-Oejs cemetjer JeÀer Deesj yeæ{leer ®eueer pee jner Leer~ ieesueeJeÀj ®eæ{eF&,
ienjer KevoJeWÀ, OegSB JeÀer lejn ceb[jeles yeeoue Deewj "b[er-"b[er nJee JesÀ PeeWkesÀ nceW DeeJeÀ<e&JeÀ ueie jns Les pees nceW
jesceebef®ele JeÀj jns Les~ JeÀYeer DeeJeeje yeeoue ceeie& jesJeÀ ueslee lees JeÀYeer ®ece®eceelee met³e& ceve ceeqmle<JeÀ Hej íe peelee~ Fme
ÒeJeÀej ÒeJe=Àefle mes DeeBKe efce®eewueer JeÀjles ngS nce cemetjer HengB®e ieS~ nesìue ceW efJeÞeece Deewj Yeespeve JeÀjJesÀ nce ueesie Ietceves
efveJeÀues~ JeneB meyeves JewÀcìer HeÀe@ue, ceesleerIeeì leLee vesnª HeeJe&À osKes~ ÒeJe=Àefle efve:mJeeLe& YeeJe mes efJeÀlevee Kepeevee
uegìeleer nw Deewj nce ueesie efyevee celeueye JesÀ otmejs JeÀes SJeÀ yeBto Yeer men³eesie veneR osvee ®eenles nQ~
³eneB Hej jnves Jeeues ueesieesb ceW Oevee{dîe Jeie& JesÀ meeLe-meeLe iejerye Yeer nQ~ peneB cee@ue jes[ Hej Deceerjer PeueJeÀleer nQ
Jenebr ìtìs-HetÀìs IejeW ceW cesnvele cepeotjer JeÀjves Jeeues HeÀìsneue ueesie Yees efoKeeF& osles nQ~ meeOeejCe leyeJesÀ kesÀ ueesie keÀefþveeF&
mes peerJeve efyeleeles nQ ~ ³eneB Hej cegPes Keììs leLee ceerþs oesveeW ÒekeÀej kesÀ DevegYeJe efceues ~ DeeMee nw DeeHe cesjs He$e keÀe GÊej
MeerIe´ oWieer ~ Mes<e Hegveë efceueves Hej ~
DeeHekeÀer Heg$eer
De ye me
276
ii) mesJee ceW,

ÒeOeevee®ee³e& ceneso³e
efJekeÀeme Yeejleer mketÀue
ieesjKeHegj
efJe<e³e ë oess efoveeW mes efJeo³eeue³e efJeuecye mes HengB®eves Hej ÒeOeevee®ee³e& keÀes #eceeoeve nsleg He$e ~
ceneso³e,
efJevece´ efveJesove nw efJeÀ ceQ DeeHeJesÀ efJeod³eeue³e JeÀer omeJeeR JeÀ#ee JeÀe íe$e ntB~ ceQ efve³eefcele ªHe mes mece³e Hej
efJeod³eeue³e GHeeqmLele neslee Dee³ee ntB~ eEJeÀleg FOej oes efoveesb mes cegPe Hej SJeÀ efpecceWoejer Dee ieF& nw~ ceQ Iej JeÀe DeJesÀuee
yeæ[e yesìe ntB~ cesjs ®ee®ee peer JeÀes De®eeveJeÀ efoue JeÀe oewje Heæ[e nw~ Jes DemHeleeue ceW Yeleea nQ~ ®ee®ee peer JesÀ efueS Iej mes
DemHeleeue Yeespeve ues peeves JeÀe JeÀece cegPes ner JeÀjvee Heæ[lee Lee~ FmeefueS oes efoveesb mes efJeod³eeue³e efJeuecye mes Heng®B e jne Lee~
Dele: ceQ DeeHe mes JeÀjyeodOe ÒeeLe&vee JeÀjlee ntB efJeÀ DeeHe cegPes oes efoveesb mes efJeod³eeue³e efJeuecye mes HengB®eves JesÀ efueS
#eceeoeve JeÀjWies~ YeefJe<³e ceW Fme $egefì JeÀes HegvejeJe=efle JeÀoeefHe veneR nesieer ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
DeeHekeÀe Dee%eekeÀejer
De ye me [7]
A. 3
i) yeeoMeen DeJeÀyej Ieves pebieue ceW SJeÀ Hesæ[ JesÀ veer®es yew"JeÀj veceepe Heæ{ jns Les JeÌîeesbefJeÀ pebieue ceW efMeJeÀej Kesueles ngS Jes
DeHeves mewefveJeÀesb mes efyeíæ[ JeÀj YeìJeÀ ieS Les ~ mebO³ee Deewj jeef$e JesÀ ceO³e ieesOetefue yesuee ner veceepe Deoe JeÀjves JeÀe
Gef®ele mece³e neslee nw~ [2]
ii ) Deewjle lespeer mes FmeefueS Yeeieer pee jner Leer JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ Jen DeHeves efÒe³e Heg$e mes efceueves pee jner Leer pees mecegêer ³ee$ee mes ueewìe
nw~ yeonJeemeer Deewj peuoyeepeer ceW Gmes DeHeves Heg$e JesÀ DeueeJee JegÀí Yeer veneR efoKeeF& efo³ee~ GmeJeÀe OeJeÌJeÀe ueieves Hej
yeeoMeen DeJeÀyej JeÀe O³eeve Yebie nes ie³ee efpememes GveJeÀer veceepe Hetjer veneR nes HeeF& lees GvnW yengle yegje ueiee~ SJeÀ
Deewjle ves OeJeÌJeÀe osJeÀj GveJeÀer veceepe DeoeJele ceW J³eJeOeeve [eue efo³ee~ [2]
iii ) yeeoMeen DeJeÀyej FmeefueS GÊesefpele nes ieS JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ Deewjle GvnW efyevee Hen®eeves iegmleeKeer Hej iegmleeKeer efkeÀS pee jner
Leer~ Gvnesbves ¬eÀesOe ceW DeeJeÀj ueeue-ueeue Dee@BKeeW mes [eBìe-ceQ veceepe Heæ{ jne Lee let JeÌ³eesb oewæ[leer ngF& DeeF& Deewj cesjs
veceepe Heæ{ves ceW J³eJeOeeve [euee ? Gmeves JeÀne-cesje OeJeÌJeÀe DeeHeJeÀes ueie ie³ee nesiee eEJeÀleg DeeHe JeÀe OeJeÌJeÀe cegPes JeÌ³eesb
veneR ueiee~ Keueue lees oesveesb JesÀ JeÀe³e& ceW nesvee ®eeefnS~ DeeHeJeÀe ceve DeHeves JeÀe³e& ceW leuueerve veneR Lee, FmeefueS ner cegPes
[ebìles nQ ~ [2]
iv ) yeeoMeen ves OeJeÌJesÀ JeÀes FmeefueS cenmetme efJeÀ³ee JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ Jes ogefve³ee JesÀ Òesceer Deuueen JesÀ O³eeve ceW JeÀ®®es {bie DeLee&led Hetje
ceve veneR ueiee JeÀj yew"s Les~ leYeer oeæ[leer ngF& Deewjle JesÀ OeJeÌJesÀ mes GveJesÀ veceepepe Heæ{ves ceW Keueue Heæ[e~ Deewjle ves
OeJeÌJeÀe FmeefueS veneR cenmetme efJeÀ³ee JeÌîeesbefJeÀ Jen DeHeves efÒe³e Heg$e JesÀ O³eeve ceW HetCe&ªHe mes [tyeer Leer~ [2]
v) Òemlegle ieod³eebMe mes ³enefMe#ee efceueleer nw efkeÀ mebmeej keÀer veMJej Je #eCeYebiegj JemlegDeeW keÀe ueesYe íesæ[keÀj F&MJej keÀes Heeves
keÀer F®íe peeie=le keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ Kegoe keÀes ®eenves JeeueeW keÀes Kegoe keÀer yeboieer ceW Hetje ceve ueieevee ®eeefnS ~ efpemes
me®®eer YeeqkeÌle Je me®®ee Òesce neslee nw Gmes nj peien Kegoe efoKeeF& oslee nw ~ pees DenbkeÀej keÀes íesæ[keÀj Kegoe mes Òesce keÀjlee
nw Gmes Kegoe lees keÌ³ee HeMeg-He#eer Yeer Òesce keÀjves ueieles nQ ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) vecekeÀ - vecekeÀerve [½]
(b) F&ceeveoej - F&ceeveoejer [½]
277
ii) (a) keÀHeæ[e - Jem$e, ®eerj, Heì ~ [½]

(b) ceíueer - celm³e, ceerve, cekeÀj ~ [½]
iii) (a) Yeei³eJeeve - Yeei³enerve [½]

(b) yebOeve - cegkeÌle [½]
(c) meiegCe - efveieg&Ce [½]
(d) mebO³ee - Òeeleë [½]
iv) (a) ®esnje Glejvee - (Goeme leLee ogKeer nesvee) Hejer#ee HeÀue osKekeÀj GmekeÀe ®esnje Glej ie³ee ~ [½]
(b) ieues keÀe nej - (efÒe³e yevevee) ceOegj mJej ceW YeieJeo Yepeve megveekeÀj Jen meyekesÀ ieues keÀe nej yeve ie³ee ~ [½]
v) (a) Gæ[vee - Gæ[eve [½]

(b) osJe - osJelJe [½]
vi) (a) efJe<Ceg Mecee& kegÀueerve yeéïeCe Les ~ [1]
(b) Deemeceeve ceW ef®eefæ[³eeB Gæ[ jner nQ ~ [1]
(c) yeeefuekeÀe iegefæ[³ee mes Kesue jner nw ~ [1]

278
A.1
i) ’megHegef<Helee uelee èfÒe³ee' HegkeÀejleer nw ®eelekeÀer,
Decevo ceeso ceive nw megievOe cevo Jeele keÀer ~
`T<ee' DeleerJeMeesYeevegjeie jkeÌle ieele keÀer,
Denes ceveesjcee íìe efJejepeleer `ÒeYeele' keÀer ~“
Denes! Òeele: JeÀeueerve ¢M³e efJeÀlevee ceveesjce nw jpeveerJeOet efyeKejs JesÀMe Heeme JeÀes mecesì jner nw Deewj T<ee megvojer
JeÀe efJeueeme megMeesefYele nesves ueieer nw Ssmes ceveesjce JeeleeJejCe ceW YećeCe JeÀe Deevebo DeoYegle nw~ Òeele:JeÀeueerve YećeCe mes
nceW MegodOe Jee³eg efceueleer nw~ Meerleue cebo megievOe HeJeve JesÀ mHeMe& mes nce jesceebef®ele nesles nQ~ Òeele:JeÀeueerve YećeCe mes nceeje
mJeemLe GÊece jnlee nw Deewj nce efvejesie jnles nw~ Fme mece³e leer¬e ieefle ceW ®eueves mes nce G®®e jJeÌle®eeHe pewmeer yeerceeefj³eesb
mes ye®es jnles nQ ~ Òeele:JeÀeueerve YećeCe efJeÐeee|Le³eeW JesÀ efueS DeueewefJeÀJeÀ Jejoeve mJeªHe nw efpememes GveJeÀe ceve-ceeqmle<JeÀ
lejes-leepee nes peelee nw Deewj GveJeÀer mcejCe MeeqJeÌle JeÀer Je=ef× nesleer nw~ Fmemes MeejerefjJeÀ leLee ceeveefmeJeÀ efJeJeÀeme DeyeeOe
ªHe mes yeæ{lee nw~
Òeele:JeÀeueerve YećeCe JesÀ ueeYe mes DeJeiele nesves JesÀ JeÀejCe ceQ yeeu³eeJemLee mes ner YećeCe JeÀe Deevebo ÒeeHle JeÀjleer
ntB ~ owefvekeÀ JeÀe³e&¬eÀce JeÀer ªHejsKee ceW FmeJeÀe mece³e efveOee&efjle jnlee nw JeÌîeesbefJeÀ Òeele:JeÀeueerve YećeCe mes pees leepeieer
Deewj efJeMeg× Jee³eg ÒeeHle nesleer nw Gmemes Hetjs efove JeÀe JeÀe³e& Deefle GÊece {bie mes neslee nw~ ³eefo J³emleleeJeMe efJeÀmeer efove
veneR pee Heeleer lees efove Yej JeÀe³e& ceW ceve veneR ueielee! Ssmee ueielee nw pewmes JeÀesF& DeeJeM³eJeÀ JeÀe³e& JeÀjvee Yetue ie³eer nBt~
JeÀesF& otmeje JeÀe³e& Yeues Yetue peeTb eEJeÀleg Òeele: YećeCe JeÀjvee veneR Yetueleer ntB~ Òeele: JeÀeueerve ¢M³e JeÀe DeJeueesJeÀve
JeÀjvee Deewj ueeYe G"evee DeHeves peerJeve JeÀe cenlJeHetCe& GÎsM³e nw, pees Yeer Fme ceveesjce ¢M³e JeÀes osKe ueslee nw Jen e|
JeÀoeefHe efJemce=le veneR JeÀjlee JeÌîeesbefJeÀ Fme DeodYegle mece³e ceW efveMeeJemeeve JeÀe ¢M³e, jbie-efyejbies megiebefOele HetÀueesb JeÀe
DeoYegle meewbo³e& ceve JeÀes DeeJeÀe|<ele JeÀjlee nw~
Keie JegÀue JesÀ ceOegj JeÀuejJe mes meYeer efoMeeSsB Meyoe³eceeve nes jner nW, DeeJeÀeMe ceW Heef#e³eesb JesÀ mecetn e| FOej-GOej
pee jns nQ~ megHegeq<<ele ueleeDeesb Hej, njs-njs Je=#eesb Hej, JeÀue-JeÀue JeÀjleer ngF& veefo³eesb JesÀ leìesb Hej, Jeveesb Je GHeJeveesb ceW meJe&$e
Heef#e³eesb JeÀe ceOegj JetÀpeve Je ceveesjce ve=l³e ceevees JeeleeJejCe ceW jme Ieesue jne nw~ mel³e ner Òeele:JeÀeueerve ¢M³e DeHetJe& Deewj
DevegHece neslee nw ~ Òeele: DeªCe jeqMce JeÀer G<cee mes mebmeej ceW ®ewlev³elee Dee peeleer nw jele JeÀe meVeeìe veä nes peelee nw~
ueesie efove JesÀ YeeJeer JeÀe³e&¬eÀce JeÀer lew³eejer ceW J³emle nes peeles nQ~ ieebJe ceW Òeele: _ e| efJeÀmeeve Yeer Debie[]eF& uesJeÀj, jece-
jece mcejCe JeÀjJesÀ yewueesb JeÀes uesJeÀj Kesleesb Hej JeÀece JeÀjves JesÀ efueS ®eue He[le efve:mebosn jece veece JeÀe mebJeÀuHe JeÀjJesÀ Jen
efveMíue Deewj efve<HeeHe Ëo³e mes Þece JeÀjves ceW pegì peelee nw~ ³en SkeÀ Meyo Jeso, ieerlee Deewj GHeefve<eod JesÀ Hee" mes JeÀce
veneR nw~ Iej ceW ie=nCeer veoer, leeueeye mes Heeveer Yej JeÀj ueeleer nw, oner efyeueesleer nw, iee³e JeÀer mesJee JeÀjvee, Ieeme efKeueeJeÀj
otOe otnvee Fl³eeefo JeÀe³ee&jcYe nes peelee nw~ Òeele:JeÀeue njer-Yejer Oejleer meebme uesves ueieleer nw~ Deesme eEyeogDeesb JesÀ ªHe
ceW cegJeÌlee mecetn Mevew:-Mevew: uegHle nesves ueieles nQ~ met³e& jeqMce JeÀer G<cee mes Deeê&lee efJeueerve nes peeleer nw~ meJe&$e neme-
Guueeme Heefjueef#ele nesves ueielee nw ~
’ceOeg yejmeelee Deelee ÒeYeele,
®ewlev³elee ueelee ÒeYeele ~
ÒeJeÀefle JeÀe DevegHece ªHe mepeelee,
mJeeiele-mJeeiele lesje ÒeYeele ~~“
Yeejle ceW Òee³e: JeÀefJe³eesb ves Òeele:JeÀeueerve meewbo&³e JeÀe JeCe&ve efJeÀ³ee nw~ JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ ³en peve-peve ceW veJe-peerJeve JeÀe
meb®eej JeÀjleer nw Deewj meJe&$e n<ees&uueeme JeÀe JeeleeJejCe yeveeleer nw~ [15]
279
ii) ³eefo ceQ `JeÀewve yevesiee JeÀjesæ[Heefle' JeÀe³e&¬eÀce mes HeeB®e JeÀjesæ[ peerle ie³eer lees Gmemes leerve ceneved JeÀe³e& JeÀjvee ®eentBieer ~
Henues lees ceQ DeHeves YeefJe<³e JeÀes GppeJeue Deewj meHeÀue yeveeves JeÀe Òe³eeme JeÀªBieer~ `mJeevle: megKee³e' DeLee&led efJeÀmeer Ssmes
#es$e ceW meHeÀue nesvee ®eenleer nBt efpememes cesje veece efJeK³eele nes meJesÀ Deewj cesje Devle:JeÀjCe megKeer nes meJesÀ~
JeÀne Yeer peelee nw efJeÀ -
`DeeHe megKeer lees peie megKeer,
DeeHe ogëKeer lees peie ogëKeer ~'
DeHeves DeeHekeÀes megKe HengB®eeves kesÀ efueS ceQ DeHeveer G®®e efMe#ee keÀes ÒeeHle keÀjves kesÀ efueS kegÀí Yeeie Ke®e& keÀjvee
®eengBieer ~ DeeOegefveJeÀ ³egie ceW ceBnieeF& yeæ{ peeves JesÀ JeÀejCe efMe#ee ÒeeHle JeÀjvee Deewj Yees cegeqMJeÀue nes ie³ee nw~ Dele: ceQ
YeefJe<³e ceW meceepe megOeeefjJeÀe yevevee ®eenleer ntB, eEJeÀleg efyevee efJeMes<e %eeve Deewj Hejer#ee ÒeceeCe He$e JesÀ JeÀe³e& JeÀjvee
DemecYeJe nw~ meerKeves JeÀer JeÀesF& GÒe veneR nesleer FmeefueS osMe ceW efpelevee meerKeves JeÀes efceues Gmemes p³eeoe HeeM®eel³e efMe#ee
ceW JegÀMeue nesvee DeeJeM³eJeÀ nw efpemeceW Ke®e& JeÀjJesÀ DeHeves meHeves JeÀes Hetje JeÀjvee ®eenleer ntB~
DeHeveer G®®eefMe#ee ceW Heejbiele nesves JesÀ HeM®eeled meceepe megOeej JeÀe³e& ceW Deeves Jeeues meeOeveesb JeÀes ÒeeHle JeÀjves JesÀ efueS
ceQves otmeje Yeeie Ke®e& JeÀjJesÀ meblegefä ÒeeHle JeÀer~ meeceeefpeJeÀ, ceveesJew%eeefveJeÀ leLee Deee|LeJeÀ ªHe mes HetCe&leë efMe#ee, jesìer,
JeÀHeæ[e Deewj ceJeÀeve JesÀ ªHe ceW efveOe&ve leLee iejeryeesb JeÀer mene³elee JeÀjvee ner peerJeve JeÀe Hejce GÎsM³e nes ie³ee ns~ jesefie³eesb
JesÀ efueS ef®eefJeÀlmee JeÀe ÒeyebOe JeÀjvee, ye®®eesb mes uesJeÀj Je=odLeesb JeÀes efMeef#ele JeÀjves JesÀ efueS efMe#ee JeÀe e| efMeefJej ueieyeeves
JeÀer J³eJemLee JeÀjvee DeeJeÀeqmceJeÀ DeeHeoe leLee efJeHeoe JeÀer cegeqJeÌle JesÀ efueS Henues mes ner ye®eeJe JesÀ efue³es ³eespevee yeveevee
Deewj nj mecYeJe ueesieesb JeÀer mene³elee JesÀ efueS JeÀcej JeÀme ueer nw~
Devlele: ye®eer ngF& OevejeefMe Yeer ueesieesb JeÀer J³eLee Deewj JegbÀ"e JeÀes Yeieeves JesÀ efueS ueieevee ®eenleer ntB, JeÀne peelee
nw efJeÀ -
oerveve ntB meyeJeÀes ueKew, oerveve ueKew ve JeÀes³e~
pees oerveve JeÀes ueKew, oerve yebOeg mees nes³e~~~
DeLee&led DeHeves efueS lees meYeer me#eced Deewj JeÀle&J³eMeerue nesles nW eEJeÀleg otmejesb JesÀ efueS JeÀle&J³eHeje³eCe nesves Jeeues JeÀce
ner ueesie nesles nQ~ ceveg<³e Hej JeÀF& $eÝCe nesles nQ, osJe $eÝCe, efHele= $eÝCe FmeefueS YeefJe<³e JesÀ meHeves JeÀes Hetje JeÀjves cesb
ceeieoMe&ve JeÀjves Jeeues ceelee-efHelee Deewj ieg©peve JesÀ efueS Yeer ceQ JegÀí Ssmee JeÀe³e& JeÀjvee ®eenleer nBt efpememes ceQ GveJeÀer
HejsMeeefve³eeW JeÀes otj JeÀj meJetBÀ~ Je=odOeeJemLee ceW ueesie ogye&ue Deewj DemJemLe nes peeles nQ FmeefueS GveJesÀ Keeves-Heerves leLee
ef®eefJeÀlmee JeÀer J³eJemLee JeÀjves JesÀ He½eelet HetCe&le: meblegä nesJeÀj ceQ efveYe&³e nesJeÀj JeÀÊe&J³e ceeie& Hej Deûemej nesvee ®eenleer
nBt~ Deewj DeHeves J³emlece JeÀe³eeX mes mece³e efveJeÀeue JeÀj GveJesÀ ceveesjbpeve JesÀ efueS YećeCe leLee osJeoMe&ve ³ee$ee JeÀes
Dee³eesefpele JeÀjvee ®eenleer nBt efpememes YeeJeveelceJeÀ leejlec³elee yeveer jns Deewj GveJesÀ peerJeve ceW KeeueerHeve Deewj efvejeMee ve
jn HeeS~
Fme ÒeJeÀej HeeB®e JeÀjesæ[ ©He³es mes ceQ mJelJe, HejeLe& leLee yeæ[s yegpegiees¥ JeÀes megKeer leLee meblegä JeÀjves JesÀ leerve ceneve JeÀe³e&
JeÀjvee ®eenleer ntB ~ [15]
iii) JeÀesF& Yeer ceneved J³eeqJeÌle íueeBie ueieeJeÀj TB®ee Heo veneR ÒeeHle JeÀjlee nw yeequJeÀ ®eeRìer JeÀer lejn yeej-yeej DemeHeÀue
nesJeÀj Deblele: meHeÀuelee JeÀes ÒeeHle JeÀj ueslee nw~ pewmes leer¬e JesieJeeve Iees[s Hej efyevee DeY³eeme JesÀ meJeej yeej-yeej efiej
He[lee nw Deewj Devle ceW Gme Hej efve³eb$eCe ÒeeHle JeÀj ueslee nw Jewmes ner JeÀesF& Yeer J³eeqJeÌle efyevee DemeHeÀue ngS meHeÀuelee veneR
ÒeeHle JeÀj meJeÀlee nw
yengle mes ueesie mees®eles yengle nQ eEJeÀleg efyevee Òe³elve JesÀ ue#³e leJeÀ veneR Hengb®e Heeles nQ ~ JeÌîeesbefJeÀ Jes DeHeveer ³eesi³elee
Deewj JeÀe³e& JegÀMeuelee JeÀes HetCe&le: ye{]e ner veneR Heeles nQ~ ³eefo Jes ³eesi³e nes Yeer peeles nQ, lees Gme mlej leJeÀ HeefjÞece veneR
JeÀj Heeles efpememes meHeÀuelee ÒeeHle JeÀj meJeWÀ~ ³eefo JeÀece JeÀes meHeÀue yeveeves JesÀ efueS Jees DeHeveer mecHetCe& meeceL³e& ueiee Yejer
oW uesefJeÀve peye leJeÀ Òe³elve veneR JeÀjWies leye leJeÀ ue#³e ÒeeHle efoMee ceW GveJeÀe Deûemej nesvee DemecYeJe nw~ yew" JeÀj neLe
Hej neLe jKeves mes ve ner JeÀesF& JeÀece yevee nw Deewj ve ner yevesiee
280
YeefJe<³e ceW meHeÀuelee Heeves JesÀ efueS nceW Ssmes efce$e ®egveves ®eeefnS pees yeej-yeej DemeHeÀue nesves JesÀ yeeo meHeÀuelee JesÀ
efueS Yeer cenlJeJeÀeb#ee Deewj GÊespevee JeÀer YeeJevee JeÀes leer¬e JeÀjW Deewj ceve ceW DeeMeeDeesb Deewj DeeJeÀeb#eeDeeW JeÀer nue®eue
ce®ee mekesÀ ~ Meeble ef®eÊe yewþ keÀj ncebs DeHeveer ³eesi³eleeDeeW Deewj keÀe³e&Mewefue³eeW keÀer SkeÀ met®eer yeveeveer ®eeefnS efkeÀ yeej-
yeej DemeHeÀue Deewj Demeblegä nesves kesÀ keÌ³ee-keÌ³ee keÀejCe nceejs Deboj nQ ? keÀewve mee keÀece efkeÀleves yesnlej {bie mes efkeÀ³ee
pee mekeÀlee nw ? efkeÀve-efkeÀve yeeleeW ceW efHeíæ[s ngS nQ ? ceve®eener meHeÀuelee kesÀ efueS efkeÀve keÀejCeeW mes HebÀmes ngS nw ? nceW
DeHeves ceve keÀer ienjeF&³eeW ceW Glej keÀj DeHeveer $egefì³eeW, YetueeW Deewj keÀcepeesefj³eeW keÀes peeveves Deewj GvnW megOeejves keÀe Òe³eeme
keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ efkeÀve iegCeeW kesÀ keÀejCe DeeHe keÀer ³ee$ee Òeieefle HeLe Hej DeyeeOe ieefle mes peejer jn mekeÀleer nw ~ ³eefo Dev³ee
ueesie DemeHeÀue neskeÀj meHeÀue nes mekeÀles nQ lees DeeHe keÌ³eeW veneR ? efJeMJeeme, HeefjÞece Deewj megOeej ner ncebs DemeHeÀuelee mes
meHeÀuelee keÀer Deesj ues pee mekeÀleer nw ~ yeej-yeej DemeHeÀue nesves Hej meHeÀue nesves kesÀ efueS nceW Deelce efvejer#eCe keÀjvee
®eeefnsS efpememes nes mekeÀlee nw efkeÀ nceW DeHeves Yeerlej meesves, nerjs, ceesefle³eeW keÀe Yeb[ej efoKee³eer os peeS efpemes DeeHeves keÀYeer
mJeHve ceW Yeer veneR osKee nes ~ DeeHe DeeM®e³e&®eefkeÀle nes mekeÀles nQ efkeÀ DeYeer lekeÀ DeeHeves meHeÀuelee kesÀ iegCeeW keÀes keÌ³eeW veneR
Keespe efvekeÀeuee ~ Fmeer kesÀ meeLe DeeHe DeHeves peerJeve keÀe efJekeÀeme keÀjkesÀ meHeÀuelee kesÀ ceeie& Hej Deûemej nes mekeÀles nQ ~
yeej-yeej DemeHeÀue nesves Hej pees iegCe nceW DeJeiegCe kesÀ ªHe ceW efoKeles nQ, Deelceeefvejer#eCe Deewj DeelceeE®eleve keÀjves Hej
JeneR iegCe DeY³eeme keÀjkesÀ yeueMeeueer yeveeS pee mekeÀles nQ ~ nceW ³en mees®evee ®eeefnS efkeÀ MeejerefjkeÀ, ceeveefmekeÀ,
ogye&uelee ner DemeHeÀuelee keÀe keÀejCe lees veneR nw ~ nce DeHeveer ³eesi³eleeDeeW Deewj MeeqkeÌle³eeW keÀe DeJecetu³eve Deewj
DeveosKee keÀjkesÀ DeHeves DeeHe keÀes OeesKee lees veneR os jns nQ ~ Fme lejn nceW keÀle&J³e ceeie& Hej mebYeue-mebYeue keÀj HetbÀkeÀ-
HetbÀkeÀ keÀj keÀoce yeæ{evee ®eeefnS ~ ³eefo nce DeHeveer ³eesi³elee mes keÀcelej ue#³e keÀer Deesj yeæ{les nQ lees nceejer keÀe³e&
MeeqkeÌle³eeB Yeer nerve nes peeleer nQ Deewj nce DemeHeÀue neskeÀj Meemeve keÀjves keÀer peien Meeefmele nesves ueieles nQ ~ nceW
DemeHeÀuelee keÀer ner YeeJevee keÀes efJejesefnle keÀjkesÀ Gvveefle keÀer YeeJevee mes meHeÀuelee keÀer meerefæ{³eeW Hej ®eæ{les ®eues peevee
®eeefnS ~ efHeÀj nce DeHeveer SkeÀeûelee, ueieve Deewj HeefjÞece mes efyevee ªkesÀ Deeies yeæ{les ®eues pee³eWies ~ DeHeveer kegÀoeueer mes
DeHevee jemlee DeeHe KeesokeÀj yeveeves Jeeuee ner HetCe&ªHe mes meHeÀue neslee nw ~ pees Fme keÀìg mel³e keÀes peeve keÀj meef¬eÀ³e veneR
neslee Jen keÀYeer Yeer meHeÀue veneR nes mekeÀlee nw, ³ener Hejce mel³e nw ~ Deleë yeej-yeej DemeHeÀue nesves Hej Yeer Òe³eeme keÀjves
Deewj meef¬eÀ³e nesves Hej nce meHeÀuelee keÀes ÒeeHle keÀjves ceW me#eced nes mekeÀles nQ ~ [15]
iv) Dee®ee³e& ®eeCekeÌ³e keÀe efJe®eej nw efkeÀ efpevekesÀ Ëo³e ceW ncesMee otmejeW keÀer YeueeF& keÀjves keÀer YeeJevee nesleer nw GvekesÀ mece#e
efJeHeefÊe³eeB keÀoeefHe veneR YeìkeÀleer ~
mJeeceer efJeJeskeÀevebo peer ves F&MJej keÀer YeeqkeÌle keÀe meJe&Þesÿ ceeie& ner ceeveJe mesJee yelee³ee nw leYeer lees cewefLeueer MejCe
iegHle keÀer ³en HebeqkeÌle³eeB ®eefjleeLe& nesleer nQ -
`³ener HeMeg ÒeJe=efÊe nw efkeÀ DeeHe DeeHe ner ®ejs ~
ceveg<³e nw Jener efkeÀ pees ceveg<³e kesÀ efueS cejs ~~'
HeMegDeeW keÀe mebmeej meerefcele neslee nw eEkeÀleg ceeveJeeW keÀe mebmeej Demeerefcele neslee nw ~ Deleë HejesHekeÀej kesÀ GHejeble ngF&
megKeevegYetefle keÀe JeCe&ve DemecYeJe neslee nw ~ Fme GeqkeÌle mes mebyeefOele cegPes SkeÀ Ieìvee ³eeo Dee jner nw ~ peye ceQ omeJeeR
keÀ#ee ceW Heæ{leer Leer lees DeeflejeqkeÌle keÀ#eeSB keÀjves kesÀ keÀejCe Iej ueewìves ceW osj nes peeleer Leer Deewj peeæ[s ceW DebOesje Yeer MeerIe´
nes peelee Lee ~ SkeÀ efove mee³ebkeÀeue ueewìles mece³e ieesceleer Hegue kesÀ {ueeve Hej peye cesje efjkeÌMee Glej jne Lee lees Heerís mes
SkeÀ YeQmee ieeæ[er ves OekeÌkeÀe os efo³ee ~ efpemekesÀ þeskeÀj mes ceQ lees Gíue keÀj otj efiej ie³eer ~ cesje yemlee, petlee Deeefo Gíue
keÀj Peeefæ[³eeW ceW ®euee ie³ee eEkeÀleg meeLe ceW cesjer mensueer pees meæ[keÀ keÀer lejHeÀ efiejer Leer lees GmekeÀer keÀcej Deewj Heerþ Hej ieeæ[er
keÀe Heefn³ee OekeÌkeÀe oslee ngDee ®euee ie³ee ~ GmekeÀer nef[[³eeB ìtì ie³eer Leer Deewj neLe Deewj Hewj Yeer efíue ieS Les, efpememes
Ketve efvekeÀueves ueiee Lee ~ peye lekeÀ ceQ GmekesÀ Heeme HengB®e meketBÀ leye lekeÀ JeneB yengle ueesieeW keÀer Yeeræ[ SkeÀ$e nes ie³eer,
ueesieeW keÀer DeHeÀjeleHeÀjer ce®e ie³eer, kegÀí ueesie lees oewæ[keÀj efjkeÌMes Jeeues keÀes HekeÀæ[keÀj ceejves ueies efkeÀ ye®®eeW keÀes keÌ³eeW
efieje efo³ee ? kegÀí ueesieeW ves DemHeleeue ®eueves kesÀ efueS keÀne eEkeÀleg Iee³eueeJemLee ceW cesjs efueS Gmes GþekeÀj efjkeÌMes mes
DemHeleeue ceW ÒeeLeefcekeÀ ef®eefkeÀlmee efouee keÀj IejJeeueeW keÀes yegueJee³ee pee mekesÀ, efkebÀleg ceQves ye®eHeve ceW megvee Lee efkeÀ
281
DeHeefjef®eleeW kesÀ meeLe keÀner Yeer veneR peeles FmeefueS ceQves Gvemes Deeûen efkeÀ³ee efkeÀ nceW Iej Hej ner HengB®eJee os ~ GvneWves
yeej-yeej DeHeveer cepeyetjer yeleeF& efkeÀ GvnW efJeOeevemeYee ceereEìie ceW peevee nw mece³eeYeeJe Deewj oefj³eeefoueer kesÀ keÀejCe
DemHeleeue veneR HengB®ee mekeÀles nQ ~ eEkeÀleg cesjer leìmLelee Deewj mensueer keÀer oMee keÀes osKekeÀj GvneWves Henues nceW Iej ner veneR
HengB®eJee³ee yeefukeÀ IejJeeueeW keÀes meeLe ueskeÀj DemHeleeue ues peekeÀj ÒeeLeefcekeÀ ef®eefkeÀlmee Yeer efoueJee³eer ~ Fme YeueeF& kesÀ
keÀe³e& ceW GvekeÀe meHesÀo Jem$e Ketve kesÀ OeyyeeW mes ueeue nes jne Lee efpemes osKekeÀj cesjs leLee cesjer mensueer kesÀ ceelee-efHelee ves
neLe peesæ[keÀj GvekeÀe Megef¬eÀ³ee Deoe efkeÀ³ee Deewj ceereEìie íesæ[keÀj Fme GHekeÀej keÀe³e& keÀes keÀjves kesÀ efueS ke=Àle%elee
peleeF& ~
Fme ÒekeÀej nce ³en osKeles nQ efkeÀ pees mJeeLeea Deewj ueesYeer veneR neslee Jener otmejeW kesÀ keÀäeW Deewj J³eLee keÀes mecePekeÀj
Gmes otj keÀjves ceW mene³elee keÀjlee nQ cenekeÀefJe, Òemeeo peer ves Yeer keÀne nw -
`nceejs meb®e³e ceW Lee oeve
DeefleefLe Les nceejs osJe ~~'
ceneved Òee®eerve keÀefJe leguemeeroeme keÀes Yeer ceneved meceepe megOeejkeÀ keÀne peelee nw, efpevneWves HejesHekeÀej keÀes meJe&Þesÿ
yelee³ee nw -
`Hejefnle meefjme Oece& veneR YeeF&,
Hej Heeræ[e veefn mece DeOeYeeF& ~~' [15]
v) ef®e$e ceW jsueJes HuesìHeÀece& JeÀer meeref{³eesb JeÀe ¢M³e nw efpemeceW SJeÀ íesìe yeeueJeÀ efJeÀmeer ³ee$eer JesÀ petles JeÀes Hee@efueMe JeÀj jne
nw~ ³en Ssmee mLeeve nw peneb Deeles-peeles ³eeef$e³eesb JeÀer Yees[-Yee[] jnleer nQ Deewj ye®®eesb DeLee&led yeeue-ÞeefcekeÀeW JeÀes JeÀece
efceueves ceW Deemeeveer jnleer nw Jes JeÀesF& Yeer JeÀece JeÀjJesÀ Hewmes JeÀcee meJeÀles nQ~ eEJeÀleg ueesieesb ceW íesìs ye®®eesb mes petles Hee@efueMe
JeÀjJeeves ceW JeÀesF& Mece& ³ee ueppee JeÀe YeeJe veneR nw, lees Fleveer Yeer[ Yejs mLeeve ceW Yeer yeeue-Þece JeÀe ueeYe G"e jns nQ ~
nceejs osMe ceW yeeue-ÞeefceJeÀesb JeÀer mecem³ee JeÀesF& veF& ®eerpe veneR nw~ mJeleb$elee mes HetJe& Fve ÞeefceJeÀ ye®®eesb JeÀes `cegC[t'
JeÀnJeÀj HegJeÀeje peelee Lee pees p³eeoelej Henæ[er cesnveleer ye®®es nesles Les~ peneb DeefMe#ee Je efveOe&velee JeÀer DeefOeJeÀlee
nesleer Leer~
Deye ieeJeesb Deewj MenjW ceW íesìs ye®®eesb JeÀes Iejesb, nesìueesb, {eyeesb, ogJeÀeveesb, JeÀue-JeÀejKeeveesb, YeefÆ³eesb leLee
HewÀeqJeÌìefj³eesb ceW JeÀ"esj HeefjÞece JeÀjJee³ee peelee nw ~ ³ener veneR, HegÀìHeeLees Deewj ®eewjenesb Hej ye®®es JemlegSB Deewj mecee®eej-
He$e yes®eles ngS efoKee³eer osles nQ~ mJeleb$e Yeejle JesÀ megJegÀceej ye®eHeve JeÀer me®eceg®e efJeÀleveer o³eveer³e eqmLeefle efoKee³eer osleer
nw ~
yeeue-ÞeefceJeÀesb JesÀ cetue m$eesle oefjêlee, ceeB yeeHe JeÀer JeÀ"esjlee, Heæ{ves mes peer ®egjevee, efJeceelee JeÀe ogJ³e&Jenej leLee
JegÀmebieefle nw leLee JegÀí HejcHejeiele JeÀejCe Yeer nesles nQ pewmes- cees®eer, yeæ{F&, JegÀcnej, ueesnej, opeea Deeefo mJeYeeJe mes
ÞecepeerJeer nesles nQ ~ pees mJeeyeuecyeer nesves JesÀ efueS DeHeves Hewle=JeÀ JeÀe³e& ceW pegì peeles nQ ~ FmeceW FveJeÀer eqmLeefle o³eveer³e
veneR nesleer efpeleveer otmejesb JesÀ DeOeerve JeÀe³e& JeÀjves ceW nesleer nw ~
yeeue-ÞeefceJeÀ, ³egJee-ÞeefceJeÀ JeÀer DeHes#ee memles ceW efceue peeles nQ efpeveHej JeÀesF& Yeer Oeewbme ³ee Del³ee®eej JeÀj meJeÀlee
nw~ JeÀce oece Deewj ceveceevee JeÀece ³ener ceveesJe=efÊe FveJesÀ Mees<eCe JeÀe cetue JeÀejCe nw~ JeÀevetveer ªHe mes ®eewon Je<e& mes JeÀce
ye®®eesb mes JeÀece JeÀjevee DeHejeOe nw eEJeÀleg iejeryeer Deewj YegKecejer JeÀes eqmLeefle ceW ceeB yeeHe mJe³eb ner ye®®ees JeÀes Deceesjesb,
peceeRoejesb leLee "sJesÀoejesb JesÀ neLeesb ceW yes®e osles nQ~ efpeveJesÀ meeLe DeceeveJeer³e J³eJenej efJeÀ³ee peelee nw~
Fve efJeJeÀemeesvcegKe ye®®eesb JesÀ Heeueve-Hees<eCe, efMe#ee-oer#ee, ef®eefJeÀlmee leLee Gef®ele efJeJeÀeme JeÀer Deesj O³eeve veneR
efo³ee pee meJeÀlee nw yeequJeÀ Gvemes JeÀ"esj HeefjÞece JeÀjJeeves Hej DeceeveJeer³e J³eJenej ªHeer Ieesj DeHejeOe efJeÀ³ee peelee nw~
FmeJeÀe efvejeJeÀjCe JeÀjvee DeeJeM³eJeÀ nw~ Òel³esJeÀ osMe JeÀe ³en ceeveJeer³e JeÀÊe&J³e neslee nw efJeÀ yeeue-ÞeefceJeÀesb JeÀes yeveves
ceW yeeO³e nesves JeÀer pees eqmLeefle³eeB ³ee HeefjeqmLeefle³eeB nes meJeÀleer nW GvnW otj JeÀjvee~ yeeue-YeefJe<³e JeÀes megjef#ele jKe Gmes
GVele Deewj mece=× yeveeves JesÀ efueS Fme Hegveerle JeÀÊe&J³e JeÀe efveJee&n Del³eeJeM³eJeÀ nw~ jeä^ ³ee osMe JeÀes meYeer ye®®eesb JesÀ
YejCe-Hees<eCe, efMe#ee oer#ee, ef®eefJeÀlmee Deeefo JeÀer ³eLeesef®ele J³eJemLee JeÀjveer ®eeefnS~ ³eefo ye®®es eEJeÀner JeÀejCeesb mes
282
ye®eHeve KeesJeÀj efJeÀmeer ÒeJeÀej yeeue-Þece JeÀjles nW, lees Gvns Gve efJe<ece HeefjeqmLeefle³eesb mes efveJeÀeueJeÀj GveJeÀe Gef®ele
Hegve&Jeeme Yeer nceejs Hegveerle jeä^ JeÀe DeueewefJeÀJeÀ JeÀÊe&J³e nw~ ³eefo nce meYeer Fme Deesj lelJeÀeue O³eeve veneR oWies lees yeeue-
ÞeefceJeÀesb JesÀ ªHe ceW ceeveJelee efHemeleer jnsieer Deewj nceeje YeefJe<³e Yeer Kelejs ceW He[ peeSiee~ efJeÀmeer ves yeeue-ÞeefceJeÀesb JeÀer
oerve-nerve oMee JeÀes osKeJeÀj me®e ner JeÀne nw -
`yeeue ÞeefceJeÀ nesles veneR, ÞeefceJeÀes JeÀes veneR Heeble ~
jeä^ Deiej o³ee JeÀjs, ye®®eesb JeÀe nes GHeJeÀej~~' [15]
A. 2
i) Oe´gJe Hewv³etueer
56, Fvoj yeeyee cee&ie
efkeÀMeveHegj - osnjeotve~
efoveebkeÀ - 07.05.2011
efÒe³e efce$e levegpe,
ceQ JegÀMeue HetJe&JeÀ jnles ngS meoe legcnejer JegÀMeuelee JesÀ efueS F&MJej mes ÒeeLeea ntB ~ ceQ ³en He$e legcnW SJeÀ megKeo
mecee®eej yeleeves JesÀ efueS efueKe jner ntB efJeÀ cegPes meved 2011 F&. ceW Jeerjlee HegjmJeÀej JesÀ efueS ®e³eefveÊe efJeÀ³ee ie³ee nw,
keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ceQves Deeies yeæ{JeÀj JegÀí ueesieesb JesÀ ÒeeCeesb JeÀer j#ee JeÀer~ Fmemes cegPes yeæ[er ÒemeVelee JeÀer DevegYetefle nes jner nw~ ceQ
Fleveer GÊesefpele ntB efJeÀ efyevee legcnW Ieìvee yeleeS jn veneR meJeÀleer ntB ~ SkeÀ yeej ceQ DeHeveer mensefue³eeW kesÀ meeLe cesuee osKeves
pee jner Leer jemleW ceW SkeÀ Hegefue³ee Heæ[er efpemekesÀ veer®es venj Deewj THej jsueJes Heìjer Leer ~ yeæ[eW kesÀ Deeves keÀer Òeleer#ee ceW nce
7-8 ueesie Hegefue³ee Hej yewþ keÀj ieevee iee jns Les, De®eevekeÀ cesjs ceve ceW Dee³ee efkeÀ Deiej ì^sve DeeS lees keÀewve Heeveer ceW
ketÀosiee Deewj keÀewve Yeeiesiee leYeer yeæ[er leerJe´ ieefle mes jsueieeæ[er Deeleer efoKee³eer oer lees cewves ef®euueekeÀj keÀne efkeÀ keÀesF& Yeer
ve oewæ[siee Deewj vee ner Heeveer ceW ketÀosiee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ efkeÀmeer keÀes lewjvee veneR Deelee Lee ~ leye meYeer ueesie Heìjer kesÀ efkeÀveejs
íesìs-íesìs Hesæ[eW keÀer Peeefæ[³eeW keÀes HekeÀæ[ keÀj uesì keÀj nvegceeve ®eeueermee Heæ{ves ueies Deewj THej mes Oeæ[Oeæ[eleer ng³eer
jsueieeæ[er efvekeÀue ie³eer ~ Gmeer mece³e SkeÀ ceb$eer keÀe oewje nes jne Lee efpevneWves Òel³e#e ªHe mes osKee efkeÀ Deiej ye®®es oewæ[les
lees keÀesF& Yeer ye®e veneR Heeles ~ FmeerefueS cegPes meueen osves Deewj DeiegJeeF& keÀjves kesÀ keÀejCe Jeerjlee HegjmkeÀej kesÀ efueS
®e³eefvele efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ Fmemes cesjs ceelee-efHelee yengle Òemevve nw Deewj ³ener KegMeer ceQ He$e efueKe keÀj legcemes yeeBìvee ®eenleer
ntB ~
DeeMee nw efkeÀ cesjs He$e keÀe GÊej oesieer Deewj HegjmkeÀej efceueves Hej cegPes MegYekeÀecevee osves nsleg ³eneB DeeDeesieer ~ Iej
ceW meYeer yeæ[eW keÀes ÒeCeece leLee íesìeW keÀes H³eej keÀnvee ~
legcnejer efÒe³e
meKeer
ii) mesJee ceW,

cewvespej ceneso³e,
S®e.meer.Sue.Òee. efueefceìs[,
DeMeeskeÀ ceeie&, ueKeveT ~
efJe<e³e ë keÀcHeveer kesÀ cegK³e cewvespej keÀes ogkeÀeveoej keÀer ueeHejJeener kesÀ efueS efMekeÀe³ele-He$e ~
ceeveveer³e ceneso³e,
ceQ DeeHekeÀes ³en metef®ele keÀjvee ®eenleer ntB efkeÀ cewbves efoveebkeÀ 11.14.2011 keÀes HCL keÀcH³egìj Kejeroe Lee ~
ueieYeie SkeÀ cenerves kesÀ yeeo keÀcH³etìj kesÀ ceojyees[& ceW kegÀí lekeÀveerefkeÀ Kejeyeer Dee ieF& nw ~ FmekeÀes Kejeroles mece³e SkeÀ
meeue keÀer Jeejvìer Yeer efceueer Leer ~ yeej-yeej HeÀesve efkeÀ³ee lees ogkeÀeveoej ves keÀesF& O³eeve veneR efo³ee ~ leye ceQves mJe³eb
283
peekeÀj efMekeÀe³ele keÀer efHeÀj Yeer Jes Deepe keÀue keÀjkesÀ ìeue jns Les Deewj Gef®ele peJeeye veneR os jns Les ~ oes efoveeW kesÀ yeeo
Deevee keÀn keÀj yeej-yeej ìeue osles Les ~ efHeÀj SkeÀ meHleen kesÀ yeeo Deeves keÀes keÀne ~ Fme ÒekeÀej cesjer mecem³ee pewmes keÀer
lewmes yeveer jner Deewj cesjer mecem³ee keÀe keÀesF& Yeer meceeOeeve veneR ngDee ~ cesje mece³e yeyee&o neslee pee jne nw Deewj cesje keÀece
Yeer ªkeÀe Heæ[e nw ~
Deleë cegPes DeeMee ner venerb HetCe& efJeMJeeme nw efkeÀ Fme efMekeÀe³ele-He$e keÀes Heæ{keÀj DeeHe ogkeÀeveoej keÀes vemeernle,
leLee cesjer mecem³ee keÀe meceeOeeve DeefJeuecye keÀjves keÀer ke=ÀHee keÀjWies ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
ÒeeLeea
cesIevee kegÀceejer
efoveebkeÀ 7.05.11
48, efkeÀMeveHegj
ueKeveT ~ [7]
A. 3
i) yeveyeerj oemeer-Heg$e Lee~ Jen ef®eÊeewæ[ JesÀ eEmenemeve leLee jeCee meeBiee JesÀ íesìs Heg$e Go³eeEmen JeÀe mebj#eJeÀ Deewj meb®eeueve
JeÀlee& yevee³ee ie³ee Lee JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ cenejeveer JeÀªCeeJeleer JeÀe mJeie&Jeeme Yeer nes ®egJeÀe Lee ~ ueesYe ceW Heæ[JeÀj yeveyeerj ves mees®ee
efJeÀ ³eefo jeCee meeBiee JesÀ oesveesb Heg$e cej peeS lees ef®eÊeewæ[ JeÀe eEmenemeve GmeJesÀ efueS efve<JeÀìJeÀ nes peeSiee~ ueesYe
ceW Heæ[JeÀj ceveg<³e DeHeveer ceveg<³elee Kees oslee ns Deewj Jen DebOee nesJeÀj vej mes efHeMee®e yeve peelee nW~ [2]
ii ) HeVee Oee³e JeÀes yeveyeerj JesÀ yegjs DeefYeÒee³e: JeÀe Helee yeeefjve mes ®euee pees jele ceW pet"s HeÊeue G"eves Dee³eer Leer~ Gmeer ves
HeVee Oee³e JeÀes yelee³ee efJeÀ yeveyeerj ueesYe ceW Heæ[JeÀj yeæ[s JegbÀJej efJe¬eÀceeefol³e JeÀer nl³ee JeÀj ®egJeÀe nw Deewj Ketve mes jbieer
leueJeej uesJeÀj Fmeer lejHeÀ Dee jne nw ~ FmeerefueS yeeefjve Yeeieer ng³eer Dee³eer Deewj HeVee Oee³e mes efJeveleer JeÀjleer nw efJeÀ
efJeÀmeer Yeer lejn íesìs JegÀb Jej Go³eeEmen JeÀer j#ee JeÀe DeefleMeerIe´ GHee³e efveJeÀeues Dev³eLee Jen JegÀí Yeer JeÀj meJeÀlee nw~ [2]
iii ) HeVee Oee³e ves ef®eÊeewæ[ JesÀ YeeJeer jepee JeÀer j#ee JesÀ efueS Go³eeEmen JeÀes meeslee ngDee ner yeeefjve JeÀes os efo³ee Deewj meueen
oer efJeÀ HeÊeueesb JesÀ yeer®e ígHeeJeÀj Deewj yeveyeerj JeÀer vepejesb mes ye®eJeÀj ³eneB mes efveJeÀue peeDees~ Gmeves Go³eeEmen JeÀes
Mew³³ee Hej DeHeves Heg$e JeÀes ®eodoj mes {JeÀJeÀj meguee efo³ee JeÌîeesbefJeÀ oesveesb yeeueJeÀ SJeÀ ner Gce´ JesÀ Les~ DeHeves mJeeceer JesÀ
yeeueJeÀ Deewj jep³e JesÀ GÊejeefOeJeÀejer JeÀer j#ee JesÀ efueS Gme Oece&efve÷ Oee³e ves DeHeves JeÀuespes JesÀ ìgJeÀæ[s JeÀe yeefueoeve
JeÀjves JeÀe efve½e³e JeÀj efue³ee Lee~ [2]
iv ) HeVee Oee³e Jeerje veoer JesÀ leì Hej DeHeves Heg$e JesÀ MeJe JeÀes uesJeÀj Deeqvlece mebmJeÀej JeÀjves JesÀ efueS HengB®eer Deewj meesles ng³es
jep³e JesÀ DeOeerMJej (MeemeJeÀ) JeÀes uesJeÀj Oece&efve÷, l³eeiece³eer, ceceleece³eer Oee³e cesJeeæ[ mes yeenj efveJeÀue ie³eer~ eEJeÀleg
efJeÀmeer Yeer osMe JeÀe jepee yeveyeerj mes ogMceveer veneR ues meJeÀlee Lee, FmeerefueS efJeÀmeer ves Yeer Gme Hej Je=ÀHee veneR JeÀer Deewj vee
ner Gmes meneje efo³ee~ Jen FOej mes GOej ef"JeÀeveesb Hej YeìJeÀleer efHeÀj jner Leer~ Devlele: GmeJeÀer oMee Deewj l³eeie JeÀes
peeveJeÀj os³eje JesÀ jepee DeeMeeMeen ves Gmes Go³eeEmen JesÀ meeLe DeeÞe³e efo³ee Deewj JeerjleeHetJe&JeÀ yeveyeerj mes ogMceveer
ceesue ueer~ [2]
v) Òemlegle ieod³eebMe mes ³enefMe#ee efceueer efkeÀ HeVee Oee³e keÀer lejn keÀÊe&J³e Heeueve ceW ueesYe Deewj mJeeLe& ceW veneR Heæ[vee ®eeefnS~
³eefo DeHeveeW keÀes l³eeievee Heæ[s lees Yeer keÀoce Heerís veneR nìevee ®eeefnS Dev³eLee keÀÊe&J³e Heeueve ³eLeesef®ele {bie mes veneR nes
mekeÀlee nQ ~ DeHeves Fmeer l³eeie kesÀ keÀejCe HeVee Oee³e DeHeves Fefleneme kesÀ HeVeeW ceW Decej nes ie³eer nQ ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) Yeei³e - uesKee, efkeÀmcele, cegkeÀodoj [½]
(b) HeefJe$e - Megef®e, efJeMegodOe [½]
284
ii) (a) meekeÀej - efvejekeÀej [½]

(b) #eefCekeÀ - MeeMJele [½]
(c) efJemle=le - mebef#eHle [½]
(d) keÀerefle& - DeHekeÀerefle& [½]
iii) (a) efove - owefvekeÀ [½]

(b) cee³ee - cee³eeJeer [½]
iv) (a) penj keÀe IetBì Heervee - Gmeves DeHeveer yenve keÀer Meeoer ceW penj keÀe IetBì lekeÀ Heer efue³ee uesefkeÀve SkeÀ Meyo Yeer
veneR yeesuee ~ [½]
(b) veekeÀ jKe uesvee - Fleveer ceBnieeF& ceW Fleveer De®íer efMe#ee osves Hej cesj YeeF& ves Hejer#ee ceW meJee&efOekeÀ DebkeÀ
ueekeÀj cesjer veekeÀ jKe ueer ~ [½]
v) (a) SkeÀ - SkeÀlee [½]

(b) Gæ[vee - Gæ[eve [½]
vi) (a) Iej peeves ceW ®eej efove Mes<e nw ~ [1]
(b) SkeÀ veJe³egJekeÀ keÀes ³en yevOeve De®íe veneR ueiee ~ [1]
(c) meYeer efJeo³eeLeea SkeÀ efveyevOe efueKe jns nQ ~ [1]

285
Section - A (40 Marks)

(Attempt all questions)
A.1
i) ef JeÐee JeÀe Deeue³e ner íe$ees b JeÀe %eeveJeOe& ve veneR JeÀjlee Deef Heleg DeemeHeeme JesÀ meeceeef peJeÀ, Oeee| ceJeÀ,
SsefleneefmeJeÀ leLee jepevewefleJeÀ JeeleeJejCe Yeer %eeve-Je=× efj JesÀ m$eesle nes meJeÀles nQ Ssmee efJe®eej Deeles ner
nce meYeer ueesieesb ves SJeÀ ³ee$ee JeÀer ³eesp evee yevee ueer ~ peye ³en yeele DeHeves ceelee-efHelee Deewj ieg © JeÀes
yeleeF& leye Gvnesbves Yeer ÒemeVe nesJeÀj mecePee³ee efJeÀ Hee"Meeuee ceW HegmleJeÀer³e Deewj HeejcHeefjJeÀ efMe#ee mes ner
%eeve-Je=ef× veneR nesleer nw Jejved ³eoe-JeÀoe Oeee|ceJeÀ, HeJe&leer³e, leLee SsefleneefmeJeÀ mLeue JeÀes ³ee$ee JeÀjJesÀ,
JeneB JesÀ ceveesjce ¢M³e JeÀes osKeJeÀj leLee efMe#eeÒeo JemlegDeesb JeÀes osKeJeÀj mJele: ner %eeve-Je=ef× nes meJeÀleer
nw, peyeefJeÀ Hegm leJeÀesb ceW meerefcele Hee"esb mes ner %eeveJeOe&ve neslee nw~ efJeMes<eªHe mes Òeefme× mLeue JeÀes ³ee$ee
mes nceeje ®engBcegKeer efJeJeÀeme neslee nw ~
vesJeÀ JeÀece ceW osjer "erJeÀ veneR, Fme GeqJeÌle JeÀe DevegmejCe JeÀjles ngS nceves JegÀí efce$eeW JesÀ meeLe ueKeveT
mes ieesjKeOeece ì^sve mes ieesjKeHegj Ietceves JeÀer ³eespevee yevee³eer ~ ³eLeesef®ele mece³e mes jsueiee[]er JeÀes ³ee$ee JeÀe
Deevebo G"eles ngS Òeele: ieesjKeHeg j mìsMeve Hej Glejs ~ meceerHe ner nesìue ceW "nj JeÀj mveeve, O³eeve leLee
veeMlee Heeveer JeÀjJesÀ meJe& Ò eLece iees j KeveeLe ceb e f o j JeÀes os K eves JesÀ ef u eS ®eue Heæ [s ~ JeneB Jes À cevees j ce
YeeqJeÌlece³e ¢M³e JeÀes osKeJeÀj ve Dee½e³e&®eefJeÀle nes ieS ~ ÒeJesMeÜej mes ner cesues pewmee ¢M³e PetueW, ®ejKeW,
ogJeÀeveesb JeÀes HeefkeÌle³eeB, pees ueesieesb JesÀ ceve JeÀes uegYee jner LeeR ~ SJeÀ íesìe mejesJej efpemeceW ueesieesb ves veewJeÀe
ef Jenej JeÀe Deevebo G"e³ee ~ cebefoj ceW yeeyee ieesjKeveeLe JeÀe oMe&v e JeÀjJesÀ ³en %eele ngDee efJeÀ Jes veeLe
mecÒeoe³e JesÀ Les, GveJesÀ ieg© celm³esvêveeLe Òeefme× Les ~ Gvnesbves ves ner ieesjKeveeLe JeÀes ieesyej JesÀ ieús mes GlHeVe
efJeÀ³ee Lee Deewj iees jKeveeLe veece efo³ee ~ veeLe mecÒeoe³e JesÀ DevesJeÀ celeeJeueeqcye³eesb JeÀer Deveefievele leLee
DeeJeÀ<e&JeÀ cete|le³eesb JeÀe oMe&ve JeÀjves JeÀes efceuee ~ DeueewefJeÀJeÀ ieesjKeveeLe JeÀer Òeefl ecee ueesieesb JesÀ DeeJeÀ<e&Ce
JeÀe JeWÀê nw efpememes eE Ke®es ueesie yeejcyeej oMe&ve JesÀ efu eS ®eues Deeles nQ~ FmeJes À DeueeJee Fme cebefoj JeÀer
MeesYee ceneYeejle JesÀ ³eg× mes LeJesÀ ng S uesìs ngS Yeerc e JeÀer cete| le Yeer uees ieesb JeÀes DeeJeÀe|<ele JeÀjleer nw ~
ieesjKeveeLe cebefoj JeÀe Heefjmej JeÀYeer Yeer metvee ven jnlee nw ~ ³eneB JeÀe èfKe®eæ[er JeÀe ceeIe cesuee' Òeefme×
nw pees oes-leer ve ceen leJeÀ ®euelee nw, efpemeceW ef Ke®eæ[er ®eæ{eves Jeeueesb JeÀer JeÀleej ueieer jnleer nw ~ ³eneB
iejery ees b Deewj DeveeLeesb Jes À ef ueS ì^mì yeveeS ieS nQ ~ Oece&Meeuee, DemHeleeue Jes À meeLe-meeLe iejer yeesb JeÀe
ef JeJeen leLee ef Me#ee ceW mene³elee Yeer JeÀer peeleer nw ~
ieesjKeveeLe cebefoj JesÀ meceerHe ner Oetveer yeveer ngF& nw peneb ueieeleej Deeie peueleer ns, efpemeJeÀer YeYetefle ueieeJeÀj
ueesie DeHeveer ceveesJeÀecevee Hetj er JeÀjves JeÀer yeeyee ieesjKeveeLe mes ÒeeLe&vee JeÀjles nW Deewj Jes JeneB yeej-yeej
oMe&ve Jes À efueS peeles nQ peye leJeÀ yeeyee JeÀer Je=ÀHee mes cebMee Hetjer veneA nes peeleer nw ~
Fme ÒeJeÀej yeeyee ieesj KeveeLe Jes À oMe& ve, veeLe mecÒeoe³e JeÀer peeveJeÀeef j ³eesb Jes À meeLe-meeLe nce meYeer ves
ieesjKeHegj JesÀ meceerHe uegeqcyeveer, pees yeew× mecÒeoe³e JesÀ peveJeÀ yeg× JeÀer pevceYetefce nw, JeneB JeÀer ³ee$ee JeÀjJesÀ
DeHevee %eeveJeOe& ve ef JeÀ³ee ~ peye nceW Helee ®euee efJ eÀ meceer He ner Jeg ÀMeer veiej nw lees JeneB peeJeÀj nceves
YeieJeeve yeg× mes meb yebefOele mletHe, ueeì leLee efJeefJeOe ªHe ceW cete| le³ees b JeÀe oMe&ve efJeÀ³ee ~ JeneB nceW %eele
ngDee efJeÀ ³en YeieJeeve yeg× JeÀer efveJee&Ce mLeueer nw, ³eneR Hej Gvnesbves Heb®elelJe mes yeves Mejerj JeÀe l³eeie efJeÀ³ee
Lee ~
286
Fme ÒeJeÀej Hee"Meeuee ceW HegmleJeÀer³e %eeve JesÀ meeLe-meeLe ³ee$ee JeÀjJesÀ Demeerefcele %eeve-Je=eqodOe JeÀj meJeÀles nQ ~ HegmleJeÀesb
ceW Heæ{JeÀj meerKevee Deewj DeeBKeesb mes osKeJeÀj meerKeves ceW peceerve Deemeceeve JeÀe Devlej
neslee nw ~ [15]
ii) HeefjJele& veMeeru e peer Jeve ner mejmelee ueelee nw, SJeÀ ner pewmee peerJeve J³eleerle JeÀjvee yeesefPeue ueielee nw ~
ceeveJe peerJeve JeÀeuHeef veJeÀ DeefOeJeÀ leLee ³eLeeLe& JeÀce neslee nw ~ Deefle HeefjÞece JesÀ JeÀejCe JegÀí meblegefä
nce JeÀeuHeefveJeÀ ªHe mes JeÀjves ceW me#eced nes peeles nQ ~ Dele: JeÀeuHeefveJeÀ ªHe mes SJeÀyeej cegPes Yeejle JeÀer
ÒeLece ceefnuee jeä^ Heef le Þeerceefle ÒeefleYee Heeef ìue JeÀe mee#eelJeÀej uesves JeÀer efp ecces oejer meew bHeer ie³eer ~ ³en
peeveJeÀejer efceueles ner cesjer KegM eer JeÀe JeÀesF & HeejeJeej veneR jne ~ ceeveef meJeÀ DeeJeÀeMeer³e Gæ[eve JesÀ jbiees
JeÀes FvêOeveg<eer jb ie mes ceQ mejeyeesj nes ie³eer efJeÀ efJeÀme Jes MeYet<ee ceW ceQ GveJeÀe meecevee JeÀªBieer, GÊece mes
GÊece ÒeÍ>eesb JesÀ J³etn JeÀer j®evee JeÀjves ueieer ~ Devlele: Jen MegYe efove, efoveebJeÀ, mece³e leLee #eCe Òel³e#ele:
Dee ner ie³ee~ ceeveefmeJeÀ ªHe mes Ye³eYeerle Je Glmeeefnle nesJeÀj GveJesÀ mece#e ie³eer ~ JeneB peeJeÀj GveJesÀ
meeos ªHe Deewj JeÀesceue J³eJenej JeÀes osKeJeÀj cesje Ye³e JeÀeHetÀ j nes ie³ee Deewj meeceev³ele: Ssmee ueiee pewmes
ceQ DeHeves efkeÀmeer ceeveveer³e efHe´³epeve kesÀ meeLe meeOeejCe æ{ie mes yeele-®eerle keÀj jner nBt ~ ceeveveer³ e HeéfleYee
Heeefìue peer ves yeæ[s ner mejue Deewj ceOegj JeeCeer ceW DeHevee Heefj®e³e efo³ee ~ Gvnesbves DeHeves pevce mes jeä^Heefle
JesÀ Heo Hej efJejepeceeve nesves leJeÀ JesÀ meH]eÀj JeÀer ®e®ee& Ssmes JeÀer pewmes ueiee efJeÀ ceQ efJeÀmeer peeot JesÀ Fvêpeeue
mes ûemle nes ie³eer ntB ~
GveJesÀ ®esnjs Hej HewÀues ngS lesp]e mes DeHeveer ¢efä nìeJeÀj ceQ ves Gvemes DeHevee Henuee ÒeMve Hetíe efJeÀ DeeHeves
SJeÀ veejer nesJeÀj meYeer yeeOeeDeesb JeÀe JewÀmes meecevee efJeÀ³ee ? leye Gvnesbves cegmeJegÀjeles ngS JeÀne efJeÀ ceQ veejer
nes ves mes Het Je& SJeÀ JegÀ Meue efK eueeæ [er leLee ces OeeJeer íe$ee Leer Fmeef u eS ÒeejcYe mes ner ceeveef m eJeÀ Deew j
MeejerefjJeÀ ªHe mes Ëä-Hegä Deewj mJemLe Leer ~ Dele: cegPes yeeOeeDeesb JeÀe meecevee JeÀjves ceW JeÀesF& JeÀef"veeF&
veneR ngF& ~
ceneso³ee JesÀ odJeeje lespece³e Deewj mHeä GÊej JeÀes megveJeÀj Deeveb efole nesles ngS ceQves otmeje ÒeMve Hetíe efJeÀ
DeeHeJesÀ meH]eÀj ceW JeÀYeer efJeÀmeer Heg©<e Jeie& Üeje JeÀesF& DeJejesOe GlHeVe lees veneR efJeÀ³ee ie³ee ? leye Jes cesjs
ÒeMve JesÀ cece& JeÀes mecePeJeÀj cegmeJegÀjeles ngS yeesueer - cesjs jepevewefleJeÀ meH]eÀj, meved 1962 mes uesJeÀj DeepeleJeÀ
JeÀYeer Yeer efJeÀmeer Heg©<e Jeie& mes cesjer JeÀesF& Yeer ÒeeflemHeOee& veneR jner ~ nj #es$e ceW cegPes meyemes mecceeve Deewj
men³eesie ner efceuee ~ Dele: ceQ efJeÀmeer efJeMes<e J³eeqJeÌle Hej JeÀesF& Dee#esHe JeÀjvee veneR ®eenleer~ GveJesÀ yesyeeJeÀ
Deewj ®eeleg³e&HetCe& GÊej megveJeÀj ceQ DeefYeYetle nesJeÀj leermeje ÒeMve ner YetueJeÀj GvnW SJeÀìJeÀ osKeves ueieer ~
GveJesÀ ogJeeje ner ³eeo efouee³ee ie³ee ef JeÀ JegÀí Deewj Hegívee nw efJeÀ Jeg Àí peueHeeve Jeiewjn ceBieJee³ee pee³e
leye yengle mees®e efJe®eej JeÀj ceQves leermeje ÒeMve Hetíe- DeeHe DeHeves osMe JeÀer ceefnueeDeesb JeÀer GVeefle JesÀ efue³es
JeÌ³ee JeÀjvee ®eenleer nQ ? leye Gvnesbves JeÀne efJeÀ nceejs osMe JeÀer ³en efJe[cyevee nw efJeÀ m$eer ner m$eer JeÀer
ogMceve nes leer nw ®eens Jen ûeeceerCe, veiejer³e, efMeef# ele ³ee DeefMeef#ele m$eer JeÌ ³eesb vee nes ~ ceef nueeDeesb JesÀ
efJeJeÀeme JesÀ efueS osMe ceW yengle meer efMe#ee, mJeemL³e Deewj jesp]eieej mes mebyebefOele ³eespeveeSB cenHetÀpe nQ Hejvleg
Jes Gvemes Jebef®ele jn peeleer nQ ~
Fme ÒeJeÀej DeHeves ÒeMveeW JesÀ mevlegefä peveJeÀ GÊej HeeJeÀj Gvemes efJeoe uesJeÀj peye ceQ ueewìer lees mees®eves ueieer
ef JeÀ Helee veneR cegPes ueesieesb mes JewÀmee DeefYeJeeove efceuesiee Deew j meye JewÀmee J³eJenej JeÀjWies ~ eEJeÀleg ³eLeeLe&
ªHe ceW Deeles ner ³en mee#eelJeÀej SJeÀ mecceesn JeÀ mce=efle cee$e yeve JeÀj jn ie³eer Deewj ceQ mees®eves ueieer
efJeÀ JeÀeMe Ssmee mel³eªHe mes nes lees cesje peer Jeve Oev³e nes peeS ~ [15]
287
iii) ceeveJe JeÀer Henueer Hee"Meeuee GmeJesÀ ceelee-efHelee, ieg© leLee GmeJeÀe HeefjJeej neslee nw pees GmeJeÀe MegYe ef®evleJeÀ ceevee
peelee nw~ peye Jen Heeme-Heæ[esme leLee meceepe JeÀer Deesj JeÀoce yeæ{elee nw lees ³ener ueesie Gmes ueæ[Keæ[eves mes ye®eeles ngS
GmeJesÀ ue#³e JeÀer meHeÀuelee Heeves leJeÀ GmeJeÀe meeLe osles nQ ~
me=efä JesÀ efvecee&Ce JesÀ meeLe ner ceeveJe DeHeves efJeJeÀeme JeÀer mecYeeJeveeSsB Keespelee jne nw leLee Heie-Heie Hej ÒeeHle GVeefle mes Jen
DeeeqlceJeÀ Je ceeveefmeJeÀ Meebefle Heelee jne nw ~
ye®®eesb JesÀ G®®e ue#³e ÒeeHle JeÀjves ceW GmeJesÀ Iej-HeefjJeej Jeeues leLee efce$e Je ieg©peve ner mene³eJeÀ nesles nQ ~ Ssmes ceW ³eefo
efJeÀmeer JeÀes ueielee nw efJeÀ GmeHej oJeeye [euee pee jne nw lees Jen ieuele mees®elee nw ~
DeejesnCeebke´ÀceCece,
peerJeleeced peerJeleesç³eced ~'
Deeies yeæ{vee ner ye®®eesb JesÀ peerJeve JeÀe ue#³e nesvee ®eeefnS ~ ³eefo ye®®ee mJe©ef®e JesÀ Devegmeej ue#³e yeveeJeÀj Deeies
yeæ{JeÀj meHeÀuelee Heelee nw lees Ssmes ceW meyemes Henues ceelee-efHelee Deewj ieg©peve JeÀes ner KegMeer nesleer nw ~ JegÀí ye®®es DeHeves
yeæ[eW JesÀ efJe®eej mes ner ue#³e efveOee&jCe JeÀjJesÀ Deeies yeæ{JeÀj meHeÀue nesles nQ JegÀí ye®®es MesKeef®euueer JeÀer Yeebefle K³eeueer
HegueeJe JesÀ meceeve ue#³e JeÀer Oeeqppe³eeb Gæ[e [eueles nQ Deewj Yeei³e JesÀ Yejesmes meHeÀuelee JeÀer Òeefle#ee JeÀjles nQ ~ JeÀne peelee
nw efJeÀ ue#³ejefnle ye®®es JeÀer mene³elee `HeJeve' Yeer veneR JeÀjlee nw ~ ceelee-efHelee Deewj ieg© JeÀoeefHe ye®®es Hej oJeeye
[euevee veneR ®eenles nQ peye leJeÀ Jen mener {bie mes JeÀÊe&J³e ceeie& Hej yeæ{lee jnlee nw Deewj ue#³eHete|le JeÀjvee ner GmeJesÀ
peerJeve JeÀe GÎsM³e jnlee nw ~ pevce mes ner ye®®es JeÀer ©ef®e Deewj mesnle JeÀe K³eeue jKeves Jeeues ueesie oJeeye vener [eueles
yeequJeÀ ieuele ceeie& Hej yeæ{ves Hej meueen p]eªj osles nQ efJeÀ DecegJeÀ JeÀe³e& JeÀes DecegJeÀ {bie mes JeÀjvee ®eeefnS Dev³eLee
vegJeÀmeeve nes meJeÀlee nw ~
ùe#³enerve nw peerJeve efpemeJeÀe,
Leeueer JesÀ yeQieve mee ueg{JeÀlee ~
Keelee-Heerlee Deewj ceewpe G[elee,
HeMeg me¢Me nw peerlee cejlee ~~
HeMeg me¢Me ye®®eesb Hej ner ceelee-efHelee Deewj ieg©peve JeÀe oJeeye JeÀe efMeJebÀpee JeÀmee peelee nw ~ Deepe JesÀ DeeOegefveJeÀ
HeefjJesMe ceW ue#³eHete|le JesÀ ®eJeÌJeÀj ceW ye®®es HeLeYe´ä nesJeÀj iegcejen nes peeles nQ leye GvnW meledJeÀÊe&J³e ceeie& Hej ueeves JesÀ efueS
yeæ[es JeÀes JeÀcej JeÀmevee Heæ[lee nw ~ ye®®es JesÀ SJeÀ-SJeÀ efceveì Deewj mesJebÀ[ JeÀe O³eeve jKee peelee nw ~
Deepe Yeejle JesÀ efMeef#ele meceepe ceW Hee½eel³e mebmJeÀej ÒeYeeJe [eue ®egJesÀ nQ ~ Hee½eel³e mebmJe=Àefle ceW HeefjJeej mJeleb$e jnles
nW Deewj ye®®es ceveceeves {bie mes yegjeF&³eesb JeÀes DeHeveeles ®eues peeles nQ pees Gvner JesÀ efueS vegJeÀmeeveoe³eJeÀ neslee nw ~
peye ÒeJe=Àefle DevegMeeefmele Deewj meb³eefcele nw lees ye®®eesb JeÀes Yeer yeæ[esb JesÀ Üeje yeleeS ngS ceeie& Hej Deeies yeæ{vee ®eeefnS ~
GveJeÀes yeeleesb JeÀes JeÀeìJeÀj O³es³ejefnle Deewj G®Þe=bKeue peerJeve veneR efyeleevee ®eeefnS ~ ceeveJeer³e iegCeesb JeÀe efJeJeÀeme
efve³eefcele JeÀe³e& JeÀjves JeÀer #ecelee Deewj ÒesjCee mes neslee nw ~ pees pevce mes ner mJeeLeea Deewj ueesYeer nesles nQ, meJe&$e mJeueeYe
ner osKeles nQ Deewj otmejesb JeÀes Heeræ[e Hengb®eeles jnles Jes JeÀYeer Yeer meHeÀuelee veneR Heeles nQ ~ peyeefJeÀ yeæ[esb JeÀes ye®®eesb JeÀes
ue#³eHete|le ceW mene³elee JeÀjJesÀ Demeerce Deevebo JeÀer DevegYetefle nesleer nw ~ Jes leve-ceve-Oeve mes nj mecYeJe Òe³eeme JeÀjJesÀ
ye®®eeW JeÀer G®®eJeÀeb#eeDeesb JeÀer mecHete|le JeÀjves JeÀer ®esäe ceW ueies jnles nQ ~ ye®®eesb JeÀe G®®e ue#³e GveJesÀ peerJeve JeÀe Yeer
ue#³e yeve peelee nw ~ [15]
iv) HejJeMe peerJe, mJeJeMe YeieJeblee-Fme Yeejleer³e efJe®eejOeejevegmeej JeÀne pee meJeÀlee nw efJeÀ JeÀYeer-JeÀYeer Fbmeeve DeHeves ner
odJeeje yeveeS ieS GuePeveeW Deewj mecem³eeDeesb ceW HeBÀmeJeÀj le[]Helee jn peelee nw Deewj cegJeÌle nesvee DemecYeJe ueielee nw ~
``JeÀce& cee$e JeÀe let DeefOeJeÀejer,
HeÀue JeÀe veneR DeefOeJeÀej legPes ~''
288
efyevee mees®es-mecePes, efJeJesJeÀnerve JeÀe³e& JeÀjves JesÀ GHejeble Deiej JeÀä Deewj Heeræ[e ve efceues Ssmee nes ner veneR meJeÀlee ~ SJeÀ
yeej SJeÀ ueeìjer JesÀ veMes ceW [tyes ngS SJeÀ ©iCe J³eeqJeÌle mes cesjer Devepeeves ceW oesmleer nes ie³eer ~ Oeerjs-Oeesjs De%eeveleeJeMe
ceQ Yeer ueeìjer JesÀ veMes ªHeer ieús ceW [tyelee ®euee ie³ee~ Oeerjs-Oeerjs ®eue-De®eue mecHeefÊe JeÀe efJeveeMe nesves ueiee Deewj ceQ
veMes ceW [tyee ngDee vegJeÀmeeve nesves mes DeveefYe%e jne ~ SJeÀ yeej Jen cegPemes ©He³es JeÀer DevewefleJeÀ ceebie JeÀjves ueiee Deewj ceQves
veneR efo³ee leye Jen cegPes Pet"s ®eesjer JesÀ Fupeece ceW HebÀmeeJeÀj Deewj cegPes ye®eeves JeÀe veeìJeÀ JeÀjJesÀ DeHeves meeLe ues peeves
ueiee ~ GmeJesÀ meeLe JegÀí ner otj ie³ee efJeÀ cesjs SJeÀ Heefjef®ele ves cegPes jesJeÀJeÀj Hetíe efJeÀ ³en JeÀewve nw leLee Fmemes legcnejer
oesmleer JeÀye mes nw ? leye Gvnesbves cegPes yelee³ee efJeÀ JeÀue Jes DeHeves SJeÀ efjMlesoej JeÀes osKeves ieS Les Fmes ceQves JeneB osKee~
Gmes efJeÀ[veer JeÀer p]eªjle Leer, ³en [e@. mes efceueJeÀj oueeueer JeÀjlee jnlee nw, Deye ³en legcnW DeHevee efMeJeÀej yevee jne nw
~ JeÀue ³en DemHeleeue JesÀ yeenj H]eÀesve Hej efJeÀmeer mes legcnejs yeejs ceW yeele JeÀj jne Lee Deewj ceQ Heerís Keæ[e megve jne Lee leYeer
mes ceQ FmeJeÀe Heeríe JeÀj jne ntB efJeÀ Fmes jbies neLe HeJeÀæ[JeÀj Hegefueme JesÀ neLeesb meewbHe otb~ efce$e JeÀer yeeleesb JeÀes megveJeÀj cesjs lees
nesMe HeÀeæKeles nes ieS Deewj cesje efmej Ietceves ueiee, Ssmee ueiee efJeÀ DeYeer Oejleer HeÀìs Deewj ceQ GmeceW mecee peeTB ~
ceQ DeHeves efce$e mes vepejW veneR efceuee Hee jne Lee JeÌ³eesbefJeÀ ³eefo Jes Deepe ve efceueles lees Deepe cesje JeÌ³ee neslee ~ MejeEceoieer
JesÀ meeLe ceQves ÒeejbYe mes uesJeÀj Deble leJeÀ JeÀer meejer yeeleW GvnW yelee oer efJeÀ efJeÀme lejn mes Oeerjs-Oeerjs Gmeves cesjer Deeoleesb JeÀes
efyeieeæ[ JeÀj cegPes ceeveefmeJeÀ ªHe mes DeHeeefnpe yevee efo³ee Lee Deewj Hewmes Deewj ueeìjer Kesueves JesÀ veMes ceW ceQves DeHeves
HeefjJeejpeve JeÀes efJeÀlevee JeÀä efo³ee FmeJeÀe Denmeeme cegPes Deepe leJeÀ veneR ngDee Lee ~ Deiej Deepe cegPes ³es Yeueeceeveg<e
veneR efceuelee lees cesje JeÌ³ee neslee ³es veMesæ[er Fbmeeve cegPes JeÀneB ues peelee leLee cesjs meeLe JeÌ³ee-JeÌ³ee JeÀjlee Deewj ³eefo cegPes
JegÀí efKeuee-efHeuee JeÀj cesjs Mejerj JeÀe Yeeie yes®e [euelee lees cesjs Deewj cesjs HeefjJeej JeÀe JeÌ³ee neslee ³en mees®e-mees®eJeÀj cesjer
ªn JeÀeBHe ie³eer ~
ceQ GveJesÀ meeLe peye JeeHeme Iej Hengb®ee lees Iej Jeeues efJeÀmeer DeeMebJeÀe mes DeelebefJeÀle efoKee³eer os jns Les ~ Gvnesbves Oeerjs-Oeerjs
meye JegÀí yeleeJeÀj Iej Jeeueesb JeÀes efJeÀmeer Deeves Jeeueer mecem³ee mes efJecegJeÌle JeÀj efo³ee~
ceQves ceve ner ceve meewievOe Kee³eer efJeÀ Deye ogyeeje JeÀYeer Yeer efJeÀmeer JesÀ j®es ngS cee³ee peeue ceW veneR HeÀmetbiee Deewj ncesMee
DeHeves HeefjJeej Jeeueesb JesÀ meeLe meueen-ceMeefJeje JeÀjJesÀ ner JeÀesF& JeÀece JeÀªBiee ~ SJeÀ yeej DeHeveer cetKe&lee JesÀ JeÀejCe
DeHeveesb JeÀes ceQves yengle JeÀä efo³ee Dele: Deye JeÀYeer Yeer efJeÀmeer ueeue®e ceW veneR ceQves mees®ee- ``peeve ye®eer lees ueeKeesb HeeS,
ueewì JesÀ yegodOet Iej JeÀes DeeS ~'' Deye JeÀYeer meHeves ceW Yeer
DeHeefjef®eleesb Hej efJeéeeme JeÀjJesÀ DeHevee YeefJe<³e veneR efyeiee[tiee ~ [15]
v) ef®e$e ceW oe|Mele JemlegDeesb mes veejer JesÀ efHeíæ[sHeve JeÀe DeeYeeme neslee nw ~ DeeOegefveJeÀ Deewj Jew%eeefveJeÀ GHeueeqyOe³eesb JesÀ yeer®e
veejer JeÀe efæ{yejer JeÀer jesMeveer ceW ueJeÀæ[er peueeJeÀj ®etuns Hej ®ee³e yeveevee ³ee æKeevee HeJeÀevee oefuele Je Mees<eJeÀ Jeie& JeÀer
ceefnueeDeesb JeÀer ogo&Mee JeÀer DeefYeJ³eeqJeÌle JeÀjlee nw ~ nceW osMe ceW ceefnueeDeesb JesÀ GlLeeve JesÀ efueS GveJesÀ DeeJeeme,
Yeespeve, efMe#ee, ef®eefJeÀlmee Deeefo JeÀer mecegef®ele J³eJemLee JeÀjveer ®eeefnS Dev³eLee veejer DeYeer Yeer oefJeÀ³eevegmeer HejcHejeDeesb
ceW peJeÀæ[er jnsieer ~ Heg©<eesb JesÀ GlLeeve JesÀ meeLe-meeLe ceefnueeDeesb JeÀes Yees efvej#ejlee JesÀ DebOeJetÀHe mes efveJeÀeueves keÀer ®esäe
JeÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ JegÀísJeÀ #es$eeW ceW ceefnueeDeesb JeÀes Heg©<eesb mes Deueie JeÀj efo³ee peelee nw~ GvnW Iej ceW ner jnJeÀj peerJeve
peervee Heæ[lee nw efpememes Jes efvejeMee mes efIej peeleer nQ ~ peneB Yeespeve HeJeÀeves JesÀ Del³eeOegefveJeÀ meeOeve GHeueyOe nQ iewme
®etune, DeesJeve, ieesyej iewme ®etune, JeneB ueJeÀæ[er peueeJeÀj Yeespeve HeJeÀeves mes Òeot<eCe JeÀer Je=ef× nes jner nw ~ Je=#eesb JeÀes
Yeer neefve HengB®e jner nw ~ mejJeÀej JeÀes ceefnueeDeesb JeÀes peerJeve peerves JesÀ mebmeeOeveesb JeÀes efoueeves ceW men³eesie JeÀjvee ®eeefnS
Dev³eLee veejer JeÀe peerJeve cenlJenerve nes peeSiee ~
289
efJeéemlej Hej veejer JeÀer eqmLeefle efvejeMeepeveJeÀ Deewj Mees®eveer³e nes ie³eer nw ~ Iej Deewj yeenj Mees<eCe neslee ner jnlee nw ~
FvnW ieeBJees, HeJe&leesb, pebieueesb, ceW HetCe& megefJeOee veneR efceue Hee jner nw~ efveOe&ve, DeefMeef#ele Deewj efveye&ue ceefnueeDeesb keÀes
JeÀìeF&, íBìeF&, efmeueeF&, yegveeF&, nmleefMeuHe JeÀer efveMeguJeÀ efMe#ee osJeÀj jespeieej JeÀer J³eJemLee JeÀjveer ®eeefnS ~
òsKees veejer JeÀes Jen Ke[er ngF&,
meceepe mes v³ee³e Jemetue keÀjleer ~
Heg©<eeW JesÀ meceeve peien ceebieleer,
yebOeve Je Hejos JeÀes peerCe& MeerCe& JeÀjleer ngF& ~'
ef®e$e ceW ceefnuee odJeeje JeÀHe Huesì ceW Hes³e HeoeLe& [eueves mes ³en Òeleerle nes jne nw efJeÀ Jen Yeer DeeOegefveJeÀ meceepe ceW JeÀoce
mes JeÀoce efceueeJeÀj ®euevee ®eenleer nw ~ Dele: ceefnueeSB veme&, DeO³eeefHeJeÀe, [e@JeÌìj, Fbpeerefve³ej, [êF&Jej JeÀe JegÀí Yeer
JeÀe³e& JeÀjvee mJeerJeÀej JeÀj meJeÀleer nw ~ Fmemes GveJeÀe ner veneR DeefHeleg osMe JeÀe Yeer efJeJeÀeme nes meJeÀlee nw ~
'jner meoe DevegªHe vejesb JesÀ,
eEJeÀleg GHesef#ele DeYeer oeme nw ~
peye veejer mecceeve yeæ{siee,
Yeejle JeÀe JeÀu³eeCe leYees nw ~'
mebmeej JeÀer me=efä JeÀe DeeOeej veejer nw ~ veejer JesÀ DeYeeJe ceW mebmeej JeÀer JeÀuHevee veneR JeÀer pee meJeÀleer nw ~ veejer JesÀ efyevee
ceveg<³e JeÀoeefHe efJeJeÀeme veneR JeÀj meJeÀlee nw~ efJeÀmeer ve efJeÀmeer ªHe ceW Heg©<e veejer mes pegæ[er ngF& nw ~ o³ee, cee³ee, -
cecelee, JeÀªCee Deewj Òesce JeÀer cete|le efJeOeelee JeÀer DeodYegle j®evee nw~ Oew³e&, meenme, menveMeeruelee, ¢æ{ F®íeMeeqJeÌle
Deeefo Ssmes iegCe nQ pees veejer JeÀes F&éej ÒeoÊe nw ~
efpeme JeÀe³e& JeÀes vej leerve meeue ceW JeÀjlee nw Gme JeÀe³e& JeÀes veejer leerve efove ceW JeÀj meJeÀleer nw ~ meoe mes Deveble iegCees JeÀer
Yeb[ej jner nw veejer met³e& mee lespe, DeeJeÀeMe JeÀer Tb®eeF&, mecegê JeÀes iecYeerjlee Je He=LJeer meer Oew³e&lee Deeefo iegCeeW JesÀ JeÀejCe
Jen DeeoMe& ceeveer peeleer nw ~
veejer JeÀece-JeÀepe ceW ceb$eer JesÀ meceeve meueen osves Jeeueer, oemeer JesÀ meceeve mesJee JeÀjves Jeeueer, ceelee JesÀ ªHe ceW mJeeefoä
Yeespeve lew³eej JeÀjves Jeeueer, Oece& JesÀ DevegJetÀue ®eueves Jeeueer leLee He=LJeer JesÀ meceeve #eceeMeerue nw ~
Deepe ³eefo veejer JeÀe cenlJe veneR nesiee, GmeJeÀer eqmLeefle ceW megOeej veneR nesiee lees nceejs osMe JeÀe JeÀYeer megOeej Je efJeJeÀeme
veneR nes meJeÀlee nw ~ [15]
A. 2
i) efÒe³e yenve jeKeer,
MegYeeMeer<e
legcneje He$e efceuee Heæ{JeÀj ³en %eele ngDee efJeÀ DeO³e³eve mes DeefOeJeÀ O³eeve legce H]ewÀMeve ceW ueieeleer nes~ legcnW
íe$eeJeeme ceW Heæ{ves JesÀ efueS Yespee ie³ee nw ve efJeÀ H]ewÀMeve Hejs[ ceW Yeeie uesves JeÀer lew³eejer JeÀjves JesÀ efueS ~ legce lees yengle
mecePeoej Leer efHeÀj JewÀmes Fme HeLe Hej yeæ{ ? ie³eer ~ legcnW Mee³eo ceeuetce veneR efJeÀ Ssmee H]ewÀMeve J³eLe& nw pees veejer JesÀ efueS
JeÀäoe³eJeÀ nes peeS ~ mJe®í Jem$e leLee nuJesÀ DeeYet<eCe Henvevee H]ewÀMeve JesÀ ner Debie nQ ~ pees Jem$e DeeJeÀ<e&JeÀ nes Jen
J³eLe& nw Deewj JeÀä ceW [eue oslee nw ~ meeoe peerJeve G®®e efJe®eej JesÀ DeeOeej Hej efve³eefcele nuJesÀ jbie JesÀ Jem$e Henvevee Deewj
HetÀnæ[lee mes ³egJeÌle H]ewÀMeve JeÀe l³eeie JeÀj osvee ®eeefnS Dev³eLee mLee³eer ueeJeC³ece³e meewbo³e& æ{JeÀ peelee nw ~
Dele: meeoieerHetCe& H]ewÀMeve JeÀjves mes J³eeqJeÌlelJe ÒeYeeJeHetCe& nes peelee nw ~ DeeMee nw efJeÀ legce cesje megPeeJe ceeveJeÀj DeHevee
Hetje O³eeve DeHeveer Heæ{eF&-efueKeeF& Hej oesieer Deewj HetJe&Jeled ieueleer veneR JeÀjesieer ~ He$eesÊej JeÀer Òeleer#ee ceW -
legcnejer Deûepee
JegÀmegce JegÀceejer [7]
290
ii) mesJee ceW,

JeÀe³e&Meeuee meb³eespeJeÀ ceneso³e,
ceneveiej efouueer ~
efJe<e³e: efJe%eeve JeÀe³e&Meeuee ceW meeqcceefuele nesves nsleg ~
Þeerceeve,
efJevece´ efveJesove nw efJeÀ ceQ efJe%eeve JesÀ efJeefJeOe #es$eesb JeÀer GVeefle JesÀ efueS DeeHeJesÀ JeÀe³e&Meeuee ceW GHeeqmLele nesJeÀj JegÀí ve³ee
meerKevee ®eenlee ntB ~ Jewmes lees ceQves efJe%eeve keÀe³e&Meeuee ceW yengle J³eeK³eeve megvee nw Hej DeeHekesÀ keÀe³e&Meeuee keÀer ÒeMebmee
megveJeÀj Gmes osKeves Je megveves JeÀer ueeuemee leerJe´lej nes ie³eer nw ~ ceQ Fme DeJemej JeÀes efJeÀmeer Yeer lejn Keesvee veneR ®eenlee
ntB ~ keÌ³eesbefJeÀ efJe%eeve JesÀ efJeefJeOe Dee³eece mes ceQ DeJeiele ntB JegÀí ve JegÀí Òe³eesie JeÀjlee jnlee ndBt ~
³eefo DeeHe Dee%ee oW lees DeeHeJesÀ Òe³eesieMeeuee JesÀ J³eeK³eeve JeÀes megveJeÀj YeefJe<³e ceW cesje Òe³eesie meHeÀue nes peeS cegPes
DeeMee ner veneR HetCe& efJeéeeme nw efJeÀ DeeHe cegPes JeneB Deeves JeÀer Devegceefle DeJeM³e Òeoeve JeÀjWies ~ Deefle ceneve Je=ÀHee nesieer ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
YeJeoer³e,
OegJe JegÀceej [7]
A. 3
i) pebieue ceW SJeÀ Yetle jnlee nw~ GmeJeÀe veece IeCìeJeÀjCe nw ~ Gme Yetle JesÀ JeÀeve IeCìs JesÀ meceeve nQ peye Jen efnuelee
nw lees JeÀeveesb mes IeCìs JeÀer DeeJeepe] Deeleer nw ~ [2]
ii) pebieue JeÀequHele IeCìeJeÀjCe Yetle keÀer jepeOeeveer yeve ie³ee~ veiejJeemeer SsmeW Ye³eYeerle ngS JeÀes pebieue JeÀer Deesj peevee
ner Yetue ieS~ meye otj jnles! ueJeÀæ[neje ueJeÀefæ[³eeB veneR ueelee, ®ejJeene HeMegDeesb JeÀes ®ejeves
veneR ues peeles~ JeneB peeves JesÀ efueS efJeÀmeer ceW newmeuee veneR Lee ~ [2]
iii) jepee JeÀer ef®evlee JeÀe JeÀejCe pebieue ceW Yetleesb JeÀe Jeeme Lee ~ Gmes Yeieeves JesÀ efueS Hebef[leesb ves ®eC[er peeHe Deewj nvegceeve
®eeueermee JeÀe Hee" efJeÀ³ee ~ ceguueeDeesb ves JegÀjeve Hee" efJeÀ³ee~ Yewjesb ye JeÀeueer ceelee JeÀes ³eeo
efJeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ Heerj-Hewiecyej JeÀes cevee³ee ie³ee leLee peeot-ìesvee Yeer efJeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ [2]
iv) jepee JeÀer ef®evlee JeÀe JeÀejCe pebieue ceW Yetleesb JeÀe Jeeme Lee ~ Gmes Yeieeves JesÀ efueS Hebef[leesb ves ®eC[er peeHe Deewj nvegceeve
®eeueermee JeÀe Hee" efJeÀ³ee ~ ceguueeDeesb ves JegÀjeve Hee" efJeÀ³ee~ Yewjesb ye JeÀeueer ceelee JeÀes ³eeo
efJeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ Heerj-Hewiecyej JeÀes cevee³ee ie³ee leLee peeot-ìesvee Yeer efJeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ [2]
v) Òemlegle ieÐeebMe mes nceW ³en efMe#ee efceueleer efJeÀ nceW efceL³ee efJeéeeme ceW veneR Heæ[vee ®eeefnS ~ Fme JeÀejCe nce DevesJeÀ
JeÀäesb mes efOej peeles nQ~ megveer-megveeF& yeeleesb Hej efJeéeeme ve JeÀjJesÀ osKeves megveves JeÀe Òe³eeme
JeÀjvee ®eeefn³es efJeÀ leL³e JeÀer ³eLeeLe&lee JeÌ³ee nw ? [2]
A. 4
i) efvecveefueefKele Meyoesb JesÀ efJeMes<eCe yeveeFS ~
(a) DevegYeJe - DevegYeJeer [½]
(b) Hetp ee - Hetpeveer³e [½]
ii) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW mes efJeÀmeer SJeÀ Meyo JesÀ oes He³ee&³eJee®eer Meyo efueefKeS ~
(a) Heg$eer - yesìer, leve³ee, ogefnlee, levegpee [½]
(b) Ieceb [ - ieJe&, oHe&, DenbJeÀej, DeefYeceeve [½]
291
iii) efvecveefueefKele Meyoesb ceW mes eEJeÀneR oes Meyoesb JesÀ efJeHejerleeLe&JeÀ Meyo efueefKeS ~
(a) DeHeceeve - mecceeve [½]
(b) DeceeJem³ee - Hete|Cecee [½]
(c) GlLeeve - Heleve [½]
(d) efvevoe - mlegefle,He´Mebmee [½]
iv) ef vecveefu eef Kele cegneJejesb ceW mes efJeÀmeer SJeÀ JeÀes mene³elee mes JeeJeÌ³ e yeveeFS ~
(a) peye cesj e efc e$e ®ee@ JeÀues ì Keelee nw lees ces j s ceg bn ceW Heeveer Yej peelee nw ~ [½]
(b) cesjs Heæ[esmeer JeÀer Deeole yeæ[er Kejeye nw Jen meyeJesÀ JeÀece ceW ìeie Deæ[eles jnles nQ ~ [½]
v) YeeJeJee®ekeÀ meb% ee yeveeFS ~

(a) mes J eJeÀ - mesJ ee [½]
(b) ye®®ee - ye®eHeve [½]
v) JeÀes ÷JeÀ ceW efoS ieS efv eos&Meevegmeej JeeJeÌ³ ees b ceW Heef jJele& ve keÀeref peS ~
(a) Gmeves og Mceve JeÀer mesv ee Hej nceuee ef JeÀ³ee ~ [1]
(b) ef JeÐeeLeea Hegm leJeÀ He{ jns ~ [1]
(c) DeVee npeejs ves uees J eÀHeeue ef y eue ceeveves JeÀes mJeer JeÀej veneR efJ eÀ³ee ~ [1]

292
(KeC[`keÀ')
A.1
1) ``HeefjJeej keÀe Ssmee meom³e efpememes ceQ HeÝeeefJele ngDee''
HeefjJeej yeeuekeÀ keÀer He´Lece HeeþMeeuee nw Deewj ceelee GmekeÀer He´Lece iegª nesleer nw ~ Jen efpeme He´keÀej mes yeeuekeÀ keÀes
Heesef<ele Je Hegeq<Hele keÀjleer nw Jen Gmeer ªHe ceW efJekeÀefmele neskeÀj meceepe kesÀ mece#e Deelee nw ~ cesjs peerJeve ceW Yeer cesjer ceelee
keÀer Denced YetefcekeÀe nw~ efHelee J³eeHeejer nesves kesÀ keÀejCe DeefOekeÀ J³emle jnles Les~ HeefjJeej kesÀ Dev³e ueesieeW mes Yeer cesjer
DeefOekeÀ meceerHelee veneR Leer Hejvleg cesjer ceelee cesjs meeLe HejíeBF& keÀer lejn jnleer LeeR ~ Deleë ceQ GvekesÀ Dee®ejCe mes ner yengle
HeÝeeefJele ngDee ~
HeéleëkeÀeue peuoer Gþvee, F&MJej Jevovee, HeefjJeej kesÀ yeæ[s ueesieeW keÀes HeĆeece keÀjvee, Hegveë DeHeveer efve³eefcele
efove®e³ee& keÀe Heeueve keÀjvee cegPes cesjer ceelee ves efmeKee³ee~ He´l³eskeÀ keÀe³e& mece³e Hej Deewj lejerkesÀ mes keÀjvee ®eeefnS leYeer
HetCe& HeÀue keÀer HeéeqHle nesleer nw~ Ssmee cesjer ceeB keÀnleer Leer ~ peerJeve ceW meowJe me®®eeF& Je F&ceeveoejer keÀe Heeueve keÀjvee ceQves
DeHeveer ceeB mes ner meerKee ~ Demene³e, oerve-ogëKeer peve keÀer mene³elee Je mesJee keÀjvee ceQves DeHeveer ceeB mes ner meerKee ~
DeHeveer ceelee keÀes HeéleëkeÀeue mes jele lekeÀ efvejvlej HeefjÞece keÀjles osKe cegPe ceW HeefjÞeceer yeveves keÀer YeeJevee keÀe efJekeÀeme
ngDee ~ efkeÀmeer Yeer keÀe³e& keÀes Hetjer F&ceeveoejer, ueieve Deewj HeefjÞece mes keÀjlee ntB ~ ceeveJe cee$e keÀe mecceeve keÀjves keÀer
YeeJevee cegPeceW ceeB mes DeeF& ~ FmeerefueS Deepe ceQ meyekesÀ mecceeve keÀe Hee$e ntB ~ cegPes ³eeo nw cesjer ceeB keÀne keÀjleer Leer yesìe
pewmee yeesDeesies Jewmee ner keÀeìesies~
cesjer ceelee ves meowJe F&MJej ceW DeemLee jKeves keÀer efMe#ee oer~ ceQ Heéfleefove efJeÐeeue³e peeves mes HetJe& osJeeue³e ceW HetCe&
Þe×e mes F&MJej kesÀ mece#e DeHevee cemlekeÀ PegkeÀelee ntB ~ cesjer ceelee keÀer efMe#ee keÀe ner HeefjCeece nw efkeÀ ceQ DeHevee He´l³eskeÀ
keÀe³e& mece³e mes keÀjlee ntB ~ Deleë cesje keÀesF& keÀe³e& DeOetje veneR jnlee nw~ mJemLe Mejerj ceW mJemLe ceeqmle<keÀ jnlee nw ~ ³en
ceb$e cegPes cesjer ceelee ves effo³ee HeÀuemJeªHe ceQ efve³eefcele J³ee³eece keÀjkesÀ mJe³eb keÀes mJemLe jKelee ntB ~ mece³e mes HeéleëkeÀeue
peeievee Deewj mece³e Hej jele keÀes meesvee peerJeve keÀes meHeÀue yeveelee nw~ Fmemes DeeHe meowJe mHetÀefle&³egkeÌle jnles nQ~ ³ener
keÀejCe nw efkeÀ cegPeceW Deeuem³e uesMecee$e Yeer veneR nw~
Devle ceW ceQ ³ener keÀntBiee efkeÀ cesjer ceelee iegCeeW keÀer Keeve nQ Deewj meejs iegCe Gmeves cegPeceW Gæ[sue keÀj cesje efnle efkeÀ³ee
nw leeefkeÀ ceQ SkeÀ mecHetCe& J³eefkeÌlelJe kesÀ ªHe ceW GYej keÀj meeceves DeeTB Deewj peerJeve kesÀ efkeÀmeer Yeer ceesæ[ Hej efkeÀmeer Yeer
mebkeÀì keÀe meecevee meenme mes keÀj meketBÀ ~ [15]
2) ``l³eesnejeW keÀe cenÊJe yeleeles ngS GmekesÀ Heéfle Glmeen SJeb DeemLee keÀe DeYeeJe''
Yeejle ceW l³eesnejeW keÀe peeue-mee efyeíe ngDee nw ~ Fve l³eesnejeW keÀe mebyebOe efJeefYevve OeceeX, mebHeóe³eeW, jerefle-
efjJee]peesb, meeceeefpekeÀ HejbHejeDeesb, efkebÀJeobdefle³eeW leLee ceev³eleeDeeW mes neslee nw ~
³eefo mece³e-mece³e Deeves Jeeues ³es l³eesnej ve neW, lees nceeje peerJeve metvee-metvee leLee Meg<keÀ He´leerle nesiee ~ ³es
l³eesnej nceejs peerJeve ceW He´mevvelee leLee Glmeen keÀe meb®eej keÀjles nQ, Hejbleg DeepekeÀue l³eesnejeW kesÀ Heéfle DeemLee keÀe
DeYeeJe osKee pee mekeÀlee nw ~ Jele&ceeve Yeeie-oewæ[ kesÀ peerJeve leLee HeefM®eceer mebmke=Àefle kesÀ HeÝeeJe mes ueesie FvnW HejbHejeiele
{bie mes ceveeves ceW Glmeen keÀe HeóMe&ve veneR keÀjles ~ Jes kesÀJeue DeewHe®eeefjkeÀleeSB efveYeeves ceW ner DeHeves keÀle&J³e keÀer Fefle-
Þeer ceeve uesles nQ ~ GoenjCe kesÀ efueS nesueer Hej DeHeves keÀle&J³e keÀer Fefle-Þeer ceeve uesles nQ ~ GoenjCe kesÀ efueS nesueer Hej
HejmHej ieues efceuevee, Hegjeveer Me$eglee keÀes efJemce=le keÀj osvee pewmeer yeeleeW keÀe DeYeeJe nes ie³ee nw ~ oerHeeJeueer keÀe HeJe& SkeÀ
otmejs kesÀ Iej GHenejeW kesÀ Deeoeve-Heóeve lekeÀ efmeceì keÀj jne ie³ee nw leLee kesÀJeue HeìeKeeW kesÀ Meesj ceW uegHle neslee
efoKeeF& os jne nw Fmeer He´keÀej j#ee yebOeve kesÀ l³eesnej Hej YeeF& DeHeveer yenveeW keÀes kegÀí OevejeefMe oskeÀj ner meblegef<ì keÀe
293
DevegYeJe keÀj uesles nQ ~ Dev³e l³eesnejeW Hej Henues pewmee Glmeen efoKeeF& veneR Heæ[lee ~ kegÀí ueesie lees Fve l³eesnejeW kesÀ Heéfle
Fleves Goemeerve nes peeles nQ efkeÀ FvnW HeejbHeeefjkeÀ {bie mes ceveeves keÀes {eWie ³ee efoKeeJee keÀer meb%ee os osles nQ ~
meYeer l³eesnej DeHevee-DeHevee cenllJe jKeles nQ leLee peerJeve kesÀ metvesHeve keÀes otj keÀj nceW veweflekeÀ cetu³eeW mes peesæ[s
jKeles nQ ~ ³es meYeer l³eesnej nceW DeHeveer meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ HejbHejeDeeW, jerefle-efjJee]peesb, ceev³eleeDeeW, peerJeve-oMe&ve leLee
Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle kesÀ G®®eeoMeeX mes peesæ[s jKeles nQ ~ l³eesnej ®eens efkeÀmeer Yeer Oece& mes pegæ[s neW Jes nceejs peerJeve keÀes
Guueeme, Gcebie,mHetÀefle&, veJe-®eslevee, meodYeeJe, mvesn, cew$eer leLee meebHeóeef³ekeÀ meodYeeJe mes Yej osles nQ ~ l³eesnejeW keÀes
ceveeves keÀe keÀejCe ®eens kegÀí Yeer nes, Gvemes keÀesF&-ve-keÀesF& He´sjCee DeJeM³e HeéHle nesleer nw ~ ³es osMe keÀer SkeÀlee Deewj
DeKeb[lee keÀes ce]peyetle keÀjles nQ ~ ³es l³eesnej nceW Oece&, v³ee³e leLee me®®eeF& kesÀ ceeie& Hej ues peeles nQ ~ ³ener veneR efmLeefle
lees ³en nw efkeÀ Fve l³eesnejeW Hej Oeeefce&keÀ meodYeeJe kesÀ oMe&ve Yeer nesles nQ ~ oerHeeJeueer Hej DeeefleMeyee]peer yeveeves Jeeues
keÀejeriej cegmeueceeve nesles nQ, Fmeer lejn ieCesMe ®elegLeea, ogiee& Hetpee Hej cetefle&³eeB yeveeves Jeeues ueesie Yeer Dev³e OeceeX mes pegæ[s
nesles nQ ~ F&o Hej efnbot leLee efmekeÌKe YeeF& Yeer cegmeueceeveeW keÀes F&o keÀer yeOeeF& osles osKes pee mekeÀles nQ ~ nesueer kesÀ DeJemej
Hej Fme He´keÀej keÀe YesoYeeJe Heé³eë efceì peelee nw efkeÀ efpeme Hej jbie [euee pee jne nw, Jen efkeÀme Oece& keÀes ceevelee nw ~
efke´Àmeceme Hej meYeer OeceeX kesÀ ueesie KegefMe³eeB ceveeles nQ ~ Fme He´keÀej ³es meYeer l³eesnej meebHeóeef³ekeÀ meodYeeJe keÀes Heg<ì keÀjles
nQ ~ Fme He´keÀej ³es meYeer l³eesnej meebHeóeef³ekeÀ meodYeeJe keÀes Heg<ì keÀjles nQ ~ je<ìêr³e l³eesnej nceceW osMeYeefkeÌle, l³eeie
Deewj yeefueoeve keÀer YeeJevee Yejles nQ ~
nceeje keÀle&J³e nw efkeÀ nce l³eesnejeW keÀes me®®eer DeemLee, ÞeodOee SJeb efJeMJeeme mes ceveeSB leLee Gvemes efceueves Jeeues
mebosMeeW keÀes DeHeves peerJeve ceW GleejW ~ [15]
3) ``Fvìjvesì keÀe DeYetleHetJe& ³eesieoeve Je neefve''

DeeJeM³ekeÀlee DeefJe<keÀej keÀer peveveer nw ~ ³en keÀLeve Fvìjvesì kesÀ mevoYe& ceW mener meeefyele neslee nw~ DeeOegefvekeÀ
mece³e ceW peneB mece³e keÀe cetu³e yeæ{ ie³ee nw Jener Fvìjvesì keÀer GHe³eesefielee cenÊJeHetCe& nes ieF& nw~
DeeOegefvekeÀ mece³e ceW Fvìjvesì keÀe He´³eesie peerJeve kesÀ meYeer #es$eeW ceW nes jne nw~ megj#ee mecyevOeer #es$eeW kesÀ DeueeJee
Deye FmekeÀe J³eeHekeÀ ªHe mes He´³eesie GÐeesie, GlHeeove, JeeefCep³e, efJelejCe Je HeefjJenve Deeefo meYeer #es$eeW ceW efkeÀ³ee pee
jne nw ~ yeepeej YeeJe Gþves-efiejves keÀe mebkesÀle Yeer Fvìjvesì Üeje ner HeéHle efkeÀ³ee pee mekeÀlee nw ~
yeQkeÀeW kesÀ efueS Fvìvesì keÀe DeYetleHetJe& ³eesieoeve nw ~ yeæ[s-yeæ[s KeeleeW kesÀ jKe-jKeeJe Deewj HewmeeW kesÀ uesve-osvee keÀer
ceeLeeHe®®eer mes peneB SkeÀ Deesj yeQkeÀ keÀce&®eeefj³ees keÀes HegÀme&le efceueleer nw JeneR meYeer mebmLeeveeW, Heéfle<þeveeW ceW efyeue Yeer
keÀcH³etìj Fvìjvesì nesves mes Yegieleeve efkeÀ³es pee mekeÀles nQ~ DeepekeÀue yeQbkeÀes ceW efjpeJe& yeQkeÀ leLee J³eeHeeefjkeÀ yeQkeÀeW ceW
Fvìjvesì keÀe He´³eesie DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ nesves ueiee nw~ peerJeve yeercee efveiece kesÀ peefìue keÀe³eeX mes efveHeìves kesÀ efueS Fmeer keÀe
He´³eesie efkeÀ³ee peelee nw~
nceejer Devleefj#e ³ee$eeSB Fvìjvesì Hej DeeOeeefjle nQ ~ FmekesÀ DeYeeJe ceW ve lees je@kesÀì Je GHeień Devleefj#e ceW
He´#esefHele efkeÀ³es pee mekeÀles nQ Deewj ve ner GvekeÀe efvejer#eCe efkeÀ³ee pee mekeÀlee nw~ Devleefj#eer³e ³ee$eeDeesb keÀe efveoxMeve
Fvìjvesì kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ner mecYeJe nw meeLe ner Devleefj#e mes He´sef<ele ef®e$eeW keÀe efJeMues<eCe Yeer Fvìjvesì mes ner efkeÀ³ee pee
mekeÀlee nw~
Deye DeeF&. Deej. meer. ìer. meer. keÀer JesyemeeFì kesÀ ceeO³ece mes Iej yewþs ner efkeÀmeer Yeer ievleJ³e kesÀ efueS jsueJes
efìkeÀì Fvìjvesìe mes yegkeÀ efkeÀ³es pee mekeÀles nQ~ nJeeF& efìkeÀì, yeme ³ee$ee keÀer efìkeÀì Deye Iej yewþs Fvìjvesì mes HeéHle
keÀer pee mekeÀleer nw ~ iewme efmeuesC[j keÀer yegefkebÀie Je efyeue Deoe³eieer meye kegÀí Fvìjvesì mes mecYeJe nw~ Fvìjvesì keÀer
mene³elee mes nce ®eueef®e$e keÀe Deevevo Yeer ues mekeÀles nQ~
meYeer je<ìêW ceW efMe#eCe keÀe³e& ceW peefìue mes peefìue mecem³eeDeeW kesÀ meceeOeeve ceW, DeHejeOe efvejekeÀjCe Deeefo ceW
Fvìjvesì yengle mene³ekeÀ nw~
Fvìjvesì mes efJeJeen keÀjeves leLee p³eesefle<e Deeefo ceW Yeer yengle mene³elee efceueleer nw~ nce Iej yewþs Fvìjvesì kesÀ
ceeO³ece mes Deeceves-meeceves yeele®eerle keÀj mekeÀles nQ~
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nj efmekeÌkesÀ kesÀ oes Henuet nesles nQ~ SkeÀ Deesj ³eefo Fvìjvesì kesÀ DeveskeÀ ueeYe nQ lees JeneR DeveskeÀ neefve³eeB Yeer nQ~
Fvìjvesì efnbmee keÀes pevce oslee nw~ Fvìjvesì kesÀ ceeO³ece mes DeMueeruelee Je OeesKesyeepeer kesÀ DeveskeÀ ceeceues meeceves Dee³es
nQ~ Yeesueer-Yeeueer ueæ[efkeÀ³eeW keÀes ®ewefìbie Üeje HeBÀmeekeÀj, GvekeÀer yu³et efHeÀuce yeveevee Fvìjvesì kesÀ KelejveekeÀ Kesue nQ~
Fvìjvesì Üeje yengle mes ueesie ieuele keÀe³eeX keÀes Debpeece osles nQ~ DeepekeÀue Fvìjvesì DeHejeOeer He´Je=eqÊe keÀes lespe jHeÌleej
mes pevce os jne nw~ FmekeÀe peerlee peeielee GoenjCe meeFyej ke´ÀeFce nw~ ueesie Fvìjvesì kesÀ Üeje otmejs ueesieeW kesÀ ke´sÀef[ì
keÀe[&, [sefyeì keÀe[&dme Deeefo keÀe HeemeJe[& ®egjekeÀj GvekesÀ Keeles ceW mes Hewmes Gæ[e osles nQ~ Fvìjvesì keÀes yengle-meer
``meesMeue vesìJeefke¥Àie meeFì'' mes peesæ[keÀj ueesieeW keÀes ieuele keÀece ceW HeBÀmee efo³ee peelee nw~ Fme He´keÀej nce osKeles nQ efkeÀ
Fvìjvesì efpelevee ueeYekeÀejer nw GmekesÀ og©He³eesie mes nesvesJeeues HeefjCeece Gmemes DeefOekeÀ IeelekeÀ nQ~ [15]
4) ``HeefjÞece ner meHeÀuelee keÀe meesHeeve nw ~''

SkeÀ efkeÀmeeve kesÀ ®eej Heg$e Les ~ ®eejeW cesnvele keÀjves mes ye®eles Les ~ ³ener keÀejCe Lee efkeÀ GvekeÀe ceve Kesleer kesÀ
keÀe³eeX ceW veneR ueielee Lee ~ Fme yeele mes efkeÀmeeve yengle ogKeer Deewj HejsMeeve jnlee Lee ~
SkeÀ yeej efkeÀmeeve yeerceej Heæ[ ie³ee ~ Gmes ueiee efkeÀ GmekeÀer peeves keÀer Ieæ[er efvekeÀì Dee ieF& nw ~ Gmeves DeHeves
®eejeW Heg$eeW keÀes yeguee³ee Deewj keÀne efkeÀ ceQves DeHevee meeje Oeve KesleeW ceW ieeæ[ efo³ee nw ~ cesjer ce=l³eg kesÀ yeeo legce Kesle
KeesokeÀj Oeve efvekeÀeue uesvee Deewj DeeHeme ceW yejeyej - yejeyej yeeBì uesvee ~
efkeÀmeeve keÀer ce=l³eg kesÀ HeM®eeled ®eejeW ves mees®ee keÌ³eeW ve ieæ[e ngDee Oeve efvekeÀeue efue³ee peeS ~ ³en mees®ekeÀj ®eejeW
ves KesleeW keÀer KegoeF& HeéjbYe keÀj oer ~ Jes efove Yej KesleeW keÀer KegoeF& keÀjles jns GvneWves Kesle keÀe keÀesvee-keÀesvee Keeso [euee
Hej keÀneR Yeer GvnW ieæ[e ngDee Oeve ve efceuee ~ ®eejeW efvejeMe neskeÀj JeneR yewþ ieS ~
leYeer GOej mes Hebef[le oerveeveeLe efvekeÀues ~ efkeÀmeeve kesÀ yesìeW keÀes Goeme osKekeÀj GvneWves GmekeÀe keÀejCe Hetíe ~
GvneWves meejer yeeleW me®e - me®e yelee oeR ~ Hebef[le peer kegÀí mees®eves ueies efHeÀj cegmkeÀjekeÀj yeesues, ``peye KegoeF& keÀj oer
nw lees legce KesleeW ceW yeerpe yees oes ~'' ®eejeW YeeF³eeW ves GvekeÀer yeele ceevekeÀj yeerpe yees efoS ~ Leesæ[s efove yeeo Gvemes
íesìs - íesìs HeewOes efvekeÀue DeeS ~ osKeles - osKeles HeÀmeueW uenuene GþeR ~ ]HeÀmeue HekeÀves Hej meyeves efceuekeÀj ]HeÀmeue
keÀeìer Deewj yee]peej ceW yes®e oer ~ Fmemes GvnW Ketye Deeceoveer ngF& ~ peye Jes JeeHeme Dee jns Les, lees jemles ceW GvnW efHeÀj Hebef[le
oerveeveeLe efceues ~ GvneWves ®eejeW mes Hetíe, ``keÌ³ee yeele nw ? legce meye yengle He´mevve ve]pej Dee jns nes ~''
efkeÀmeeve keÀe SkeÀ yesìe yeesuee, ``Þeerceeve nceW KesleeW ceW ieæ[e Oeve lees veneR efceuee Hejbleg DeeHekeÀer meueen ves nceW
yengle ueeYe HengB®ee³ee ~ DeeHekeÀer meueen ves nceW ]HeÀmeue kesÀ ªHe ceW keÀe]HeÀer Oeve os efo³ee ~
Hebef[le oerveeveeLe cegmkeÀjeles ngS yeesues, ``legcnejs efHelee ves þerkeÀ keÀne Lee efkeÀ KesleeW ceW Oeve ieæ[e ngDee nw ~ legceves
HeefjÞece efkeÀ³ee Deewj legcnW Jen efceue ie³ee ~ meoe ³eeo jKees HeefjÞece ner meHeÀuelee keÀe meesHeeve nw HeefjÞece kesÀ efyevee
peerJeve ceW kegÀí veneR efceuelee ~'' [15]
5) He´mlegle ef®e$e ceW mesvee kesÀ ®eej DeHeÀmej efoKeeF& os jns nQ ~ Jes mesvee keÀer Jeoea Henves ngS nQ ~ GvekesÀ oes veJe³egJekeÀ
Keæ[s ngS nQ pees mesvee kesÀ peJeeve DeLee&led DeHeÀmejeW kesÀ mene³ekeÀ He´leerle nesles nQ ~ yeer®e ceW Keæ[s oes DeHeÀmejeW keÀer yeeBneW
ceW SkeÀ ye®®ee nw pees mesvee kesÀ peJeeve DeLee&led DeHeÀmejeW kesÀ mene³ekeÀ He´leerle nesles nQ~ yeer®e ceW Keæ[s oes DeHeÀmejeW keÀer
yeeBneW ceW SkeÀ ye®®ee nw pees leewefue³ee ceW efueHeìe ngDee nw~ Jes meye yeæ[s H³eej mes Gme ye®®es keÀes osKe jns nQ~
SkeÀ yeej keÀer yeele nw efkeÀ Yeejleer³e meercee jsKee Hej De®eevekeÀ DeelebkeÀJeeefo³eeW ves nceuee keÀj efo³ee ~ meb³eesie keÀer
yeele lees ³en Leer efkeÀ nceejs peJeeve meeJeOeeve Les Deleë GvekesÀ Deeke´ÀceCe keÀe cegBn-leesæ[ peJeeye efo³ee ie³ee ~ oesveeW lejHeÀ
mes ieesefue³eeW keÀer OeeB³e-OeeB³e megveeF& os jner Leer~ yeæ[er Ye³ebkeÀj HeefjeqmLeefle GlHevve nes ieF& Leer nceejer mesvee kesÀ DeHeÀmejeWb Je
peJeeveeW ves yeæ[er kegÀMeuelee mes Gve Hej keÀeyet Heeves keÀe He´³eeme efkeÀ³ee peye Jes Oeerjs-Oeerjs Yeeieves keÀer keÀesefMeMe keÀj jns Les
leYeer nceejs peJeeveeW ves GvekesÀ keÀF& peJeeve {sj keÀj efo³es ~ Gmeer mece³e ces]pej HeewjÀ<e keÀes Keyej efceueer efkeÀ jeceJeerj veecekeÀ
peJeeve keÀer Helveer ieYee&JemLee ceW ooeX mes keÀjen jner Leer~ GvneWves legjvle Gmes Heeme ner kesÀ mewefvekeÀ DemHeleeue ceW Yeleea keÀjves
kesÀ DeeosMe Heóeve efkeÀ³es ~ ueieYeie oes Iebìs keÀer ceMekeÌkeÀle kesÀ HeM®eeled Gme veejer ves SkeÀ keÀv³ee keÀes pevce efo³ee ~ leye
295
lekeÀ meeje ³eg× meceeHle nes ®egkeÀe Lee Deewj meYeer DeHeÀmej Deewj peJeeve meercee mes JeeHeme Dee ®egkesÀ Les~ ueewìves kesÀ HeM®eeled
GvnW peye ³en MegYe mecee®eej efceuee lees Jes yengle KegMe ngS ~ ye®®eer keÀes leewefue³ee ceW ueHesìkeÀj GvekesÀ Heeme uee³ee ie³ee
Gve DeHeÀmejeW ves ye®®eer keÀes DeHeveer yeeBneW ceW Gþe³ee Deewj F&MJej keÀes Oev³eJeeo efo³ee efkeÀ ns HeÝeg letves Ssmes keÀefþve mece³e
ceW peye DeelebkeÀJeeefo³eeW kesÀ nceues kesÀ mece³e DeHeÀje-leHeÀjer ce®e ieF& Leer leye oes peeveeW keÀes efpevoieer oer~
DeHeveer Fme meHeÀuelee Hej GvnW n<e& ngDee Deewj GvneWves Gme ye®®eer keÀe veece Jeerje jKee Deewj Gmes GmekeÀer ceeB kesÀ
Heeme JeeHeme Yespe efo³ee ~ [15]
A.2
1) mesJee ceW,
Þeerceeved mJeemLe DeefOekeÀejer,
veiej efveiece,
efouueer~
efoveebkeÀ ë 14 - 2 - 2013
efJe<e³e ë meæ[keWÀ ìtìer nesves kesÀ keÀejCe peue-YejeJe SJeb mHeer[-yeśkeÀj mes nesvesJeeueer ³eelee³eele
DemegefJeOee ~
Fme He$e kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ceQ veiej efveiece DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW keÀe O³eeve DeHeves #es$e ®eeBoveer ®eewkeÀ keÀer Deesj DeekeÀef<e&le
keÀjvee ®eenlee ntB peneB ìtìer-HetÀìer meæ[keÀeW kesÀ keÀejCe Heeveer Yej peelee nw Deewj keÀer®eæ[ nes peeleer nw ~ HeÀuemJeªHe ³eneB
ievoieer keÀe meeceép³e nw ~ IejeW ceW jnvee Je JeneB mes efvekeÀuevee otYej nes ie³ee nw ~ ogie&vOe mes meeBme yevo nes peeleer nw~
JeneR SkeÀ veF& mecem³ee mHeer[-ye´skeÀj keÀer nw ~ SkeÀ lees meBkeÀje jemlee, otmejs keÀer®eæ[ Deewj leermejs KelejveekeÀ mHeer[-
yeśkeÀj~ Ssmee He´leerle neslee nw ceeveeW JeneB mes efvekeÀuevee SkeÀ yengle yeæ[e oC[veer³e DeHejeOe nw ~ ³eneB jnves JeeueeW keÀe
peerJeve veke&À yeve ie³ee nw ~
ceneso³e, DeeHemes neefo&keÀ efveJesove nw efkeÀ nceejs #es$e keÀer mecem³ee keÀe meceeOeeve keÀjeves nsleg mecyeeqvOele DeefOekeÀejer
keÀes efveoxMe Heóeve keÀjW leeefkeÀ nceW Fme HejsMeeveer mes ígìkeÀeje efceue mekesÀ ~ DeeMee nw efkeÀ DeeHe MeerIeéfleMeerIe´ nceW Fme
mecem³ee mes cegkeÌle keÀje³eWieW ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
YeJeoer³e,
keÀjve Jecee&
74, efkeÀveejer yeepeej keÀe@ueesveer,
jceve JeeefìkeÀe,
efouueer ~ [7]
2) 34, M³eece veiej,

jeOee efyenej,
cesjþ ~
Hetpeveer³ee ceeleepeer,
meeoj ®ejCe mHeMe& ~
kegÀMeue HetJe&keÀ jnkeÀj DeeHekeÀer meHeefjJeej kegÀMeuelee keÀer keÀecevee keÀjlee ntB ~ ceeB ! ceQ DeeHekeÀes He$e ³en yeleeves kesÀ
efueS efueKe jne ntB efkeÀ cesjs efJeÐeeue³e ceW SkeÀ yengle yeæ[er Heéfle³eesefielee keÀe Dee³eespeve efkeÀ³e ie³ee Lee, efpemekesÀ
296
efveCee&³ekeÀ kesÀ ªHe ceW ueieYeie ome ueesieeW keÀes yeenj mes Deeceeqv$ele efkeÀ³ee ie³ee Lee ~ cesjs HeÓeevee®ee³e& peer ves GvekesÀ
Deeoj-melkeÀej mes ueskeÀj GvekesÀ þnjves, Keeves-Heeves Deeefo keÀer J³eJemLee keÀe GÊejoeef³elJe cegPes ner meeQHee ~ Henues lees
cegPes Leesæ[er Ieyejenì nes jner Leer Hejvleg efHeÀj ceQves efnccele mes keÀece keÀjves keÀe efveM®e³e efkeÀ³ee ~
meyemes Henues lees ceQves DeHeves efJeÐeeue³e kesÀ Heeme kesÀ nesìue ceW GvekesÀ jnves, Keeves Deeefo keÀer J³eJemLee keÀer Deewj
SkeÀ efce$e kesÀ efHelee keÀer mene³elee mes SkeÀ keÀej keÀe HeýevOe keÀjJee efo³ee efpememes DeefleefLe ieCeeW keÀes Deeves-peeves ceW efkeÀmeer
He´keÀej keÀer DemegefJeOee veneR nes ~ ³en Heéfle³eesefielee HeeB®e efove ®eueer ~ HeeB®eJes efove peye Heéfle³eesefielee keÀe meceeHeve
meceejesn ngDee leye meYeer DeefleefLe³eeW ves cesjs HeÓeevee®ee³e& peer mes cesjer yengle He´Mebmee keÀer ~
ceeB ³en meye megvekeÀj cegPes Fme yeele keÀer He´mevvelee ngF& efkeÀ ceQ HeÝeg keÀer ke=ÀHee mes Fme GÊejoeef³elJe keÀe yeKegyeer Heeueve
keÀj mekeÀe ~ Mes<e meye kegÀMeue nw efHeleepeer keÀes cesje ®ejCe mHeMe& keÀefnS SJeb íesìer yenve keÀes {sj meeje H³eej ~
Heg$e keÀer He´leer#ee ceW,
DeeHekeÀe Dee%eekeÀejer Heg$e,
jengue [7]
A.3
i) veecet keÀer ceeB ves Gmes HeueeMe kesÀ Hesæ[ keÀer íeue GleejkeÀj ueeves keÀe DeeosMe efo³ee Lee ~ ceeB kesÀ DeeosMe keÀe Heeueve
keÀjles mece³e Gmeves mees®ee efkeÀ cesjs yeej-yeej kegÀuneæ[er ®eueeves mes Hesæ[ keÀes DeJeM³e Heeræ[e nesleer nesieer ~ [2]
ii) veecet ves Iej DeekeÀj kegÀuneææ[er mes DeHeves Hewj jieæ[ves Megª keÀj efoS efpememes HeeBJeeW mes Ketve yenves ueiee Deewj Gmes Heeræ[e Yeer
nesves ueieer ~ Gmeves Ssmee FmeefueS efkeÀ³ee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen ³en DevegYeJe keÀjvee ®eenlee Lee efkeÀ efpeme He´keÀej kegÀuneæ[er kesÀ
Heńej mes cegPes Heeræ[e nes jner nw keÌ³ee Gmeer He´keÀej keÀer Heeræ[e Hesæ[ keÀes Yeer ngF& nesieer ~ [2]
iii) DeHeves Heg$e kesÀ HewjeW mes Ketve efvekeÀuelee osKekeÀj ceeB ef®ebeflele nes Gþer ~ peye GmekesÀ Heg$e ves keÀne efkeÀ Jen kegÀuneæ[er keÀer
jieæ[ mes ³en peevevee ®eenlee Lee efkeÀ keÌ³ee Hesæ[ keÀes Yeer Fmeer He´keÀej keÀer Heeræ[e ngF& nesieer lees ³en megvekeÀj ceeB keÀe Ëo³e
Yej Dee³ee ~ [2]
iv) mebleeW keÀe mJeYeeJe neslee nw efkeÀ Jen otmejeW kesÀ ogëKe oo& keÀes cenmetme keÀjles nQ leLee GveceW o³ee Deewj Oece& keÀe YeeJe
neslee nw ~ Deeies ®euekeÀj `veecet' veeceosJe kesÀ veece mes HeéfmeodOe ngS, pees ceneje<ì^ kesÀ efJeK³eele meble ngS ~ [2]
v) Fme ieod³eebMe mes nceW efMe#ee efceueleer nw efkeÀ nceejs ceve cesb peerJeeW kesÀ Heéfle ner veneR yeequkeÀ Hesæ[ - HeewOeeW kesÀ Heéfle Yeer o³ee
keÀer YeeJevee nesveer ®eeefnS ~ nceW Je=#eeW keÀe mejb#eCe keÀjvee ®eeefnS leLee GvnW efkeÀmeer He´keÀej mes neefve veneR HengB®eeveer
®eeefnS keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Je=#e ner peerJeve keÀe DeeOeej nwb ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) veerefle - veweflekeÀ [½]
(b) meeefnl³e - meeefnefl³ekeÀ [½]
ii) (a) ceeie& - HeLe, jemlee [1]

(b) ceelee - peveveer, Decyee [1]
297
iii) (a) efveoex<e oes<eer [½]

(b) Meevle DeMeevle [½]
(c) Heleve GlLeeve [½]
(d) Devle Deeefo [½]
iv) (a) DeeBKe Hej Heoe& Heæ[vee - cesjs efce$e keÀer DeeBKeeW Hej Heoe& Heæ[ ie³ee nw~ Hejer#ee kesÀ efoveeW ceW osj jele lekeÀ
otjoMe&ve Hej keÀe³e&ke´Àce osKelee jnlee nw~
JeekeÌ³e - cesjs efce$e keÀer DeeBKeeW Hej Heoe& Heæ[ ie³ee nw~ Hejer#ee kesÀ efoveeW ceW osj jele lekeÀ
otjoMe&ve Hej keÀe³e&ke´Àce osKelee jnlee nw~ [1]
(b) neLe ceuevee - Heíleevee ~

JeekeÌ³e - mece³e keÀe meogHe³eesie ve keÀjves Jeeues efJeÐeeeLeea yeeo ceW neLe ceueles jn peeles nQ ~ [1]
v) (a) F&MJej ö F&MJejlJe [½]

(b) GÊece ö GÊecelee [½]
vi) (a) DemeHeÀue nes peeves yengle Hej, Gmes yengle ogëKe ngDee~ [1]
(b) HeefjÞeceer J³eefkeÌle efJeHeefÊe³eeW mes veneR Ieyejeles nQ~ [1]
(c) DeepeerJeve ceQ Fmeer Dee®ejCe keÀe Heeueve keÀjlee Dee³ee ntB~ [1]
 Turn over

298
(KeC[`keÀ')
A.1
1) ``Yeejleer³e Deewj HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle keÀe JeCe&ve''
mebmke=Àefle Debieś]peer Meyo 'Culture' keÀe He³ee&³e nw efkeÀmeer je<ì^ Deewj meceepe keÀer Þes<þlece GHeueefyOe³eeB ner
mebmke=Àefle nQ ~ mebmke=Àefle meceepe ³ee je<ì^ keÀer meefo³eeW keÀer GHeueefyOe³eeW keÀe mecetn nQ ~ mebmke=Àefle ceW Yetle Deewj Jele&ceeve kesÀ
DeeO³eeeflcekeÀ, meeceeefpekeÀ Deewj Oeefce&keÀ cetu³eeW keÀe meceeJesMe neslee nw, pees efkeÀmeer meceepe ³ee je<ì^ keÀer Hen®eeve nesles
nQ ~
Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle efJeMJe keÀer Heé®eervelece mebmke=Àefle³eeW ceW mes SkeÀ nw ~ ³en Deepe Yeer peerefJele nw ~ jesce, efcem$e pewmeer
meY³eleeSB Deewj mebmke=Àefle³eeW keÀe Deepe keÀneR Delee-Helee venerb, Hej Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle Deepe Yeer peerefJele nw ~ meefo³eeW
mekeÀ ogMceveeW ves Fmes efceìeves keÀer YejHetj keÀesefMeMe keÀer, ceiej Jen ve<ì ve nes mekeÀer ~ cenekeÀefJe FkeÀyeeue ves þerkeÀ ner
keÀne nw -
`³etveeve efceÞe jesceeB meye efceì ieS peneB mes,
yeekeÀer DeYeer leuekeÀ nw veecees efveMeeB nceeje ~'
ogefve³ee kesÀ Dev³e osMe Hee<eeCe ³egie ceW ner peer jns Les, Gme mece³e Yeer nceejer mebmke=Àefle G®®elee keÀes HeéHle Leer ~ Fmeer
mebmke=Àefle G®®elee keÀes HeéHle Leer ~ Fmeer mebmke=Àefle ves ogefve³ee keÀes %eeve keÀe DeeueeskeÀ efo³ee ~
Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle Del³eble ceneve nw ~ FmekeÀer meyemes yeæ[er efJeMes<elee nw, efJeefYevvelee ceW SkeÀlee keÀer YeeJevee~
Yeejle ceW DeveskeÀ He´keÀej keÀer YeewieesefuekeÀ, jerefle-efjJee]pe Deewj jnve-menve mebyebOeer, Yee<ee SJeb meeefnl³e mebyebOeer, Oece&,
cele, mebHeóe³e mebyebOeer leLee HejbHejeDeeW Deewj DeemLee mebyebOeer efYevveleeSB efJeod³eceeve nQ leLeeefHe keÀMceerj mes keÀv³eekegÀceejer
leLee Demece mes iegpejele lekeÀ meYeer ueesie SkeÀmet$e ceW yeBOes nQ ~ nceejs Oeeefce&keÀ ie´bLe, peerJeve-oMe&ve, leerLe& mLeeve, Hetpee-
HeodOeefle Deeefo ceW DeodYegle meceevelee nw ~ meYeer Yeejleer³e DeemLeeJeeoer nQ Deewj DeO³eelce ceW efJeMJeeme, keÀjles nQ ~ nceejer
mebmke=Àefle mecevJe³eJeeoer nw ~ F&MJej ceW efJeMJeeme Goejlee SJeb ceeveJe keÀu³eeCe keÀer YeeJevee nceejer mebmke=Àefle keÀer Devetþer
Hen®eeve nw ~ Oece& Deewj oMe&ve keÀer ¢ef<ì mes mebHetCe& YeejleJe<e& SkeÀ nw ~ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle meefn<Ceg Yeer nw ~ DeveskeÀ OeceeX
SJeb celeeW keÀes Fmeves ieńCe keÀj efue³ee nw ~ nceejer mebmke=Àefle nceW Meebefle, Deefnbmee, Goejlee, o³ee Deewj #ecee keÀe Heeþ
Heæ{eleer nw ~ He´meeo peer ves þerkeÀ ner keÀne nw- ``³eJeve keÀes efo³ee o³ee keÀe oeve, ®eerve keÀes efceueer Oece& keÀer ¢ef<ì, peerJeve
kesÀ ®eej DeeÞece SJeb ®eej HegjÀ<eeLe& Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle keÀer ner osve nQ ~ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle ves ner efJeMJe keÀes `Heb®eMeerue',
`HejesHekeÀej' leLee `meoYeeJe' SJeb meefn<Ceglee keÀe Heeþ Heæ{e³ee ~
HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle ceW DeO³eelce keÀes keÀesF& mLeeve veneR nw ~ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle ceW peerJe kesÀ DeeJeeieceve-®eke´À Deewj
pevceeblejJeeo Hej efJeMJeeme nw, Hej HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle Ssmee veneR ceeveleer ~ HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle kesÀ Devegmeej peerJe keÀer
ce=l³eg kesÀ yeeo Deelcee Deveble ceW efceuekeÀj Deevebl³e HeéHle keÀjleer nw peyeefkeÀ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle kesÀ Devegmeej Deelcee Depej,
Decej Deewj DeefJeveeMeer nw ~ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle keÀe HećegKe DeeOeej nw -`JemegOewJe kegÀìgbyekeÀced' Hej HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle
DeHeves ner Oece& keÀes cenllJe Heóeve keÀjleer nw ~ mecevJe³eYeeJe nceejer mebmke=Àefle keÀer osve nw peye HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle keÀe Ssmee
keÀesF& DeeoMe& veneR nw ~ Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle meceef<ìcetuekeÀ keÀe efJeMeeue YeeJevee mes ³egkeÌle nw peyeefkeÀ HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle
J³eef<ìJeeo keÀes Heg<ì keÀjleer nw ~ HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle ceW JeCee&Þece J³eJemLee keÀes keÀesF& mLeve veneR efo³ee ie³ee nw ~ Yeejleer³e
mebmke=Àefle kesÀ <ees[Me mebmkeÀejeW keÀe HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle ceW keÀesF& GuuesKe veneR nw ~ Yejleer³e mebmke=Àefle keÀer Dev³e efJeMes<eleeSB
nQ - `veejer MeefkeÌle keÀe He´leerkeÀ nw' leLee `ceelee,efHelee, Dee®ee³e& SJeb DeefleefLe osJeJeled Hetp³e nQ ~'
³eod³eefHe HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle Denced leLee efvepeer peerJeve keÀes cenllJe osleer nw, Oeve-mebHeeflle Hej peesj oskeÀj Yeejleer³e
mebmke=Àefle Denced leLee efvepeer peerJeve keÀes cenllJe osleer nw, Oeve-mebHeeflle Hej peesj oskeÀj Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle kesÀ DeeoMe&
`l³eeie' keÀes oglkeÀejleer nw, HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ efJeIeìve, efJemebieefle yeesOe Deeefo He´Je=eflle³eeB HeefM®ece keÀer ner osve nQ leLeeefHe GmeceW
kegÀí Þes<þ yeeleW Yeer nQ, pees DeHeveeves ³eesi³e nQ ~
299
Gme mebmke=Àefle ceW je<ìêr³e ®eefj$e, F&ceeveoejer, DevegMeemeve leLee keÀce& efve<þe, Ye´<ìe®eej jefnle peerJeve leLee
He³ee&JejCe mebyebOeer ®eslevee keÀes cenllJe efo³ee ie³ee nw HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle ceW je<ì^-He´sce Hej yeue efo³ee ie³ee nw ~ FvneR iegCeeW
kesÀ keÀejCe HeefM®eceer peiele ves Fleveer Gvveefle keÀer leLee efJeMJe kesÀ DeieĆeer osMeeW ceW efieves peeves ueies ~ Deepe DeeJeM³ekeÀlee
Fme yeele keÀer nw efkeÀ nce HeefM®eceer mebmke=Àefle kesÀ Gve Goelle cetu³eeW keÀes DeHeveeSB efpememes nceeje peerJeve Ye´<ìe®eej cegkeÌle,
keÀle&J³eefve<þ, DevegMeeefmele yeve mekesÀ leLee nce je<ì^YekeÌle yevekeÀj DeHeves osMe keÀes Gvveefle kesÀ efMeKej Hej HengB®ee mekeWÀ ~
Keso keÀe efJe<e³e nw efkeÀ nce HeefM®eceer mebmke=Àefle kesÀ nerve HeÝeeJe keÀes ieńCe keÀj jns nQ Deewj GmekesÀ Þes<þ iegCeeW keÀer GHes#ee
keÀj jns nQ ~ [15]
2) ``Deepe KesueeW ceW HewÀuee Ye´<ìe®eej ''

Jele&ceeve ceW peneB Yeer osefKeS JeneR Ye´<ìe®eej J³eeHle nw ~ Ye´<ìe®eej keÀe DeLe& kesÀJeue efjMJele kesÀ ªHe ceW ©He³es uesvee
ner veneR, yeequkeÀ YeeF&öYeleerpeeJeeo, KeeÐe HeoeLeeX ceW efceueeJeì keÀjvee, cegveeHeÀeKeesjer, DeveweflekeÀ {bie mes peeve-yegPekeÀj
Oeve mebień keÀjvee, keÀevetveeW keÀer DeJensuevee keÀjvee Deeefo Yeer Ye´<ìe®eej kesÀ ªHe nQ ~ KesueeW ceW Yeer ³ener Ye´<ìe®eej J³eeHle
nw ~ me#ece DeefOekeÀejer DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW keÀe ogªHe³eesie keÀjkesÀ De³eesi³e ueesieeW keÀe ®e³eve keÀjles nQ ~ Deepe mecee®eej-
He$e neLe ceW uesles ner Kesue He=<þ Hej keÀe@ceveJesuLe Ieesìeues ³ee cew®e ef]HeÀefkeÌmebie kesÀ ceeceues He´keÀeMe ceW Deeles jnles nQ, pees Deefle
efvevoveer³e ke=Àl³e nQ, efpememes ceQ YeeJeveelcekeÀ ªHe mes pegæ[e ntB ~ ³en Kesue meJe&He´Lece ³etjesHeer³e osMe FbiuewC[ mes HeéjcYe
neskeÀj Yeejle Dee³ee ~ Fme Kesue keÀes Henues Yeejle ceW MeewefkeÀ³ee ªHe mes veJeeyeeW, jepeeDeeW leLee jepekegÀceejeW ves DeHevee³ee ~
DeepekeÀue lees ³en Kesue Deefle ueeskeÀefHe´³e neskeÀj He´l³eskeÀ peien Kesuee peeves ueiee nw ~ ®eens Jen efJeÐeeue³e nes,
ceneefJeÐeeue³e, Menj nes ³ee ieeBJe ~ Fme Kesue ceW ìerceW nesleer nQ ~ oesveeW ìerceeW ceW i³eejn-i³eejn efKeueeæ[er nesles nQ ~
FmekeÀe cewoeve Je=ÊeekeÀej neslee nw ~ Fme Kesue ceW efveeqM®ele otjer Hej Deeceves-meeceves leerve-leer efJekesÀì Yetefce Hej ieeæ[ efoS
peeles nQ, Fme Kesue ceW SkeÀ DecHee³ej neslee nw ~
DecHee³ej ner efveCe&³e oslee nw efkeÀ efKeueeæ[er DeeGì ngDee nw ³ee veneR ~ efKeueeefæ[³eeW Üeje ueieeS ieS ®eewkesÀ,
íkeÌkesÀ, vees yee@ue Deeefo keÀe efvejer#eCe Yeer DecHee³ej ner keÀjlee nw ~ efpeme ìerce kesÀ jve DeefOekeÀ nesles nQ, Jener ìerce
efJepe³eer nesleer ns peerJeve ceW KesueeW keÀe Deefle cenÊJe nw ~ Henues keÀne peelee Lee, `Kesueesies-ketÀoesies nesies Kejeye', Deye
keÀne peelee nw, `Kesueesies-ketÀoesies yeveesies veJeeye' ~ [15]
3) ``peerJeve ceW Ieìer SkeÀ nem³eeHeo Ieìvee''

keÀYeer-keÀYeer ceeveJe peerJeve ceW Ssmeer IeìveeSB Ieìleer nQ pees DeHeveer Deefceì íeHe íesæ[ peeleer nQ ~ ³es IeìveeSB
ogëKeo Yeer nesleer nQ Deewj megKeo Yeer ~ peye keÀYeer mce=efle Heìue Hej FvekeÀer HegvejeJe=efÊe nesleer nw leye ³es nceejs ceeqmle<keÀ
Heìue Hej peerJevle ªHe ceW He´keÀì nes peeleer nQ ~
keÀne peelee nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e keÀe ye®eHeve GmekeÀer meyemes megKeo DeJemLee nesleer ns ~ Gmeer DeJemLee cesb efJeÐeeue³e kesÀ
Keìdìs-ceerþs DevegYeJe GmekeÀer mce=efle yeve peeles nQ ~ GvneR efoveeW keÀer ³en Ieìvee nw, efpemes ³eeo keÀjkesÀ ceQ mees®eves kesÀ efueS
efJeJeMe nes peele ntB efkeÀ keÀeMe Jes efove efHeÀj mes peerJeve ceW Dee peeles ~ ceQ keÀ#ee íë keÀe efJeÐeeLeea Lee ~ nceejs efJeÐeeue³e
ceW ³etB lees yengle meejs keÀe³e&ke´Àce mece³e-mece³e Hej Dee³eesefpele efkeÀ³es peeles Les Hejvleg nce ye®®eeW kesÀ efueS yeeue efoJeme
DeLee&led peJeenjueeue vesn© pe³evleer 14 veJecyej SkeÀ efJeMes<e efoJeme ngDee keÀjlee Lee ~ Fme efove nceejs DeO³eeHekeÀeW
SJeb Dev³e keÀce&®eeefj³eeW kesÀ Üeje kegÀí efJeMes<e keÀe³e&ke´Àce Dee³eesefpele efkeÀ³es peeles Les ~ FmeceW HeÓeevee®ee³e& keÀe Yeer keÀe³e&
Del³evle He´Mebmeveer³e neslee Lee ~ ye®®eeW kesÀ ceveesjbpeve kesÀ efueS peye DeO³eeHekeÀ Deeefo meYeer efJeefYevve He´keÀej kesÀ
meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ keÀe³e&ke´Àce pewmes veeìkeÀ, ieerle, ve=l³e Deeefo He´mlegle keÀjles Les leye nceW yengle De®íe ueielee Lee ~ nce ueesie
yengle GlmegkeÀ jnles Les ³en peeveves kesÀ efueS efkeÀ nceejs ieg©peve nceejs efueS keÌ³ee keÀe³e&ke´Àce He´mlegle keÀjWies ~
peye ceQ keÀ#ee íë keÀe íe$e Lee Gme mece³e Dev³e keÀe³e&ke´ÀceeW kesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle ve=l³e He´mlegle efkeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ Gme mece³e
SkeÀ efHeÀuceer ieevee `keÀpejejs keÀpejejs keÀpejejs lesjs vewvee' DeHeveer ®ejce meercee Hej Lee ~ Fme ieeves keÀer meye peien Oetce Leer ~
De®eevekeÀ nceejer Jeefj<þ DeO³eeefHekeÀe ves ueeG[mHeerkeÀj Hej ³en Iees<eCee keÀer efkeÀ ``Deye DeeHekesÀ mece#e SkeÀ ve=l³e
He´mlegle efkeÀ³ee peeves Jeeuee nw ~ meYeer efoue LeecekeÀj yewþ ie³es leLee He´leer#ee keÀjves ueies efkeÀ DeeefKej Fme ve=l³e keÀes keÀewve
300
keÀjves Jeeuee nw ~ leYeer Heoe& nìe lees keÌ³ee osKelee ntB efkeÀ nceejs Heerìer ceemìj Deewj ®elegLe& ÞesCeer kesÀ oes keÀce&®eejer uenBiee
®eesueer Henve keÀj mìspe Hej Dee³es Deewj SsMJe³ee& je³e, DeefceleeYe ye®®eve Deewj DeefYe<eskeÀ ye®®ve keÀer ve=l³e cegê ceW ner
`keÀpejejs keÀpejejs keÀpejejs lesjs vewvee' ieerle Hej peesjoej ve=l³e keÀjves ueies ~ GvekesÀ cegKe kesÀ neJe-YeeJe leLe ceìkeÀleer keÀcej
keÀes osKekeÀj meYeer íe$e nBme-nBme keÀj ueesì-Heesì nes ie³es ~ meejs ye®®es leeueer yepee-yepee keÀj GvekeÀe Glmeen yeæ{e jns
Les Deewj Jes leerveeW ve=l³e ceW Fleves ceieve Les efkeÀ GvnW efkeÀmeer keÀer HejJeen ner veneR Leer ~ ueieYeie 15 efceveì lekeÀ Jes leerveeW ve=l³e
keÀjles jns ~ Hetje JeeleeJejCe leeefue³eeW keÀer ieæ[ieæ[enì mes ietBpe Gþe Lee ~ Ssmee ceveesjbpekeÀ ve=l³e, Jen Yeer Heg©<eeW kesÀ Üeje
ceQves keÀYeer veneR osKee Lee ~ GvekesÀ ve=l³e keÀer Jen íefJe cesjs ves$eeW ceW yeme ieF& Leer ~
Deye ceQ keÀ#ee ome keÀe íe$e ntB Deewj Jes leerveeW ner efJeÐeeue³e mes pees ®egkesÀ nQ Hejvleg Deepe Yeer peye 14 veJecyej
DeLee&led `yeeue efoJeme' keÀe efove Deelee nw leye Gme ve=l³e keÀer ³eeo keÀjkesÀ ceQ nBmes efyevee veneR jnlee ~
Gve leerveeW ueesieeW ves nceeje pees ceveesjbpeve efkeÀ³ee Gmes ³eeo keÀjkesÀ cegPes Ssmee ueielee nw efkeÀ nceW Yeer Ssmee yevevee
®eeefnS efkeÀ nce Yeer efkeÀmeer keÀe ceveesjbpeve keÀjkesÀ ueesieeW keÀes nBmee mekeWÀ ~ nBmees Deewj nBmeeDees nceejs peerJeve keÀe efme×evle
nesvee ®eeefnS ~ nBmeves mes ceveg<³e mJemLe jnlee nw ~ [15]
4) ``peekeÀes jeKes meeF³eeB ceej mekesÀ ve keÀes³e~''

efpemekeÀer j#ee YeieJeeve keÀjlee nw GmekeÀe keÀesF& yeeue Yeer yeeBkeÀe veneR keÀj mekeÀlee ~ keÀnles nQ efkeÀ, me®®ee mevle
HeéjyOe keÀes Yeer keÀce keÀj mekeÀlee nw Deewj `nesveer' keÀes Yeer ìeue mekeÀlee nw ~ `mevle' F&MJej keÀe ner He´leerkeÀ neslee nw ~ Jen
efvejvlej F&MJej keÀer mesJee ceW jnlee nwFmeefueS F&MJej GmekeÀer nj F®oe keÀes Hetje keÀjles nQ ~ mevle efMejesceefCe jeceoeme kesÀ
Heeme SkeÀ yeeuekeÀ GvekeÀer efMe<³elee ieńCe keÀjves kesÀ efueS Dee³ee ~ meceLe& jeceoeme ves yeeuekeÀ kesÀ lespe keÀes Hen®eeve keÀj
Gmes DeHevee efMe<³e yevee efue³ee ~ SkeÀ efove Heéleë Jen yeeuekeÀ eqYe#ee ceetb ieves keÀes Sie ieeBJe ceW Dee³ee ~ Gme ieeBJe ceW SkeÀ
leebef$ekeÀ jnlee Lee pees mJeYeeJe mes ke´ÀesOeer Lee ~ ieeBJe kesÀ kegÀí Mejejleer ye®®eeW ves Gme yeeuekeÀ keÀes Gmeer kesÀ Iej keÀe
ojJeepee efoKee efo³ee efkeÀ Jen JeneB mes efYe#ee ceeBies ~ yeeuekeÀ ves Ssmee ner efkeÀ³ee ~ leebef$ekeÀ pees Hegpee keÀj jne Lee
GþkeÀj Dee³ee Deewj yeesuee efkeÀ ³eneB keÌ³eeW Dee³ee nw? yeeuekeÀ ves GÊej efo³ee efkeÀ ieg© keÀer Dee%ee mes efYe#ee ceeBieves Dee³ee
ntB ~ leebef$ekeÀ ves efYe#ee keÀer peien leerve He´Mve Hetís efkeÀ Jen DeHeves ieg© mes Hetí keÀj yelee³esö (i) met³e& mes yeæ[e keÀewve nw ?
(ii) He=LJeer mes ceneved keÀewve nw ? (iii) nesveer keÀes keÀewve ìeue mekeÀlee nw ?
Jen yeeuekeÀ Dev³e IejeW mes efYe#ee ceeBiekeÀj JeeHeme Dee³ee Deewj ieg© kesÀ efueS Yeespeve yevee³ee ~ Gmeves ieg© keÀes leerveeW
He´MveeW keÀes yelee efo³ee ~ ieg© ves cegmkeÀjekeÀj keÀne efkeÀ keÀue megyen Gmeer ojJeepes Hej peevee Deewj Gmemes keÀnveeö (i) met³e&
mes yeæ[e efHelee nw ~ (ii) He=LJeer mes ceneve ceelee nw ~ (iii) leermejs He´Mve keÀe GÊej ieg© peer mJe³eb Gmeer leebef$ekeÀ keÀes oWies ~
yeeuekeÀ ves Deieues efove peekeÀj Ssmes ner keÀn efo³ee ~ leebef$ekeÀ ke´ÀesefOele ngDee Deewj MeeHe efo³ee efkeÀ pee keÀue megyen metjpe
efvekeÀueves mes Henues let cej pee³esiee DeHeves iegª mes keÀn osvee ~ ³en megvekeÀj yeeue kesÀ lees nesMe Gæ[ ieS Deewj efkeÀmeer He´keÀej
[jles-[jles efYe#ee ueskeÀj JeeHeme Dee³ee Deewj ieg© kesÀ efueS Yeespeve yevee³ee Deewj GvekeÀes efKeuee³ee ~ ieg© peer mecePe ieS
Deewj Gmemes Hetíe efkeÀ yeeuekeÀ Deepe legcnejs ®esnjs keÀe jbie keÌ³eeW Gæ[ ie³ee nw ? yeeuekeÀ ves meejer yeele yelee oer ~ ieg© peer
³en keÀnkeÀj efJeÞeece keÀjves ®eues ieS efkeÀ DeYeer keÀue nesves ceW lees yengle osj nw DeYeer mes ef®evlee keÌ³eesW keÀjlee nw? Hejvleg
yeeuekeÀ keÀes ®ewve keÀne@b ? Meece ngF& ~ Meece keÀe Yeespeve yevee ~ ieg© peer ves Kee³ee ~ ye®®es ves [j kesÀ ceejs ve oesHenj keÀes
ve Meece keÀes kegÀí veneR Kee³ee ~ iegª peer ves yengle mecePee³ee efkeÀ megyen nesves ceW lees yengle osj nw DeYeer mes ef®evlee keÌ³eeW
keÀjlee nw ? Deye ieg© peer Me³eve keÀjves ueies Deewj Gme yeeuekeÀ mes keÀne efkeÀ let cesjs Hewj oyeelee jn Deewj peye lekeÀ ceQ ve
keÀntB keÀneR peevee cele ~ yeeuekeÀ Hewj oyeelee jne ~ DeeOeer jele kesÀ Gme leebef$ekeÀ ves DeHeveer efme× keÀer ngF& ³eef#eCeer keÀes
Yespee Gme yeeuekeÀ keÀer ceeB keÀe Yes<e yevee³ee Deewj Keerj keÀe keÀìesje ueskeÀj yeesueerö `` yesìe ! let yentle efoveeW mes Iej veneR
Dee³ee nQ - ues ceQ lesjs efueS Keerj ueeF& ntB Keerj Kee ues ~'' yeeuekeÀ ves GÊej efo³eeö ``ceeB! ieg© peer meesS ngS nQ Deewj
GvekeÀer Dee%ee efyevee ceQ lesjs Heeme veneR Dee mekeÀlee ~ uee ³eneR DeekeÀj Keerj os os ~ '' uesefkeÀve Jen ³eef#eCeer ieg© peer kesÀ
Heeme veners DeeF& ~ efHeÀj Leesæ[er osj yeeo GmekesÀ efHelee kesÀ ªHe ceW DeeF& Deewj [eBì keÀj keÀne~ `` Dejs Heg$e ! letves ceeB keÀes
ueewìe efo³ee ~ Dee cesjs Heeme Dee ~ '' Hej yeeuekeÀ ieg© peer kesÀ Hewj íesæ[keÀj vener ie³ee ~ Leesæ[er osj ceW Jen MeefkeÌle ke´ÀesefOele
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nes Gme leebef$ekeÀ kesÀ Heeme ieF& Deewj yeesueerö `` og<ì letves Deepe SkeÀ mevle keÀe Deefnle keÀjves Yespee pees ceQ ve keÀj HeeF&ö
Deye ceQ lesjs Heeme mes pees jner ntB ~
megyen ngF& ~ metjpe efvekeÀuee ieg© peer Gþs Deewj yeesuesö``Dejs yeeuekeÀ let lees efpevoe yewþe nw legPes lees Fme mece³e lekeÀ
cej peevee ®eeefnS ~'' leye lekeÀ efMe<³e ieg© keÀer MeefkeÌle mecePe ®egkeÀe Lee ~ GmekeÀer DeÞegOeeje yenves ueieer Deewj iegª kesÀ
®ejCees keÀes Oeesves ueieer ~ leYeer Jen leebef$ekeÀ ieg© peer kesÀ ®ejCeeW ceW DeekeÀj efiej ie³ee ~ iegªpeer yeesues ns leebef$ekeÀ! lesjs
leermejs He´Mve keÀe GÊej ³en nw efkeÀ nesveer keÀes Yeer me®®ee meble ìeue veneR mekeÀlee ~''
me®e ner keÀne nw efkeÀ
``peekeÀes jeKes meeF³eeB ceej mekesÀ veefnb keÀesF
yeeue vee yeBekeÀe keÀj mekesÀ pees peie yewjer nesF ~ '' [15]
5) He´mlegle ef®e$e ceW HeeB®e efm$e³eeB efoKeeF& os jner nQ ~ Jes SkeÀ veueke=ÀHe (mecejmeerefyeue) mes Heeveer Yej jner nQ ~ mecej kesÀ
HeeFHe ceW SkeÀ Hee@ueerefLeve yeeBOe jKeer nw, keÌ³eeWefkeÀ mecej kesÀ Heeveer keÀe yeneJe lespe neslee nw ~ Hee@ueerefLeve mes Heeveer Yejvee
Deemeeve nes peelee nw ~ veueketÀHe kesÀ Heeme Heeveer Yejves kesÀ efueS yengle meejs yelewve Deewj HueeeqmìkeÀ keÀer kesÀve Yeer jKeer ngF&
nw ~ efm$e³eeW kesÀ Heerís SkeÀ Deeoceer yeeuìer ueskeÀj Fmeer Deesj Deelee efoKeeF& os jne nw ~ Fme ef®e$e keÀes osKekeÀj mHe<ì
He´leerle neslee nw efkeÀ nceejs osMe ceW peue keÀe Ye³ebkeÀj mebkeÀì nw ~ ceveg<³e kesÀ Mejerj keÀer vemeeW kesÀ meceeve Yeejle ceW DemebK³e
veefo³eeB yen jner nQ leLeeefHe ³eneB Heeveer keÀe DeYeeJe nw ~ ueesie Heeveer keÀer Keespe ceW keÀYeer Fme veue Hej keÀYeer Gme nw[HebHe
Hej lees keÀYeer keÀneR Deewj YeìkeÀles efHeÀjles nQ ~ Heeveer efkeÀlevee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw Fme yeele keÀes mHe<ì keÀjles ngS mJe³eb jnerce
keÀefJele ves efueKee nwö
jefnceve Heeveer jeefKe³es efyeve Heeveer meye metve
Heeveer ie³es ve Tyejs, ceesleer ceevegme ®etve ~
peue efJeMJe keÀe Deefle efJeue#eCe êJe nw~ me=eq<ì kesÀ DeeefokeÀeue mes ner peye F&MJej ves mebmeej keÀer j®evee keÀer GvekesÀ
peerJeve keÀe DeeOeej peue yevee ~ Deepe ³esn Del³evle Keso keÀe efJe<e³e nw efkeÀ F&MJej HeóÊe Fme DeLeen Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ mecHeoe
keÀe ner peerJeve ceW DeYeeJe nes ie³ee nw ~ F&MJej ves peue m$eesleeW keÀer keÀceer veneR keÀer Hejvleg ceveg<³e ves Gve peue m$eesle keÀer
TB®eeF& ceW De®eevekeÀ Je=ef× ³ee keÀceer, peue m$eesleeW keÀe DeHe´l³eeefMele ªHe mes Ieìvee DeLeJee yeæ{vee peue-mebkeÀì keÀe
efnmmee nw ~
Deepe peue kesÀ DeYeeJe keÀer pees eqmLeefle nw Gmes osKekeÀj He´leerle neslee nw efkeÀ ³eefo ³ener neue jne lees efvekeÀì
YeefJe<³e ceW peue ve efceueves kesÀ keÀejCe HeéefCe³eesW keÀer ce=l³eg nes mekeÀleer nw~
yeæ[s-yeæ[s ®eewjeneW Hej Heevejer kesÀ efueS uecyeer keÀleejW, efmej Hej Ieæ[eW ceW otj mes Heeveer ueeleer ceefnueeSB, peien-peien
Hej osKeer pee mekeÀleer nQ ~ Deepe veueketÀHeeW keÀe peue-mlej keÀeHeÀer veer®es pee ®egkeÀe nw ~ veefo³eeB Yeer Heeveer keÀer keÀceer kesÀ
keÀejCe ke=ÀMekeÀe³e efoKeeF& Heæ[leer nQ ~ pees osMe-He´ke=Àefle keÀe Heeuevee keÀne peelee Lee, JeneR Hej peue keÀer keÀceer nesvee
yeæ[e nem³eemHeo efJe<e³e nw ~
³en yeæ[e iecYeerj ef®evleve keÀe efJe<e³e nw efkeÀ Fme DeLen peue mecHeoe keÀe veeMe De®eevekeÀ kewÀmes nes ie³ee ~ DeeefKej
GmekeÀe keÌ³ee keÀejCe efove-Heéfleefove Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& nw ~ Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& mes Je<ee& yeeefOele ngF& nw~ peye mece³e Hej Je<ee&
ner veneR nesieer lees veefo³eeW ceW Heeveer keÀneB mes Dee³esiee? Deefle Heéef®eve keÀeue mes ner nceejs osMe ceW Je=#eeW keÀe DeO³eeeqlcekeÀ
cenÊJe jne nw ~ FvekeÀer Hetpee-De®e&vee keÀer peeleer jner nw ~ ³en ceeveJe peerJeve keÀer megKe-mece=ef× kesÀ meeOekeÀ nQ ~ ³ener
Je=#e yeeoueeW keÀe Dee»eve keÀjles nQ Hejvleg ogYee&i³e keÀer yeele nw efkeÀ peye pebieue ner keÀì pee³eWies lees Dee»eve keÀewve keÀjsiee ?
peue mebkeÀì kesÀ cetue ceW ³ener yeele cenÊJeHetCe& ns ~ Je=#eeW keÀer keÀì³eeF& ves Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ meblegueve efyeIeeæ[ efo³ee ~ DeveeJe=eq<ì,
DeefleJe=eq<ì, mee³ekeÌuee@ve, YetmKeueve Deewj YetkeÀcHe Deeefo meYeer Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& kesÀ HeefjCeece nQ ~ Kewj keÀejCe kegÀí Yeer
nes Hejvleg me®®eeF& lees ³en nw efkeÀ Deepe HeéCe peiele kesÀ mece#e peue keÀer SkeÀ pJeuevle mecem³ee nw pees efoveeW efove megjmee
kesÀ cegKe keÀer lejn yeæ{ jner nw ~
He´Meemeve Mee³eo Deece Deeoceer keÀer Fme HejsMeeveer mes DeveefYe%e nw ~ GmekeÀe keÀejCe meeHeÀ-meeHeÀ GvekesÀ peerJeve ceW
Fme DevegYeJe keÀer keÀceer nwö keÀne Yeer ie³ee nwö
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``peekesÀ Hewj ve HeÀìer efyeJeeF&, mees keÀne mecePes Heerj HejeF&''

efkeÀmeer Yeer mecem³ee keÀe meceeOeeve lees keÀjvee ner Heæ[lee nw Deewj ³en DemecYeJe Yeer veneR nw ~ mejkeÀej keÀes pevelee
keÀer Fme HejsMeeveer keÀes mecePevee ®eeefnS ~ mejkeÀej keÀes ®eeefnS efkeÀ yeeæ{ Jeeues #es$eeW kesÀ peue-meb®e³e nsleg yeæ[s-yeæ[s
yewjepe yevee³es Deewj peueeYeeJe Jeeues #es$eeW ceW Gmes efJeleefjle keÀje³es ~ ³en peue mebkeÀì keÀes keÀce keÀjves keÀe meMekeÌle meeOeve
meeefyele nesiee, meeLe ner peue keÀe meogHe³eesie nesiee ~ pees ueesie meerJej keÀer ueeFve ³ee Menj keÀer ievoieer veefo³eeW ceW yeneles
nQ GvekesÀ efJe©× mejkeÀej keÀes keÀþesj keÀoce Gþeves ®eeefnS ~ Fmemes peue Heót<eCe jeskeÀe pee mekeÀlee nw ~
peue F&MJej keÀer Decetu³e mecHeoe nw pees ceeveJe cee$e kesÀ efueS menpe GHeueyOe nesveer ®eeefnS ³eefo Ssmee veneR nw lees
yeæ[er ueppee keÀer yeele nw ~ FmeefueS Fmes nj ceveg<³e keÀes DeyeeOe ieefle mes HeéHle keÀjevee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
A.2
1) mesJee ceW
Þeerceeved He³e&ìve DeefOekeÀejer,
ueKeveT, GÊej HeósMe
efoveebkeÀ ë 24-3-2014
efJe<e³e ë ueKeveT kesÀ oMe&veer³e mLeueeW keÀer peevekeÀejer HeéHle keÀjves nsleg He$e
ceev³eJej ceneso³e,
Fme He$e kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ceQ DeeHemes ueKeveT Menj keÀer peevekeÀejer HeéHle keÀjvee ®eenlee ntB ~ ceQ Je cesjs efce$e ueKeveT
Menj kesÀ oMe&veer³e mLeueeW keÀer ³ee$ee keÀjvee ®eenles nQ ~ meeLe ner pewmee efkeÀ ueKeveT, GÊej HeósMe keÀer jepeOeeveer leLee
nceejs cegK³eceb$eer Þeer DeefKeuesMe ³eeoJe peer keÀe efveJeeme mLeeve nw ~ ceQves megvee nw JeneB Hej ef®eefæ[³eeIej leLee kegÀí
SsefleneefmekeÀ mLeue Yeer nQ, efpemekeÀes osKevee nceejs %eeve keÀe efnmmee yeve mekeÀlee nw ~
Fme mece³e cesjer DeeF&. meer. Sme. F&. keÀer Hejer#eeSB meceeHle nes ®eueer nQ Deleë ígefìdì³eeW keÀe meogHe³eesie keÀjves keÀe
³en De®íe DeJemej nw~ Deleë DeeHemes efJevece´ efveJesove ns efkeÀ ceQ Deewj cesjs efce$e Fme mLeeve keÀe ceveesjbpeve HetCe& DeJeueeskeÀve
keÀj mekeWÀ FmekesÀ efueS DeeHe cegPes He$e Üeje peevekeÀejer oskeÀj cesjer mene³elee keÀjW FmeceW efJeMes<e ªHe mes þnjves SJeb Ietceves
keÀer J³eJemLee keÀjJeekeÀj cegPes ke=ÀleeLe& keÀjW ~ DeeHekeÀer Deefle ke=ÀHee nesieer ~
meOev³eJeeo,
YeJeoer³e,
He´JeerCe iegHlee
19, efmeefJeue ueeFvme
metjmeove, Deeieje - 2 [7]
2) 47, keÀceuee veiej

Deeieje
efoveebkeÀ ë 24. 3. 2014
efHe´³e Devegpe MegYece,
MegYe DeeMeerJee&o~
DeHej_®e mecee®eej ³en nw efkeÀ oes efove Henues ceQ efkeÀmeer keÀece mes efouueer Dee³ee Lee leye cesjer YeWì legcnejs keÀ#eeO³eeHekeÀ
mes ngF& Leer ~ Jen yelee jns Les efkeÀ legce DeepekeÀue ceesyeeFue HeÀesve Hej yeelesb keÀjves ceW DeHevee DeefOekeÀebMe mece³e J³eleerle keÀj
jns nes ~ MegYeced ³en De®íer yeele veneR nw, efJeMes<e leewj Hej efJeÐeeue³e ceW ceesyeeFue ueevee cevee nw Deewj legce efve³ece leesæ[ves
keÀe keÀe³e& keÀj jns nes ~ ³en Gef®ele veneR nw ~
efHeleepeer ves Ke®e& keÀer HejJeen ve keÀjkesÀ legcnW De®íer efMe#ee HeéHle keÀjves efouueer Yespee nw ~ Deleë legce F&ceeveoejer
mes DeHeveer Heæ{eF& keÀjes ~ ceesyeeFue Hej DeefOekeÀebMe yeeleW legcnejer oesmleeW mes ner nesleer neWieer ~ Mee³eo legcnW Helee veneR nw efkeÀ
303
DeefOekeÀ efce$elee DeO³e³eve ceW meyemes yeæ[er yeeOee nw ~ ceesyeeFue mes oesmleer yeæ{sieer Deewj mece³e yeyee&o nesiee ~ peye Heæ{ves
yewþesies, ceesyeeFue yepesiee, Heæ{eF& ®eewHeì nes pee³esieer ~ ³es ceesyeeFue HeÀesve jele ceW veneR meesves osles ~ ceQ legcneje De×&
Jeeef<e&keÀ Hejer#eeHeÀue osKekeÀj ®eeQkeÀ ie³ee Lee ~ DeO³eeHekeÀ kesÀ yeleeves Hej ner Helee ®euee efkeÀ ceesyeeFue kesÀ keÀejCe ner
legcnejs DebkeÀ keÀce Dee³es nQ ~
efHeleepeer ves ceesyeeFue legcnW FmeefueS efo³ee Lee leeefkeÀ legce Iej Hej mecee®eej yeleeles jnes ~ me®®eeF& lees ³en nw efkeÀ
efJeÐeeLeea peerJeve ceW efJeÐeeLeea kesÀ efueS ceesyeeFue keÀe ³ener meogHe³eesie nw ~ FmeefueS DeHevee veb. yeouees Deewj efkeÀmeer keÀes
ve³ee veb. cele oes efpememes legcnejs efce$e legcnejs DeO³e³eve ceW oKeuevoepeer ve keÀjW ~ F&ceeveoejer mes DeHeveer Heæ{eF& keÀjes ~
ceeleepeer-efHeleepeer keÀe legcnW He´sce Yeje DeeMeerJee&o ~
legcneje Deie´pe,
keÀ.Ke.ie. [7]
A.3
i) Dee®ee³e& keÀes Ssmes mene³ekeÀeW keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee Leer pees Gme J³eJemee³e keÀes OeveesHeepe&ve ³ee GppJeue YeefJe<³e kesÀ efueS
veneR DeefHeleg SkeÀ HeefJe$e O³es³e kesÀ ªHe ceW DeHeveeS ~ [2]
ii) Dee®ee³e& keÀer efvejeMee keÀe keÀejCe Lee efkeÀ ³egJekeÀeW ceW DeefOekeÀebMe jmee³eveMeem$e kesÀ %eelee lees Les, efJe<e³e mes Yeer Heefjef®ele
Les uesekf eÀve SkeÀ jmee³eveMeem$eer kesÀ efueS pees HeefJe$e O³es³e neslee nw GmekeÀe meYeer ceW DeYeeJe Lee ~ efvejeMe neskeÀj GvneWves mJe³eb
ner meeje keÀe³e& keÀjves keÀe efveM®e³e keÀj efue³ee ~ [2]
iii) Dee®ee³e& ves oesveeW ³egJekeÀeW keÀer Hejer#ee uesves kesÀ efueS GvnW SkeÀ HeoeLe& oskeÀj oes efove kesÀ Yeerlej GmekeÀe jmee³eve lew³eej keÀj
ueeves keÀes keÀne ~ GvneWves Ssmee FmeefueS efkeÀ³ee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Fme yeneves mes Jen Fme keÀe³e& ceW Deeves Jeueer yeeOeeDeeW kesÀ Heéfle
³egJekeÀeW kesÀ J³eJenej SJeb ceeveefmekeÀlee keÀer HejKe keÀjvee ®eenles Les ~ [2]
iv) otmeje ³egJekeÀ FmeefueS jmee³eve lew³eej veneR keÀj mekeÀe Lee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ peeles mece³e Gmes ceeie& ceW meæ[keÀ ogIe&ìvee ceW Iee³eue
SkeÀ Je=odOe J³eefkeÌle efceue ie³ee Lee efpemekeÀer mesJee ceW GmekeÀe meeje mece³e J³eleerle nes ie³ee Lee ~ Fme Ieìvee mes Fme ³egJekeÀ keÀer
mebJesoveMeeruelee SJeb Goejlee keÀe iegCe mHe<ì neslee nw ~ [2]
v) Dee®ee³e& ves DeHevee mene³elee otmejs ³egJekeÀ keÀes ®egvee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ GmeceW HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee Leer ~ Dee®ee³e& kesÀ Devegmeej
Heeræ[e mes keÀjenles efkeÀmeer J³eefkeÌle keÀer GHes#ee keÀjves Jeeuee jmee³eveMeem$eer veneR nes mekeÀlee ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) jmee³eve - jemee³eefvekeÀ [½]
(b) vegkeÀmeeve - vegkeÀmeeveoe³ekeÀ [½]
ii) (a) yeeOee - Deæ[®eve, efJeIve [1]

(b) Heeræ[e - oo&, keÀ<ì [1]
iii) (a) Deble Deeefo [½]

(b) HeefJe$e DeHeefJe$e [½]
(c) efvejeMee DeeMee [½]
(d) YeefJe<³e Yetle [½]
Turn over
304
iv) (a) DeefleeqLe - DeeefleL³e [½]

(b) efveHegCe - efveHegCelee [½]
v) (a) ìkeÀe mee peJeeye osvee - ceQves DeHeves efce$e mes SkeÀ IeCìs kesÀ efueS HegmlekeÀ ceeBieer Leer Hejvleg Gmes Yeer Heæ{veer Leer,
Deleë Gmeves ìkeÀe-mee peJeeye os efo³ee ~ [1]
(b) efmekeÌkeÀe peceevee - cesjs efce$e ves veoer ceW [tyeles ye®®es keÀes ye®eekeÀj ueesieeW Hej DeHevee efmekeÌkeÀe pecee efue³ee ~ [1]
vi) (a) Devle ceW Dee®ee³e& keÀes keÀesF& DeeMee ve jner ~ [1]
(b) Jen cegPes Deefle efHe´³e ueiesiee ~ [1]
(c) GmekeÀe keÀe³e& He´Mebmeveer³e Lee ~ [1]

305
(KeC[`keÀ')
A.1
1) `èfJeMJeemeHee$e efce$e peerJeve keÀer SkeÀ Deew<eOe nw ~''
ceveg<³e SkeÀ meeceeefpekeÀ HeéCeer nw~ Deleë meeceeefpekeÀ HeéCeer nesves kesÀ veeles ceveg<³e meYeer kesÀ meeLe efceue-peguekeÀj
mecetn ceW jnvee Hemevo keÀjlee nw ~ ³es J³eefkeÌle SkeÀ-otmejs kesÀ efjMlesoej ³ee mecyevOeer veneR nesles nQ ~ Ssmes mecyevOeeW keÀes
efce$elee keÀer meb%ee oer ie³eer nw ~ efce$elee mes pewmee megKe Deewj Deevevo efceuelee nw Jewmee Deevevo mebmeej keÀer efkeÀmeer Dev³e
Jemleg mes veneR efceuelee nw ~ De®íer efce$elee kesÀ DeYeeJe ceW peerJeve veerjme nes peelee nw ~ FmeefueS ceeveJe peerJeve ceW efce$elee
keÀer yengle GHe³eesefielee nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej Oece& Deewj efJeJeskeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes HeeHe mes ye®eeles nQ, Gmeer He´keÀej SkeÀ efJeMJeemeHee$e
efce$e DeHeves efce$e keÀes mebkeÀì kesÀ mece³e ye®eelee nw ~ SkeÀ me®®ee efce$e DeHeves efce$e keÀes kegÀceeie& mes nìe keÀj mevceeie& keÀer
lejHeÀ ues peelee nw ~ peye-peye ceveg<³e keÀes efvejeMee Iesjleer nw Deewj Jen keÀÊe&J³e efJecegKe nesves ueielee nw leye-leye SkeÀ
DeeoMe& efce$e Gmes keÀu³eeCekeÀejer GHeosMe oslee nw~ ³eneB Hej nce ceneYeejle kesÀ Gme He´mebie keÀes ³eeo keÀj mekeÀles nQ peye
jCe#es$e ceW Depeg&ve efkeÀ Þeerke=À<Ce Deewj Depeg&ve DeefYevve efce$e Les ~
efce$elee peerJeve efvecee&Ce keÀe SkeÀ yengle ner cenlJeHetCe& Debie neslee nw Deleë efce$e yeveeles mece³e nceW DeHeves efJeJeskeÀ
Deesj yegef× mes keÀece uesvee ®eeefnS ~ pees ueesie THejer J³eefkeÌlelJe mes HeÝeeefJele neskeÀj efyevee mees®e-efJe®eej efkeÀ³es efce$e
yeveeles nw, Jes peerJeve ceW ueeYe kesÀ yepee³e neefve Gþeles nQ ~
meJe&He´Lece SkeÀ De®ís efce$e ceW efce$eJeled J³eJenej keÀe iegCe nesvee ®eeefnS~ SkeÀ De®ís efce$ekeÀes Oew³e&Jeeve nesvee
®eeefnS ~ Gmes SkeÀ De®íe Þeeslee leLee De®íe JekeÌlee nesvee ®eeefnS leeefkeÀ Jen DeHeves efce$e keÀer mecem³eeDeeW keÀes Oew³e&
mes megves Deewj GvekeÀe meceeOeeve keÀj mekesÀ ~ SkeÀ De®ís efce$e ceW peerJeslelee nesveer ®eeefnS Deewj GmeceW nem³eefHe´³elee keÀe iegCe
nesvee ®eeefnS ~ FmekesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle Gmes mel³eJeeoer, F&ceeveoej Deewj efveëmJeeLeea nesvee ®eeefnS ~
SkeÀ DeeoMe& efce$e efJeHeefÊe Deewj mebkeÀì ceW DeHeves efce$e keÀer mene³elee keÀjves keÀes meowJe lelHej jnlee nw ~ efpeme
He´keÀej Þeerke=À<Ce ves megoecee keÀer mebkeÀì ceW mene³elee keÀer Leer, Jewmeer DeeoMe& efce$elee keÀe GoenjCe efkeÀmeer Dev³e osMe ceW
veneR efceuelee nw ~
Deepe J³eefkeÌle keÀe cegK³e O³es³e OeveesHeepe&ve keÀjvee Deewj YeeweflekeÀ efJeueeme kesÀ meeOeve pegìevee cee$e jne ie³ee nw,
lees Ssmes ³egie ceW efpeme J³eefkeÌle keÀe SkeÀ ner me®®ee efce$e ns, Jen J³eefkeÌle mener DeLeex ceW Yeei³eMeeueer nw ~ nceejer Heéfle<þe
Fme yeele ceW veneR nw efkeÀ nceejs efkeÀleves efce$e nQ DeLeJee nceejs efce$eeW keÀer mebK³ee efkeÀleveer DeefOekeÀ nw, yeequkeÀ Fme yeele ceW
nw efkeÀ nceejs pees Yeer efce$e nQ, Jes efkeÀme Dee®ejCe kesÀ nQ Deewj DeeoMe& efce$e keÀer keÀmeewìer Hej Kejs Glejles nQ ³ee veneR ~
Deleë Fme He´keÀej nce keÀn mekeÀles nQ efkeÀ SkeÀ me®®ee Deewj efJeMJeemeHee$e efce$e peerJeve keÀer Deew<eefOe kesÀ meceeve neslee nw ~ [15]
2) ``Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle ceW DeefleefLe keÀe mJeªHe ''

efnvogmleeve SkeÀ Ssmee osMe nw efpemeceW SkeÀ veneR DeveskeÀesb efJeMes<eleeSB nw ! efHeÀj ®eens Jees DeHevelJe keÀer YeeJevee nes,
³ee efjMleeW keÀe ceeve-mecceve nes, meye kegÀí DeHeves DeeHe ceW efJeMeeue nw ! Fve meye kesÀ DeueeJee SkeÀ Deewj HejcHeje nceejs
osMe ceW pees ³egieeW-³egieeW mes ®eueer Dee jner nw, Deewj Deepe Yeer ®eue jner nw ! Jen HejcHeje nw `` DeefleefLe osJees YeJeë'' keÀer!
Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle ceW DeefleefLe keÀes osJelee kesÀ meceeve ceevee peelee nw ~ `DeefleefLe' keÀe MeeeqyokeÀ DeLe& nw, efpemekesÀ
Deeves keÀer keÀesF& efveeqM®ele efleefLe ve nes ~ keÀeueevlej ceW `DeefleefLe' Meyo nceejs Iej DeevesJeeues cesnceeve kesÀ DeLe& ceW ªæ{ nes
ie³ee ~ Deye nce cesnceeve keÀes DeefleefLe keÀnles nQ ~ nceejs Iej peye Yeer keÀesF& cesnceeve Deelee nw lees nce GmekeÀer mesJee ceW
keÀesF& DeYeeJe vener jKeles ~ ie=nmJeeceer GmekeÀe peue, Deemeve, Yeespeve Deeefo Heóeve keÀj GmekeÀe mecceeve keÀjles nQ ~
GvekesÀ efueS Iej ceW De®ís-De®ís J³ebpeve lew³eej keÀjles nQ, GvnW DeHeves meeLe oMe&veer³e mLeueeW keÀe YećeCe keÀjeles nw ~
mece³eevegmeej, Deepe HeefjeqmLeefle³eeB kegÀí yeoue ®egkeÀer nQ ~ Deepe ueesieeW kesÀ Heeme mece³e keÀe DeYeeJe nw, FmeefueS
DeevesJeeues J³eefkeÌle keÀes Yeer Deeves mes Henues otjYee<e Üeje DeHeves Deeves keÀer met®evee osveer ®eeefnS ~ efpememes ces]peyeeve mJe³eb
306
keÀes ceeveefmekeÀ ªHe mes lew³eej keÀj ues ~ ³eefo Jen veewkeÀjer keÀjlee nw, lees Gme efove kesÀ efueS DeJekeÀeMe mJeerke=Àle keÀje uesiee ~
peneB Heefle-Helveer oesveeW ner veewkeÀjer keÀjles nQ JeneB lees ³en Del³evle DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw efkeÀ Deeves Jeeuee GvekeÀer HejsMeeveer keÀe
keÀejCe vee yeves ~ otmejs, Deepe keÀer HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW keÀes osKeles ngS cesnceeve keÀes DeefOekeÀ mece³e lekeÀ veneR þnjvee ®eeefnS
keÌ³eeWefkeÀ efpevekesÀ Iej Jen Dee³ee ngDee nw, nes mekeÀlee nw GmekesÀ keÀejCe Gve Hej keÀe³e& keÀe Yeej DeefOekeÀ yeæ{ pee³e,
efpemekesÀ keÀejCe Jes HejsMeeveer cenmetme keÀjW ~
DeefleefLe ³eefo mJe³eb efJeJeskeÀ Deewj men³eesie mes keÀe³e& ues, lees Jen keÀYeer yeesPe veneR yeve mekeÀlee, FmeceW keÀesF& mevosn
veneR nw ~ ³eefo ie=nmJeeceer DeeefLe&keÀ ªHe mes keÀcepeesj nw lees cesnceeve kesÀ Deeves Hej GmekesÀ Iej keÀe yepeì ieæ[yeæ[e peelee
nw ~ Ssmes mece³e Hej cesnceeve mJe³eb ner ³eefo HeÀue, meefype³eeB Deeefo GHenej kesÀ ªHe ceW uee³es lees ie=nmJeeceer DeefleefjkeÌle Yeej
mes ye®e mekeÀles nQ ~ ³eefo Heefle-Helveer oesveeW veewkeÀjer keÀjles nQ Deewj cesnceeve keÀes ©keÀvee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw lees Jen GvnW
DeJekeÀeMe uesves kesÀ efueS efJeefJeMe ve keÀjs DeefHeleg ie=nkeÀe³e& ceW GvekeÀe men³eesie keÀjs lees Fmemes GvnW KegMeer nesieer ~ meeLe ner
cesnceeve keÀes ®eeefnS efkeÀ Jen Gvemes DeveeJeM³ekeÀ Ke®e& ve keÀje³es leLee meeceev³e HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ meom³e keÀer lejn ner jns ~
Devle ceW nce keÀn mekeÀles nQ efkeÀ nceejs osMe ceW `DeefleefLe osJees YeJeë' keÀer YeeJevee DeYeer Yeer Jewmeer ner nw pewmeer
Heé®eervekeÀeue ceW Leer efkeÀvleg DeefleefLe Yeer ³eefo Deeves Jeeues kesÀ Iej keÀer HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW keÀes mecePekeÀj DeHevesHeve keÀer YeeJevee
jKes lees ces]peyeeve ³en keÀYeer veneR mees®esiee `` DeefleefLe legce keÀye peeDeesies ?'' yeequkeÀ Üej Hej GvnW efJeoe keÀjles mece³e
³ener Hetísiee `DeefleefLe, efHeÀj legce keÀye DeeDeesies nce legcnejer He´leer#ee keÀjWies ~ [15]
3) ``mJe®ílee keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee''

mJe®ílee mes ceveg<³e keÀe leve ceve mJemLe jnlee nw Deewj JeeleeJejCe De®íe Deewj mJemLeHeó ~ mJe®ílee keÀes
Heé®eervekeÀeue mes ner yengle DeefOekeÀ cenÊJe Heóeve efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ Meew®e ' DeLee&led mJe®ílee ~ mJe®ílee DeevleefjkeÀ
Deewj yee¿e oes He´keÀej keÀer nesleer nwö DeevleeflejkeÀ mJe®ílee DeLee&led DeHeves ceve keÀes F&<³ee&, Üs<e, ke´ÀesOe, jeie, ceesn Deeefo
efJekeÀejeW mes cegkeÌle jKevee Deewj yee¿e mJe®ílee nw DeHeves Mejerj keÀes mJe®í jKevee leLee DeHeves DeemeHeeme kesÀ JeeleeJejCe keÀes
mJe®í Deewj Meg× jKevee ~ ceve keÀes mJe®í keÀjkesÀ nce De®íÞe Dee®ejCe DeHeveeles nQ Deewj DeHeves Mejerj leLee JeeleeJejCe
keÀes mJe®í keÀjkesÀ nce De®íe mJeemL³e HeéHle keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~
DeYeer efJeieled 2 DekeÌìtyej ieeBOeer pe³evleer keÀes Jele&ceeve HeÓeevecev$eer Þeer vejsvê ceesoer ves `mJe®í Yeejle DeefYe³eeve'
kesÀ ªHe ceW ceveeves keÀer Iees<eCee keÀer ~ mJeemL³eHeó MegªDeele kesÀ mevoYe& ceW veefo³eeW keÀer meHeÀeF& keÀe DeefYe³eeve Yeer ®euee³ee
ie³ee~ nce meYeer keÀe keÀÊe&J³e nw efkeÀ nce meye `mJe®í Yeejle DeefYe³eeve' keÀe efnmmee yeves Deewj mebkeÀuHe keÀjW efkeÀ nce
DeHeves osMe keÀes meeHeÀ-megLeje jKeWies ~ peye He´l³eskeÀ J³eefkeÌle mJe®ílee kesÀ efueS SkeÀpegì nes pee³esiee lees mJe®í Yeejle keÀe
mJeHve meekeÀej nes pee³esiee ~ mJe®ílee DeefYe³eeve ceW men³eesie osves kesÀ efueS ceQves DeHeves menHeeefþ³eeW mes yeele keÀer Deewj
nceves leerve keÀe³eex keÀes keÀjves keÀe mebkeÀuHe efue³ee pees Fme He´keÀej nQö
i) mJe®ílee keÀer Meg©Deele DeHeves Iej mesö Gþles ner DeHevee efyemlej þerkeÀ keÀjvee, keÀceje meeHeÀ keÀjve~ DeHeves meYeer
meeceeve keÀes lejerkesÀ mes ueieevee Deewj Iej ceW efkeÀmeer keÀes Yeer ievoieer HewÀueeves mes jeskeÀvee, Hee@ueerefLeve keÀe He´³eesie ve
keÀjvee Deewj ve keÀjves osvee, ketÀæ[e ketÀæ[soeve ceW [euevee Deeefo ~
ii) keÀ#ee-keÀ#ee ceWö nce keÀYeer Yeer keÀ#ee-keÀ#e keÀes ievoe veneR keÀjWies ~ keÀeiepe, HeWeqvmeue keÀer íerueve, jwHej Deeefo
meye ketÀæ[soeve ceW [eueWies ~ keÀ#ee-keÀ#e kesÀ SkeÀ keÀesves ceW ketÀæ[soeve jKee jnsiee ~ keÀesF& Yeer íe$e keÀ#ee keÀes ievoe
ve keÀjs, Fme yeele keÀe nce meye efceuekeÀj O³eeve jKeWies ~
iii) DeHeves Deeme-Heæ[esme keÀer mJe®íleeö Heé³eë osKee peelee nw, ueesie ketÀæ[e meæ[keÀeW Hej [eue osles nQ efpemes kegÀÊes ³ee
Dev³e peeveJej HewÀueekeÀj Deewj ievoieer HewÀueeles jnles nQ FmekesÀ efueS nce O³eeve jKeWies efkeÀ keÀesF& Yeer Heæ[esmeer DeHeves
Iej keÀe ketÀæ[e yeenj ve [eues, keÀesF& meæ[keÀ Hej LetkesÀ veneR Deewj DeHeves Iej kesÀ Heeme Hesæ[-HeewOes Deeefo ueieekeÀj
He³ee&JejCe Meg× jKes~
307
FmekesÀ meeLe ner ueesieeW keÀes nce mJe®ílee kesÀ Heéfle peeieªkeÀ keÀjvee ®eenWies~
JeemleefJekeÀlee ³en nw efkeÀ ueesieeW keÀes nce mJe®ílee kesÀ cenlJe keÀes peeveles nQ, efkeÀvleg Deeuem³eJeMe FmekeÀeW vepejboepe
keÀjles nQ ~ efpemekeÀe HeefjCeece neslee nw; ievoieer, yeerceeefj³eeB, Heót<eCe Deeefo ~ Deleë nces mJe®ílee kesÀ cenÊJe keÀes
mecePeles ngS mJe®ílee kesÀ Heéfle peeieªkeÀ jnvee ®eeefnS leLee DeHeves Iej, efJeÐeeue³e Deewj osMe keÀes mJe®í jKeves keÀe
mebkeÀuHe uesvee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
4) ``ceve kesÀ nejs nej nw, ceve kesÀ peerles peerle ~''
efkeÀmeer osMe ceW Decejmesve veece keÀe SkeÀ jepee Lee ~ Jen yengle Jeerj Deewj He´pee keÀe efnle Heenves Jeeuee Lee ~ GmekeÀer
He´pee Yeer Gmeer yengle ®eenleer Leer ~
SkeÀ yeej efkeÀmeer yeele mes veeje]pe neskeÀj GmekesÀ Heæ[esmeer jepee ves Gme Hej Deeke´ÀceCe keÀj efo³ee ~ jepee Decejmesve
DeHeveer mesvee kesÀ meeLe yengle Jeerjlee mes ueæ[e Hejbleg Yeei³e ves GmekeÀe meeLe ve efo³ee ~ ³egodOe ceW GmekeÀer Hejepe³e ngF& ~
GmekesÀ yengle mes mewefvekeÀ ceejs ieS ~ Me$eg kesÀ mewefvekeÀ Gmes peerefJele HekeÀæ[vee ®eenles Les, Hej Gme efkeÀmeer lejn ³egodOeYetefce
mes ye®ekeÀj JeneB mes Yeeie efvekeÀuee ~
Me$eg mes ye®elee - ye®elee Jen SkeÀ pebieue ceW pee HengB®ee ~ Jen efíHekeÀj SkeÀ ieg]HeÀe ceW jnves ueiee ~ ieg]HeÀe ceW jnles
- jnles Gmes DeHeves HeefjJeej Je osMe keÀer yengle ³eeo Deeleer Leer ~ Jen efkeÀmeer lejn DeHevee Kees³ee jep³e Hegveë Heevee ®eenlee
Lee, Hejbleg Gmes keÀesF& GHee³e metPe veneR jne Lee ~ Jen ceve nejkeÀj yewþ ie³ee ~
SkeÀ efove Jen ieg]HeÀe ceW yewþe kegÀí mees®e jne Lee, leYeer GmekeÀer ¢eq<ì SkeÀ cekeÀæ[er Hej Heæ[er ~ Jen oerJeej Hej ®eæ{ves
keÀe He´³eeme keÀj jner Leer ~ jepee ves osKee cekeÀæ[er TB®eeF& Hej ®eæ{leer Deewj efHeÀmeuekeÀj veer®es efiej Heæ[leer ~ cekeÀæ[er ves
DeveskeÀ yeej He´³elve efkeÀS ~ nj yeej cekeÀæ[er peye veer®es efiej peeleer lees Decejmesvee keÀes Gme Hej o³ee Dee peeleer ~
Jen mees®eves ueiee efkeÀ yengle nes ®egkeÀe Deye Mee³eo cekeÀæ[er keÀer efnccele ves peJeeye os efo³ee nw ~ Deye Jen oerJeej
Hej ®eæ{ves keÀer keÀesefMeMe veneR keÀjsieer ~ Hej Jen ³en osKekeÀj nwjeve jn ie³ee efkeÀ cekeÀæ[er ves efHeÀj mes efncccele pegìeF& Deewj
Fme yeej oerJeej Hej ®eæ{ves ceW meHeÀue nes ieF& ~ ³en osKekeÀj Decejmesve keÀes megKeo DeeM®e³e& ngDee ~
Fme Ieìvee ves Gme Hej ienje HeÝeeJe [euee ~ GmekeÀe Kees³ee ngDee efJeMJeeme efHeÀj mes peeie Gþe ~ Gmeves mees®ee,
peye SkeÀ cekeÀæ[er yeej - yeej efiejves Hej Yeer keÀesefMeMe keÀj oerJeej Hej ®eæ{ mekeÀleer nw, lees Yeuee ceQ DeHeves Me$egDeeW keÀes
keÌ³eeW veneR nje mekeÀlee ~
jepee Decejmesve keÀer DeeBKeeW ceW DeeMee keÀer ®ecekeÀ Dee ieF& ~ Gmeves veS peesMe SJeb meenme kesÀ meeLe DeHeveer mesvee
lew³eej keÀer Deewj Me$eg Hej OeeJee yeesue efo³ee ~ Me$eg De®eevekeÀ ngS Fme nceues kesÀ efueS lew³eej veneR Lee ~ Me$eg keÀer nej
ngF& Decejmesve keÀes DeHevee jep³e efHeÀj mes efceue ie³ee ~ efkeÀmeer ves þerkeÀ keÀne nw,
``ceve kesÀ nejs nej nw ceve kesÀ peerles peerle ~'' [15]
5) He´mlegle ef®e$e ceW ketÀí íe$eeSb HeÓeeveceb$eer Þeer vejsvê ceesoer kesÀ `mJe®ílee DeefYe³eeve' keÀes meekeÀej ªHe Heóeve keÀj
jner nQ ~ Fme yeej 2 DekeÌìtyej, ieeBOeer pe³evleer keÀes `mJ®ílee efoJeme' kesÀ ªHe ceW cevee³ee ie³ee ~ Fme efove mketÀue kesÀ íe$e
íe$eeDeeW ves `mJe®í Yeejle' keÀe meHevee meekeÀej keÀjves kesÀ efueS DeHeves neLeeW ceW Peeæ[t ueer ~ Jes meæ[keÀ Hej DeeS Deewj
DeHeveer-DeHeveer Pee[tDeeW mes meæ[keÀ keÀer meHeÀeF& keÀjves ueies ~ meYeer íe$e-íe$eeDeeW ves efmej Hej ìesHeer Henveer ngF& Leer ~
GveceW mes keÀesF& Peeæ[t ueiee jne Lee lees keÀesF& keÀ®ejs keÀes GþekeÀj yeesjer ceW Yej jne Lee ~ meYeer ceW SkeÀ DeHetJe& peesMe Lee ~
mJe³eb meHeÀeF& keÀjves ceW GvnW Deelcemevlees<e keÀe DevegYeJe nes jne Lee ~
Jemlegleë DeHeves Deeme-Heeme meHeÀeF& jKeve yengle De®íer yeele nw ~ nceW HeéjcYe mes ner meHeÀeF& keÀer Deeole [eueveer
®eeefnS ~ FmekeÀer MegªDeele leYeer mes nes mekeÀleer nw peye ye®®ee veme&jer keÀ#ee ceW Heæ{lee nw ~ Gmes DeHeveer HegmlekeÀ,
Heseqvmeue, mketÀue yewie Deeefo Gef®ele mLeeve Hej jKeves kesÀ efueS meerKe oer peeveer ®eeefnS ~ HeÀMe& Hej FOej-GOej ketÀæ[e
efyeKesjves mes jeskeÀvee ®eeefnS, FmeefueS keÀcejs kesÀ SkeÀ keÀesves ceW ketÀæ[soeve jKe efo³ee peevee ®eeefnS ~ Fmeer He´keÀej mes
DeHeveer keÀ#ee ceW Yeer mJe®ílee keÀe O³eeve jKevee yengle DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ DeHeves Mejerj keÀer mJe®ílee kesÀ Heéfle nceW
308
ueeHejJeen veneR nesvee ®eeefnS FmeefueS Heéleë mveeve keÀjvee leLee mJe®í Deewj Oegues ngS keÀHeæ[s Henvevee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nQ ~
yeeue Gef®ele lejn mes keÀeæ{s ngS nesves ®eeefnS leLee veeKetve Yeer mece³e-mece³e Hej keÀeìles jnvee ®eeefnS ~ DeHeves Mejerj keÀer
Deewj DeHeves Deeme-Heeme keÀer mJe®ílee jKeves mes nce mJemLe jnles nQ leLee jesie kesÀ keÀerìeCegDeeW keÀes HeveHeves keÀe DeJemej veneR efceuelee ~
peye nce DeYeer efceuekeÀj mJe®ílee Hej O³eeve oWies lees mJe®í Yeejle Deewj mJemLe Yeejle keÀe meHevee meekeÀej nesves ceW
osj veneR ueiesieer ~ FmeefueS nce meyekeÀes mJe®ílee jKeves keÀe mebkeÀuHe uesvee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
A.2
1) mesJee ceW
Þeer³egle Hegefueme keÀefceMvej ceneso³e
uegefOe³eevee,
efoveebkeÀ ë 08-10-20
efJe<e³e ë DemeeceeefpekeÀ lelleJeeW keÀer iegb[eieoe&r ~
ceev³eJej ceneso³e
Fme He$e kesÀ odJeeje ceQ DeeHekeÀe O³eeve DeHeveer keÀe@ueesveer-ieebOeer veiej ceW kegÀí DemeeceeefpekeÀ lellJeeW kesÀ yeme peeves
leLee GvekesÀ keÀejCe ³eneB kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW keÀes nesves Jeeueer keÀefþveeF³eeW keÀer Deesj DeekeÀef<e&le keÀjvee ®eenlee nBt ~
Þeerceve, nceejer keÀe@ueesveer ceW efHeíues kegÀí cenerveeW mes kegÀí DemeeceeefpekeÀ lelJe DeekeÀj yeme ieS nQ efpevekesÀ
keÀejCe efveJeeefme³eeW keÀe peerJeve otYej nes ie³ee nw ~ keÀe@ueesveer ceW DeHejeOe yeæ{ ieS nQ, DeeS efove ®eesefj³eeB nesves ueieer
nQ ~ leLee ceefnueeDeeW keÀe peerJeve Demegjeq#ele nes ie³ee nw ~ keÀe@ueesveer ceW kegÀí DeveefOeke=Àle cekeÀeve yeveeS ie S
nQ, efpeveceW Fve lelJeeW keÀe yemesje nw Fve lellJeeW keÀe Flevee Keew]HeÀ nw efkeÀ keÀesF& Fvemes ìkeÌkeÀj uesves keÀer efncccele veneR
keÀjlee ~ keÀe@ueesveer ceW pegS kesÀ De[d[s leLee Mejeye Heerves kesÀ efþkeÀeves yeve ieS nwb ~
³eod³eefHe Fve lelJeeW kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ keÀe@ueesveer kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW ves mLeeveer³e Hegefueme DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW lekeÀ keÀF& yeej DeHeveer
efMekeÀe³ele HengB®eeF& leLeeefHe Deye lekeÀ FvekeÀer ieefleefJeefOe³eeW Hej jeskeÀ veneR HeeF& nw leLee ve ner FvekeÀer OejHekeÀæ[ ngF& nw ~
keÀe@ueesveer kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW keÀer Deesj mes DeeHemes HeéLe&vee nw efkeÀ DeeHe keÀe@ueesveer ceW Meebefle, megJ³eJemLee DeveeS jKeves kesÀ
efueS mLeeveer³e Hegefueme DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW keÀes keÀæ[er keÀe³e&Jeener keÀjves keÀe efveoxMe oW leLee mece³e - mece³e Hej Fme mebyebOe
ceW Gvemes Hetíleeí Yeer keÀjles jnW ~
Oev³eJeeo,
YeJeoer³e,
(njieesHeeue Kegjevee)
DeO³e#e, ieebOeer veiej keÀe@ueesveer
uegeqOe³eevee ~ [7]
2) Hejer#ee YeJeve,
eqYeJeeveer ~
20 cee®e&, 20...
efHe´³e Devegpe ceefnHele,
mvesneMeer<e ~
keÀue ner [uenewpeer mes megkesÀle kesÀ efHelee peer ueewìs Deewj GvekesÀ ceeO³ece mes legcneje neue®eeue %eele ngDee ~ GvneWves
yelee³ee efkeÀ legcneje DeO³e³eve lees meJeexllece nw, Hejbleg legce efkeÀmeer Yeer He´keÀej kesÀ KesueketÀo ceW Yeeie veneR uesles ~ meowJe mJe³eb
keÀes íe$eJeeme kesÀ keÀcejs Deewj DeO³eeHeve keÀ#e lekeÀ ner meerefcele mecePeles nes ~
efHe´³e YeeF& ! cegPes ³en peevekeÀj JeemleJe ceW ienje DeeIeele ueiee ~ legce veneR peeveles efkeÀ KesueketÀo ceW Yeeie uesvee
309
efkeÀlevee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ mJe³eb keÀes HegmlekeÀeW lekeÀ ner meerefcele keÀj uesves keÀer He´Je=eqlle Del³eble IeelekeÀ nw ~ Fmemes lees legce
efkeÀleeyeer keÀeræ[e yevekeÀj jn peeDeesies ~ cesje legcnW iebYeerj Je me®®ee megPeeJe ³ener nw efkeÀ legce Heé³eëkeÀeue peuoer Gþe keÀjes
Deewj Dev³e ye®®eeW kesÀ meeLe ke´Àeræ[e#es$e ceW ®eues pee³ee keÀjes ~ megkesÀle Yeer lees legcnejs ner íe$eeJeeme ceW nw, kesÀJeue keÀ#ee
Deueie nw ~ legce Gmes meeLeer yevee uees keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen Heéfleefove ke´Àeræ[e#es$e ceW peekeÀj KesueketÀo ceW Yeeie ueslee nw ~
cesjs YeeF&, legce Henues íesìs-ceesìs KesueketÀo ceW Yeeie uesvee DeejbYe keÀjes ~ uebyeer mewj Yeer GHe³eesieer nesleer nw ~ KesueketÀo
íe$eeJemLee keÀe DeefveJee³e& Debie ceevee ie³ee nw ~ Fmemes Mejerj mJemLe jnlee nw Deewj YejHetj mHetÀefle& efceueleer nw ~ Mejerj keÀer
ceebmeHesefMe³eeB meyeue nesleer nwb ~ Yeespeve þerkeÀ mes He®eves ueielee nw ~ legcnejs efueS lees Deewj Yeer ueeYeoe³ekeÀ nesiee, keÌ³eeWefkeÀ
legce Heé³eë efMekeÀe³ele keÀjles nes efkeÀ legcnW YetKe veneR ueieleer Deewj Kee³ee-efHe³ee peuoer veneR He®elee ~ KesueketÀo mes
YeeF&®eeje, menveMeeruelee, Oew³e, meblees<e pewmes iegCe HeveHeles nQ Deewj Heéfle³eesefielee keÀer YeeJevee HeuueefJele nesleer nw ~ legcneje
efJeod³eeue³e lees Flevee G®®ekeÀesefì keÀe nw efkeÀ GmeceW KesueketÀo keÀer meejer DeeOegefvekeÀ megefJeOeeSB GHeueyOe nwb ~ efkeÀmeer Jemleg
keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nes lees equeKevee ~ ígìdefì³eeW ceW uesves DeeTBiee ~ MegYekeÀecevee !
legcneje Deie´pe,
keÀ.Ke.ie. [7]
A.3
i) keÀewMeue osMe kesÀ jepee Je=× nes ®egkesÀ Les FmeefueS GvnW ³en ef®evlee Leer efkeÀ Jes DeHeves jep³e keÀe GÊejeefOekeÀejer DeHeves ®eejeW
Heg$e ceW mes efkeÀmekeÀes yeveeSB ? kegÀí mees®e-efJe®eej keÀjves kesÀ yeeo GvneWves DeHeves ®eejeW Heg$eeW keÀes yeguee³ee Deewj keÀne efkeÀ
legce ®eejeW ceW mes pees Yeer meyemes yeæ[s Oecee&lcee keÀes cesjs Heeme ueskeÀj DeeSiee, jep³e keÀe GÊejeefOekeÀejer Gmeer keÀes yevee³ee
pee³esiee ~ [2]
ii) yeæ[s Heg$e keÀer ¢eq<ì ceW SkeÀ cenepeve meyemes yeæ[s Oecee&lcee Les ~ GmekeÀe keÀejCe Lee efkeÀ Jen ueeKeeW ©HeS keÀe oeve keÀj
®egkeÀs Les, yengle mes ceeqvoj Deewj Oece&MeueeSB yeveJee ®egkesÀ Les Deewj Yeespeve Yeer Jen leYeer keÀjles Les peye Henues yengle mes meeOeg
mevleeW Deewj yeéïeCeeW keÀes Yeespeve keÀjJee osles Les ~ [2]
iii) meeOeg leermejs Heg$e kesÀ meeLe Dee³ee Lee ~ Gmeves Heefj®e³e Fme He´keÀej efo³ee efkeÀ ³es meeOeg cenejepe meHleen ceW kesÀJeue SkeÀ yeej
otOe HeerkeÀj ner jnles nQ Deewj Ye³eevekeÀ meoea ceW Yeer ³es peue ceW Keæ[s jnles nQ leLee ieefce&³eeW ceW Heb®eeefive peueekeÀj leHe keÀjles
nQ Deleë ³ener meyemes yeæ[er Oecee&lcee nQ ~ [2]
iv) efkeÀmeeve keÀes jepee kesÀ meeceves GmekeÀe meyemes íesìe Heg$e ueskeÀj Dee³ee Lee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Gmeves Gmes SkeÀ kegÀÊes kesÀ IeeJeeW keÀes
meeHeÀ keÀjles ngS osKee Lee~ jepee ves Gme efkeÀmeeve keÀes ner meyemes yeæ[e Oecee&lcee Ieeseq<ele efkeÀ³ee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ GvekesÀ Devegmeej
efyevee efkeÀmeer mJeeLe& kesÀ oerve ogëefKe³eeW keÀer Deesj keÀ<ì ceW Heæ[s ngS HeéefCe³eeW keÀer mesJee keÀjvee meyemes yeæ[e Oece& nw Deleë
³en efkeÀmeeve ner meyemes yeæ[e Oecee&lcee nw ~ [2]
v) He´mlegle ieÐeebMe mes nceW ³en efMe#ee efceueleer ns efkeÀ peye nce HetC³e ueeYe kesÀ efueS peHe-leHe, oeve-Oece& Deeefo keÀjles ns lees
GmeceW nceeje mJeeLe& neslee nw efkeÀvleg efyevee efkeÀmeer mJeeLe& kesÀ efveye&ue, oerve ogëefKe³eeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjvee ner meyemes yeæ[e
Oece& nw Deleë nceW efveëmJeeLe& YeeJe mes GvekeÀer mene³elee keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) Hetpee - Hetp³e [½]
(b) Oece& - Oeeefce&keÀ [½]
310
ii) (a) jepee - ve=He, vejsMe [1]

(b) peueeMe³e - leeueeye, mejesJej [1]
iii) (a) efvecee&Ce efJeveeMe [½]

(b) ke´ÀesOe o³ee ³ee #ecee [½]
(c) osneleer Menjer [½]
(d) cetKe&lee yegef×ceeveer [½]
v) (a) meeOeg - meeOeglee [½]

(b) leHemJeer - leHem³ee [½]
vi) (a) keÀeve keÀe keÀ®®ee - efkeÀmeer keÀer yeele keÀe O³eeve mes ve megvevee ~
JeekeÌ³e - ceesnve ncesMee ner keÀeve keÀe keÀ®®ee jne nw ~ mener yeele lees Gmes keÀYeer mecePe ceW ner
veneR Deeleer nw ~ [1]
(b) Þeer ieCesMe keÀjvee - MegªDeele keÀjvee
JeekeÌ³e - oes cenerves yeeo cesjer Hejer#eeSB nQ ~ DeYeer lekeÀ cewves Heæ{eF& keÀe ÞeerieCesMe vener efkeÀ³ee nw ~ [1]
vii) (a) keÀMceerj ceW DeveskeÀ oMe&veer³e He³e&ìkeÀ mLeue nQ ~

³ee
keÀMceerj ceW DeveskeÀ He³e&ìkeÀ mLeue osKeve ³eesi³e nQ ~ [1]
(b) ceQves keÀuece mes efueKee Lee ~ [1]
(c) DeeHe meHeefjJeej nceejs Iej DeeFSiee ~ [1]
 Turn over

311
(KeC[`keÀ')
A.1
1) ``HeeqM®eceer meY³elee mes HeÝeeefJele ³egJee Jeie& keÀer ceeveefmekeÀlee'
HeeqM®eceer meY³elee kesÀ HeÝeeJe mes HewÀMeve Deewj HeóMe&ve keÀer He´Je=efÊe yeæ{leer pee jner nw ~ Fme keÀLeve ceW uesMecee$e Yeer
efceL³ee veneR nw ~ HeeM®eel³e meY³elee Fleveer HeÝeeJeMeeueer nes ieF& nw efkeÀ ueesieeW keÀer efJeJeskeÀyegef× kegbÀefþle nes ieF& nw~ keÌ³ee
mener nw, keÌ³ee ieuele nw, ³en mees®evee ner yevo keÀj efo³ee nw~ keÀYeer-keÀYeer lees ³en HewÀMeve Flevee nem³eHeo He´leerle neslee
nw efkeÀ ueesieeW keÀer yegef× Hej o³ee Deeleer nw~ HewÀMeve ceW Yeer lees SkeÀ mevlegueve nesvee ®eeefnS ~ HewÀMeve kesÀ veece Hej Yeejleer³e
mebmke=Àefle keÀes efleueebpeefue oskeÀj HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle keÀes DeHeveevee DeHeveer ner peæ[esb Hej kegÀþejeIeele efkeÀ³ee peeves kesÀ
meceeve nw ~ veJeervelee ueevee ³ee HeefjJele&ve ueevee yegjer yeele veneR nw uesefkeÀve GmeceW Meeueervelee lees neveer ®eeefnS ~ HewÀMeve
kesÀ veece Hej veivelee, DeMueeruelee, ce³ee&oenervelee Deeefo, mejenveer³e veneR nw ~ Fmemes meceepe ceW efJeke=Àefle GlHevve nesleer
nw ~ Ssmee He´leerle nelee nw efkeÀ HeeqM®eceer osMeeW keÀer vekeÀue keÀjkesÀ nce ueesie HetÀnæ[ Deewj ueppeenerve nes ie³es nQ ~ HeeM®eel³e
mebmke=Àefle keÀes Deelcemeele keÀjkesÀ nce DeHeves jerefle-efjJeepeeW Deewj Þes<þ HejcHejeDeeW keÀes ve<ì keÀjles pee jns nQ ~ HeÀuemJeªHe
meceepe ceW DeHejeOe, DeefMe<ìlee, DeMueeruelee, HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ efJeIeìve GlHevve nes jns nQ ~ Deepe ueesieeW keÀes JesuesvìeFve [s,
DeHe´wue HetÀue, jespe [s, ceome& [s, HeÀeome& [s Deeefo lees ³eeo jnles nQ ~ Hejvleg ceelee-efHelee iegª Deeefo kesÀ Heéfle Deeoj YeeJe
³eeo veneR jnlee nw ~ HeeM®eel³e meY³elee keÀe ner HeefjCeece nw efkeÀ Meeoer kesÀ yeeo yengle MeerIe´ mecyevOe efJe®íso nes peeles nQ ~
nceejs HetJe&peeW ves SkeÀ uecyes Deewj ienve DeO³e³eve kesÀ yeeo ceveg<³e kesÀ efueS SkeÀ meY³e meceepe keÀer mebj®evee nsleg nj
#es$e ceW kegÀí DeeoMe&, kegÀí cetu³e, kegÀí meerceeSB efveOee&efjle keÀer Leer efpevekesÀ DevegHeeueve mes Yeejleer³e mebmke=Àefle efJeMJe ceW
Hetpeveer³e yeveer Hejvleg Deepe GvneR DeeoMeeX keÀer DeJensuevee mes nceejs veweflekeÀ cetu³eeW keÀe efvejvlej Heleve nes jne nw ~ ³en
HeeM®eele³e mebmke=Àefle keÀe ner HeÝeeJe nw efkeÀ Heefle-Helveer kesÀ mecyevOeeW kesÀ yeer®e leermejs keÀer GHeeqmLeefle v³e³eesef®ele þnjeF& pee
jner nw ~ Mece& keÀer yeele lees ³en nw efkeÀ Yeejleer³e veejer efpemekeÀer megvojlee leLee Þe=bieej GmekeÀer ueppee ngDee keÀjleer Leer
Deepe Jen HetCe&le³ee ueppeejefnle nes ie³eer nw~ ³egJekeÀö³egJeefle³eeW Hej ceelee-efHelee keÀe keÀesF& DebkegÀMe veneR jne ~ ìeue&HeQ́À[',
`yee@³e HeQ́À[' HeeM®eel³e DeeOegefvekeÀ HewÀMeve nw ~ osj jele lekeÀ Iej mes yeenj jnvee, keÌueye ceW Heeìea, ef[^bkeÀ Je [ebme keÀjvee
³en meye HeeM®eel³e mebmke=Àefle keÀe ner HeÝeeJe nw ~ `He´sce efJeJeen' Fmeer mebmke=Àefle keÀer osve nw ~ HeeM®eel³e meY³elee ves ceeB keÀes
`ceewce' Je efHelee keÀes `[w[' keÀj efo³ee nw ~ iegª-efMe<³e leLee YeeF&-yenve Deeefo kesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle meceepe kesÀ Dence Je
cenlJeHetCe& mecyevOe Yeer Fleves oteq<ele nes ie³es nQ efpevnW megvekeÀj ueesie Mece&meej nes peeles nQ ~ [15]
2) ``meeoe peerJeve G®®e efJe®eej''

`meeoe peerJeve G®®e efJe®eej' yeæ[er meejieefYe&le GefkeÌle nw ~ ³eÐeefHe Deepe kesÀ DeekeÀ<e&Ce ³egkeÌle HeefjJesMe ceW Fme
GefkeÌle keÀe cenlJe ve nes Hejvleg ³egieeW-³egieeW mes ³en keÀLeve cenlJeHetCe& jne nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ DeveskeÀ ceneHeg©<eeW ves FmekesÀ cenlJe
keÀes efÜiegefCele efkeÀ³ee nw ~ keÀewve veneR peevelee ceneve efJeYetefle ueeue yeneogj Meem$eer keÀes, pees iegoæ[er kesÀ ueeue keÀns peeles
Les ~ Jen meeoieer ceW Heues yeæ{s leLee peerJeve ceW mebIe<eex mes efvejvlej ueæ[les jns ~ Heéfleefove veoer Heej keÀjkesÀ HeeþMeeuee peevee
Deewj Gmeer lejn JeeHeme ueewìvee ~ GvneWves DeHeveer me®®eeF&, F&ceeveoejer Je HeefjÞece kesÀ yeue Hej nj keÀefþveeF& keÀes menpe
yevee³ee leLee meowJe peerJeve ceW mJeeJeuecyeer yeves jns ~ peerJeve keÀoeef®eled meeoe Lee Hejvleg efJe®eejeW ceW DeHe´l³eeefMele G®®elee
Leer ~ DeHeves FvneR iegCeeW kesÀ HeÀuemJeªHe pevelee ves GvnW Yeejle kesÀ HeÓeevecev$eer Heo Hej Deemeerve keÀj efo³ee ~
Ssmeer ner SkeÀ ceneve efJeYetefle F&MJej®evo efJeÐeemeeiej pees meeoieer keÀer Heéflecetefle& Les ~ SkeÀ ceneve Dee³eespeve ceW
cegK³e DeefleefLe kesÀ mecceeve nsleg Deeceeqv$ele Les ~ ceeie& ceW GvneWves osKee SkeÀ Yeejer `yeerce' keÀes kegÀí DeMekeÌle ueesie Gþeves
kesÀ He´³eeme keÀj jns Les Hejvleg Yeejer nesves kesÀ keÀejCe veneR Gþe Hee jns Les ~ JeneR GvekeÀe mJeeceer pees meneje oskeÀj GþJee
mekeÀlee Lee efkeÀvleg DeHeves yeæ[HHeve kesÀ keÀejCe `GþeDees', ÒekeÌkeÀe oes' Deeefo Meyo lees keÀn jne Lee Hejvleg GvekeÀer
312
mene³elee veneR keÀj jne Lee ~ F&MJej®evo efJeÐeemeeiej ves peye osKee lees Deeies yeæ{keÀj pewmes ner neLe mes peesj ueiee³ee keÀece
nes ie³ee~ Dee³eespeve ceW Jen J³eefkeÌle pees DeeosMe os jne Lee, Gmeves GvnW cegK³e DeefleefLe kesÀ ªHe ceW osKee lees Mece& mes Heeveer-
Heeveer nes ie³ee ~ Fmeer lejn meeoieer DeHeveer Deefceì íeHe íesæ[ peeleer nw ~
[e@. jepesvê He´meeo meved 1950 ceW mJelev$e Yeejle kesÀ He´Lece je<ì^Heefle yeves ~ GvekesÀ DeeJeeme keÀer J³eJemLee
`lelkeÀeueerve' Jee³emeje³e YeJeve ceW keÀer ieF& ~ JeneB GvnW yengle mes keÀcejs efoKee³es ie³es ~ GvneWves mHe<ì keÀne GvnW DeefOekeÀ
keÀcejeW keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee veneR ~ Jen DeHeveer DeeJeM³ekeÀleevegmeej ner keÀcejeW ceW jnWies ~ DeefOekeÀejer GvnW Me³eve keÀ#e ceW
ues ie³es ~ JeneB keÀe efmHeb́ieoej keÀerceleer Meener Heuebie osKekeÀj GvneWves Gmes nìeves keÀes keÀne ~ DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW kesÀ ³en keÀns
peeves Hej efkeÀ DeeHekeÀe Heo ieefjceeJeeuee nw Deewj Jee³emeje³e kesÀ mecekeÀ#e nw ~ Deleë Heo kesÀ DevegªHe DeeHekeÀes FmekeÀe
GHe³eesie keÀjvee ®eeefnS~ leye GvneWves GÊej efo³ee Jen Jee³emeje³e kesÀ DevegªHe veneR nQ ~ Meener Heuebie GvekesÀ efueS keÀeBìes
keÀer mespe nesieer ~ GvneWves keÀne ``cesjs jnve-menve kesÀ kegÀí Dee®eej-efJe®eej nQ, ceQ GvekesÀ efJe©× veneR pee mekeÀleer
Dev³eLee cesjs DeeoMeeX keÀes DeeIeele HengB®esiee ~'' Yeejle SkeÀ ke=Àef<e HeÓeeve osMe nw ~ ³eneB keÀe efkeÀmeeve HeefjÞeceer lees nw
Hejvleg GmekeÀer DeJemLee yeæ[er oerve-nerve nw ~ Ssmes osMeJeeefme³eeW keÀe HeéfleefveefOe SsMeer-Deejece keÀer efpevoieer kewÀmes efyelee
mekeÀlee nw ?
GvekesÀ Fve MeyoeW keÀes megvekeÀj DeefOekeÀejer De®eeqcYele ngS efyevee ve jn mekesÀ ~ GvneWves mecePe efue³ee efkeÀ ³en me®®es
pevemesJekeÀ meeoieer-Hemevo leLee efme×evleJeeoer ceneHeg©<e nQ ~ GvekesÀ Ëo³e ceW DeHeves veslee kesÀ Heéfle neefo&keÀ Þe×e keÀer
YeeJevee keÀe HeéogYee&Je ngDee ~ [15]
3) ``³eesie meeOevee keÀe cenlJe''

nceejs peerJeve ceW ³eesie keÀe cenlJeHetCe& mLeeve nw ~ ³en De#ejMeë mel³e nw efkeÀ ³eesie kesÀ ceeO³ece mes nce DeHeves ceve
Je Mejerj keÀes HetCe&ªHesCe mJemLe yevee mekeÀles nQ ~ ³eefo JeemleJe ceW nce DeHeves peerJeve keÀes megKeer Je mece=× yeveevee ®eenles
nQ leLee ogëKeeW mes ígìkeÀeje Heevee ®eenles nQ lees nceW ³eesie keÀe efve³eefcele ªHe mes Heeueve keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ ³etB lees peerJeve ceW
megKe-ogëKe Deeles jnles nQ uesefkeÀve ceve keÀes mJemLe jKeves kesÀ efueS nces Mejerj keÀes ®egmle-og©mle jKevee Deefle DeeJeM³ekeÀ
nw ~
keÀce& meeOevee kesÀ efueS Mejerj keÀe mJemLe nesvee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw uesefkeÀve ceve keÀer mJemLelee ner keÀce& keÀjves keÀer He´sjCee
osleer nw ~ Deleë efve³eefcele ³eesie kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ner leve Je ceve oesveeW mJemLe jn mekeÀles nQ ~ efve³eefcele ³eesieemeveeW keÀes keÀjves
mes Mejerj ceW MeefkeÌle lees Deeleer ner nw meeLe ner ªHe ceW ueeJeC³e Deelee nw ~ Kegueer nJee ceW ³eesie keÀjvee HesÀHeÀæ[es ces
Dee@keÌmeerpeve keÀer Je=ef× ~ keÀjlee nw Mejerj keÀe Debie-He´l³ebie efke´À³eeMeerue neslee nw leLee Mejerj ceW ue®eerueeHeve Deelee nw ~
³eesie kesÀ Üeje DeveskeÀ jesieeW mes Yeer j#ee nesleer nw leLee ³en jkeÌle keÀes Meg× keÀjlee nw~ Ëo³e keÀes Meg× jkeÌle HeéHle neslee
nw ~ Mejerj keÀe Deeuem³e otj neslee nw leLee efke´À³eeMeeruelee yeæ{leer nw ~
³eesie keÀjves keÀe meyemes Þes<þ mece³e HeéleëkeÀeue neslee nw ~ met³e& vecemkeÀej keÀjves mes Ye³ebkeÀj mes Ye³ebkeÀj jesieeW mes
efveJe=eqÊe efceue peeleer nw ~ ³eesie keÀjves mes Ketye YetKe ueieleer nw leLee Hee®eve MeefkeÌle og©mle jnleer nw ~ DeelceefJeMJeeme,
SkeÀeie´lee SJeb ceeqmle<keÀ ceW yeue Je=ef× nesleer nw~ Mejerj mes Hemeervee efvekeÀeuelee nw efpememes Mejerj keÀer ievoieer otj nesleer nw ~
³eesie ve keÀjves mes Mejerj Deeuemeer, jesieer Je Devecevee-mee jnlee nw ~ keÀece keÀjves ceW ceve veneR ueielee~ Yeespeve ceW
DeemeefkeÌle veneR jnleer ~ ncesMee He´leerle neslee nw efkeÀ pewmes nce yeerceej nQ ~ ef®eefkeÀlmekeÀ kesÀ Heeme peekeÀj Yeer mevlegeq<ì veneR
nesleer~ ³eesie efyevee Hewmes keÀe GHe®eej nw ~ ³en meye ³eesie keÀe ner ®ecelkeÀej nw efkeÀ nceejs $eÝef<e cegefve³eeW ves ³eesie kesÀ yeue
Hej efvejenej jnkeÀj leerve-leerve npeej Je<eex lekeÀ SkeÀ Hewj Hej Keæ[s neskeÀj leHem³eeSB keÀeR ~ ³ener keÀejCe nw Deepe Yeer $eÝef<e
cegefve³eeW ves J³ee³eece Deewj ³eesieemeve Hej yengle yeue efo³ee nw ~ yeeyee jeceosJe keÀe ³eesie Deepe kesÀ ³egie keÀe mHe<ì GoenjCe
nw ~ GvneWves ³eesie kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ueesieeW kesÀ ueeFueepe jesieeW keÀes Yeer otj efkeÀ³ee nw ~ GvneWves HeéCee³eece Deewj ³eesie kesÀ
DeveskeÀ Deemeve yelee³es nQ ~ Fve ³eesieemeveeW keÀe %eeve yeeyee ceewefKekeÀ Deewj efueefKele ªHe ceW ìsueerefJepeve kesÀ DeemLee Deewj
mebmkeÀej ®ewveueeW Hej efve³eefcele osles nQ ~
313
³eesie keÀe meyemes yeæ[e ueeYe lees ³en nw efkeÀ ³eesieer J³eefkeÌle keÀes peuoer yegæ{eHee veneR Deelee ~ GmekesÀ Mejerj keÀe nj
Debie efve³eefcele J³ee³eece Je ³eesie mes efke´À³eeMeerue yevee jnlee nw ~ Deepe keÀer ogefve³ee ceW yeer. Heer., [e³eefyeìerpe, DeLe&jeFefìme,
Lee³eje@F[ pewmes DeveskeÀ jesie ueies ngS nQ ~ Hejvleg FmeceW mevosn veneR nw efkeÀ efpevneWves ye®eHeve mes ³eesie Je J³ee³eece keÀes
DeHeveer efve³eefcele efove®e³ee& yeveeF& nesieer Gmes keÀesF& yeerceej ít veneR mekeÀlee
nceejs osMe kesÀ HeÓeeveceb$eer Þeer vejsvê ceesoer peer lees J³ee³eece Je ³eesie kesÀ Ieefve<þ meceLe&keÀ nQ ~ GvneWves He´l³eskeÀ
J³eefkeÌle kesÀ efueS ³eesie keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee Hej peesj efo³ee nw~ FmekesÀ cenlJe keÀes oMee&ves kesÀ efueS GvneWves ``³eesie efoJeme''
keÀe Yeer Dee³eespeve efkeÀ³ee Lee ~ Jen mJe³eb ³eesie keÀjles nQ ~ keÀnves keÀe DeefYeHeé³e ³en nw efkeÀ ³eesie keÀjves Jeeues keÀer keÀe³e&
#ecelee SJeb ceeqmle<keÀ #ecelee ceW Del³eeefOekeÀ Je=ef× nesleer nw FmeefueS ceve, yegef× SJeb Mejerj keÀes mJemLe jKeves kesÀ efueS ³eesie
keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
4) ``ce]penye vener efmeKeelee DeeHeme ceW yewj jKevee''

ceeveJe keÀer Gme Demeerce MeefkeÌle ceW ienjer DeemLee jner nw Deewj ³en MeeMJele mel³e nw efkeÀ meYeer ceeveJe SkeÀ ner
F&MJej keÀer mevleeveW nQ ~ efJeefYevve OeceeX mes mecyeeqvOele nesves kesÀ keÀejCe meyekeÀer Oece& mecyeeqvOele ceev³eleeSB Deueie-Deueie
nQ, Hejvleg meyekeÀe SkeÀ ner O³es³e nw, Gme HejceefHelee keÀer HeéeqHle Deewj meeLe ner Þes<þ keÀe³eeX Üeje Deceve-®ewve keÀer HeéeqHle ~
YeefkeÌlekeÀeueerve keÀefJe keÀyeerjoeme peer ves keÀne nw efkeÀ F&MJej SkeÀ nw, Þes<þ Oece& nw ceeveJelee ~ Jes HeeKeC[er ueesieeW Hej
Heńej keÀjles nQ efkeÀ
``HeeLej Hetpes nefj efceues lees ceQ HetpetB Heneæ[ ~
leeles ³es ®eekeÀer Yeueer, Heerme KeeS mebmeej ~~''
DeLee&le ³eefo HelLej keÀes Hetpeves mes YeieJeeve HeéHle nesles nQ, ceQ Heneæ[ keÀes Hetpevee Hemevo keÀªBiee ~ Henæ[ebs lees
³en ®ekeÌkeÀer p]³eeoe Þes<þ nw, efpememes Deveepe Heerme keÀj meYeer ueesieeW keÀe Yeespeve lew³eej efkeÀ³ee peelee nw ~ ³en nceW
meowJe O³eeve jKevee ®eeefnS efkeÀ keÀesF& Oece& YesoYeeJe keÀe Heeþ veneR Heæ{elee ~
Fmeer Ieìvee mes mecyeeqvOele SkeÀ keÀneveer He´mlegle nw
leerve efce$e Les ~ jece, Demeuece Deewj iegjceerle ~ Jes meye SkeÀ-otmejs kesÀ Iej meYeer l³eesnejeW, GlmeJe Deewj efJeJeen
meceejesn ceW meHeefjJeej meeqcceefuele nesles Les ~ GvekeÀer Fme SkeÀlee mes kegÀí jepeveslee efKevve Les ~ Jes DeHeves mJeeLe&JeMe FveceW Üs<e
YeeJevee Hewoe keÀjves keÀe He´³eeme keÀjles Deewj leerveesb keÀes GvekesÀ Oece& Deewj obiees mes mecyeefvOele yeeleW yeleekeÀj Yeæ[keÀeves keÀer
keÀesefMeMe keÀjles ~ Jes leerveeW Leesæ[e efJe®eefuele nesves ueies ~ GvekeÀe efceuevee-peguevee ueieYeie Kelce nes ie³ee, Hej Jes Üs<e
YeeJevee keÀe efMekeÀej veneR ngS ~ Jes SkeÀ-otmejs kesÀ Oece& keÀe mecceeve keÀjles Les keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jes De®íer lejn peeveles Les efkeÀ Oece&
keÀYeer yeeBìlee veneR, yeequkeÀ peesæ[lee nw ~ Oece& lees ceeveJelee kesÀ HeLe Hej ®eueves keÀer He´sjCee oslee nw ~ leYeer F&o kesÀ efove,
jece Deewj iegjceerle meHeefjJeej Demeuece kesÀ Iej HengB®eles nQ Deewj meyekeÀes F&o keÀer cegyeejkeÀyeeo osves Deelee nw ~ leerveeW
HeefjJeej KegMeer-KegMeer mece³e J³eleerle keÀjles nQ leLee efceþeF& Je HekeÀJeeveeW keÀe Deevevo uesles nQ GHe³eg&keÌle Ieìvee ves Fme
GefkeÌle keÀes mee#eeled keÀj efo³ee
``ce]penye veneR efmeKeelee, DeeHeme ceW yewj jKevee ~'' [15]
5) He´mlegle ef®e$e ceW oes 12-13 Je<e& keÀer yeeefuekeÀeSB oMee&³eer ieF& nQ ~ Jen oesveeW SkeÀ veue kesÀ Heeme yewþer ngF& nQ ~ veue
ceW yengle lespe Heeveer Dee jne nw efpemes osKekeÀj Jes oesveeW DeHe´l³eeefMele ªHe mes He´mevve nes jner nQ ~ Ssmee He´leerle nes jne nw
pewmes yengle efoveeW kesÀ yeeo GvnW veue ceW Heeveer keÀer HeéeqHle ngF& nes ~ GvekeÀer nBmeer Ssmeer nw pewmes yengle mece³e kesÀ HeM®eeled peye
yeeoue yejmeles nQ lees ueesie KegMeer mes Petce Gþles nQ ~
peue peerJeve nw ~ peue kesÀ efyevee peerJeve keÀe DeeqmlelJe veneR nw ~ jnerce keÀefJe ves peue kesÀ cenlJe keÀes oMee&les ngS
efueKee nwö
``jefnceve Heeveer jeefKe³es efyeve Heeveer meye metve ~
Heeveer ie³es ve Tyejs ceesleer ceeveg<e ®etve'' ~~
314
HeéefCecee$e kesÀ peerJeve keÀe DeeOeej peue nw ~ peue kesÀ efyevee peerJeve keÀer mecYeeJevee keÀoeef®ele DemecYeJe nw ~
nceejs osMe ceW Fme mece³e peue mebkeÀì yengle DeefOekeÀ nw ~ DeeHeves DekeÌmej veueeW Hej HeéleëkeÀeue mes ner yele&veeW keÀer Yeeræ[
osKeer nesieer ~ Heeveer kesÀ efueS ueesieeW keÀes Peieæ[les Yeer osKee nesiee ~ nceejer mejkeÀej He´ke=Àefle HeóÊe peue meyekeÀes HeéHle
keÀjeves ceW meJe&Lee DeMekeÌle nw ~ Fme ef®e$e kesÀ ceeO³ece mes Fmeer YeeJe keÀer DeefYeJ³eefkeÌle nes jner nw ~
³en SkeÀ keÀmyes keÀe ef®e$e nw peneB Hej JeneB kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW ves yengle efoveeW mes peue mebmLeve DeefOekeÀejer³eesb mes keÀmyes
ceW peue keÀer J³eJmeLee kesÀ efueS DeveskeÀ HeéLe&vee-He$e efo³es ~ yeæ[s mecetn ceW SkeÀef$ele neskeÀj yeej-yeej peue mebkeÀì keÀer
efMekeÀe³ele keÀer ~ GvneWves ³en Yeer yelee³ee efkeÀ kegÀSB metKe ie³es nQ Je veue ketÀHe J³eLe& nes ie³es nQ ~ ³eneB kesÀ efveJeemeer H³eeme
mes J³eekegÀue nQ leLee HeMegDeeW kesÀ efueS Yeer Heeveer keÀer J³eJemLee veneR nw ~ yeej-yeej peeves Hej Mee³eo DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW keÀes
o³ee Dee ieF& Deewj GvneWves Gme #es$e ceW HeeFHe ueeFve efyeíJee oer ~Deye HeeFHe ueeFve lees efyeí ieF& Hejvleg HeeFHe ceW Heeveer
veneR Lee ~ Hegveë meYeer #es$eJeeefme³eeW ves HeósMe keÀer mejkeÀej mes DeHeveer keÀefþveeF& yeleeF& ~ GmeceW Yeer SkeÀ -oes cenerves ueie
ie³es ~ keÀF& yeej lees peue mebmLeeve mes Heeveer keÀe ìQkeÀj YespekeÀj ueesieeW keÀer keÀefþveeF& keÀes otj efkeÀ³ee ie³ee, uesefkeÀve ³en
mLee³eer meceeOeeve veneR Lee ~ Hegveë kegÀí ueesie meerOes cegK³ecev$eer kesÀ Heeme HengB®es Deewj DeHeveer oerve-oMee keÀe JeCe&ve efkeÀ³ee ~
cev$eer peer ves ueesieeW kesÀ keÀ<ì keÀes mecePee Deewj legjvle DeHeves DeOeervemLe DeefOekeÀeefj³eeW keÀes keÀæ[s DeeosMe oskeÀj legjvle
keÀe³e&Jeener keÀjves kesÀ efueS keÀne ~ HeefjCeecemJe©He JeneB kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW keÀer cesnvele jbie ueeF& Deewj Deepe veueeW ceW Heeveer
Deeves ueiee efpemes osKekeÀj ³en oesveeW yeeefuekeÀeSB Del³evle He´mevve nQ leLee mecHetCe& keÀmyes kesÀ efveJeeefme³eeW keÀer mecem³ee keÀes
Yeer meceeOeeve nes ie³ee ~
³en keÀneveer yeleeleer nw efkeÀ mener efoMee ceW HeefjÞece keÀjves mes meHeÀuelee DeJeM³e efceueleer nw ~ [15]
A.2
1) Heéfle<þe ceW,
ceeveveer³e met®evee SJeb He´meejCe cev$eer,
Yeejle mejkeÀej,
efouueer~
efJe<e³e ë ìsueerefJepeve Hej He´meeefjle DevOeefJeMJeeme SJeb lev$e-cev$e mes mecyeeqvOele keÀe³e&ke´ÀceeW
Hej HeéfleyevOe ueieeves nsleg ~
Deepe kesÀ Fme Jew%eeefvekeÀ ³egie ceW ìsueerefJepeve kesÀ ®ewveueeW Hej DeveskeÀ He´keÀej kesÀ DevOeefJeMJeemeeW SJeb lev$e-cev$e
efceefÞele keÀe³e&ke´ÀceeW keÀer Yejceej nw ~ DeeM®e³e& keÀer yeele lees ³en nw efkeÀ FvekesÀ HeÝeeJe mes keÀefceMvej, keÀueskeÌìj, JekeÀerue
pewmes Heýeg× ueesie Yeer Deítles veneR jn mekesÀ nQ ~ megKe Je ogëKe ceeveJe peerJeve kesÀ oes Debie nQ ~ keÀYeer megKe lees keÀYeer ogëKe
Deeles ner jnles nQ ~ Fmeer He´keÀej mes ceeveJe Mejerj ceeveefmekeÀ Je MeejerefjkeÀ jesieeW mes ieéfmele neslee jnlee nw~ GmekeÀe GHee³e
DeesPee, p³eesefle<eer ³ee efHeÀj Peeæ[-HetBÀkeÀ keÀjves Jeeues leeeqv$ekeÀ veneR keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~ GmekeÀe GHe®eej lees ef®eefkeÀlmekeÀeW Je
JewÐeeW kesÀ Heeme neslee nw, ve efkeÀ DevOeefJeMJeemeer Oeve SWþves Jeeues ³ee Yeéfcele keÀjves Jeeues HeeKeC[er HeeqC[leeW ³ee leeeffv$ekeÀeW kesÀ
Heeme nw ~
ceneso³e, keÀYeer ieCesMepeer keÀer HelLej keÀer cetefle& keÀes otOe efHeuee jns nQ ~ keÀYeer Yetle-Heśle keÀe yenevee keÀj SkeÀ efveoex<e
Heg©<e ³ee m$eer keÀes keÀesæ[eW mes ceej jns nQ ~ otOe GHeÀve ie³ee lees DeHeMekegÀve nes ie³ee ~ efyeuueer jemlee keÀeì ieF& lees DeMegYe
nw ~ uecyeer yeerceejer nes ieF& lees ień Meeeqvle kesÀ efueS, ³e%e, oeve Deeefo keÀjvee ö ³es meejs ke=Àl³e Yeesues-Yeeues ueesieeW keÀes
HeLeYe´<ì keÀjkesÀ Oeve Deefpe&le keÀjves kesÀ meeOeve nQ ~
315
ìsueerefJepeve keÀe keÀesF& Yeer ®ewveue KeesuekeÀj osefKe³es nj ®ewveue Hej SkeÀ ve³ee p³eesefle<eer efoKeeF& osiee ~ efpemekeÀe
keÀe³e& Ssmes ke=Àl³e keÀj Yeesueer-Yeeueer pevelee mes Oeve SWþvee nw ~ me®e lees ³en nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e Heg©<eeLe& keÀjvee Yetue ie³ee nw ~
³ener He³ee&Hle veneR nw, keÀF& Hegjesefnle lees ueæ[efkeÀ³eeW kesÀ Fueepe kesÀ yeneves J³eefYe®eej keÀjles nQ ~
ceneso³e cesje DeeHemes efJevece´ efveJesove nw efkeÀ pevelee keÀer F&MJej ceW DeemLee yeveer jnves osves kesÀ efueS Deewj ueesieeW keÀer
mees®e mekeÀejelcekeÀ yeveeves kesÀ efueS DeefleMeerIe´ Fve {eWieer Je HeeKeeqC[³eeW kesÀ keÀe³e&ke´ÀceeW Hej HeéfleyevOe ueieeves keÀe keÀ<ì keÀjW
leeefkeÀ J³eefkeÌle, meceepe SJeb osMe keÀe G×ej nes mekesÀ ~ DeeMee nw DeeHe cesjs Fme He´mleeJe Hej iecYeerjlee mes efJe®eej keÀjWies ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
HeéLeea,
De ye me
keÀ#ee ome [7]
2) 15/25 keÀceuee veiej

veF& efouueer,
DeeojCeer³e ®ee®eepeer,
meeoj ®ejCe mHeMe& ~
kegÀMeue HetJe&keÀ jnkeÀj DeeHekeÀer meHeefjJeej kegÀMeuelee keÀer keÀecevee keÀjlee ntB ~ keÀue ner cegPes efveMee keÀe He$e efceuee
Deewj %eele ngDee efkeÀ DeeHeves GmekeÀer keÀ#ee ome keÀer Hejer#ee GÊeerCe& keÀjves kesÀ HeM®eeled Gmes Deeies DeO³e³eve keÀjves keÀer
Devegceefle veneR oer nw ~ ³en peevekeÀj yengle keÀ<ì ngDee ~ ®ee®eepeer DeeHe SkeÀ DeO³eeHekeÀ nQ ~ ueæ[efkeÀ³eeW keÀer efMe#ee
efkeÀleveer cenlJeHetCe& nw ~ Fme efJe<e³e ceW DeeHemes DeefOekeÀ keÀewve peeve mekeÀlee nw ? efMe#ee ueæ[efkeÀ³eeW keÀe Jen Mem$e nw
efpemekesÀ menejs Jes DeHeves peerJeve keÀes cepeyetle DeeOeej os mekeÀleer nw ~ keÌ³ee DeeHe peeveles veneR efkeÀ meceepe ceW efkeÀlevee veejer
GlHeeræ[ve nes jne nw ? peerJeve ceW keÀYeer ³eefo keÀesF& efJe<ecelee Dee pee³es lees efMeef#ele veejer DeHeves peerJeve keÀer mecem³eeDeeW
keÀe meceeOeeve keÀjves ³eesi³e lees nesleer nw ~ Deepe kesÀ Fme efJekeÀefmele HeefjHeś#³e ceW Yeer DeeHe cesjer yenve keÀes kesÀJeue ®etuns
®eewkeÀer lekeÀ ner efmeceìe osvee ®eenles nQ ~ DeeHe veneR ®eenles efkeÀ Jen Yeer De®íer Heæ{eF& keÀjkesÀ DeHeves HewjeW Hej Keæ[er nes
pee³es Deewj KegMeneue efpevoieer peer mekesÀ ~
®ee®eepeer cesjer DeeHemes meevegjesOe HeéLe&vee nw efkeÀ DeeHe efveMee keÀer Deeies keÀer Heæ{eF& DeejcYe keÀjeF³es leLee Jen
pees meHeves Ëo³e ceW meBpees³es nw, GvnW Hetje keÀjves ceW GmekeÀer mene³elee keÀerefpeS ~
DeeMee nw DeeHe cesjs Fme megPeeJe keÀe Deeoj keÀjles ngS efveMee keÀer YeeJevee keÀes mecePeWies ~ ®ee®eepeer keÀes meeoj
HeĆeece ~ Iej ceW meyekeÀes ³eLee ³eesi³e ~
DeeHekesÀ GÊej He$e keÀer He´leer#ee ceW,
DeeHekeÀe Yeleerpee,
De ye me
keÀ#ee ome [7]
A.3
i) nefjnj ieeBJe keÀe efkeÀmeeve Lee, pees Kesleer-yeeæ[er keÀe keÀece keÀjlee Lee ~ nefjnj Hetje efove Kesle ceW peer-leesæ[ cesnvele keÀjlee
Lee Deewj Meece keÀe mece³e F&MJej keÀer HeéLe&vee ceW efyeleelee Lee ~ peerJeve ceW GmekeÀer SkeÀcee$e F®íe ³en Leer efkeÀ Jen G[gefHe
kesÀ ceeqvoj ceW YeieJeeve Þeerke=À<Ce kesÀ oMe&ve keÀjvee ®eenlee Lee, pees oef#eCe keÀvee&ìkeÀ keÀe HećegKe leerLe&mLeeve nw ~ [2]
ii ) nefjnj keÀer leerLe& ³ee$ee kesÀ ceeie& ceW SkeÀ yetæ{e Deeoceer efceuee efpemekeÀer oMee yengle ner o³eveer³e Leer ~ Jen keÀF& efoveeW mes
YetKee-H³eemee Lee Deewj Heeræ[e kesÀ keÀejCe keÀjen jne Lee ~ pewmes ner nefjnj keÀer ve]pej Gme yet{]s Deeoceer Hej Heæ[er GmekeÀe
Ëo³e keÀ©Cee mes Yej ie³ee ~ [2]
316
iii) nefjnj peevelee Lee efkeÀ oerve-ogefKe³eeW keÀer mesJee keÀjvee ner F&MJej keÀer meyemes yeæ[er mesJee nw, FmeefueS leerLe&³ee$ee kesÀ efueS
SkeÀ$e efkeÀS ieS Oeve keÀes ueskeÀj nefjnj yetæ{s Deeoceer kesÀ Iej HengB®ee, Henues Gmeves meYeer keÀes YejHesì Yeespeve keÀje³ee,
efHeÀj Jen yeerceej ye®®es kesÀ efueS oJee ues Dee³ee, Gmeves yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀes Kesle ceW yeesves kesÀ efueS yeerpe ueekeÀj efoS kegÀí
efove yet{æ s Deeoceer kesÀ Iej ©keÀkeÀj GmekesÀ yesìeW keÀer mesJee keÀer ~ Fme He´keÀej, nefjnj ves yet{æ s J³eefkeÌle keÀer mene³elee keÀer ~ [2]
iv) yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀer mene³elee keÀjves ceW nefjnj kesÀ meejs Hewmes Ke®e& nes ieS FmeefueS Gmeves DeHeveer leerLe&³ee$ee keÀes yeer®e ceW ner
íesæ[keÀj JeeHeme Iej ueewìves keÀe efveM®e³e efkeÀ³ee ~ Iej ueewìves Hej nefj³ej ves DeHeves mJeHve ceW YeieJeeve Þeerke=À<Ce keÀes osKee,
pees Gmemes keÀn jns Les efkeÀ legce ner cesjs me®®es YekeÌle nes legceves yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀer mene³elee keÀjkesÀ DeHeveer F®íe keÀe
yeefueoeve efo³ee ~ Jen yetæ{e Deeoceer ceQ ner Lee DeLee&led ceQ JesMe yeouekeÀj legcnejer Hejer#ee ues jne Lee ~ [2]
v) He´mlegle ieod³eebMe mes nceW keÀefþve HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW ceW otmejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjves keÀer efMe#ee efceueleer nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej nefjnj
ves DeHeveer F®íe keÀe yeefueoeve keÀjkesÀ keÀefþve HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW ceW DeHevee peerJeve J³eleerle keÀj jns yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀer
mene³elee keÀer þerkeÀ Gmeer He´keÀej nce meYeer keÀes ³en efMe#ee ieńCe keÀjvee ®eeefnS efkeÀ nceW Yeer meJe&oe otmejeW keÀer mene³elee
keÀjves kesÀ efueS lelHej jnvee ®eeefnS ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) ueesYe - ueesYeer [½]
(b) Fefleneme - SsefleneefmekeÀ [½]
ii) (a) yeeoue - cesIe, Jeeefjo [1]

(b) mJeleb$e - mJe®ívo, mJes®íe®eejer [1]
iii) (a) GHekeÀej DeHekeÀej [½]

(b) keÀesceue keÀþesj [½]
(c) vetleve Hegjeleve [½]
(d) mJeeceer mesJekeÀ [½]
iv) (a) DeHeves Hewj Hej DeeHe kegÀuneæ[er ceejvee - DeHeves efHelee mes DekeÀejCe ogMceveer keÀjkesÀ Heg$e DeHeves Hewj Hej DeeHe
kegÀuneæ[er ceejlee nw ~ [1]
(b) yeeue yeeue ye®evee - ì^keÀ Deewj keÀej keÀer ìkeÌkeÀj ceW Heeme ceW ner Keæ[e yeeuekeÀ yeeue-yeeue ye®e ie³ee~ [1]
v) (a) DeefOekeÀ ö DeefOekeÀlee [½]

(b) YekeÌle ö YeefkeÌle [½]
vi) (a) cenejeCee He´leeHe keÀe meenme Delegueveer³e Lee ~ [1]

(b) cesjs Iej ceW keÀece keÀjves Jeeuee veewkeÀj Yeeie ie³ee nw ~ [1]
(c) jeveer keÀer mesefJekeÀe yengle yegef×celeer Leer ~ [1]

317
(KeC[`keÀ')
A.1
1) `èfmeKeueeleer He´sce keÀer Yee<ee, ceeveJelee keÀe osleer %eeve,
efyeve HegmlekeÀ %eeve DeOetje, Heæ{keÀj FmekeÀes yevees ceneve ~~''
HegmlekeWÀ %eeve keÀe YeC[ej nesleer nQ leLee nceejer me®®eer efce$e SJeb ieg© Yeer nesleer nQ ~ FmekesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle HegmlekeWÀ ve
kesÀJeue ceveesjbpeve keÀe meeOeve nQ yeequkeÀ %eeve ceW Je=odefOe keÀjleer nQ ~ De®íer HegmlekeWÀ nceW jemlee efoKeeves kesÀ meeLe-meeLe
nceeje ceveesjbpeve Yeer keÀjeleer nQ ~ yeoues ceW JeW nce mes kegÀí veneR uesleer, ve neR HejsMeeve ³ee nwjeve keÀjleer nQ ~ Fmemes De®íe
Deewj keÀewve-mee efce$e nes mekeÀlee nw, pees osves keÀe nkeÀoej nes, uesves keÀe veneR ~ HegmlekeWÀ He´sjCee keÀe Yeb[ej nesleer nQ ~ GvnW
Heæ{keÀj peerJeve ceW kegÀí ceneve keÀce& keÀjves keÀer YeeJevee peeie´le nesleer nw ~ cenelcee ieeBOeer keÀes ceneve yeveeves ceW ieerlee,
ìeuemìe³e Deewj Leesjes keÀe YejHetj ³eesieoeve Lee ~ Yeejle keÀer Deepeeoer keÀe mebieéce ueæ[ves ceW HegmlekeÀesb keÀer Yeer cenÊJeHetCe&
YetefcekeÀe Leer ~ cewefLeueerMejCe iegHle keÀer `Yeejle-Yeejleer' Heæ{keÀj efkeÀleves ner veewpeJeeveeW ves Deepeeoer kesÀ Deeboesueve ceW Yeeie
efue³ee Lee ~
HegmlekeWÀ ner Deepe keÀer ceeveJe-meY³elee kesÀ cetue ceW nQ ~ HegmlekeÀeW kesÀ Üeje SkeÀ Heeræ{er keÀe %eeve otmejer
Heeræ{er lekeÀ HengB®eles-HengB®eles meejs ³egie ceW HewÀue peelee nw ~ HegmlekeWÀ efkeÀmeer Yeer efJe®eej, mebmkeÀej ³ee YeeJevee
kesÀ He´®eej keÀe meyemes MeefkeÌleMeeueer meeOeve nQ ~ leguemeer oeme peer kesÀ `jece®eefjleceeveme' ves leLee cenef<e& Jeso
J³eeme Üeje jef® ele `ceneYeejle' ves DeHeves ³egie keÀes leLee DeevesJeeueer Meleeeqyo³eeW keÀes Hetjer lejn HeÝeeefJele
efkeÀ³ee nw ~
cesjer meyemes efHe´³e HegmlekeÀ nw - jeceOeejer efmebn èfovekeÀj' keÀer `kegÀ©#es$e' ~ ³en ³eg× Deewj Meebefle keÀer
mecem³ee Hej DeeOeeeffjle HegmlekeÀ nw ~ FmeceW ceneYeejle kesÀ Gme He´mebie keÀe JeCe&ve nw ~ peye ³eg× kesÀ meceeHle
nesves Hej Yeer<ce yeeCeesb keÀer Mew³³ee Hej uesìs ngS nQ ~ HeeC[Je DeHeveer peerle Hej He´mevve nQ Hejbleg ³egefOeeq<þj Fleves
ueesieeW keÀer ce=l³eg Deewj yeyee&oer Hej yengle ogKeer nQ ~ leye ³egefOeeq<þj keÀes Yeer<ce mecePeeles nQ efkeÀ Dev³ee³e keÀe
efJejesOe keÀjves Jeeuee HeeHeer veneR neslee yeequkeÀ Dev³ee³e keÀjves Jeeuee HeeHeer neslee nw ~
efovekeÀj peer keÀe ³en ie´vLe He´sjCee, Deespe, Jeerjlee, meenme Deewj efnccele keÀe YeC[ej nw ~ ceveg<³e keÀe
Oece& nw keÀce& keÀjles jnvee ~ Fme HegmlekeÀ mes nceW ³ener %eeve efceuelee nw efkeÀ nceW efvejblej keÀce& keÀjles jnvee ®eeefnS ~
He´ ke=À efle Yeer GÐeceer ceveg<³e kesÀ meeceves ner PegkeÀleer nw Fmeef ueS keÀef Je FmeceW ef Jejeie, meb v³eeme DekeÀce&C³elee,
Yeesie, Deewj efveJe=eq Êe keÀe efJ ejesO e keÀjles efoKeles nQ ~
keÀce&Jeeo SJeb He´Je= efÊe keÀer HeÓeevelee `kegÀ©#es$e' ceW ¢eq<ìiees®ej nesleer nw ~ Yeer<ce ef veJe=le leLee Jewj ei³e
keÀe Keb[ve keÀjles nQ ~ meceef<ì megKe kesÀ efueS keÀe³e&jle jnvee ner cees#eoeve nw ~ DeHeveer meeceL³e& Deewj yegodefOe
kesÀ DeeOeej Hej otmejeW keÀe peerJeve He´k eÀeMece³e yeveevee ceveg<³e Oece& nw ~ [15]
2) He³ee&JejCe nw nce meye keÀer peeve

FmeefueS keÀjes FmekeÀe mecceeve ~
He³ee&JejCe nw lees ceeveJe nw ~ Jele&ceeve ceW He³ee&JejCe Demeblegueve keÀer meyemes yeæ[er mecem³ee iueesyeue Jeeefce¥ie nw leLee
efpemekeÀer Jepen mes He=LJeer keÀe leeHeceeve yeæ{ jne nw Deewj ceeveJe peerJeve kesÀ keÀoce efJeveeMe keÀer Deesj yeæ{ jns nQ ~ Ssmes
mece³e ceW nce ves He³ee&JejCe ye®eeves kesÀ efueS keÀesF& þesme keÀoce veneR Gþe³ee lees Jen efove otj veneR, efpeme efove nceeje
DeeqmlelJe Kelejs ceW Heæ[ peeSiee ~ meewj J³eJemLee kesÀ meYeer veew ieńeW ceW mes He=LJeer Ssmee ień nw, peneB peerJeve mebYeJe nw ~ He=LJeer
keÀes ceeveJe keÀe Iej Yeer keÀne peelee nw ~ He=LJeer Hej peerJeve keÀe meceLe&ve keÀjves Jeeues lelJe Dee@keÌmeerpeve, meblegeuf ele leeHeceeve leLee
DeHeej peue Yeb[ej nQ ~ ³es nceW Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ ªHe ceW HeéHle ngS nQ ~ He³ee&JejCe keÀe meerOee mebyebOe Fmeer Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ mecHeoe mes
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nw, pees ceeveJe kesÀ efueS Del³evle cenÊJeHetCe& nw ~ FmekesÀ efyevee ceveg<³e keÀe peerJeve megjef#ele veneR nw ~ Deepe ceeveJe keÀes
Fme He³ee&JejCe keÀer MegodefOe Hej efJeMes<e O³eeve osves keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nw ~
He³ee&JejCe keÀes HeÝeeefJele keÀjves Jeeuee meyemes cenÊJeHetCe& lelJe mebmeeOeveeW keÀe Del³eeefOekeÀ He´³eesie nes jne nw ~ cegK³e
mebmeeOeve peue nw ~ yeæ{leer pevemebK³ee mes Fme peuemeésle Hej oyeeJe yeæ{ jne nw ~ veefo³eeW, PeerueeW leLee leeueeyeeW keÀe peue
otef<ele efkeÀ³ee pee jne nw ~ Fme peue ceW lejn-lejn kesÀ otef<ele jemee³eefvekeÀ HeoeLe& Je Dev³e efJe<ewues HeoeLe& efJemeefpe&le nesles
nQ, efpememes He³ee&JejCe HeÝeeefJele neslee nw ~
He³ee&JejCe kesÀ DeHekeÀ<e& keÀe SkeÀ cegK³e lelJe Jeve-keÀìeJe nw ~ ceveg<³e keÀer JeveeW Hej efveYe&jlee efove-Heéfleefove yeæ{leer
pee jner nw ~ nceW JeveeW mes DeveskeÀ He´keÀej keÀer peæ[er-yetefì³eeB HeéHle nesleer nQ ~ Fvemes keÀF& God³eesieeW kesÀ efueS keÀ®®ee ceeue
efceuelee nw ~ JeveeW kesÀ keÀìeJe mes Fve meye Hej yegje HeÝeeJe Heæ[lee nw FmeefueS He³ee&JejCe keÀer MegodefOe Deewj ceeveJe peerJeve
keÀer megj#ee kesÀ efueS JeveeW keÀes keÀeìves mes jeskeÀvee ®eeefnS ~
nce He=LJeer kesÀ nj J³eefkeÌle kesÀ odJeeje Gþe³es ieS íesìs-íesìs keÀoceeW mes yengle Deemeeve lejerkesÀ mes DeHeves He³ee&JejCe
keÀes ye®ee mekeÀles nQ pewmes - keÀ®ejs keÀer cee$ee keÀce keÀjvee, keÀ®ejs keÀes þerkeÀ mes SkeÀ ner mLeeve Hej HeQÀkeÀvee, HueeeqmìkeÀ keÀer
Lewefue³eeW keÀe Fmleceeue ve keÀjvee, Hegjeveer JemlegDeeW keÀes veS lejerkesÀ mes He´³eesie keÀjvee, Je<ee& peue mebj#eCe keÀjvee Deewj
efyepeueer keÀe keÀce-mes-keÀce GHe³eesie keÀjvee Fl³eeefo ~
efJeMJe He³ee&JejCe efoJeme SkeÀ DeefYe³eeve nw pees keÀF& Je<eeXs mes nj meeue 5 petve keÀes Hetjs efJeMJe ceW He³ee&JejCe megj#ee
Deewj meHeÀeF& kesÀ efueS pevelee ceW peeie©keÀlee keÀe He´meej keÀjves kesÀ efueS cevee³ee peelee nw ~ nceW DeHeves He³ee&JejCe keÀes
ye®eeves kesÀ lejerkesÀ Deewj meYeer yegjer DeeoleW pees nceejs He³ee&JejCe keÀes efove-Heéfleefove neefve HengB®ee jner nQ, GvekesÀ yeejs ceW
peeveves kesÀ efueS Fme DeefYe³eeve ceW Yeeie uesvee ®eeefnS ~ He³ee&JejCe keÀer MegodefOe kesÀ efueS DeMceerYetle F¥OeveeW kesÀ efJekeÀuHeeW
keÀe He´³eesie nesvee ®eeefnS, pees keÀce OegDeeB íesæ[W ~ pewJe ke=Àef<e keÀes yeæ{eJee efo³ee peeS, efpemeceW jemee³eefvekeÀeW keÀes He´³eesie
veneR neslee ~ pevemebK³ee efve³ebef$ele keÀer peeS leeefkeÀ mebmeeOeveeW Hej oyeeJe keÀce Heæ[s ~ God³eesieeW keÀer ef®eceefve³eeB TB®eer
nesveer ®eeefnS Deewj GvekesÀ OegSB keÀes Jee³eg ceepe&keÀ leLee eqmLej Jewo³egle DeJe#esHekeÀeW Üeje MegodOe keÀjkesÀ Jee³egceb[ue cesb
íesæ[vee ®eeefnS ~ mecegêer He³ee&JejCe keÀer MegodefOe kesÀ efueS lesue- íuekeÀeJe keÀer IeìveeSB jeskeÀer peeveer ®eeefnS ~ Jeve-
keÀìeJe jeskeÀkeÀj Jeve-JeOe&ve DeHevee³ee peeS ~ Je=#eejesHeCe kesÀ keÀe³e&ke´Àce ueeskeÀefHe´³e yeveeS peeSB ~
He³ee&JejCe keÀe jKeW O³eeve,
leYeer yevesiee osMe ceneve ~ [15]
3) kebÀH³etìj leLee ceesyeeFue Deepe ceveesjbpeve kesÀ meeLe-meeLe nceejer peªjle keÀe meeOeve yeve ieS nQ ~ mecemle efJeMJe efJe%eeve
keÀer veF&-veF& Heéwod³eesefiekeÀer efJekeÀefmele Je He´³egkeÌle keÀjves keÀer HeéflemHeOee& ceW nw ~ Deepe keÀe ceeveJe keÀce-mes-keÀce mece³e ceW
DeefOekeÀ-mes-DeefOekeÀ Oeve Deefpe&le keÀjvee ®eenlee nw ~ keÀbH³etìj keÀe DeeefJe<keÀej Ssmee ner SkeÀ Del³eble GHe³eesieer
Jew%eeefvekeÀ ®ecelkeÀej nw ~
kebÀcHetìj ceeveJe ceeqmle<keÀ mes Yeer leerJe´ leLee HeéceeefCekeÀ GHekeÀjCe nw ~ FmekesÀ Üeje peesæ[, IeìeJe, iegCee, Yeeie
Del³evle leerJe´ ieefle leLee Mele-HeéfleMele Meg×lee mes efkeÀS pee mekeÀles nQ ~ Deepe efJeMJeYej ceW keÀbH³etìj keÀes GHe³eesieer
ceevekeÀj FmekeÀe He´meej nes jne nw ~ nceejs osMe kesÀ efJeod³eeue³eeW, ceneefJeod³eeue³eeW leLee lekeÀveerefkeÀ mebmLeeveeW ceW FmekeÀe
efMe#eCe-HeéfMe#eCe efo³ee pee jne nw, mLeeeve-mLeeve Hej FmekeÀer megefJeOeeSB GHeueyOe nQ ~ yewkeÀeW, jsueJes mìsMeveeW, mejkeÀejer
keÀe³ee&ue³eeW cesb kebÀH³etìj keÀe J³eeHekeÀ GHe³eesie nes jne nw ~ %eeve kesÀ #es$e ceW Jew%eeefvekeÀ, DeefYe³eblee [e@keÌìj Deewj J³eeHeejer
Deeefo FmekeÀe efJemle=le Je ienve He´³eesie keÀjles nQ ~
kebÀH³etìj kesÀ ueeYe kesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle FmekeÀe ieuele Fmleceeue keÀjves mes keÀeHeÀer vegkeÀmeeve Yeer neslee nw ~ íesìs-íesìs
ye®®es Heæ{eF& Hej O³eeve ve oskeÀj kebÀH³etìj ceW iesce Kesueles jnles nQ Deewj efove-Yej kebÀH³etìj kesÀ Deeies yewþkeÀj mece³e keÀe
og©He³eesie keÀjles nQ ~
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DeepekeÀue meYeer peevekeÀeefj³eeB kebÀH³etìj cesb ner jKeer peeleer nQ ~ efpememes yengle meejs kebÀcHetìj nwkeÀj DeeHekeÀer
cenÊJeHetCe& peevekeÀejer ®egje mekeÀles nwb ~ kebÀH³etìj kesÀ Deeves mes DeepekeÀue `meeFyej ke´ÀeFce' yengle HewÀue jne nw ~ FmeceW
yengle meejs ueesie yeQkeÀ mes Hewmes ®egjeves ³ee efkeÀmeer DeJewOe keÀece keÀes FmekeÀer ceoo mes keÀjles nQ ~
ceesyeeFue HeÀesve Deepe keÀer pe©jle yeve ®egkeÀe nw ~ Deepe He´l³eskeÀ J³eefkeÌle kesÀ Heeme ceesyeeFue HeÀesve nw ~ ³en ueesieeW
kesÀ efueS Flevee cenÊJeHetCe& nes ie³ee nw efkeÀ ueesie Fmes ®een keÀj Yeer veneR íesæ[ Heeles nQ ~ ceesyeeFue kesÀ vesìJeke&À ves osMe
ogefve³eeb ceW yengle lejkeÌkeÀer keÀj ueer nw ~ ceesyeeFue Deepe lekeÀveerefkeÀ keÀe vee³eeye vecetvee nw ~ FmeceW Fvìjvesì keÀer mene³elee
mes osMe ogefve³ee kesÀ yeejs ceW peevee pee mekeÀlee nw ~ ³en osMe-efJeosMe ceW SkeÀ otmejs mes yeele®eerle keÀjves keÀe meyemes memlee
Deewj De®íe ³eb$e nw ~ ceesyeeFue mes nceW nj ®eerpe GHeueyOe nes peeleer nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej veF&-veF& peevekeÀeefj³eeB, veS-veS
HegmlekeÀeW keÀe %eeve, mebieerle megvevee, mecee®eejeW keÀe %eeve Deeefo ~ keÀnles nQ efkeÀ efpeleveer DeeJeM³ekeÀleeSB yeæ{leer nQ Gleveer
ner veF& HejsMeeefve³eeB meeceves Dee peeleer nwb ~ Deye ceesyeeFue ner osefKeS, efpeleveer yeæ[er megefJeOee Heóeve keÀjleer nw, Gmemes
DeefOekeÀ DemegefJeOee nw ~ ceesyeeFue HeÀesve keÀer Jepen mes keÀYeer nceW keÀF& HejsMeeefve³eeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw - pewmes
Deve®eens vebyejesb mes HeÀesve Deevee, J³eefkeÌleiele peerJeve ceW yeeOee GlHevve nesvee, ve ®eenkeÀj Yeer kegÀí HeÀesve keÀe@ueeW mes jeef$e
ceW ³ee peye nce HeÀesve mes otj jnves keÀe He´³eeme keÀjles nQ, leye nceW HeÀesve keÀe GHe³eesie keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw Deewj DeeJeM³ekeÀ
keÀece ve nesves Hej nce PegPeBuee peeles nQ FmekesÀ keÀejCe keÀYeer-keÀYeer DeeJeM³ekeÀ HeÀesve keÀe@ueeW keÀes Yeer nce mJeerkeÀej veneR
keÀjles nQ ~
FmeefueS DeeJeM³ekeÀleeDeeW keÀes meerefcele keÀjkesÀ J³eefkeÌle keÀes meeJeOeeveer mes ceesyeeFue HeÀesve keÀe
Fmleceeue keÀjvee ®eeefnS leeefkeÀ GmekesÀ keÀejCe keÀesF& J³eefkeÌle cegmeeryele ceW ve Heæ[s ~ [15]
4) $eÝieJeso ceW keÀne nwö`ve me meKee ³ees ve ooeefle meK³es' DeLee&le Jen efce$e ner keÌ³ee pees DeHeves efce$e keÀer mene³elee
veneR keÀjlee ~ DeepekeÀue mJeeLe& yeæ{lee pee jne nw ~ l³eeie kesÀ Deevebo keÀe otmejs kesÀ GHekeÀej mes efceueves Jeeues meblees<e keÀe
ueesieeW keÀes Helee ner veneR nw ~ keÀefþve mece³e ceW ceoo keÀjves Jeeuee efce$e ner Demeueer efce$e nw ~ DeeFS, Ssmes ner SkeÀ efce$e
keÀer keÀneveer nce Heæ{les nQ' efpemeves Deepe keÀer mJeeLe&-HetCe& ogefve³ee keÀes efoKee efo³ee efkeÀ Fme mebmeej ceW efveëmJeeLe& mesJee
keÀjves Jeeues ueesie Deepe Yeer nQ ~
De®ís oesmle SkeÀ otmejs keÀer mebJesoveeDeeW Deewj YeeJeveeDeeW keÀes yeeBìles nQ, pees mJemLe nesves Deewj ceeveefmekeÀ meblegeq<ì
keÀe Snmeeme ueelee nw ~ oesmleer ceW Meeefceue oes J³eefkeÌle³eeW kesÀ mJeYeeJe ceW kegÀí SkeÀªHelee nesves kesÀ yeeJepeto GvekesÀ Heeme
kegÀí Deueie efJeMes<eleeSB nesleer nQ uesefkeÀve efyevee SkeÀ otmejs kesÀ DeveesKesHeve keÀes yeoues GvnW SkeÀ otmejs keÀer peªjle nesleer
nw ~ Deeceleewj Hej efyevee Deeuees®evee kesÀ oesmle SkeÀ-otmejs keÀes Heśefjle keÀjles nQ uesekf eÀve keÀF& yeej kegÀí mekeÀejelcekeÀ yeoueeJe
ueeves kesÀ efueS SkeÀ efce$e otmejs efce$e keÀer yegjeF& Yeer keÀjlee nw ~
HeewjeefCekeÀ keÀLeeDeeW ceW lees oesmleer kesÀ DeveskeÀ GoenjCe nQ pewmes - jece Deewj megieérJe keÀer cew$eer, ke=À<Ce Deewj Depeg&ve,
ke=À<Ce Deewj megoecee Deeefo ~ Deepe Ssmes ner oes efce$eeW keÀer keÀneveer me®®eer efce$elee keÀe GoenjCe nw ~
jesnve Deewj jepeerJe ye®eHeve mes ner meeLe ceW Heæ{les-Kesueles yeæ[s ngS ~ jesnve Deceerj efHelee keÀe FkeÀueewlee Heg$e Lee ~
efpemeves DeHevee ye®eHeve ceeB keÀer ieeso ceW veneR efyelee³ee ~ peye Jen 5 Je<e& keÀe Lee leye GmekeÀer ceeB keÀe efveOeve nes ie³ee Lee ~
efHelee DeHeves keÀejesyeej ceW J³emle jnles Les Deewj DeefOekeÀ Hewmee keÀceeves kesÀ ueeue®e ceW keÀjesæ[eW keÀe keÀpe& Yeer Lee ~
jesnve keÀes HewmeeW keÀer keÀceer veneR Leer Deewj GmekeÀe O³eeve Heæ{ves ceW Yeer veneR ueielee Lee ~
JeneR jepeerJe Heæ{ves ceW yengle nesefMe³eej Lee Hejbleg iejerye HeefjJeej mes Lee ~ ye®eHeve ceW ner efHelee keÀe osnevle nes ie³ee
Deewj ceeB ves cepeotjer keÀjkesÀ Gmes Heæ{e³ee-efueKee³ee ~ keÀefþve HeefjÞece Je ueieve mes jepeerJe ves Yeejle ceW He´MeemeefvekeÀ
DeefOekeÀejer kesÀ Heo keÀe Yeej meBYeeuee ~
GOej jesnve kesÀ efHelee keÀpe& kesÀ yeesPe leues oyeles pee jns Les Deewj Oeerjs-Oeerjs GvekeÀe Mejerj Yeer #eerCe neslee pee jne
Lee ~ J³eeHeej ceW vegkeÀmeeve nesles osKe SkeÀ efove GvnW efoue keÀe oewje Heæ[ ie³ee Deewj GvekeÀe efveOeve nes ie³ee ~ efHelee keÀer
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ce=l³eg kesÀ yeeo jesnve Hej Hetjs Iej keÀer efpeccesoejer Dee ieF& Deye J³eeHeej Yeer ve jne Deewj jesnve keÀer DeeeqLe&keÀ eqmLeefle
efyeieæ[leer pee jner Leer ~
yengle uebyes mece³e kesÀ HeM®eele jepeerJe keÀer cegueekeÀele jesnve mes ngF& ~ jesnve keÀer oMee osKekeÀj jepeerJe yengle ogKeer
ngDee Deewj Gmeves le³e efkeÀ³ee efkeÀ Jen jesnve keÀer ceoo DeJeM³e keÀjsiee ~ Gmeves ceeB keÀes jesnve keÀer keÀneveer megveeF&, ceeB Yeer
yengle ogKeer ngF& Deewj GvneWves DeHeves yesìs mes keÀne efkeÀ legce jesnve keÀes DeHeves Iej ues DeeDees ~ jepeerJe efce$e keÀes DeHeves Iej
uee³ee Deewj Gmes veewkeÀjer efoueeF& ~ jesnve keÀe peerJeve jepeerJe keÀer efce$elee kesÀ keÀejCe meBJej ie³ee ~ Ssmeer efvemJeeLe& oesmleer
Leer jepeerJe Je jesnve keÀer ~ [15]
5) nceejs osMe ceW yeeue ÞeefcekeÀesb keÀer mecem³ee keÀesF& veF& yeele veneR nw ~ mJeleb$elee mes HetJe& Fve ÞeefcekeÀ ye®®eeW keÀes
`cegC[t' keÀnkeÀj HegkeÀeje peelee Lee ~ peneB DeefMe#ee, efveOe&velee keÀer DeefOekeÀlee nesleer nw JeneR yeeuekeÀ Deewj yeeefuekeÀeSB
yeeuecepeotjer keÀjves kesÀ efueS cep]eyetj nes peeles nQ ~
Deye ieeBJeeW Deewj MenjeW ceW íesìs ye®®eeW keÀes IejeW, nesìueeW, æ{eyeeW, ogkeÀeveeW, keÀue-keÀejKeeveeW Deewj HewÀefkeÌì^³eeW ceW
keÀþesj Þece keÀje³ee peelee nw ~ ³ener veneR Oetce´Heeve Hej jeskeÀ ueieeves kesÀ yepee³e íesìer-íesìer yeeq®®e³eeW mes Oetce´Heeve keÀer
JemlegSB yeveJeeF& peeleer nQ ~ peneB GvekesÀ Heæ{ves Deewj Kesueves keÀer Gce´ nesleer nw, JeneRr Gve ceemetce ye®®eeW kesÀ keÀesceue neLeeW
mes keÀefþve cesnvele keÀje³ee peelee nw ~ mJeleb$e Yeejle kesÀ megkegÀceej ye®eHeve keÀer me®eceg®e efkeÀleveer o³eveer³e eqmLeefle efoKeeF&
osleer nw ~
yeeue ÞeefcekeÀeW keÀe cetue m$eesle oefjêlee, ceelee-efHelee keÀer keÀþesjlee, Heæ{eF& mes peer ®egjevee, efJeceelee keÀe ogJ³e&Jenej
leLee kegÀmebieefle nw leLee kegÀí HejcHejeiele keÀejCe Yeer nesles nQ ~ pewmes - cees®eer, yeæ{F& kegÀcnej, ueesnej, opeea Deeefo mJeYeeJe
mes ÞecepeerJeer nesles nQ ~ mJeeJeuebyeer nesves kesÀ efueS Jes DeHeves Hewle=keÀ keÀe³e& ceW pegì peeles nQ ~ GHe³eg&keÌle ef®e$e ceW íesìer-íesìer
yeeq®®e³eeW mes cepeotjer keÀjeF& pee jner nw, pees yeeuecep]eotjer keÀner peeleer nw yeeuecepeotjer SkeÀ keÀevetveve DeHejeOe nw ~
FmekesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle Gve DeyeesOe ye®®eeW Üeje Oetce´Heeve Je veMeerueer JemlegS@b yeveeF& pee jner nQ ~ GvnW cepeyetjve Gme DeBOesjs
ceW OekesÀuee pee jne nw, peneB GvekeÀe peerJeve meceeHle nes mekeÀlee nw ~ Ssmes JeeleeJejCe ceW jnves kesÀ keÀejCe Jes Yeer veMes kesÀ
Deeoer nes peeles nQ Deewj GvekesÀ mJeemL³e SJeb peerJeve Hej FmekeÀe yegje HeÝeeJe Heæ[lee nw ~
yeeue ÞeefcekeÀ, ³egJee-ÞeefcekeÀ keÀer DeHes#ee memles ceW efceue peeles nQ ~ efpeve Hej keÀesF& Yeer Deemeeveer mes Del³ee®eej keÀj
mekeÀlee nw ~ `keÀce oece Deewj ceveceeveer keÀece' ³ener ceveesJe=eqlle FvekesÀ Mees<eCe keÀe cetue keÀejCe nw keÀevetveer ªHe mes ®eewon
Je<e& mes keÀce ye®®eeW mes keÀece keÀjevee DeHejeOe nw efkebÀleg iejeryeer Deewj YegKecejer keÀer eqmLeefle ceW ceelee-efHelee mJe³eb ner Fve
ceemetce ye®®eeW keÀes Deceerj ~ peceeRoejeW Deewj þskesÀoejeW kesÀ neLeeW ceW yes®e osles nQ, efpevekesÀ meeLe DeceeveJeer³e J³eJenej
efkeÀ³ee peelee nw ~
efkeÀmeer ves mel³e keÀne nw efkeÀ ...........
ceelee-efHelee ogMceve yeve peeles nQ,
peye Jes vevnW neLeeW mes keÀece keÀjJeeles nQ ~''
yeeue cepeotjer keÀe cegodoe Deye Devleje&<ìêr³e nes ®egkeÀe nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ osMe kesÀ efJekeÀeme Deewj Je=odefOe
ceW ³es yeæ[s leewj Hej yeeOekeÀ yeve ®egkeÀe nw ~ mJemLe ye®®es efkeÀmeer Yeer osMe kesÀ efueS GppeJeue YeefJe<³e Deewj MeefkeÌle nesles nQ ~
Deleë yeeue cepeotjer ye®®es kesÀ meeLe ner osMe kesÀ YeefJe<³e keÀes Yeer vegkeÀmeeve, Kejeye Deewj yejyeeo keÀj jne nw ~
keÀF& ye®®es DeHeves ceelee-efHelee kesÀ meeLe efyevee cepeotjer kesÀ Yeer keÀece keÀjles nQ, efpevekeÀe Dee@keÀæ[e DeYeer GHeueyOe
veneR nw ~ kegÀìerj GÐeesieeW ceW ye®®eeW keÀer SkeÀ yeæ[er mebK³ee keÀece jner nw, pewmes-ceeef®eme yeveevee, yeeræ[er yeveevee, ®eceæ[e
GÐeesie, HueeeqmìkeÀ GlHeeove, lebyeeketÀ yeveevee, leLee HeìeKes keÀer HewÀefkeÌì^³eeW pewmes KelejveekeÀ mLeeveeW Hej keÀe³e& keÀjvee ~
Fme He´keÀej efMe#ee, Yeespeve, Heeveer Deewj Iej kesÀ DeYeeJe kesÀ meeLe-meeLe keÀe³e& mLeue Hej GvekeÀe YeeJeveelcekeÀ SJeb ³eewve
GlHeeræ[ve Yeer neslee nw efpemekesÀ keÀejCe GvekeÀe ye®eHeve Hetjer lejn yejyeeo nes peelee nw ~
mejkeÀej ves ³eÐeefHe yeeue cepeotjer jeskeÀves kesÀ efueS keÀevetve yeveeS nQ efpemeceW 14 Je<e& mes keÀce Gce´ kesÀ ye®®eeW mes keÀece
keÀjJeevee SkeÀ ob[veer³e DeHejeOe nw, leye Yeer ueesie keÀevetve keÀe GuuebIeve keÀjkesÀ ye®®eeW mes cepeotjer keÀjJeeles nQ ~ mejkeÀej
321
keÀes Fme DeceeveJeer³e leLee Ie=efCele He´Lee keÀes jeskeÀves kesÀ efueS Deewj Yeer keÀþesj keÀevetve yeveeves ®eeefnS leLee meceepe keÀes
keÀuebefkeÀle keÀjves Jeeueer Fme yegjeF& keÀes peæ[ mes meceeHle keÀjves kesÀ efueS nj mebYeJe keÀoce Gþevee ®eeefnS ~ nceejs osMe ceW
DekeÀmej yeeuecepeotjer kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ DeeJeepe GþeF& peeleer nw Deewj Fme He´keÀej kesÀ veejs ueieeS peeles nQ ~
``DeYeer keÀjveer nw ncekeÀes Heæ{eF&
cele keÀjJeeDees nce mes keÀceeF& ~''
mejkeÀej Yeer Fmes jeskeÀves kesÀ efueS veS-veS keÀoce Gþe jner nw, FmekesÀ yeeJepeto Yeer osMe ceW yeeuecepeotjeW
keÀer mebK³ee yeæ{leer pee jner nw ~ ogefve³eeB ceW meyemes DeefOekeÀ yeeueÞeefcekeÀ Yeejle ceW ner nQ ~ [15]
A.2
1) mesJee ceW,
mJeemL³e DeefOekeÀejer,
meJeexo³e DemHeleeue,
Leeves veiej efveiece,
cegbyeF& ~
efoveebkeÀ ë 24 DeHe´swue, 2017
efJe<e³e ë SkeÀ megefJeOee³egkeÌle mejkeÀejer DemHeleeue KegueJeeves nsleg He$e ~

efveJesove nw efkeÀ ceQ DeeHekeÀe O³eeve DeHeves #es$e kesÀ meeOeejCe mee mejkeÀejer DemHeleeue keÀer Deesj Deeke=À<ì keÀjvee
®eenlee ntB, efpemekesÀ keÀejCe Deece pevelee keÀes yengle DeefOekeÀ HejsMeeefve³eeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[ jne nww ~
ceQ efmeefJeue ueeFbme keÀe efveJeemeer ntB ~ nceejs #es$e ceW SkeÀ ner meeOeejCe mee DemHeleeue nw Deewj efpemeceW meejer megefJeOeeSB
GHeueyOe veneR nQ, efpeme keÀejCe Deece pevelee keÀes megefJeOeeS@b HeéHle veneR nes jner nQ ~ cejerpeesb keÀe þerkeÀ mes Fueepe ve nesves
Hej efkeÀleves ner ueesieeW kesÀ HeéCe mebkeÀì ceW nQ ~ cejerpeeW kesÀ jnves kesÀ efueS keÀcejeW keÀer J³eJemLee veneR nw, efpeme keÀejCe cejerpeeW
keÀes Kegues Deemeceeve kesÀ veer®es ner He´leer#ee keÀjveer Heæ[leer nw Deewj uecyeer He´leer#ee keÀjves kesÀ HeM®eeled DemHeleeue ceW Hetjer megefJeOee
ve efceueves kesÀ keÀejCe keÀF& ueesieeW keÀes ceewle keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw ~
DeeHemes DevegjesOe nw efkeÀ DeeHe Fme mecem³ee keÀes iebYeerjlee mes ueWies Deewj nceejs #es$e ceW SkeÀ ve³ee mejkeÀejer megefJeOee
³egkeÌle DemHeleeue Keesueves keÀer ke=ÀHee keÀjsbies ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
YeJeoer³e,
megOeebMeg DeìJeeue [7]
2) 16, mejespeveer veiej

efouueer
efoveebkeÀ ë 24 DeHe´wue 2017
efHe´³e efce$e jepesMe,
meHe´sce vecemkeÀej ~
yengle efoveeW mes legcneje He$e veneR efceuee, DeeMee keÀjlee ntB efkeÀ legce mekegÀMeue neWies ~ efHeíues keÀF& efoveeW mes legcnW
He$e efueKeves keÀer mees®e jne Lee Hejbleg ceeefmekeÀ Hejer#ee ceW J³emle jnves kesÀ keÀejCe He$e veneR efueKe Hee³ee ~ legcnW He$e kesÀ
ceeO³ece mes keÀF& veF& peevekeÀeefj³eeB osvee ®eene Hejbleg mece³e kesÀ DeYeeJe kesÀ keÀejCe veneR os Hee³ee ~ Deepe ceQ legcnW He$e ceW
kegÀí veS DevegYeJeebs kesÀ yeejs ceW yeleeves pee jne ntB ~
322
cegPes legcnW ³en yeleeles ngS yeæ[er He´mevvelee nes jner nw efkeÀ nceeje osMe DeesueeqcHekeÀ KesueeW cesb efkeÀlevee Deie´mej nes
jne nw ~ Fme Je<e& kesÀ DeesuebefHekeÀ KesueeW ceW efpeme He´keÀej nceejs osMe kesÀ nesvenej efKeueeefæ[³eeW ves HeóMe&ve efkeÀ³ee Gmes
osKekeÀj Ssmee ueie jne nw efkeÀ Deeves Jeeues mece³e ceW nceejs osMe yengle Heíeefle keÀjsiee ~ Yeejle keÀer ceefnuee efKeueeæ[er Heer.Jeer.
efmebOeg, mee#eer ceefuekeÀ, oerHee keÀce&keÀej Deewj oerHee ceefuekeÀ ves mejenveer³e HeóMe&ve efkeÀ³ee Deewj ces[ue peerlekeÀj Yeejle keÀe
mecceeve yeveeS jKeer ~ 45 Je<e& keÀer oerHee ceefuekeÀ ves jp]ele HeokeÀ peerlekeÀj SkeÀ ve³ee Fefleneme keÀe³ece keÀj efo³ee ~ efj³eeW
HewjeefuebefHekeÀ cesb peerleves Jeeuee Yeeuee HeWÀkeÀ efKeueeæ[er osJesvê PePeefj³ee ves meYeer YeejleJeeefme³eeW keÀe efoue peerle efue³ee ~
DeeMee keÀjlee ntB efkeÀ nceejs osMe kesÀ DeesuebefHekeÀ KesueeW keÀer GHeueeqyOe³eeW keÀes osKekeÀj legcnW Yeer DeJeM³e He´mevvelee
nesieer Deewj legcnsb Yeer Kesueesb kesÀ Heélf e ©ef®e peeie´le nesieer ~ De®íe Deye He$e ³eneR meceeHle keÀjlee ntB ~ DebkeÀue Je Deebìer keÀes cesje
HeĆeece keÀnvee ~
legcnejs He$e keÀer He´leer#ee ceW ~
legcneje efce$e,
DeeueeskeÀ [7]
A.3
i) jep³e keÀes Ye³ebkeÀj DekeÀeue keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[e Lee ~ Gve efoveeW Hebpeeye jep³e kesÀ jepee cenejepe jCepeerle efmebn Les ~
GvneWves jep³e kesÀ Ye³ebkeÀj DekeÀeue keÀer mecem³ee mes ye®eeves kesÀ efueS Iees<eCee keÀjJee oer efkeÀ Meener YeC[ej nj pe©jlecebo
kesÀ efueS Keguee jnsiee Deewj He´l³eskeÀ pe©jlecebo SkeÀ yeej ceW efpelevee Deveepe uesvee ®eens, ues peeS ~ [2]
ii) cenejepe jCepeerle efmebn ves jep³e ceW Iees<eCee keÀjJee oer efkeÀ jep³e keÀe Meener YeC[ej ie=n He´l³eskeÀ pe©jlecebo kesÀ efueS Keguee
jnsiee ~ SkeÀ yeej ceW pe©jlecebo efpelevee Deveepe ues peevee ®eens, ues pee mekesÀ ~ Ssmee GvneWves FmeefueS efkeÀ³ee leeefkeÀ
He´l³eskeÀ pe©jle cebo keÀes Deveepe efceuesiee Deewj DekeÀeue keÀer Jepen mes He´pee keÀes keÀesF& keÀ<ì veneR nesiee ~ [2]
iii) Gme mece³e ueenewj ceW SkeÀ Je=× meppeve jnles Les ~ Jes keÀìdìj meveeleveer efJe®eejeW kesÀ Les ~ GvekesÀ Iej ceW SkeÀ ner Heg$e Lee pees
keÀeyegue ³eg× ceW Menero nes ie³ee Lee ~ Iej keÀer meejer efpeccesoejer Je=× meppeve Hej ner Leer ~ GvekesÀ Iej ceW GvekeÀer yent Je Heesles ner
Les ~ DekeÀeue kesÀ mece³e Jes ye®®es yetæ{s oeoe keÀer He´leer#ee keÀj jns Les ~ yetæ{s Deeoceer ves keÀYeer efkeÀmeer kesÀ Deeies neLe veneR
HewÀuee³ee Lee ~ [2]
iv) peye Deveepe yeeBìe pee jne Lee, lees yetæ{s Deeoceer ves Leesæ[e-mee ner Deveepe eque³ee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jes keÀìdìj efJe®eejeW kesÀ Les Deewj
GvneWves keÀYeer efkeÀmeer kesÀ Deeies neLe veneR HewÀuee³ee Lee ~ yetæ{s Deeoceer ves mees®ee efkeÀ Fme DekeÀeue ceW Leesæ[e Deveepe uesvee
ner mener nw, efpememes meYeer pe©jleceboes keÀes Deveepe efceue peeS ~ Depeveyeer J³eefkeÌle yet{æ s keÀes osKe jne Lee, Gmeves yet{æ s keÀer ieþjer
Keesue oer Deewj GmeceW YejHetj Deveepe Yej efo³ee ~ J³eefkeÌle ves yet{æ s keÀer ieþjer DeHeves kebÀOeeW Hej ues ueer Deewj GvekesÀ Iej Heng®B ee efo³ee ~ Iej
HengB®eves Hej yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀesHelee ®euee efkeÀ Jen J³eefkeÌle keÀesF& Deewj veneR mJe³eb jepee jCepeerle efmebn nQ ~ [2]
v) Fme ieod³eebMe mes nceW efMe#ee efceueleer nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes mJeeJeuebyeer nesvee ®eeefnS ~ efpeme He´keÀej yetæ{e J³eefkeÌle Je=× Je
efveOe&ve nesves Hej Yeer Leesæ[e Deveepe ueskeÀj ³en yeleevee ®eenlee nw efkeÀ oeve Yeer Glevee ner uesvee ®eeefnS efpeleveer DeeHekeÀes
DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nes ~ otmejs kesÀ yeejs ceW Yeer mees®evee ®eeefnS leeefkeÀ efJekeÀì HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW ceW meYeer keÀes ceoo efceue mekesÀ ~
FmekesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle nceW DeHeveer mebHeefle keÀe DenbkeÀej veneR nesvee ®eeefnS ~ Fme ieod³eebMe ceW jepee jCepeerle efmebn kesÀ odJeeje
yetæ{s Deeoceer keÀer ceoo keÀjvee nceW ³en efmeKeueelee nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes HejesHekeÀejer Je o³eeueg nesvee ®eeefnS ~ [2]
323
A.4
i) (a) Deevebo - n<e&, Guueeme, He´mevvelee [1]
(b) Heg$e - leve³e, megle yesìe, vebove [1]
(c) je#eme - oeveJe, owl³e, Demegj, efveMee®ej [1]
ii) (a) Deeuem³e mHetÀefle& [½]

(b) meoe®eej ogje®eej [½]
(c) meeefce<e efvejeefce<e [½]
(d) ke=Àef$ece Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ [½]
iii) (a) He´leer<þe - Heéfle<þe [½]

(b) ie=vLe - ie´bLe/ie´vLe [½]
(c) HejereqmLeleer - HeefjeqmLeefle [½]
v) (a) DeHevee Guuet meerOee keÀjvee - DeHevee celeueye efvekeÀeuevee ~

JeekeÌ³e - mebmeej ceW He´l³eskeÀ mJeeLeea ceveg<³e DeHevee Guuet meerOee keÀjlee nw ~ [1]
(b) neLe ceuevee - Heíleevee ~

JeekeÌ³e - mece³e keÀe meogHe³eesie ve keÀjves Jeeues efJeÐeeeLeea yeeo ceW neLe ceueles jn peeles nQ ~ [1]
6) (a) efJeÐeeLeea keÀes efpe%eemeg nesvee ®eeefnS ~ [1]

(b) Fleveer Dee³eg nesves Hej Yeer Jen DeefJeJeeefnle nw ~ [1]
(c) jele ceW meoea yeæ{ jner nw ~ [1]
(d) Dev³ee³e kesÀ meye efJejesOeer nesles nQ ~ [1]
Section ‘B’ (40 marks)

meeefnl³e meeiej ö mebef#eHle keÀneefve³eeB
A.5
i) yeeyet peieleefmebn pees SkeÀ Fbpeerefve³ej Les Deewj GvekeÀe veewkeÀj jmeeruee Lee ~ peieleefmebn jmeeruee keÀes HeBÀmee jns Les ~ jmeeruee
ves Deþvveer keÀer ®eesjer keÀe DeHejeOe efkeÀ³ee Lee ~ Gmes HewmeeW keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee Leer, Hejbleg yeeyet peieleefmebn ves jmeeruee keÀer
ceoo veneR keÀer Deewj jmeeruee mes peye yeeyet peieleefmebn ves HeeB®e ©He³es keÀer efceþeF& ceBieeF&, lees jmeeruee meeæ[s ®eej ©He³es keÀer
efceþeF& uee³ee Deewj Deþvveer DeHeves Heeme jKe ueer ~ [2]
ii) jmeeruee yeeyet peieleefmebn keÀe veewkeÀj Lee ~ Jen Fbpeerefve³ej yeeyet kesÀ Iej Hej keÀeHeÀer mece³e mes keÀece keÀjlee Deewj F&ceeveoej
Yeer Lee ~ Gmes 10 ©He³es Jesleve efceuelee Lee GmekeÀe HeefjJeej ieeBJe ceW jnlee Lee ~ ieeBJe ceW GmekesÀ yetæ{s efHelee, Helveer, oes
ueæ[kesÀ Deewj SkeÀ ueæ[keÀer Leer ~ jmeeruee kesÀ Jesleve mes IejJeeueeW keÀe iegp]eeje veneR nes Heelee Lee ~ jmeeruee keÀe SkeÀ Ieefve<þ
efce$e Lee jcepeeve, efpemeves jmeeruee keÀer yengle ceoo keÀer ~ [2]
iii) nceW DeHeves veewkeÀjeW mes De®íe J³eJenej keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ peye nce GmekesÀ meeLe De®íe J³eJenej keÀjWies Deewj Gve Hej
efJeMJeeme keÀjWies leye Jes cesnvele Je F&ceeveoejer mes keÀece keÀjWies ~ GvekesÀ keÀece kesÀ Devegmeej ner nceW GvekeÀes Jesleve osvee
®eeefnS leeefkeÀ GvekeÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee Hetjer nes peeS Deewj Jes ®eesjer pewmee efIeveewvee keÀece ve keÀjW ~ efpeme He´keÀej yeeyet
324
peieleefmebn ves HejsMeeveer kesÀ mece³e ceW jmeeruee keÀer ceoo veneR keÀer Deewj jmeeruee DeHeveer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee kesÀ efueS ®eesjer keÀjves
Hej cepeyetj nes ie³ee Deewj pesue keÀer keÀesþjer ceW HengB®e ie³ee Gmeer He´keÀej IejeW ceW keÀece keÀjves Jeeues ueesieeW keÀes DeefOekeÀ Þece
keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw, Hejbleg Jesleve Flevee keÀce efkeÀ HeefjJeej keÀe YejCe Hees<eCe veneR nes Heelee nw ~ HeefjJeej keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee
Hetefle& kesÀ efueS Jes DeHejeOe keÀjves Hej yeeO³e nes peeles nQ ~ FmeefueS He´l³eskeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes DeHeves veewkeÀjeW kesÀ meeLe De®íe Je
meodJ³eJenej keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ [3]
iv) Fme keÀneveer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes uesKekeÀ ves nceejs meceepe keÀer v³ee³e J³eJemLee Hej keÀjeje J³ebi³e efkeÀ³ee nw, meeLe ner meceepe kesÀ
G®®e Je mecceeefvele HeoeW Hej Deemeerve ueesieeW Hej Yeer J³ebi³e efkeÀ³ee nw pees efjMJele Keesj neskeÀj Yeer mecceeefvele peerJeve J³eleerle
keÀj jns nQ peyeefkeÀ SkeÀ iejerye J³eefkeÌle cee$e Deþvveer keÀer nsje-HesÀjer keÀjves kesÀ pegce& ceW ín cenerves keÀer kewÀo Yeesieves Hej
cep]eyetj nw ~ uesKekeÀ ves yeeyet peieleefmebn Je MesKe meueercegodoerve keÀer Ëo³enervelee keÀe Heoe&H]eÀeMe efkeÀ³ee nw Deewj SkeÀ
efveOe&ve ®eewkeÀeroej jcepeeve keÀer o³eeueglee keÀes GpeekeÀj efkeÀ³ee nw, efpemeves jmeeruee kesÀ HeefjJeej keÀer ceoo keÀer ~ Fme
keÀneveer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes uesKekeÀ ves meceepe ceW J³eeHle yegjeF& Je Ye´<ìe®eej keÀes efoKeeves keÀe He´³eeme efkeÀ³ee Deewj Jes meHeÀue
Yeer ngS ~ [3]
A.6
i) cetefle& vesleepeer megYee<e®evê keÀer Leer ~ keÀmyes keÀer veiejHeeefuekeÀe kesÀ efkeÀmeer Glmeener yees[& ³ee He´MeemeefvekeÀ DeefOekeÀejer ves
`keÀmyes kesÀ cegK³e yeep]eej kesÀ cegK³e ®eewjens Hej vesleepeer megYee<e®evê yeesme keÀer mebiecejcej keÀer SkeÀ Heéflecee ueieJee oer ~ [2]
ii) vesleepeer keÀer cetefle& keÀmyes kesÀ FkeÀueewles neF&mketÀue kesÀ FkeÀueewles [êFbie ceemìj ceesleerueeue ves yeveeF& Leer ~ cetefle& mebiecejcej
keÀer Leer, ìesHeer keÀer veeskeÀ mes keÀesì kesÀ otmejs yeìve lekeÀ keÀesF& oes HegÀì TB®eer Leer ~ vesleepeer HeÀewpeer Jeoea ceW megboj ceemetce
Deewj keÀceefmeve ueie jns Les ~ cetefle& keÀes osKeles neR efouueer ®euees ? Deewj legce cegPes Ketve oes ............ Deeefo ³eeo Deeves
ueieles Les ~ vesleepeer keÀer DeeBKeeW Hej ®eMcee veneR Lee yeequkeÀ SkeÀ meeceev³e Deewj me®eceg®e kesÀ ®eMces keÀes ®eewæ[e keÀeuee He´sÀce
cetefle& keÀes Henvee efo³ee ie³ee Lee ~ [2]
iii) cetefle& ceW SkeÀ keÀceer Leer pees osKeles ner KeìkeÀleer Leer ~ vesleepeer keÀer DeeBKeeW Hej mebiecejcej keÀe ®eMcee veneR Lee ~ SkeÀ
meeceev³e Deewj me®eceg®e kesÀ ®eMces keÀe ®eewæ[e keÀeuee HeśÀce cetefle& keÀes Henvee efo³ee ie³ee Lee ~ Gme ®eMces keÀer keÀceer keÀes
kewÀHìve ®eMcesJeeuee Hetje keÀjlee Lee ~ Jener vesleepeer keÀer cetefle& Hej ®eMces keÀe Hes´Àce ueiee oslee Lee ~ ³eefo ieénkeÀ Jener
vesleepeer keÀer cetefle& Hej ueies Hes´Àce keÀer ceeBie keÀjlee, lees Jen cetefle& Hej ueiee Hes´Àce ieénkeÀ keÀes os oslee Deewj JeneB keÀesF& otmeje
HeśÀce ueiee oslee Lee ~ Fme He´keÀej iejerye ®eMcesJeeuee vesleepeer keÀer cetefle& kesÀ ®eMces keÀer keÀceer keÀes Hetje keÀjlee Lee ~ [3]
iv) vesleepeer megYee<e®ebê yeesme mJeleb$elee mebieéce kesÀ mesveeveer Les efpevneWves `Deepeeo efnvo HeÀewpe' keÀe vesle=lJe efkeÀ³ee ~ Jes Deepeeo efnbo
HeÀewpe kesÀ veslee Les ~ GvekeÀe pevce Gæ[ermee kesÀ keÀìkeÀ Menj ceW ngDee Lee ~ vesleepeer kesÀ Üeje efo³ee ie³ee veeje `legce cegPes
Ketve oes ceQ legcnW Deepeeoer otBiee' Yeejle keÀe je<ìêr³e veeje yeve ie³ee nw ~ ®eewjens Hej vesleepeer keÀer cetefle& ueieeves keÀe
GodosM³e Lee efkeÀ ueesieeW ceW osMe YeefkeÌle keÀer YeeJevee peeie´le nes Deewj osMe kesÀ meYeer íesìs-yeæ[s J³eefkeÌle osMe kesÀ efvecee&Ce ceW
DeHevee ³eesieoeve os mekesÀ ~ SkeÀ meeceev³e veeieefjkeÀ ®eMcesJeeues kesÀ ceeO³ece mes osMe kesÀ Heéfle efve<þe Deewj osMeYeefkeÌle keÀer
YeeJevee keÀes He´keÀeefMele efkeÀ³ee nw ~ [3]
A.7
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve yetæ{e efme³eej, Yesefæ[S mes keÀn jne nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ peye Yesefæ[S kesÀ ®egveeJe kesÀ He´®eej kesÀ efueS yetæ{e efme³eej
DeHeves meeLe leerve jbies efme³eejeW keÀes ueskeÀj Dee³ee, leye Yesefæ[S ves keÀne efkeÀ Fve Hej keÀewve efJeMJeeme keÀjsiee ~ Yesefæ[S kesÀ
325
Ssmee mebosn He´keÀì keÀjves Hej yetæ{s efme³eej ves keÀne efkeÀ mejkeÀej DeeHe yengle meerOes nQ, jbie-ªHe yeoue osves mes lees Deeoceer
lekeÀ yeoue peeles nQ efHeÀj lees efme³eej nQ ~ [2]
ii) yetæ{s efme³eej ves Yesefæ[S keÀe ªHe yeouee Yesefæ[S kesÀ cemlekeÀ Hej efleuekeÀ ueiee³ee, ieues ceW kebÀþer HenveeF& Deewj cegBn ceW Ieeme
kesÀ eflevekesÀ KeeWme efoS leeefkeÀ Yesæ[esb keÀes efJeMJeeme nes peeS efkeÀ Yesefæ[³ee meble nes ie³ee nw Deewj Jes Yesefæ[S keÀes DeHevee
HeéfleefveefOe ®egvekeÀj Heb®ee³ele ceW Yespe oW ~ [2]
iii) ³en SkeÀ J³ebi³eelcekeÀ keÀneveer nw efpemeceW uesKekeÀ ves ®eeueekeÀ jepevesleeDeeW keÀer Heesue Keesueves kesÀ efueS Yesæ[W Deewj Yesefæ[S
keÀer Fme keÀneveer keÀes ceeO³ece yevee³ee nw ~ yetæ{s efme³eej ves Yesefæ[S keÀes Yesæ[eW keÀer meYee ceW peeves mes Henues leerve yeeleeW keÀe
O³eeve jKeves kesÀ efueS keÀne-DeHeveer efnbmekeÀ DeeBKeeW keÀes THej cele Gþevee, ncesMee peceerve keÀer Deesj osKevee Deewj kegÀí
yeesuevee cele, venebr lees Heesue Kegue peeSieer ~ yetæ{s efme³eej ves ³es yeeleW FmeefueS keÀner leeefkeÀ Yesæ[eW keÀes Yesefæ[S Hej efJeMJeeme
nes peeS Deewj Heb®ee³ele ceW Yesefæ[S keÀer peerle nes ~ [3]
iv) yetæ{s efme³eej ves leerve efme³eejebs keÀes Deueie-Deueie jbieeW ceW jBiee ~ SkeÀ keÀes Heerues jbie ceW otmejs keÀes veerues jbie ceW Deewj leermejs keÀes
njs jbie ceW jbiee ~ HeerueeJeeuee efJeodJeeve, efJe®eejkeÀ, uesKekeÀ Deewj keÀefJe nw ~ veeruee Jeeuee veslee Deewj He$ekeÀej nw ~
njeJeeuee Oece& ieg© nw ~
Fme keÀneveer mes nceW ³en efMe#ee efceueleer nw efkeÀ nceW He´peeleb$e kesÀ veece Hej OeesKessyeepe, Petþs, æ{eWieer, jepevesleeDeeW Hej
efJeMJeeme veneR keÀjvee ®eeefnS Deewj DeHeves cele keÀe mees®e-mecePekeÀj meogHe³eesie keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ Dev³ee³e Je Ye´<ìe®eej
kesÀ ceeO³ece mes jepeveslee Yeesueer-Yeeueer pevelee keÀe Mees<eCe keÀjles nQ ~ [3]
meeefnl³e meeiejöHeod³e Yeeie

A.8
i) cesIe DeefleefLe keÀer YeeBefle mepe-meBJejkeÀj DeekeÀeMe ceW íeS ngS nQ'' ~ keÀefJe keÀes Ssmee He´leerle nes jne nw pewmes Menj mes efkeÀmeer
cesnceeve kesÀ Deeves Hej ieeBJe kesÀ ueesie GmekeÀe mJeeiele keÀjles nQ, Gmeer He´keÀej yeeoue Yeer mepe-OepekeÀj DeeS nQ Deewj He´ke=Àefle
yeeoueeW keÀe mJeeiele keÀj jner nw ~ cesIeeW kesÀ Deeles ner He´ke=ÀeflekeÀ JeeleeJejCe ceW nue®eue-meer He´leerle nesleer nw ~ [2]
ii) `ye³eej' Meyo keÀe DeLe& nw nJee Je<ee& nesves mes HetJe& nJee kesÀ lespe-lespe PeeWkesÀ ®eueles nQ ~ ³eneB keÀefJe keÀnvee ®eenles nQ efkeÀ
yeeoueeW keÀes mepe-Oepe keÀj Deeles osKe nJee ceocemle neskeÀj vee®eleer ieeleer meer ®eueves ueieleer nw ~ nJee kesÀ ®eueves Hej
ieefue³eeW cesb eqmLele IejeW kesÀ ojJeepes Je efKeæ[efkeÀ³eeB Kegueves ueieleer nQ ~ ³eneB keÀefJe ves cesIe keÀe ceeveJeerkeÀjCe keÀj Gmes
DeefleefLe keÀe ªHe Heóeve efkeÀ³ee nw ~ pewmes Menj mes ieeBJe ceW Dee³es DeefleefLe keÀe mJeeiele keÀjves kesÀ efueS meye DeHeves IejeW
mes PeeBkeÀves ueieles nQ Deewj vee®e-ieekeÀj GmekeÀe mJeeiele keÀjles nQ Jewmes ner nJee Yeer yengle He´mevve nw Deewj yeeoueeW keÀe
mJeeiele keÀj jner nQ ~ [2]
iii) yeeoueeW kesÀ Deemeceeve ceW Deeles ner nJee lespe-lespe ®eueves ueieleer nw ~ Gme nJee kesÀ PeeWkeÀeW mes ieueer kesÀ IejeW Deewj ojJeepes
keÀer efKeæ[efkeÀ³eeB Kegueves ueieleer nQ ~ ³eneB Hej keÀefJe yeeoueeW keÀer leguevee Menj mes ieeBJe ceW DeeS ngS DeefleefLe mes keÀj jns
nQ pees efkeÀ uebyeer He´leer#ee keÀjJeeves kesÀ yeeo ieeBJe ceW DeeS nQ ~ Fme DeefleefLe kesÀ Deeieceve mes ve kesÀJeue ieeBJe kesÀ ueesie yeequkeÀ
veoer-veeues, Hesæ[-HeewOes, HeerHeue meYeer He´mevve nes Gþles nQ ~ [3]
iv) Fme keÀefJelee ceW keÀefJe ves cesIeeW keÀe ceeveJeerkeÀjCe efkeÀ³ee nw ~ cesIeeW keÀes mepes-meBJejs DeefleefLe (oeceeo) mes keÀer ieF& nw ~
ieéceerCe mebmke=Àefle ceW efkeÀmeer Menjer DeefleefLe ³ee oeceeo kesÀ Deeves Hej Guueeme keÀe pees JeeleeJejCe yevelee nw, DeekeÀeMe ceW cesIeeW
326
kesÀ Deeves keÀe JeCe&ve keÀjles ngS keÀefJe ves Gmeer Guueeme keÀes oMee&³ee nw ~ efpeme lejn DeefleefLe kesÀ Deeves Hej ieeBJe kesÀ ye®®es oewæ[-
oewæ[keÀj meyekeÀes met®evee osles nQ ~ Gmeer He´keÀej cesIe kesÀ Deeves keÀer met®evee osves kesÀ efueS nJee lesp]e ieefle mes ®eueves ueieleer
nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej DeefleefLe kesÀ Deeves Hej ieeBJe kesÀ ueesieeW keÀer Heéfleefke´À³ee nesleer nw, Gmeer He´keÀej yeeoueeW kesÀ Deeieceve Hej
He´ke=Àefle keÀer He´l³eskeÀ Jemleg pewmes - nJee, Heæs[, leeue, uelee, Je yetæ{e HeerHeue Deeefo DeHeveer Heéfleefke´À³ee osves ueieles nQ ~ [3]
A.9
i) keÀefJe ieg© Je F&MJej oesveeW kesÀ yeejs ceW mees®e jns nQ ~ Jes mees®e jns nQ efkeÀ cesjs mece#e ieg© Je F&MJej oesveeW Keæ[s nQ Deewj ceQ mecePe
veneR Hee jne nt@b efkeÀ cegPes Henues efkeÀmekesÀ ®ejCe mHeMe& keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ keÀefJe efHeÀj mJe³eb efJe®eej keÀjles nQ efkeÀ GvnW Henues
ieg© kesÀ ner ®ejCe mHeMe& keÀjvee ®eeefnS keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ieg© ves ner GvnW F&MJej lekeÀ HengB®eves keÀe ceeie& efoKee³ee ~ [2]
ii) keÀefJe DeHeves ieg© kesÀ ®ejCeeW ceW v³eesíeJej (meceefHe&le) nes peevee ®eenles nQ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ieg© F&MJej mes Yeer yeæ{keÀj nQ ~ ieg© ves
ner GvnW F&MJej lekeÀ HengB®eves keÀe ceeie& efoKee³ee DeLee&le F&MJej HeéeqHle keÀe ceeie& yelee³ee ~ GvekeÀe ceevevee nw efkeÀ ³eefo ieg©
GvekeÀe ceeie&oMe&ve ve keÀjles, lees Jen F&MJej lekeÀ vener HengB®e Heeles ~ ieg© ner De%eeve mes %eeve keÀer Deesj ues peeles nQ Deewj
Jes DeHeves eqMe<³e keÀes GÊece %eeve oskeÀj Gmes ceneve yeveeles nQ ~ [2]
iii) peneB DenbkeÀej jnlee nw JeneB F&MJej keÀe Jeeme venerb neslee ~ efpemekesÀ ceve ceW DenbkeÀej neslee nw JeneB F&MJej keÀer HeéeqHle veneR
nes mekeÀleer ~ FmeefueS keÀefJe nceW DenbkeÀej keÀe l³eeie keÀjves kesÀ efueS keÀnles nQ ~ DenbkeÀej Deewj He´sce DeLee&le F&MJej oesveeW
SkeÀ ner mLeeve Hej veneR jn mekeÀles ~
keÀefJe keÀyeerjoeme efveieg&Ce YeefkeÌle MeeKee kesÀ keÀefJe nQ FvekeÀe pevce mebJele 1455 ceW ceevee peelee nw ~ keÀyeerjoeme peer
Heæ{s-efueKes veneR Les ~ FvneWves cetefle&-Hetpee, {eWie-Dee[byej Deeefo keÀe [ìkeÀj efJejesOe efkeÀ³ee ~ FvekeÀer Yee<ee ceW DeveskeÀ
Yee<eeDeeW kesÀ MeyoeW keÀe cesue nw ~ FvekeÀer Yee<ee keÀes `meOegkeÌkeÀæ[er' ³ee `Heb®ecesue efKe®eæ[er' keÀne peelee nw ~ [3]
iv) `mee@keÀjer' keÀe DeLe& neslee nw lebie, meBkeÀjer ³ee Heleueer ~ keÀefJe keÀnles nw efkeÀ F&MJej HeéeqHle keÀe ceeie& yengle lebie nw Heleuee nw ~
F&MJej keÀer YeefkeÌle ceW DenbkeÀej kesÀ jnles veneR efkeÀ³ee pee mekeÀlee FmeefueS keÀyeerjoeme peer keÀnles nw efkeÀ DenbkeÀej Deewj
Heśce (F&MJej) SkeÀ meeLe veneR jn mekeÀles ~ peye lekeÀ ceveg<³e kesÀ ceve ceW DenbkeÀej nw leye lekeÀ Jeneb F&MJej keÀer YeefkeÌle veneR
nw Deewj peye DenbkeÀej otj nes peeSiee leye lekeÀ F&MJej keÀer meeOevee keÀj mekeÀlee nw ~ F&MJej HeéeqHle keÀe ceeie& lebie nw
FmeefueS GmeceW SkeÀ ner Jemleg mecee mekeÀleer nw DenbkeÀej ³ee He´sce ~ ceve ceW `ceQ' nw lees nefj (F&MJej) veneR Deewj F&MJej nQ lees
DenbkeÀej ceQ veneR ~ FmeefueS keÀefJe ves Heśce keÀer ieueer keÀes meeBkeÀjer (lebMe) keÀne nw ~ [3]
A.10
i) megYeêe kegÀceejer ®eewneve Üeje jef®ele keÀefJelee ceW ceele=cebefoj keÀer Deesj keÀe leelHe³e& ceele=Yetefce DeLee&le Oejleer ceelee mes nw ~
keÀJeef³e$eer keÀes ceele=Yetefce kesÀ HeébieCe mes yeefueoeve nesves kesÀ efueS mJejeW keÀer ietBpe megveeF& os jner nw FmeefueS Jen F&MJej mes
HeéLe&vee keÀjleer nw efkeÀ cegPes ceele=Yetefce keÀer keÀ©Ce HegkeÀej megveeF& os jner nw ~ cegPes peuoer-mes-peuoer ceele=cebefoj ceW HengB®eves kesÀ
efueS mene³elee keÀjW efpememes ceQ ceele=Yetefce keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS DeHeves HeéCeeW keÀe yeefueoeve keÀj mekeBtÀ ~ [2]
ii) keÀJeef³e$eer DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS mJe³eb keÀes yeefueoeve keÀjves keÀes lelHej nw, Jen DeHeves osMe kesÀ efueS
yeefueoeve nes peeves kesÀ HeLe Hej Deeies yeæ{vee ®eenleer nQ ~ Jen keÀnleer nQ efkeÀ ceQ DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce Hej keÀYeer Yeer Dev³ee³e
veneR nesves otBieer, ®eens GmekesÀ efueS GvnW DeHeves HeéCe ner keÌ³eeW ves osves Heæ[W ~ Jen DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce mes Del³evle He´sce keÀjleer
nQ Deewj GvekesÀ Ëo³e ceW osMe-He´sce keÀer YeeJevee ketÀì-ketÀì keÀj Yejer nw ~ FmeefueS keÀJeef³e$eer DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce keÀer j#ee kesÀ
efueS DeHeves HeéCe v³eesí
b eJej keÀj osvee ®eenleer nQ ~ [2]
327
iii) keÀJeef³e$eer keÀes cebefoj lekeÀ HengB®eves kesÀ ceeie& ceW DeveskeÀ keÀefþveeF³eeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw ~ ceele=cebefoj keÀer Deesj
peeves Jeeues ceeie& ceW DeveskeÀ Henjsoej Keæ[s nQ, pees keÀJeef³e$eer keÀes Gme ceeie& ceW Deeies yeæ{ves mes jeskeÀles nQ ~ ceele=cebefoj ceW
peeves kesÀ efueS TB®eer-TB®eer meerefæ{³ee nQ, efpeveceW Jen ®eæ{ veneR mekeÀleer keÌ³eesefkeÀ GvekesÀ keÀcepeesj Hewj Gme ogie&ce jemles ceW
eqHeÀmeueles nQ Deewj Jen Deeies veneR yeæ{ Heeleer ~ keÀJeef³e$eer keÀnleer nQ efkeÀ Jen De%eeveer Deewj oerve nwb, efpeme keÀejCe GvekesÀ
ceele=cebefoj peeves kesÀ ceeie& ceW DeveskeÀ yeeOeeSB Dee jner nQ Deewj GvekeÀe ceeie& jeskeÀ jner nwb ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle HeÐeebMe ceW keÀJeef³e$eer keÀe Ëo³e je<ì^ He´sce keÀer YeeJevee mes Deesle-Heésle nw ~ Jen ceele=Yetefce ªHeer ceeB kesÀ ®ejCeesb ceW
HengB®eves keÀes lelHej nQ ~ Jen DeHeves osMe keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS DeHevee meJe&mJe v³eesíeJej keÀj osves keÀes lew³eej nQ leLee efkeÀmeer
Yeer He´keÀej mes DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce keÀes Del³ee®eejeW me ye®eevee ®eenleer nQ ~ Jen osMe ceW J³eeHle Del³ee®eej, efnmb ee, Deeefo kesÀ
JeeleeJejCe keÀes meoe kesÀ efueS meceeHle keÀj osvee ®eenleer nQ leLee osMe ceW meceevelee Je yebOeglJe keÀer YeeJevee keÀe efJekeÀeme keÀjvee
®eenleer nwb ~ keÀJeef³e$eer Fme keÀefJelee kesÀ ceeO³ece mes HeeþkeÀeW keÀes mebosMe osvee ®eenleer nQ efkeÀ nceW DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce keÀer
j#ee kesÀ efueS ncesMee lelHej jnvee ®eeefnS ~ ceele=Yetefce keÀer mesJee kesÀ efueS nceW DeHeves HeéCeeW keÀe Yeer l³eeie keÀjvee Heæ[W, lees
nceW Heerís veneR nìvee ®eeefnS ~ [3]
ve³ee jemlee (meg<ecee Deie´Jeeue)

A.11
i) peye Deefcele keÀer cee@b Deefcele mes meefjlee kesÀ efjMles keÀer yeele keÀjleer nQ, leye Deefcele keÀnlee nw efkeÀ ceeB keÌ³ee yeæ[s Iej keÀer
yesìer legcnejs meeLe jn mekesÀieer ? Jen Deceerj Iej keÀer ueæ[keÀer nw ~ keÌ³ee Jen nceejs Iej kesÀ JeeleeJejCe ceW Iegue-efceue
mekesÀieer? ceeB ceervet ceW keÌ³ee keÀceer nw ? Deefcele kesÀ cegBn mes ceervet keÀer He´Mebmee megvekeÀj ceeB mecePe ieF& efkeÀ Deefcele meefjlee kesÀ
efjMles kesÀ efueS lew³eej veneR nw ~ [2]
ii) Deefcele kesÀ efHelee cee³eejece peer onspe-efJejesOeer Les Deewj meefjlee kesÀ efHelee DeHeveer Heg$eer keÀes efJeJeen ceW HeeB®e ueeKe ©He³es
onspe osves keÀer yeele keÀj jns Les ~ cee³eejece peer DeHeves Heg$e keÀes efkeÀmeer kesÀ neLeeW yes®evee veneR ®eenles Les ~ GvnW ceervet keÀe
mJeYeeJe Yeer De®íe ueiee, ceervet Heæ{er-efueKeer iegCeJeleer Leer Deewj ceervet kesÀ efjMles keÀes þgkeÀjekeÀj Jen efkeÀmeer keÀe efoue-
ogKeevee veneR ®eenles Les ~ FmeefueS cee³eejece peer meefjlee kesÀ efjMles keÀes mJeerkeÀej veneR keÀjvee ®eenles Les ~ [2]
iii) Deefcele Deewj meefjlee kesÀ efjMles kesÀ efueS ceeB DeHeves Heefle cee³eejece peer keÀes GkeÀmeeleer nw ~ Jen cee³eejece peer mes keÀnleer nw
efkeÀ ceervet kesÀ efHelee o³eejece keÀes SkeÀ He$e efueefKeS Deewj Gme He$e ceW ceervet keÀe veneR yeequkeÀ GmekeÀer íesìer yenve DeeMee
kesÀ efjMles keÀer yeele keÀerefpeS ~ Ssmee keÀjves Hej o³eejece peer yeæ[er yesìer keÀes íesæ[keÀj íesìer yesìer keÀe efJeJeen veneR keÀjvee
®eenWies Deewj efjMlee mJe³eb ner ìtì peeSiee ~ lelHeM®eeled nce Deefcele keÀe efjMlee meefjlee mes le³e keÀj oWies ~ ceeB keÀer Ssmeer
OeejCee mes GvekesÀ ueeue®eer mJeYeeJe kesÀ yeejs ceW Helee ®euelee nw ~ meefjlee mes yesìs keÀe efJeJeen keÀjeves Hej GvnW HeeB®e ueeKe
©He³es onspe efceueWies Deewj onspe kesÀ ueeue®e ceW Jen ceervet keÀe efjMlee þgkeÀje osleer nwb ~ [3]
iv) Meeoer kesÀ efJe<e³e ceW nceejs meceepe keÀer ³en HejbHeje nw efkeÀ ueæ[efkeÀ³eeW keÀe efJeJeen MeerIe´ keÀj osvee ®eeefnS Deewj yeæ[er yesìer
keÀe efJeJeen nesves kesÀ yeeo ner íesìer yesìer keÀe efJeJeen keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ yesìer keÀes nceejs meceepe ceW ceelee-efHelee kesÀ efueS
yeesPe mecePee peelee nw, Hejbleg DeepekeÀue kesÀ mece³e ceW ueæ[efkeÀ³eeB meceepe kesÀ efueS yeesPe veneR nw ~ Heé®eerve meceepe keÀer Fme
HejbHeje mes DeeOegefvekeÀ meceepe mes keÀesF& Yeer ueesie mencele veneR nes mekeÀles keÌ³eeWefkeÀ DeeOegefvekeÀ ³egie keÀer veejer DeHeves HewjeW Hej
Keæ[s nesvee ®eenleer nw ~ DeeOegefvekeÀ ³egie ceW efm$e³ee@ HegjÀ<eeW kesÀ meeLe kebÀOes-mes-kebÀOee efceueekeÀj keÀe³e& keÀj jner nQ ~ Deepe
keÀer veejer efMeef#ele nw, Jen mJe³eb DeHeves HeefjJeej keÀe Yeej mebYeeueleer nw Deewj HeefjJeej keÀe meneje yeve ieF& nw ~ meceepe ceW
DeHeveer efJeefMe<ì Hen®eeve yeveeves kesÀ efueS ceervet G®®e efMe#ee HeéHle keÀj DeelceefveYe&j yevevee ®eenleer nw ~ [3]
328
A.12
i) ceervet keÀes peye Helee ®euee efkeÀ Deefcele keÀe SskeÌmeer[Wì nes ie³ee nw Deewj Jen DemHeleeue ceW nw, leye ceervet Deefcele mes efceueves
DemHeleeue ieF& ~ DemHeleeue peeles mece³e ceervet kesÀ Ëo³e ceW SkeÀ DevleÜ&vÜ ®eue jne Lee efkeÀ GmekeÀe DemHeleeue peevee
Gef®ele nesiee ³ee veneR ~ keÀF& yeej GmekeÀes DevleëHe´sjCee ves JeeHeme cegæ[ peeves kesÀ efueS He´sefjle efkeÀ³ee, Hejbleg Jen Fme
DevleÜ&vÜ ceW HewÀmeuee veneR keÀj HeeF& ~ GmekesÀ keÀoce DemHeleeue keÀer Deesj yeæ{les ieS ~ [2]
ii) DemHeleeue ceW HengB®eves Hej ceervet ves osKee efkeÀ Deefcele keÀer ceeB Yeer JeneB nQ Deewj GvneWves ceervet keÀes He´sceHetJe&keÀ yewþe³ee Deewj ceervet
mes Hetíe, ceervet, legcnejer JekeÀeuele lees Hetjer nes ieF& nw vee ? GvekesÀ He´Mve keÀe GÊej osles ngS ceervet ves keÀne neB DeeCìer, ceQves
He´Lece ÞesCeer ceW JekeÀeuele Heeme keÀj ueer nw, Deye ³eneB cesjþ ceW ner HeẃefkeÌìme Megª keÀj oer nw ~ [2]
iii) ceervet kesÀ JekeÀeuele Heeme keÀjves Hej Deefcele keÀer ceeB keÀes efJeMes<e He´mevvelee nes jner Leer, ³en GvekesÀ He´mevve cegêe mes %eele nes
jne Lee ~ Deefcele keÀer ceeleepeer keÀes Deepe DeHeveer ieueleer keÀe Denmeeme nes jne Lee ~ GvneWves ceervet keÀes HeśceHetJe&keÀ yewþe³ee ~
GvnW Deepe %eele ngDee efkeÀ GvneWves ceervet keÀe efjMlee þgkeÀjekeÀj efkeÀleveer yeæ[er ieueleer keÀer Deewj Deepe GvekeÀer Fme ieueleer
keÀe oC[ GvekesÀ yesìs keÀes Yeesievee Heæ[ jne nw ~ Deefcele keÀer ceeB ceervet keÀes DeHevelJe efoKeeles ngS keÀnleer nw efkeÀ yesìer
[e@keÌìj DeHeveer Deesj mes HetCe& He´³eeme keÀj jns nQ efkeÀ Jen HetCe& ªHe mes mJemLe nes peeS ~ Jen keÀnleer nw efkeÀ Deepe Deefcele
keÀes oJee Deewj ogDee oesveeW keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nw, ³en keÀnkeÀj Jen Goeme nes peeleer nw ~ GvekesÀ Fmeer leke&À mes %eele neslee
nw efkeÀ GvnW DeHeveer ieueleer keÀe Denmeeme nes ie³ee ~ [3]
iv) ceervet kesÀ Ëo³e ceW ye®eHeve mes ner DeHebieeW kesÀ efueS o³ee keÀer YeeJevee Leer, Jen yengle o³eeueg Je YeeJegkeÀ Leer ~ peye Gmeves DeHeefnpe
ceveesnj keÀes osKee lees Jen ogKeer nes ieF& Gmemes ceveesnj keÀer neuele osKeer venerb ieF& ~ ceervet ves ceve-ner-ceve efveM®e³e efkeÀ³ee
efkeÀ Jen efkeÀmeer-ve-efkeÀmeer ªHe ceW ceveesnj keÀer mene³elee keÀjsieer ~ Ssmes ueesieeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjves kesÀ efueS ceervet ves
mebkeÀuHe efue³ee efkeÀ Jen efJeJeen kesÀ HeÀeuelet Ke®e& ceW mes kegÀí ©He³es ye®eekeÀj GvekeÀer mene³elee DeJeM³e keÀjsieer ~ ceervet ves
ceveesnj kesÀ efueS SkeÀ Heeve keÀer ogkeÀeve KeesuekeÀj GmekeÀer mene³elee keÀer ~ [3]
A.13
i) ceervet Fme mece³e veerefuecee kesÀ Iej Hej nw ~ ceervet DeHeveer veerefuecee kesÀ Heg$e kesÀ veecekeÀjCe mebmkeÀej ceW DeeF& nw ~ Deefcele
veerefuecee kesÀ Heefle megjsvê keÀe Ieefve<þ efce$e nw ~ Jen Yeer JeneB veecekeÀjCe ceW Dee³ee ngDee nw ~ Deefcele megjvs ê keÀes {tæ{les ngS
veerefuecee kesÀ keÀcejs ceW Dee³ee, Jener Hej Deefcele Je ceervet keÀer cegueekeÀele ngF& ~ [2]
ii) Deefcele Je ceervet keÀe efjMlee le³e nes ie³ee Lee Hejbleg ceelee-efHelee keÀer ieueleer kesÀ keÀejCe Jen efjMlee ve nes mekeÀe ~ Deefcele
ves ceervet keÀes osKeles ner DeHeveer peerJeve mebefieveer ceeve efue³ee Lee, Hejbleg Deefcele kesÀ IejJeeueeW ves pees J³eJenej ceervet kesÀ meeLe
efkeÀ³ee, GmekeÀer Jepen mes ceervet kesÀ Ëo³e ceW Deefcele Je Deefcele kesÀ HeefjJeej JeeueeW kesÀ Heéfle Ie=Cee GlHevve nes ieF& ~ [2]
iii) ceervet peye veerefuecee kesÀ Iej HengB®eer lees JeneB Deefcele Yeer Dee³ee ngDee Lee ~ veerefuecee ves yelee³ee efkeÀ Deefcele megjsvê keÀe efce$e
nw Deewj cesjþ kesÀ efkeÀmeer yeæ[s Iej keÀer ueæ[keÀer kesÀ meeLe Deefcele keÀe efjMlee le³e ngDee Lee ~ Meeoer mes SkeÀ cenervee Henues
ueæ[keÀer JeeueeW ves kegÀí Ssmeer yeelesb keÀnerb efkeÀ efjMlee leesæ[vee Heæ[e ~ ceervet ®egHe®eeHe veerefuecee keÀer yeelesb megveleer jner ~
veerefuecee ves ceervet keÀes yelee³ee efkeÀ Deefcele ves ceerjeHegj ceW keÀesF& ueæ[keÀer osKeer Leer Deewj Jen GvnW yengle Hemebo Leer ~ Deefcele
kesÀ ceelee-efHelee kesÀ keÀejCe Jen efjMlee ìtì ie³ee, Hejbleg Deepe Jes Yeer ®eenles nQ efkeÀ ³eefo Gme ueæ[keÀer keÀe efJeJeen ve ngDee
nes, lees Gmeer mes Meeoer keÀjsb ~ veerefuecee keÀes ³en yeele %eele veneR Leer efkeÀ Jen ueæ[keÀer ceervet ner nw ~ peye Yeer Deefcele keÀer
yeeleW ®eueleer lees ceervet keÀe Ëo³e Deefcele kesÀ efueS Ie=Cee mes Yej peelee Lee Hejbleg me®®eeF& peeveves Hej Deepe ceervet keÀes
Deefcele kesÀ yeejs ceW keÀer ieF& yeeleW De®íer ueie jner Leer ~ [3]
329
iv) ceervet HeefjeqmLeefle³eeW mes nej ceevevesJeeueer ueæ[keÀer veneR Leer Gmeves efoKee efo³ee efkeÀ veejer Deyeuee veneR meyeuee nesleer nw ~
peerJeve mes nej ve ceeveves Jeeueer veejer ceervet ves DeHeves peerJeve keÀe SkeÀ ue#³e efveOee&efjle efkeÀ³ee efkeÀ Gmes DeHeves HewjeW Hej Keæ[e
nesvee Lee Deewj Jen DeelceefveYe&j yevevee ®eenleer Leer ~
Deefcele kesÀ IejJeeueeW Üeje GmekeÀe efjMlee veecebpetj efkeÀ³es peeves Hej ceervet kesÀ ceve ceW nerve YeeJevee GlHevve nes ieF& Deewj
Gmeves efJeJeen ve keÀjves keÀe efveM®e³e efkeÀ³ee ~ ceervet ves JekeÀeuele ceW oeefKeuee efue³ee Deewj He´Lece ÞesCeer ceW JekeÀeuele keÀer
Hejer#ee GÊeerCe& keÀer Deewj Gmeves DeHeves peerJeve keÀe O³es³e HetCe& efkeÀ³ee ~ GmekesÀ peerJeve keÀe O³es³e Lee SkeÀ De®íer JekeÀerue
yevevee Deewj meceepe ceW mecceeve keÀer efpeboieer peervee ~ Jen meye neefmeue keÀjkesÀ ceervet ves efmeodOe keÀj efo³ee efkeÀ veejer efkeÀmeer
mes keÀce veneR nesleer ~ [3]
SkeÀebkeÀer meb®e³e
A.14
i) He´mlegle keÀLeve peerJeveueeue ves Hećeeso mes keÀne ~ Hećeeso keÀceuee keÀe YeeF& nw ~ peerJeve ueeue Hećeeso Üeje efoS ieS onspe
mes He´mevve veneR Les ~ Hećeeso DeHeveer yenve keÀceuee keÀes GmekesÀ memegjeue mes ues peeves kesÀ efueS Dee³ee Lee, peneB keÀceuee kesÀ
memegj Hećeeso mes onspe keÀer ceeBie keÀjles ngS keÀceuee keÀer efJeoeF& keÀjves mes cevee keÀj osles nQ ~ Jes Hećeeso keÀe ³en keÀnkeÀj
DeHeceeve keÀjles nQ efkeÀ legceves yeejele keÀer Keeeflejoejer þerkeÀ mes veneR keÀer Deewj legcnejer Jepen mes efyejeojer ceW cesjer veece
keÀì ieF& ~ [2]
ii) `cejnce' keÀe DeLe& neslee nw òJee' Hejbleg ³eneB cejnce mes leelHe³e& nw ònspe' ~ peerJeveueeue keÀes ³en ueielee nw efkeÀ Hećeeso
SJeb GmekesÀ HeefjJeej JeeueeW ves yesìer Jeeues nesves keÀe HeÀp]e& veneR efveYee³ee DeLee&le GvneWves DeHeveer yenve keÀceuee keÀes Hetje
onsp]e veneR efo³ee Deewj yeejele keÀer Keeeflejoejer Yeer þerkeÀ mes veneR keÀer ~ efpeme keÀejCe peerJeveueeue keÀes meceepe ceW
Meefce&voe nesvee Heæ[e Deewj GvekesÀ mecceeve keÀes þsme HengB®eer nw ~ peerJeve ueeue kesÀ Devegmeej Fme ®eesì keÀe Fueepe kesÀJeue
onspe kesÀ HeeB®e np]eej ©He³es oskeÀj ner efkeÀ³ee pee mekeÀlee nw Deewj ³ener onspe GvekesÀ IeeJe kesÀ efueS cejnce kesÀ meceeve nw ~ [2]
iii) JekeÌlee peerJeve ueeue keÀer Gce´ He®eeme Je<e& nw ~ Jen iecYeerj mJeYeeJe kesÀ SkeÀ Oeveer J³eeHeejer nQ ~ Jen ueesYeer DenbkeÀejer,
YeeJevee Metv³e J³eefkeÌle nQ, pees mebyebOeeW keÀer DeHes#ee Oeve keÀes DeeqOekeÀ cenÊJe osles nQ ~ Jen yent Deewj yesìer keÀes SkeÀ ner
lejepet ceW leewuevee veneR ®eenles nQ Deewj yent Deewj yesìer ceW Yeso-YeeJe keÀjles nQ ~ peerJeveueeue DeHeveer ueesYeer He´Je=efle kesÀ
keÀejCe ner DeHeveer yent keÀceuee keÀes cee³ekesÀ keÀs efueS efJeoe keÀjves mes cevee keÀj osles nQ ~ peerJeveueeue ceW DenbkeÀej ketÀì-
ketÀì keÀj Yeje nw ~ GvekesÀ DenbkeÀejer mJeYeeJe keÀe Helee leye ®euelee nw, peye Jen DeHeveer yesìer ieewjer kesÀ efJeJeen keÀe yeKeeve
mJe³eb keÀjles nQ Deewj Hećeeso keÀes ueeqppele keÀjles nQ ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle SkeÀebkeÀer ceW ònspe He´Lee' keÀer mecem³ee keÀes Gþe³ee ie³ee nw ~ meceepe ceW J³eeHle onspe keÀer kegÀHe´Lee kesÀ HeefjCeeceeW
keÀes oMee&³ee ie³ee nw ~ Fme mecem³ee keÀes otj keÀjves kesÀ efueS mejkeÀej Üeje DeveskeÀ keÀoce GþeS ieS nQ ~ onspe efJejesOeer
keÀevetve yeveeS ieS nQ ~ mejkeÀej Üeje GþeS ieS þesme keÀoce leYeer keÀejiej meeefyele neWies peye meceepe kesÀ ueesieeW keÀer
peeie©keÀlee yeæ{sieer ~ onspe He´Lee keÀer mecem³ee keÀes meceeHle keÀjves kesÀ efueS ³egJeeDeeW keÀes Deeies Deevee nesiee Deewj onspe
jefnle efJeJeen keÀes yeæ{eJee osvee nesiee ~ GvnW mebkeÀuHe uesvee nesiee efkeÀ Jes ve onspe ueWies Deewj ve oWies ~ ³eefo nceejs osMe kesÀ
³egJeeDeesb ceW peeie©keÀlee DeeSieer leYeer meceepe mes onspe He´Lee keÀer mecem³ee meceeHle nesieer ~ [3]
A.15
i) GHejeskeÌle keÀLeve keÀe JekeÌle cenejeCee ueeKee nQ Deewj Þeeslee DeYe³e efmebn nQ ~ cenejeCee ueeKee cesJeeæ[ kesÀ MeemekeÀ nQ ~
³es Hejeke´Àceer, meenmeer, efJeJeskeÀMeerue leLee Jeerjlee keÀe mecceeve keÀjves Jeeues MeemekeÀ nQ ~ ³en GvekesÀ Üeje ueer ieF& keÀþesj
Heéfle%ee mes ner ueiee³ee pee mekeÀlee nw, efpemeceW Jes leye lekeÀ Devve-peue ieńCe ve keÀjves keÀer Heéfle%ee uesles nQ, peye lekeÀ Jes
yetBoer ceW memewv³e He´Je´Me veneR keÀj uesles ~
330
DeYe³eefmebn ceWJeeæ[ kesÀ mesveeHeefle nQ ~ Jen SkeÀ ®elegj, mecePeoej Deewj efJeMJeeme Hee$e nQ ~ Jen Jeerj, meenmeer Je
mecePeoej mesveeHeefle nQ ~ [2]
ii) yetBoer kessÀ MeemekeÀ jeJenscet Üeje cesJeeæ[ keÀer iegueeceer DemJeerkeÀej keÀjves Hej cenejeCee ueeKee keÀe mJe³eb kesÀ Deelcemecceeve Hej
Heńej-mee cenmetme ngDee ~ GvneWsves yetBoer keÀes Hejeefpele keÀjves kesÀ efueS SkeÀ Yeer<eCe Heéfle%ee ueer efkeÀ peye lekeÀ Jen yetBoer Hej
memewv³e He´JesMe veneR keÀj uesles, leye lekeÀ Jen Devve-peue ieńCe veneR keÀjWies ~ yetBoer kesÀ MeemekeÀ jece nscet Üeje efkeÀS ieS
DeHeceeve mes cenejeCee ueeKee keÀes DeeIeele HengB®ee Deewj GvneWves Ssmeer keÀþesj Heéfle%ee keÀj ueer ~ [2]
iii) neæ[e JebMe kesÀ jepee jeJe nscet Les ~ Jes yetBoer kesÀ MeemekeÀ Les ~ neæ[e kesÀ ueesieeW kesÀ efueS keÀne ie³ee nw efkeÀ Jes Fleves, Jeerj,
efveYeeakeÀ Deewj meenmeer nQ efkeÀ ³eg× keÀjves ceW Jes ³ece mes Yeer veneR [jles ~ Jeerj efmebn pees yetBoer keÀe jnves Jeeuee neæ[e JebMe keÀe
Jeerj nw ~ DeHeveer Jeerjlee keÀe Heefj®e³e oskeÀj Jeerj efmebn Fefleneme ceW Decej nes ie³ee ~ He´l³eskeÀ neæ[e JebMe Jeerj DeHeveer
ceele=Yetefce kesÀ efueS DeHeveer peeve keÀer yeepeer ueieeves keÀes Yeer lew³eej jnles nQ ~
peneB Hej Yeer SkeÀ neæ[e nw JeneB yetBoer keÀe DeHeceeve keÀesF& veneR keÀj mekeÀlee, ®eens Jen yetBoer keÀe vekeÀueer ogie& ner
keÌ³eeW ve nes ~ neæ[e JebMe keÀe Jeerj meHetle Jeerj efmebn DeHeveer pevceYetefce yetBoer keÀe DeHeceeve nesles veneR osKe mekeÀe Deewj DeHeveer
pevceYetefce keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS Gmeves DeHeves HeéCeeW keÀer yeefue os oer ~ [3]
iv) ``HeéCe peeSB Hej Je®eve ve peeSB '' keÀneJele keÀe DeLe& nw - efoS ieS Je®eve keÀe Heeueve keÀjves kesÀ efueS HeéCe Yeer l³eeie osvee ~
³en keÀLeve cenejeCe ueeKee Üeje keÀne ie³ee nw ~ cenejeCee ueeKee ves DeeJesMe ceW pees efJeJeskeÀnerve Heéfle%eee keÀer Leer efkeÀ
peye lekeÀ memewv³e yetBoer ceW He´JesMe veneR keÀªBiee, leye lekeÀ Devve-peue ieńCe veneR keÀjBÀiee ~ cenejeCee keÀer Heéfle%ee megvekeÀj
GvekeÀe efJeMJemeveer³e mesveeHeefle DeYe³e efmebn Gvemes Heéfle%ee JeeHeme uesves kesÀ efueS keÀnles nQ leye cenejeCee ueeKee keÀnles nQ
efkeÀ `HeéCe peeSB Hej Je®eve ve peeSB' - ³en nceejs peerJeve keÀe cetue-ceb$e nw, pees leerj lejkeÀMe mes efvekeÀuekeÀj keÀceeve Hej
®eæ{ keÀj ítì ie³ee, Gmes yeer®e ceW veneR ueewìe³ee pee mekeÀlee ~ [3]
A.16
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve oeoe cetuejepe DeHeveer Heesleer Fvog mes keÀnles nQ , peye oeoepeer keÀer íesìer Heleesnt yesuee DeHeves memegjeue ceW
Deeleer nw lees HeefjJeej ceW nue®eue ce®e peeleer nw efkebÀleg yesuee meyemes DeefOekeÀ Heæ{er-efueKeer Leer ~ íesìer yent yesuee kesÀ HeefjJeej ceW
ve Oegue-efceue Heeves kesÀ keÀejCe Fbog yesuee mes veejepe nw ~ oeoepeer veneR ®eenles efkeÀ efkeÀmeer keÀejCe JeMe yesuee HeefjJeej mes
Deueie nes FmeefueS Jes Fbog nQ mecePeeles nw efkeÀ yesuee keÀe mecceeve keÀjW leeefkeÀ GmekeÀe ceve Gme Iej ceW ueie peeS ~ [2]
ii) meye [eefue³eeB meeLe-meeLe HeÀueves-HetÀueves keÀe DeeMe³e nQ efkeÀ HeefjJeej kesÀ meYeer meom³e SkeÀ meeLe efceue-petue keÀj He´sce mes
jnW ~ [eefue³eeW mes ner Hesæ[ yevelee nw ®eens [eefue³eeB íesìer nes ³ee yeæ[er DeLee&le HeefjJeej kesÀ íesì-s yeæ[s meom³eeW mes ner
Hetje HeefjJeej yevelee nw ~ Iej kesÀ meejs meom³eeW mes ner Iej keÀer MeesYee yeæ{leer nw ~ HeefjJeej kesÀ He´l³eskeÀ meom³e KegMe jnsiee lees
HeefjJeej ceW KegMeneueer jnsieer Deewj SkeÀ njs-Yejs Je=#e keÀer YeeBefle uenjeSiee meYeer keÀes njs-Yejs Je=#e keÀer Meerleue íe³ee
HeéHle nesieer ~ `[eefue³eeB' Meyo keÀe He´³eesie ³eneB HeefjJeej kesÀ meom³eeW kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej Hesæ[ keÀer
[eefue³eeW mes Hesæ[ nje-Yeje efoKelee nw, Jewmes ner HeefjJeej kesÀ meom³eeW mes HeefjJeej KegMeneue efoKelee nw ~ [2]
iii) HeefjJeej kesÀ cegefKe³ee oeoe cetuejepe keÀer DeekeÀeb#ee nw efkeÀ meye KegMeneue jnW keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jes veneR, ®eenles efkeÀ HeefjJeej kesÀ
efkeÀmeer Yeer meom³e kesÀ ceve ceW kegÀí celeYeso nes ~ Deiej Ssmee ngDee lees HeefjJeej kesÀ efyeKejves keÀe Ye³e jnsiee ~ Jen HeefjJeej
kesÀ meYeer meom³ee kesÀ ceve ceW He´sce-YeeJevee peeie´le keÀjvee ®eenles nwb leeefkeÀ keÀesF& HeefjJeej mes Deueie ve nes, efpeme He´keÀej
yejieo keÀe Hesæ[ DeHeveer MejCe ceW DeeS HeéefCe³eeW keÀes Meerleue íe³ee Heóeve keÀjlee nw, Gmeer He´keÀej oeoepeer ®eenles nQ efkeÀ
331
HeefjJeej kesÀ meYeer meom³e GvekeÀer í$e-íe³ee ceW jnW ~ Jes DeHeves HeefjJeej keÀes DeHeveer megKeo íe³ee keÀe Deevebo Heóeve keÀjvee
®eenles nQ ~
Fme SkeÀebkeÀer mes nceW ³en efMe#ee efceueleer nw efkeÀ nceW menveMeerue Je mecePeoej nesvee ®eeefnS Deewj HeefjJeej kesÀ He´l³eskeÀ
meom³e keÀe mecceeve keÀjvee Je GvekeÀer YeeJeveeDeeW keÀes mecePevee ®eeefnS ~ SkeÀlee ceWs ner yeue neslee nw ~ ³eefo HeefjJeej ceW
efceue-peguekeÀj jnsb, lees He´l³eskeÀ mecem³ee keÀe meceeOeeve menpelee mes nes peelee nw ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle keÀLeve mes oeoepeer kesÀ G®®e efJe®eejeW keÀe Helee ®euelee nw Jen HeefjÞeceer, meenmeer Je efve<þeJeeve J³eefkeÌle nQ Deewj
DeHeves HeefjJeej kesÀ He´l³eskeÀ meom³e keÀe O³eeve jKeles nQ ~ Gce´ ceW 72 Je<e& kesÀ nesves Hej Yeer GvekeÀe Mejerj PegkeÀe veneR nw ~
íesìer yent yesuee keÀer ieueefle³eeW keÀes Yeer Jen menpelee mes vep]ejDeboep]e keÀjles nQ Deewj DeHeveer metPe-yetPe mes HeefjJeej JeeueeW
keÀes mecePee-yegPeekeÀj yesuee keÀe O³eeve jKeves kesÀ efueS keÀnles nQ ~ oeoepeer kesÀ ®eefj$e mes ³en efme× neslee nw efkeÀ HeefjJeej
keÀer efpeccesoejer efkeÀmeer mecePeoej J³eefkeÌle kesÀ neLe ceW nesves Hej ner HeefjJeej keÀer YeueeF& nw, HeefjJeej kesÀ cegefKe³ee keÀes oeoe
cetuejepe keÀer lejn metPe-yetPe Jeeuee, meenmeer, efve<þeJeeve, menveMeerue Deewj ceOegjYee<eer nesvee ®eeefnS ~ GmeceW HeefjJeej
keÀes SkeÀ met$e ceW yeeBOeves keÀer #ecelee nesveer ®eeefnS, pees nceW oeoepeer kesÀ mJeYeeJe ceW osKeves keÀes efceuelee nw ~ oeoepeer
SkeÀ HeefjHekeÌJe yegodefOe kesÀ mJeeceer nQ, pees SkeÀ Ssmee GHee³e {tBæ{ efvekeÀeueles nQ efkeÀ ie=nkeÀe³e& ceW men³eesie ve keÀjves Jeeueer
m$eer Yeer Iej kesÀ keÀe³eeX ceW mJes®íe mes men³eesie osves ueieleer nw ~ oeoepeer ves DeHeves keÀesceue mJeYeeJe mes keÀþesjlee keÀes Yeer
keÀesceuelee ceW yeoueves keÀer yeele efme× keÀj oer ~ [3]

332
A.1 [15]
i) `HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee ueeskeÀ-keÀu³eeCe ceW HetCe& nesleer nw ~'

`HejesHekeÀej' Meyo oes MeyoeW mes efceuekeÀj yevee nw- Hej + GHekeÀej ~ HejesHekeÀej Meyo keÀe DeLe& nw efveëmJeeLe& YeeJe
mes otmejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjvee ~ ceveg<³e kesÀ ceve ceW peye HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee pevce uesleer nw leYeer Jen ceneve yevelee nw ~
mebmeej ceW HejesHekeÀej mes ye{keÀj keÀesF& Oece& veneR nw ~ DeHeves mJeeLe& mes THej GþkeÀj pees ceveg<³e otmejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjlee
nw Jener ceeveJeesef®ele keÀle&J³e keÀnueelee nw~ efpemekesÀ ceve ceW meceepe ceW otmejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjves keÀer YeeJevee efpeleveer
DeefOekeÀ nesleer nw Jen J³eefkeÌle meceepe ceW Glevee ner megKeer Deewj mece=odOe neslee nw ~ otmejeW keÀer mesJee keÀjves mes yeæ[e Oece& keÀesF&
veneR nw ~ FmeefueS leguemeeroeme peerves keÀne nw efkeÀ -
Hejefnle meefjme Oejce veneR YeeF& ~ Hej Heeræ[e mece veefnb DeOeceeF& HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee ceveg<³e keÀe mJeeYeeefJekeÀ iegCe
nw ~ ³en YeeJevee, He´l³eskeÀ ceveg<³e kesÀ Ëo³e ceW nesleer nw, Hejbleg Jen YeeJevee meYeer kesÀ Ëo³e ceW peeie=le nes ³en mebYeJe veneR ~
HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee ceveg<³e kesÀ ce ceW ner veneR DeefHeleg HeMeg-Heef#e³eeW, Je=#eeW, Deewj veefo³eeW ceW Yeer HeeF& peeleer nw ~ He´ke=Àefle
keÀe mJeYeeJe Yeer HejesHekeÀejer neslee nw ~ pewmes-yeeoue mJe³eb kesÀ efueS veneR yejmeles, Je=#e DeHeves HeÀueeW keÀes mJe³eb veneR Keeleer,
veoer DeHevee peue mJe³eb veneR Heerleer~ Fme He´keÀej HejesHekeÀej SkeÀ mJeeYeeefJekeÀ iegCe nw - leye keÀyeerj oemepeer ves keÀne nw -
`Je=#e keÀyeng veneR HeÀue YeKes, veoer veemeeb®es veerj HejceejLe kesÀ keÀejCees, mee Oetj Oeje Mejerj ~' ceveg<³e kesÀ keÀce& keÀer
megbojlee efpeve iegCeeW mes He´keÀì nesleer nw GveceW HejeHekeÀej meyemes THej nw ~ oeve, l³eeie, meefn<Ceglee, Oew³e&, Deewj F&MJejer³e
me=eq<ì keÀe mecceeve keÀe mecceeve keÀjvee Deeefo iegCe HejesHekeÀej kesÀ Debleie&le Deeles nw~ mebmeej ceW Ssmes J³eefkeÌle³eeWkeÀe veece Decej
nes peeles nQ pees otmejeW kesÀ efueS DeHevee meJe&mJe v³eesíeJej keÀjves keÀes lelHej jnlee nw ~
ceveg<³e #egês mes ceneve Deewj efJejue mes efJejeì leYeer yeve mekeÀlee nw, leye GmekesÀ ceve ceW HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee pevce
uesleer nw ~ ceveg<³elee keÀer keÀmeewìer HejesHekeÀej nw ~ peiele-keÀu³eeCe kesÀ efueS cenef<e& oefOe®eer ves je#emeeW kesÀ efJeveeMe kesÀ efueS
DeHeveer næ[ef[³eeB oeve ceW osoer ~ jepee efMeefJe ves keÀyetlej keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS yeepe keÀes DeHeves Mejerj mes ceebme keÀe ìgkeÀæ[e
keÀeìkeÀj os efo³ee ~ efMeJeepeer ves efJe<e keÀe Heeve Yeer peiele-keÀu³eeCe kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee ~ ueeskeÀ keÀu³eeCe kesÀ efueS
F&meecemeern metueer Hej ®eæ{ ieS Deewj cenelcee ieeBOeer ves osMe kesÀ efueS DeHeves meerves Hej ieesefue³eeB KeeF& ~ Fme He´keÀej Fefleneme
keÀe SkeÀ-SkeÀ Hevvee HejesHekeÀejer ceneHeg©<eeW keÀer ieeLee DeeW mes Yeje ngDee nw ~
Heśce Deewj HejesHekeÀej SkeÀ ner efmekeÌkesÀ kesÀ oes Henuet nQ ~ efkeÀmeer Yeer HeéCeer-cee$e kesÀ Heéfle mvesn Deewj Jeelmeu³e keÀer
YeeJevee HejesHekeÀej mes pegæ[er nesleer nw ~ Heśce ceW yeefueoeve Deewj l³eeie keÀer YeeJevee HeÓeeve nesleer nw ~ pees J³eefkeÌle HejesHekeÀejer
neslee nw, Jen otmejeW kesÀ efnle kesÀ efueS DeHeveer meJe&mJe v³eesíeJej keÀjves kesÀ efueS lelHej jnlee nw ~ HejesHekeÀejer J³eefkeÌle keÀ<ì
GþekeÀj Yeer HejesHekeÀej keÀjvee veneR íesæ[lee efpeme He´keÀej cesnboer ueieeves Jeeues kesÀ neLe ceW Yeer DeHevee jbie íesæ[ osleer nw, Gmeer
He´keÀej HejesHekeÀejer J³eefkeÌle keÀer mebiele meoe megKe osves Jeeueer nesleer nw ~
HejesHekeÀej ceeveJe meceepe keÀe DeeOeej nw ~ Deewj ceeveJe keÀe me®®ee DeeYet<eCe nw ~ FmeefueS keÀne ie³ee nw efkeÀ
``HejesHekeÀeje³e meleeb efJeYetlejë'' DeLee&le melHeg©<eeW keÀe DeuebkeÀej lees HejesHekeÀej ner nw ~ nceeje keÀle&J³e nw efkeÀ nce
HejesHekeÀejer J³eefkeÌle³eeW mes He´sefjle neskeÀj DeHeves peerJeve-HeLe Hej Deie´mej nesJeW~
Deuyeì&-DeeFbmìerve ves keÀne Lee - `³en nj SkeÀ J³eefkeÌle keÀe oeef³elJe yevelee nw efkeÀ Jen mebmeej keÀes Glevee lees
DeJeM³e ueewìe os, efpelevee Gmeves Fmemes efue³ee nw~ otmejeW kesÀ efueS efpe³ee ie³ee peerJeve ner Gef®ele peerJeve nw FmeefueS pees
kegÀí nceejs Heeme nw, GmeceW mes kegÀí HejesHekeÀej ceW DeJeM³e ueieeSb ~
HejesHekeÀej keÀer He´Je=eqle keÀes DeHeveekeÀj nce F&MJej odJeeje j®eer ieF& me=eq<ì keÀer mesJee keÀjles nQ ~ Ssmee keÀjves mes nceW pees
Deelcemeblees<e Deewj le=eqHle efceueleer nw Gmemes nceejer meejer mebHeefÊe³eeW keÀer meeLe&keÀlee meeefyele nesleer nw ~ HejesHekeÀej keÀer SkeÀ
DeeO³eeqlcekeÀ GHe³eesefielee Yeer nw~ Jen ³en nw efkeÀ nce otmejeW keÀer Deelcee keÀes megKe HengB®ee keÀj DeHeveer ner Deelcee keÀes megKeer
yeveeles nw~ HejesHekeÀej keÀe Heeueve keÀjveener DeeeqlcekeÀ Meebefle nw ~
333
ii) íe$eeW kesÀ peerJeve ceW DeeJeemeer³e efJeÐeeue³eeW keÀer GHe³eesefielee ~

DeepekeÀue osMe ceW DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW keÀer mebK³ee efove-Heéfleefove yeæ{leer pee jner nw ~ ceelee-efHelee DeHeves
ye®®eeW keÀes Fve efJeod³eeue³eeW ceW He´JesMe efoueevee ®eenles nQ ~ DeeOegefvekeÀ ceelee-efHelee keÀes efJeMJeeme nes ie³ee nw efkeÀ
DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW ceW yesnlej efMe#ee Heóeve keÀer peeleer nw ~ JeneB DevegMeemeve lees nw Deewj Mewef#ekeÀ JeeleeJejCe Yeer nw ~
efve³eefcele peerJeve peerves keÀe He´³elve ner DevegMeemeve nw ~ DevegMeemeve efkeÀmeer Jeie& ³ee Dee³eg efJeMes<e kesÀ ueesieeW kesÀ efueS veneR,
yeequkeÀ meYeer kesÀ efueS DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw~ efJeod³eeLeea peerJeve ceW DevegMeemeve keÀe efJeMes<e cenllJe nw ~ pees efJeod³eeLeea peerJeve ceW
Gef®ele DevegMeemeve ceW jnkeÀj mece³e J³eleerle keÀjlee nw, GmekeÀe peerJeve ke´Àce SkeÀ Ssmes J³eJeeqmLele leLee meHeÀue ceeie& Hej
®eueves keÀe DeY³eeme nes peelee nw efkeÀ Jen efJeod³eeLeea peerJeve ceW meHeÀuelee Je mecceeve lees Heevee ner nw, YeefJe<³e kesÀ efueS ceeie&
efveOee&jCe ceW meHeÀue neslee nw ~ Gmes ³en DevegMeemeve efJeod³eeue³e mes HeéHle neslee nw ~ ceelee-efHelee mees®eles nw, efkeÀ ye®®es keÀes
DeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³e ceW Yespee peeS lees Jen Iej mes otj DevegMeemeve ceW jnsiee Deewj Gef®ele efMe#ee ieńCe keÀjsiee ~
Heé®eerve mece³e ceW ceelee-efHelee ye®®eeW keÀes ieg©kegÀue ceW Yespe osles Les peneB Jes DevegMeemeve ceW yeodOe jnles Les Deewj
efJeod³eeLeea peerJeve keÀe Heeueve keÀjles Les ~ ceelee-efHelee mes otj jnkeÀj Jes DeHeveer mecem³eeDeeW keÀe meceeOeeve mJe³eb keÀjles Les ~
DeepekeÀue ceelee-efHelee oesveeW veekeÀjer ³ee J³eJemee³e keÀjves ceW Fleves J³emle nes ieS nQ efkeÀ GvekesÀ Heeme ye®®eeW keÀer osKeYeeue
kesÀ efueS He³ee&Hle mece³e veneR neslee nw ~ FmeefueS Jes ye®®eeW keÀes DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW ceW Yespe efo³ee peelee nw~
DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW kesÀ mekeÀejelcekeÀ Deewj vekeÀejelcekeÀ oesveeW HeÝeeJe Heæ[les nQ~ mekeÀejelcekeÀ ³es efkeÀ ye®®es
DevegMeeefmele menveMeerue Deewj DeelceefveYe&j nes peeles nQ ~ ceelee-efHelee Deewj Iej kesÀ meom³eeW keÀer DevegHeeqmLeefle ceW Jes mJe³eb ner
DeHeveer mecem³eeDeeW keÀe meceeOeeve keÀj uesles nQ ~ Deece leewj Hej Mejejleer Deewj DeJe%eekeÀejer ye®®eeW keÀes DevegMeemeve yeodOe
Je megOeejves kesÀ efueS Fve efJeod³eeue³eeW ceW Yespee peelee nw ~ Gme ceenewue ceW kegÀí ye®®es megOej peeles nw kegÀí Deewj Del³eeefOekeÀ
HeéfleyebOe kesÀ keÀejCe efyeieæ[ peeles nQ ~ JeneB ye®®eeW keÀes Deueie-lejerkesÀ keÀe ceenewue efceuelee nw, efpememes ye®®eeW keÀe yesnlej
efJekeÀeme neslee nw~ ³ener keÀejCe nw efkeÀ DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW keÀer ceebie yeæ{leer pee jner nw ~
DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³eeW kesÀ yeejs ceW meyekeÀer Deueie-Deueie je³e nQ ~ keÀF& ueesie FmekesÀ yeejs ceW vekeÀejelcekeÀ efJe®eej
J³ekeÌle keÀjles nQ ~ GvnW ueielee nw efkeÀ ³ene@b ye®®eeW kesÀ meeLe meKleer keÀer peeleer nw Deewj DevegMeeefmele ceenewue ceW jKee peelee
nw~ Fmemes ye®®eeW Hej ieuele Demej Heæ[lee nw Jen DeHevee ye®eHeve veneR peer Heeles nQ ~ DeHeefjef®ele ueesieeW Deewj veS HeefjJesMe ceW
jnves kesÀ keÀejCe Jen DeHeves DeeHekeÀes Demegjef#ele cenmetme keÀjlee nw ~ efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle ieefleefJeefOe³eeW kesÀ keÀejCe
ye®®es Del³eeefOekeÀ J³emle jnves ueieles nw ~ Jes DeHeves ceelee-efHelee keÀes FmekeÀe efpeccesoej þnjeles nQ Deewj Oeerjs-Oeerjs ceelee-
efHelee mes efJecegKe nesves ueieles nQ ~
Jele&ceeve mece³e ceW DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³e keÀer ceebie yeæ{ves keÀe keÀejCe FmekeÀe ienje HeÝeeJe ye®®es kesÀ peerJeve Deewj
GmekesÀ HesMes ceW Heæ[lee nw ~ ye®®es JeneB DeefOekeÀ DevegMeeefmele neskeÀj jnles nQ Deewj Fme keÀejCe Heæ{eF& ceW GvekeÀe O³eeve keWÀeffêle
jnlee nw ~ otmejer yeele DeeJeemeer³e efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ ye®®eeW ceW He´l³eskeÀ keÀe³e& keÀes mJe³eb keÀjves keÀer Deeole Heæ[ peeleer nw
FmeefueS Jes DeeqOekeÀ efpeccesoej yeveles nQ ~ FmekesÀ meeLe&keÀ HeefjCeece ye®®es kesÀ YeefJe<³e Hej vepej Deeles nQ FmeefueS Jes keÀce
mece³e ceW DeefOekeÀ ®eerpeW meerKe Heeles nQ ~ ³eneB ye®®eeW kesÀ meJee¥ieerCe efJekeÀeme Hej O³eeve efo³ee peelee nw ~ [15]
iii) meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej kesÀ GlmeJe keÀe Deevebo~

meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej ceW HeefjJeej kesÀ meejs meom³e oeoe-oeoer, ceelee-efHelee ®ee®ee-®ee®eer Deewj GvekesÀ ye®®es SkeÀ ner íle
kesÀ veer®es SkeÀpegì neskeÀj jnles nQ~ efyevee HeefjJeej kesÀ meceepe keÀer j®evee kesÀ yeejs ceW mees®e Heevee DemebYeJe nw ~
meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej ceW njoce SkeÀ GlmeJe keÀe ner ceenewue jnlee nw~ meYeer HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ meom³e efceue pegue keÀj nBmeer
cepeekeÀ keÀjles ngS Deevegoce³e peerJeve J³eleerle keÀjles nQ ~ GlmeJe nceejs peerJeve ceW metvesHeve keÀes otj keÀj nceW veweflekeÀ
cetu³eeW mes peesæ[s jKeles nQ ~ GlmeJe ³ee l³eesnej ceveeves keÀe keÀeKee kegÀí Yeer nes, Gvemes keÀesF&-ve-keÀesF& He´sjCee DeJeM³e
efceueleer nw ~ ³es HeefjJeej keÀer SkeÀlee Deewj DeKeb[lee keÀes cepeyetle yeveeles nQ ~ ³es l³eesnej nceW Oece& v³ee³e leLee me®®eeF&
kesÀ ceeie& Hej ues peeles nQ ~
334
Ssmes ner SkeÀ GlmeJe keÀe Dee³eespeve cesjs Iej ceW cevee³ee ie³ee ~ peneB HeefjJeej kesÀ yeæ[s-yegpegie& Je ye®®es Meeefceue Les ~
YeeF&-yenve keÀe efjMlee ogefve³ee ceW meye efjMleeW mes THej Deewj HeefJe$e ceevee peelee nw~ Fme efjMles keÀes j#ee yebOeve kesÀ efove
Oeeiee yeeBOekeÀj Deewj meg¢æ{ keÀjves keÀer HejbHeje efveYeeF& peeleer nw~ yenve DeHeves YeeF& kesÀ neLe Hej jeKeer yeebOeleer nw
Deewj YeeF& DeHeveer yenve keÀes GHenej Yesì keÀjlee nw~ HeefjJeej ceW peye GlmeJe cevee³es peeles nQ ~ lees yeæ[söyegpegieeX keÀe
DeeMeeaJee&o jnlee nw Deewj Jes' DeHeveer mebmke=Àefle kesÀ yeejs ceW veF& Heeræ{er keÀes yeleeles nQ ~ Iej ceW yeæ[s yegpegieeX kesÀ Devegmeej
mJeeefo<ì J³epebve yeveeS peeles nQ ~
DeepekeÀue IejeW ceW HekeÀJeeve yeveevess keÀer jerefle meceeHle nesleer pee jner nw ~ meYeer kesÀ Heeme mece³e keÀe DeYeeJe nw ~
DeepekeÀue ueesie yengle J³emle peerJeve peer jns nQ Hejbleg Iej ceW ³eefo GlmeJe cevee³ee pee³es Deewj yeæ[s-yegpegie& meeLe ceW neW lees
GlmeJe ceW ®eej-®eeBo ueie peeles nQ~ Jes DeHeves mece³e keÀer yeeleW yeleeles nQ Deewj Iej ceW ner mJeeefo<ì J³ebpeve yeveeves keÀer je³e
osles nw ~ ye®®es Yeer oeoe-oeoer, veevee-veeveer, kesÀ meeLe mJeeefo<ì Yeespeve keÀe Deevebo uesles nQ ~ yeæ[s -yegpegieex Üeje meYeer
keÀes GHenej efo³ee peelee nw ~
meceepe keÀer Deefle J³emlelee ceW ceive ceeveJe Deevebo keÀe DevegYeJe keÀjves kesÀ efueS efJeMes<e DeJemejeW keÀer Keespe keÀjlee
nw~ l³eesnej ³ee GlmeJe Gve DeJemejeW ceW mes SkeÀ nQ ~ cesjs HeefjJeej ceW Ssme ner j#ee yebOeve keÀe GlmeJe cevee³ee ie³ee peneB
HeefjJeej kesÀ yeæ[s-yegpegie&, Je ye®®es ceewpeto Les ~ cesje HeefjJeej ³es peerJeve ceW ve³eeHeve ueeles nQ ~ Deevebo Deewj Guueeme
Hewoe keÀjles nQ ~
ceewpeto Jes ye®®eeW keÀe Deueie mecetn yevee ³ee Deewj yeæ[s-yegpegieeX keÀe Deueie ~ meye DeHeveer-DeHeveer yeeles keÀj jns Les
leLee GlmeJe keÀe Deevebo Yeer ues jns Les ~ Iej keÀe JeeleeJejCe yengle Deeveboce³e nes ie³ee Lee ~ yenves DeHeves GHenejeW keÀes
osKekeÀj He´mevve nes jnerb Leer Deewj YeeF& DeHeveer keÀueeF& ceW yeBOeer megboj-megboj jeefKe³eeW keÀes osKekeÀj KegMe nes jns Les ~ Iej ceW
efce<þeve Je HekeÀJeeveeW keÀe Debyeej ueiee Lee~ Iej ceW meYeer yengle He´mevve Les ~ meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej keÀer Jepen mes íesìe-mee GlmeJe
Yeer yeæ[s l³eesnej kesÀ meceeve nes peelee nw ~ [15]
iv) `Devleleë ceQ DeHeveer ³eespevee ceW meHeÀue nes mekeÀe/nes mekeÀer ~'
MebkeÀj SkeÀ nesvenej Deewj cesnveleer ueæ[keÀe Lee ~ GmekesÀ efHeleepeer SkeÀ mketÀue ceW DeO³eeHekeÀ pees SkeÀ DeeoMe&
DeO³eeHekeÀ Les ~ iejerye ye®®eeW keÀes efveëMegukeÀ efJeod³ee-oeve osles~ kegÀí mece³e HeM®eele Jes mesJeeefveJe=le nes ieS Deewj
mesJeeefveJe=le nesves kesÀ HeM®eeled GvnW keQÀmej pewmeer iebYeerj yeerceejer nes ieF& ~ HeWMve keÀe keÀeHeÀer efnmmee GvekesÀ Fueepe ceW Ke®e&
nes peelee Lee Deewj Iej kesÀ Ke®e& ceW keÀce Heæ[lee Lee~ Gmeves osKee efkeÀ Iej keÀe Ke®e& Hetje veneR nes Hee jne nw Deewj efHeleepeer
keÀer leefye³ele Yeer efyeieæ[leer pee jner nw ~ MebkeÀj ves ì³etMeve Heæ{eves keÀe efveCe&³e efue³ee Deewj Heæ{evee Megª Yeer keÀj efo³ee ~
efHeleepeer keÀer yeerceejer Heæ{eF& keÀe Ke®ee&, Deewj Iej keÀe Ke®ee& ceemetce MebkeÀj kesÀ kebÀOeeW Hej Dee ie³ee Lee ~ ³en yeesPe
MebkeÀj kesÀ efueS Demenveer³e nes jne Lee~ uesefkeÀve Debieo kesÀ JeeBo keÀer YeeBefle meg¢æ{ efJe®eejeW Jeeues MebkeÀj ves þeve ueer efkeÀ
Jen efHeleepeer kesÀ Fueepe ceW keÀesF& keÀceer veneR jnves osiee ~ ®eens Gmes YetKee ner keÌ³eeW ve jnvee Heæ[s ~ megyen-meyesjs ner Jen
ìd³etMeve Heæ{eves kesÀ efueS efvekeÀue peelee Lee ~ Iej DeekeÀj Gmes efpelevee mece³e efceuelee, Jen DeHeves DeO³e³eve ceW ueieelee,
efHeÀj mketÀue ®euee peelee Lee ~ Flevee DeefOekeÀ keÀece keÀe yeesPe, DeHe³ee&Hele Yeespeve mes Ketyemetjle, efKeueefKeueekeÀj MebkeÀj
Oeerjs-Oeerjs yegPes ngS efìce-efìce keÀjles oerHekeÀ-mee ueieves ueiee ~ GmekeÀe Goeme ®esnje Deewj metveer DeeBKesb osKekeÀj ceeB keÀe
efoue jes Heæ[lee Lee ~ Hejbleg ceeB Yeer keÌ³ee keÀjleer ~
MebkeÀj keÀer Ssmeer neuele osKekeÀj SkeÀ GmekesÀ efJeo³eeue³e kesÀ HeÓeevee®ee³e& ves Gmes Heeme yeguee³ee Deewj Hetíe efkeÀ
``yesìe DeepekeÀue legce yengle Goeme jnles nes, keÌ³ee yeele nw ?keÌ³ee legcnejs efHeleepeer keÀer neuele yengle Kejeye nw, ³ee
Heæ{eF& ceW keÀesF& HejsMeeveer nw?
MebkeÀj kegÀí veneR yeesuee, GmekeÀer DeeBKeW Yej DeeF¥ ~ megËo HeÓeevee®ee³e& kesÀ ceve ceW lees MebkeÀj kesÀ Heéfle DeieeOe He´sce
Deewj o³ee keÀe meeiej nceWMee ner efnueesjW efue³ee keÀjlee Lee ~ GvneWves pesye mes HeeB®e npeej ©HeS efvekeÀeuekeÀj jengue kesÀ neLe
ceW efiej ie³ee Deesj keÀnves ueiee efkeÀ DeeHe DeeHe Fbmeeve veneR osJelee nQ ~ DeeHeves keÀF& yeej cesjer mene³elee keÀer ~ ceQ DeeHekeÀes
³en GHekeÀej DeepeerJeve veneR YetuetBiee ~
335
ieg© keÀer ke=ÀHee Deewj MebkeÀj keÀer cesnvele Oeerjs-Oeerjs jbie ueeves ueieer ~ MebkeÀj keÀes keÀeHeÀer ìd³etMeve efceueves ueies ~
efHeleepeer kesÀ mJeemL³e ceW Yeer megOeej nesves ueiee ~ Fme He´keÀej efove yeerleles jns Deewj SkeÀ Je<e& HeM®eeled MebkeÀj keÀes De®íer
mejkeÀejer veewkeÀjer efceue ieF& Deewj efHeleepeer kesÀ Fueepe kesÀ efueS Yeer megefJeOeeSB efceueer ~ MebkeÀj keÀer oMee megOej ieF& Deewj
efHeleepeer Yeer þerkeÀ nes ieS ~ Delebleë MebkeÀj DeHeveer ³eespevee ceW meHeÀue nes ie³ee ~ [15]
v) He´mlegle ef®e$e ceW ye®®eeW kesÀ neLe ceW ìwye nw ~ DeepekeÀue efMe#ee keÀes lekeÀveerefkeÀ mes peesæ[e ie³ee nw ~ kebÀH³etìj HeĆeeueer
ves ceeveJe keÀer peerJeve menpe keÀj efo³ee nw ~ Fme HeĆeeueer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ye®®es ceveesjbpekeÀ lejerkesÀ mes eqMe#ee ieńCe keÀj
mekeÀles nQ ~ Fmemes ye®®eeW kesÀ yemleeW keÀe yeesPe Yeer keÀce neslee pee jne nw ~ kebÀH³etìj kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ye®®es DeHeveer efMe#ee
HeĆeeueer keÀes ©ef®ekeÀj yeveeles nQ ~ efpeve ye®®eeW keÀe O³eeve Heæ{ves-efueKeves ceW veneR ueielee Jes Fme lekeÀveerefkeÀ kesÀ ceeO³ece mes
efMe#ee kesÀ Heéfle DeekeÀef<e&le nesves ueieles nw ~ Jes efove Heéfleefove veF&-veF& peevekeÀeefj³eeB neefmeue keÀjles nQ~ Fme lekeÀveerefkeÀ
meeOeve kesÀ ceeO³ece mes efceveìeW ceW nceW veF&-veF& peevekeÀejer Je veS lejerkesÀ peeveves keÀes efceueles nQ ~ kebÀH³etìj ceeveJe ceeqmle<keÀ
mes Yeer leerJe´ leLee HeéceeefCekeÀ nw ~ FmekesÀ odJeeje peesæ[, IeìeJe, iegCee, Yeeie Del³eble leerJe´ ieefle leLee Mele-HeéfleMele
MegoOelee mes efkeÀS pee mekeÀles nQ ~
DeepekeÀue ieéceerCe #es$eeW ceW Yeer mketÀueeW ceW kebÀH³etìj efMe#ee ueeiet keÀj oer ieF& nw ~ Fmemes ieéceerCe ye®®es Yeer peeve ieS
efkeÀ kebÀH³etìj keÌ³ee ®eerpe nw ~ Ssmeer eqmLeefle ceW GvekesÀ efueS kebÀH³etìj efMe#ee ueeYeoe³ekeÀ nesieer ~
DeepekeÀue lekeÀveerefkeÀ efMe#ee ner ceveg<³e kesÀ meJee¥ieerCe efJekeÀeme kesÀ efueS Del³eble cenllJeHetCe& nw ~ efMe#ee kesÀ ceeO³ece
mes ner ceveg<³e %eeve keÀer Deesj Deie´mej neslee nw Deewj %eeve ner GmekeÀer Jew®eeefjkeÀ Deewj yeewoefOekeÀ #ecelee keÀer Je=oefOe keÀjlee
nw ~ je<ìêr³e efJekeÀeme kesÀ efueS peve-peve lekeÀ efMe#ee HengB®evee Del³eble DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ osMe keÀe He´l³eskeÀ ye®®ee efMeef#ele
nesvee ®eeefnS leeefkeÀ nceeje je<ì^ efJekeÀeme keÀer Deesj Deie´meefjle nesiee ~ ye®®es osMe keÀe YeefJe<³e nesles nQ, uesefkeÀve efpeme
osMe kesÀ ye®®es efMe#ee mes Jebef®ele nes, kegÀHeesef<ele nes, Jes osMe kesÀ YeefJe<³e keÀes Yeuee efkeÀme He´keÀej meBJeej mekeÀles nQ ~ [15]
A. 2
i) Hejer#ee YeJeve
veF& efouueer,
efoveebkeÀ - 5 cee®e& 2018
mesJee ceW,
HeÓeevee®ee³e& ceneso³e,
[er. S. Jeer. mketÀue,
Meneoje, efouueer~
efJe<e³e ë- íe$eeW kesÀ SkeÀ oue keÀes meHeÀeF& DeefYe³eeve kesÀ efueS ues peeves nsleg He$e ~
ceQ DeeHekesÀ efJeod³eeue³e keÀe omeJeer keÀ#ee keÀe íe$e ntB Deewj `meHeÀeF& DeefYe³eeve oue' keÀe veslee Yeer ntB ~ SkeÀ
³eespevee kesÀ Devleie&le ceQ íe$eeW kesÀ SkeÀ oue keÀes efkeÀmeer FueekesÀ ceW meHeÀeF& kesÀ Heéfle peeie©keÀ keÀjves nsleg ues peevee ®eenlee
ntB ~ Fme keÀe³e& kesÀ efueS cegPes DeeHekeÀer mJeerke=Àefle keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nw ~ Fme ³eespevee mes ueesieeW ceW meHeÀeF& kesÀ Heéfle
peeie©keÀlee DeeSieer Deewj SkeÀ mJe®í Yeejle kesÀ efueS ³en SkeÀ Henuee keÀoce nesiee ~ Fme keÀe³e& kesÀ efueS nceejs
efJeod³eeue³e mes He®eeme íe$eeW keÀes ues peeves keÀer ³eespevee nw ~
Deleë DeeMee nw efkeÀ DeeHe cesjs oJeeje Yespes ieS HeéLe&vee He$e Hej O³eeve oWieW Deewj cegPes Fme keÀe³e& keÀes keÀjves keÀer
Devegceefle Heóeve keÀjWies ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
HeéLeea/DeeHekeÀe Dee%eekeÀejer efMe<³e
keÀ. Ke. ie.
meef®eJe, meHeÀeF& DeefYe³eeve oue [7]
336
ii) cekeÀeve. 380

ieerlee keÀeueesveer,
veF& efouueer ~
efoveebkeÀë 25 cee®e& 2018
efHe´³e efce$e MeMeebkeÀ,
ceOegj mce=efle ~
nce meye ³eneB kegÀMeue He=Je&keÀ nQ ~ yengle efoveeW mes legcneje keÀesF& He$e veneR efceuee ~ ceQ Deepe legcnW Fme He$e kesÀ ceeO³ece
mes DeHevee kegÀí DevegYeJe yeeBìvee ®eenlee ntB Deewj Fmemes DeeHekeÀes %eele nesiee efkeÀ nceW efkeÀme He´keÀej cetkeÀ-yeefOejeW keÀer
mene³elee keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~
nceves efHeíues kegÀí cenerves kegÀí He´³eemeeW oJeeje nceejs efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ íe$eeW ves kegÀí OevejeefMe SkeÀef$ele keÀjkesÀ cetkeÀ
yeefOej efJeo³eeue³e kesÀ efJeo³eeefLe&³eeW keÀer mene³elee keÀer Leer ~ He´l³eskeÀ J³eefkeÌle ³eefo Fve cetkeÀ yeefOejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjves
keÀer þeve ues lees ³es Yeer Deemeceeve ít mekeÀles nQ ~ MeejerefjkeÀ ªHe mes De#ece J³eefkeÌle men³eesie ve efceueves Hej meeceev³e J³eefkeÌle
mes efHeíæ[e ngDee cenmetme keÀjlee nw uesefkeÀve meeceeefpekeÀ, DeeefLe&keÀ Deewj ceeveefmekeÀ men³eesie Heóeve keÀj GvnW meceepe keÀer
cegK³e Oeeje mes peesæ[e pee mekeÀlee nw ~ nceejs efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ íe$eeW ves Smes efJeod³eeefLe&³eeW kesÀ efueS OevejeefMe mes GvnW Heeþd³e
meeceieér Je Dev³e megefJeOeeSB HeéHle nes peeleer nQ ~ efMe#ee kesÀ DeueeJee yeefOejeW keÀes DeeefLe&keÀ ªHe mes meyeue yeveeves kesÀ efueS
J³eJemeeef³ekeÀ HeéfMe#eCe keÀer Yeer J³eJemLee keÀer ieF& nw ~ ³eefo legce Yeer Fve cetkeÀ-yeefOejeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjvee ®eenles nes lees
meceepe ceW FvekesÀ Heéfle peeie©keÀlee peieeDees ~ ³en nceejs osMe kesÀ efJekeÀeme ceW Henuee keÀoce nesiee ~
efce$e, legcnW cesjs odJeeje oer ieF& peevekeÀejer kewÀmeer ueieer ? DeJeM³e efueKevee ~ DebkeÀue Deewj Deebìer keÀes cesje ®ejCe
mHeMe& keÀnvee ~
legcneje Hejce efce$e,
ceveerMe [7]
A. 3
i) Henueer m$eer DeHeves yesìs kesÀ yeejs ceW keÀnleer nw efkeÀ `YeieJeeve meYeer keÀes cesjs pewmee yesìe os, Jen ueeKeeW ceW SkeÀ nw ~ GmekeÀe
keBÀþ yengle ceOegj nw ~ GmekesÀ ieerle keÀes megvekeÀj keÀes³eue Deewj cewvee Yeer ®egHe nes peeleer nw ~ cesje yesìe me®eceg®e nerje nw ~
otmejer m$eer DeHeves yesìs kesÀ yeejs ceW keÀnleer nw efkeÀ cesjs yesìs keÀer yejeyejer keÀesF& veneR keÀj mekeÀlee ~ Jen yengle MeefkeÌleMeeueer
Deewj yeneogj nw ~ Jen yeæ[s-yeæ[s HenueJeeveeW keÀes Heíeæ[ oslee nw ~ Jen DeeOegefvekeÀ ³egie keÀe Yeerce nw ~ [2]
ii) leermejer m$eer ves DeHeves yesìs keÀes Je=nmHeefle keÀe DeJeleej FmeefueS keÀne keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen pees kegÀí Heæ{lee nw SkeÀ oce ³eeo keÀj
ueslee nw, Ssmee ueielee nQ GmekesÀ kebÀþ ceW mejmJeleer keÀe Jeeme nw ~ Jen DeHeves yesìs keÀes mee#eeled ye=nmHeefle keÀe DeJeleej ceeveleer nw ~ [2]
iii) Henueer m$eer ves peye ®eewLeer m$ee meg Hegíe efkeÀ legcnejs yesìs ceW keÌ³ee iegCe nQ leye ®eewLeer m$eer yeesueer- ``cesje yesìe vee iebOeJe&-mee
iee³ekeÀ nw, ve Yeerce-mee yeueJeeve Deewj ve ner ye=nmHeefle-mee yegoefOeceeve ~'' ³en keÀnkeÀj Jen Meeble yewþ ieF& ~ [2]
iv) ®eewLeer m$eer kesÀ yesìs ves DeHeveer ceeB kesÀ efmej Hej Heeveer keÀe Ieæ[e osKee lees Gmeves ceeB kesÀ efmej mes Heeveer keÀe Ieæ[e Gleeje Deewj Gmes
ueskeÀj Iej keÀer Deewj ®eue efo³ee, Jen mejue Je meerOee meeoe ueie jne Lee ~ leerveeW eqm$e³eeB yeæ[s DeeM®e³e& mes osKeleer jn ieF& ~ [2]
v) ye®®eeW keÀes DeHeves ceelee-efHelee keÀe mecceeve keÀjvee ®eeefnS Deewj GvekeÀer Dee%ee keÀe Heeueve keÀjvee ®eeefnS~ ye®®eeW keÀe
meyemes yeæ[e iegCe Dee%eeHeeueve mejue mJeYeeJe Je Oew³e& nesvee ®eeefnS ~ ceelee-efHelee kesÀ keÀ<ìeW keÀes otj keÀjveej ®eeefnS ~
leYeer Jen me®®ee nerje yeve mekeÀlee nw ~ mJe³eb kesÀ efueS lees mebmeej Yeer peerlee nw ~ HejesHekeÀejer peerJeve peervee ®eeefnS ~ peye
ye®®eeW ceW ceelee-efHelee kesÀ Heéfle o³ee keÀer YeeJevee peeie=le nesieer leYeer GmeceW HejesHekeÀej keÀer YeeJevee peeiesieer ~ [2]
337
A.4
i) (a) keÀerefle& × DeHekeÀerefle& [½]
(b) efvece&ue ceefueve [½]
(c) efJepe³e Hejepe³e [½]
(d) efveoex<e oes<eer [½]
ii) (a) OeveJeeve - mesþ, Deceerj, Oeveer, mece=odOe [1]

(b) efkeÀveeje - HetÀue, keÀieej, leì, leerj, [1]
(c) otO e - He³e, ieesjme [1]
iii) (a) DeHes#ee - DeHesef#ele [½]

(b) iegCe - iegCeer [½]
iv) (a) Heó<e&veer - HeóMe&veer [½]

(b) ue®íceer - ue#ceer [½]
(c) DeHejeref®ele -DeHeefjef®ele [½]
v) (a) Deemeceeve mes yeeleW keÀjvee - yengle TB®ee nesvee ~

JeekeÌ³e ë efnceeue³e HeJe&le keÀes osKekeÀj Ssmee ueielee nw ceeveeW Deemeceeve mes yeeleW keÀj jne nes ~ [1]
(b) Gæ[leer ef®eefæ[³ee Hen®eevevee - efkeÀmeer kesÀ ceve keÀer yeele mecePe uesvee ~
JeekeÌ³e ë nceejs ieg©peer Fleves DevegYeJeer nQ efkeÀ GvnW Gæ[leer ef®eefæ[³ee Hen®eeveves ceW peje Yeer osj veneR ueieleer ~ [1]
vi) (a) ceesnve Deewj jcesMe ceW me®®eer efce$elee Leer ~ [1]
(b) cegPemes keÀesF& Yeer yeele efveëmebkeÀes®e keÀjW ~ [1]
(c) efMe#ekeÀeW ves DeHeves efMe<³eeW keÀes DeeosMe efo³ee ~ [1]
Section - B (40 Marks)

A.5
i) Deevevoer Deewj ueeueefyenejer kesÀ Peieæ[s kesÀ yeejs ceW ÞeerkebÀþ keÀes Deeveboer kesÀ yeleeves mes Henues ner Helee ®eue ie³ee ~ ÞeerkebÀþ
mes Deeveboer ves kegÀMeue-#esce Hetíer lees ÞeerkebÀþ ves keÀne efkeÀ ceQ He´mevve ntB Hejbleg legceves DeepekeÀue Iej ceW keÌ³ee GHeêJe ce®ee jKee
nw ~ Heefle kesÀ cegBn mes ³en meye megvekeÀj Deeveboer keÀer l³eesjer ®eæ{ ieF& ~ ke´ÀesOe kesÀ keÀejCe GmekesÀ yeove ceW pJeeuee meer onkeÀ
Gþer ~ Deeveboer ÞeerkebÀþ keÀe Fblepeej keÀj jner Leer ~ [2]
ii) ÞeerkebÀþ efmebn ves peye Deeveboer keÀes yengle ke´ÀesOe ceW osKee lees GvneWves Gmemes Hetíe efkeÀ legce Fleveer ke´ÀesefOele keÌ³eeW nesleer nes meye
neue meeHeÀ-meeHeÀ keÀnes lees cegPes ceeuetce nes ~ cegPes lees kegÀí Helee ner veneR nw ~ Iej ceW Peieæ[s keÀe ceenewue Deewj Helveer keÀes
Del³eeefOekeÀ iece& osKekeÀj ÞeerkebÀþ meeje neue meeHeÀ-meeHeÀ peevevee ®eenles Les ~ [2]
iii) peye ÞeerkebÀþ efmebn Iej HengB®es lees Deeveboer kesÀ Heeme peeves mes HetJe& ner GvnW meejer met®evee efceue ieF& ~ Deeveboer Deewj
ueeueefyenejer kesÀ Peieæ[s keÀer yeele ueeueefyenejer ves mJe³eb keÀn [eueer Hejbleg oes<e Deeveboer keÀe yelee³ee ~ Jen keÀnves ueiee-
``Yew³ee DeeHe peje YeeYeer keÀes mecePee oerefpeSiee efkeÀ cegBn mebYeeue keÀj yeele®eerle efkeÀ³ee keÀjW, veneR lees SkeÀ efove DeveLe& nes
peeSiee ~'' yesveerceeOeJe Yeer ueeueefyenejer keÀe ner He#e uesves ueies Deewj keÀnves ueies, ``neB, yent-yesefì³eeW keÀe ³en mJeYeeJe
De®íe veneR efkeÀ ceoex kesÀ cegBn ueies ~ ³en yeele ueeueefyenejer Deewj yesveerceeOeJe ÞeerkebÀþ mes keÀn ®egkesÀ Les ~ [3]
338
iv) ÞeerkebÀþ peye Deeveboer kesÀ Heeme ieS lees Deeveboer ke´ÀesOe ceW Leer Deewj ÞeerkebÀþ ves meejer yeeleW meeHeÀ-meeHeÀ keÀnves keÀes keÀne ~ Deeveboer
ves Hetjer Ieìvee ÞeerkebÀþ keÀes yelee oer ~ Helveer keÀer yeeles megvekeÀj ÞeerkebÀþ keÀes yengle ogëKe ngDee Deewj GodeJf eivelee kesÀ keÀejCe
GvnW meejer jele veeRo veneR DeeF& ~ ueeueefyenejer keÀer njkeÀleW osKekeÀj GvekeÀer DeeBKeWueeue nes ieF& ~ HeéleëkeÀeue nesles ner Jes
DeHeves
efHelee kesÀ Heeme ieS Deewj yeesues, Deye Fme Iej ceW cesje efveJee¥n veneR nesiee ~ Heg$e keÀer ³es yeeleW megvekeÀj yesveerceeOece Ieyeje Gþs ~ [3]
A.6
i) megyen peye ceeueer ves peecegve kesÀ Hesæ[ kesÀ veer®es oyes Deeoceer keÀes osKee lees ceeueer oewæ[e-oewæ[e ®eHejemeer kesÀ Heeme, ®eHejemeer
keÌueke&À kesÀ Heeme, keÌueke&À megHeeEjìW[Wì kesÀ Heeme ie³ee, megHeefjbìW[Wì oewsæ[e-oewæ[e yeenj uee@ve ceW Dee³ee, efceveìesb ceW efiejs ngS Hesæ[
kesÀ veer®es oyes ngS Deeoceer kesÀ ®eejeW Deewj Yeeræ[ FkeÀìdþer nes ieF& ~ leeefkeÀ oyes ngS Deeoceer keÀes ye®ee³ee pee mekesÀ ~ [2]
ii) JeneB GHeeqmLele keÌueke&À ves peecegve kesÀ Hesæ[ kesÀ yeejs ceW DeHeves-DeHeves efJe®eej He´keÀì keÀjles nQ ~ GveceW mes SkeÀ keÌuekeÀ& ves peecegve kesÀ
HeÀueoej Hesæ[ keÀer He´Mebmee keÀer ~ otmejs keÌueke&À ves GmekesÀ jmeerues peecegveeW keÀer He´Mebmee keÀer, lees leermejs ves jesveer metjle yeveekeÀj keÀne
efkeÀ HeÀueeW kesÀ ceewmece ceW Jen Peesueer YejkeÀj peecegve ues peelee Lee ~ efpemekesÀ HeÀueeW keÀes GmekesÀ ye®®es ®eeJe mes Keeles Les ~ meYeer
peecegve kesÀ Hesæ[ kesÀ yeejs ceW Deewj GmekesÀ HeÀueeW kesÀ yeejs ceW ner mees®e jns Les ~ veneR, leermejs Deeoceer keÀes Hesæ[ kesÀ veer®es oyes Deeoceer
mes menevegYetefle veneR Leer ~ Jen Yeer DeHeves mJeeLe& kesÀ efueS ner ©Deemee neskeÀj yeesue jne Lee ~ [2]
iii) ceeueer ves osKee keÀer He´Mebmee keÀj jnW nQ Deewj Hesæ[ kesÀ veer®es oyes ngS Deeoceer keÀer ef®eblee efkeÀmeer keÀes veneR nw leye ceeueer ves
megPeeJe efo³ee efkeÀ Hesæ[ keÀes nìekeÀj oyes ngS J³eefkeÌle keÀes peuoer mes efvekeÀeue uesvee ®eeefnS ~ ³en megvekeÀj SkeÀ megmle,
keÀece®eesj Deewj ceesìe ®eHejemeer yeesuee, ``Hesæ[ keÀe levee yengle ceesìe Deewj Jepeveer nw ~'' ceeueer mes GmekeÀer yeele keÀe Gllej
osles ngS keÀne efkeÀ ``keÌ³ee cegefMkeÀue nw ~'' Deiej megHeefjìs[Wì meenye ngkeÌce oW, lees DeYeer Hebên-yeerme ceeueer ®eHejemeer Deewj
keÌueke&À ueieekeÀj oyes ngS Deeoceer keÀes efvekeÀeuee pee mekeÀlee nw ~ [3]
iv) keÀneveer kesÀ Devle ceW Hesæ[ kesÀ veer®es oyes ngS Deeoceer keÀer ogëKeo ce=l³eg nes ieF& ~ peye GmekeÀer HeÀeFue Deueie-Deueie
efJeYeeieeW ceW Yespeer ieF& Deewj keÀesF& Yeer efveCe&³e veneR efue³ee ie³ee, lees Hesæ[ kesÀ veer®es oyee ngDee Deeoceer DeefOekeÀ Heeræ[e ve men
mekeÀe peye v³ee³e efceuee leye yengle osj nes ®egkeÀer Leer ~ Gme Deeoceer kesÀ peerJeve keÀer HeÀeFue ner HetCe& nes ieF& Leer ~ FmeefueS
keÀne ie³ee nw efkeÀ osj mes efceueves Jeeuee v³ee³e cenlJenerve neslee nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ peye oyes ngS Deeoceer keÀes v³ee³e
efceuee leye Jen Fme mebmeej mes efJeoe ues ®egkeÀe Lee ~ Fmes v³ee³e keÀer Deye Gmes keÀesF& DeeJeM³ekeÀlee veneR Leer ~ [3]
A.7
i) DekeÀmceeled yegje mece³e Oeveer mesþ keÀe Dee ie³ee Lee ~ mesþ peer Henues yengle Oeveer Les Del³eble efJevece´ Deewj Goej Yeer Les ~
Oece& Heje³eCe Fleves efkeÀ keÀesF& meeOeg-meble GvekesÀ odJeej mes efvejeMe ve ueewìlee ~ Jen YejHesì Yeespeve Heelee Lee ~ GvekesÀ
Yeb[ej keÀe odJeej ncesMee meye kesÀ efueS Keguee jnlee ~ mesþ peer ves yengle mes ³e%e efkeÀS Les Deewj oeve ceW ve peeves efkeÀlevee
Oeve oerve-ogefKe³eeW ceW yeeBì efo³ee Lee ~ [2]
ii) mesþ DeHeveer iejeryeer mes lebie Dee ®egkesÀ Les ~ GvneWves DeHevee yegje mece³e otj keÀjves kesÀ efueS SkeÀ ³e%e yes®eves keÀe efJe®eej efkeÀ³ee ~
Jes ³e yes®eves DeHeves ieeBJe mes ome-yeejn keÀesme otj kegbÀoveHegj veece kesÀ veiej ceW ieS ~ JeneB yengle yeæ[s mesþ jnles Les ~ ueesie GvnW
Òevvee mesþ’ keÀnles Les ~ ³en De]HeÀJeen Leer efkeÀ GvekeÀer mesþeveer keÀes keÀesF& owJeer MeefkeÌle HeéHle Leer, efpememes Jen leerveeW
ueeskeÀeW keÀer yeele peeve uesleer Leer~ [2]
iii) mesþ peye kegbÀove Hegj Oevvee mesþ kesÀ Iej DeHevee ³e%e yes®eves pee jns Les ~ ®eueles-®eueles mesþ peer LekeÀ ieS Deewj GvneWves
kegbÀpe ceW efJeÞeece efkeÀ³ee ~ mesþ pewmes ner Yeespeve keÀjves kesÀ efueS yewþs lees GvneWves osKee efkeÀ SkeÀ YetKee Deewj ogye&ue kegÀllee
Heæ[e íìHeìe jne nw ~ yes®eejs keÀe Hesì keÀcej mes ueiee nw mesþ peer keÀes jesìer Keesueles osKe Jen DeHeveer ieo&ve yeej-yeej
339
Gþelee Hejbleg ogye&uelee kesÀ keÀejCe GmekeÀer ieo&ve efiej peeleer Leer~ kegÀlles keÀes osKekeÀj mesþ peer keÀe Ëo³e o³ee mes Yej Dee³ee
GvneWves meejer jesefì³eeB kegÀlles keÀes efKeueeoer ~ ³ener cene³e%e mesþ peer ves efkeÀ³ee nw ~ JeemleJe ceW ³en cene³e%e Lee
keÌ³eeWefkeÀ efveëmJeeLe& YeeJe mes efkeÀ³ee ie³ee keÀce& ner me®®ee cene³e%e neslee nw ~ [3]
iv) Fme keÀneveer ceW uesKekeÀ ves ³en yeleeves keÀe He´³eeme efkeÀ³ee nw efkeÀ efveëmJeeLe& YeeJe mes efkeÀ³ee ie³ee keÀce& efkeÀmeer cene³e%e mes
keÀce veneR neslee ~ Fme He´keÀej efveëmJeeLe& YeeJe mes pees keÀce& efkeÀ³ee peelee nw, GmekeÀe HeÀue DeLee&le HeefjCeece DeJeM³e HeéHle
neslee nw ~ meYeer peerJeeW Hej o³ee keÀjvee, He´l³eskeÀ ceveg<³e keÀe Hejce keÀle&J³e nw ~ vej keÀer mesJee mes ner veeje³eCe keÀer HeéeqHle nesleer
nw ~ mJe³eb keÀ<ì menve keÀjkesÀ otmejeW kesÀ keÀ<ìeW keÀes otj keÀjvee ner ceeveJe Oece& nw ~ effoKeeJes kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee ie³ee ³e%e
cenlJenerve neslee nw ~ iejerye, ogKeer, YetKes Deewj cegmeeryele ceW efIejs J³eefkeÌle keÀer mene³elee keÀjves mes F&MJej He´mevve nesles nQ ~ [3]

A.8
i) GHe³eg&keÌle HebefkeÌle³eeW ceW efieefjOej peer ueeþer keÀer GHe³eesefielee yeleeles ngS keÀnles nQ efkeÀ ueeþer ceW yengle iegCe nesles nQ ~ Fmes
ncesMee meeLe jnvee ®eeefnS ~ ³eefo ienjer veoer leLee veeues meeceves Heæ[ peeSB, lees ueeþer kesÀ menejs nce veoer veeueeW keÀes Heej
keÀj mekeÀles nQ Deewj keÀesF& kegÀllee nce Hej PeHeìs, lees Gmes ueeþer mes ceejkeÀj nce DeHeves Mejerj keÀe ye®eeJe keÀj mekeÀles nQ
DeLee&le DeHeveer j#ee keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~ ³eefo keÀesF& Me$eg nceW ®egveewleer os, lees ueeþer keÀer mene³elee mes nce GmekeÀe Yeer
cegkeÀeyeuee keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~ [2]
ii) ueeþer nceejs Mejerj keÀer megj#ee DeveskeÀ He´keÀej mes keÀjleer nw pewmes ienjer veoer ³ee veeuee Heæ[ves Hej ueeþer keÀer mene³elee mes
GmekeÀer ienjeF& veeHekeÀj Heej keÀjves kesÀ keÀece Deeleer nw~ ³eefo ceeie& ceW keÀesF& kegÀllee efceue peeS lees nceW kegÀlles kesÀ Deeke´ÀceCe
mes ye®eeleer nw Deewj keÀesF& Me$eg Deeke´ÀceCe keÀjs lees ³en Gmemes nceejer j#ee keÀjleer nw ~ [2]
iii) ueeþer nceW kegÀlles mes veoer Deewj veeues mes Deewj ogMceveeW mes ye®eeleer nw ~ ³eefo ienjer veoer leLee veeues meeceves Heæ[ peeS, lees
ueeþer kesÀ menejs nce veoer - veeueeW keÀes Heej keÀj mekeÀles nQ Deewj DeHeves Mejerj keÀes efkeÀmeer Yeer He´keÀej keÀer neefve mes ye®ee
mekeÀles nQ ~ ³eefo keÀesF& kegÀllee PeHeìs, lees Gmes ueeþer mes ceejkeÀj nce DeHeves Mejerj keÀe ye®eeJe keÀj mekeÀles nwb DeLee&le DeHeveer
j#ee keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~ ³eefo keÀesF& ®egveewleer osves Jeeuee Me$eg efceue peeS, lees ueeþer keÀer mene³elee mes nce GmekeÀe Yeer
cegkeÀeyeuee keÀj mekeÀles nQ ~ [3]
iv) keÀefJe efieefjOej peer keÀnles nQ efkeÀ ueeþer nceejs yengle keÀece Deeleer nw FmeefueS meejs nefLe³eejeW keÀes íesæ[keÀj neLe ceW ueeþer
uesveer ®eeefnS keÀefJe ves kegbÀ[efue³eeB kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ueeþer Deewj kesÀJeue kesÀ Heéfle DeeojYeeJe ceewkeÀe Hejmleer meyeue keÀe meneje
iegCeer-DeJeiegCeer J³eefkeÌle keÀe cenlJe, yegodefOeceeve ueesieeW keÀe keÀce& Deeefo yeeleeW keÀes ceeefce&keÀ lejerkesÀ mes He´mlegle efkeÀ³ee nw ~
keÀefJe ves keÀne nw peerJeve ceW HejesHekeÀej keÀes cenÊJe osvee ®eeefnS leLee efyevee yegueeS Ssmeer peien veneR peevee
®eeefnS peneB nceeje DeHeceeve nes; Fmeer He´keÀej keÀefJe DeHeveer yeele HeeþkeÀeW lekeÀ HengB®eeves ceW meHeÀue jns nQ ~ [3]
A.9
i) Henueer oes HebefkeÌle³eeW ceW keÀefJe ves keÌ³ee efYeKeejer Deewj GmekesÀ ye®®eeW keÀer oMee kesÀ yeejs ceW efueKeles ngS keÀne nw efkeÀ
efYeKeejer Deewj GmekesÀ ye®®es meæ[keÀ Hej Keæ[s petþer HelleueeW keÀes ®eeì jns nQ ~ Gve Petþer HelleueeW keÀes ®eeìves Hej Yeer
JeneB kegÀlles Gve Petþer HelleueeW Hej PeHeìves kesÀ efueS Deæ[s ngS nQ ~ DeLee&le efYe#egkeÀ Je GmekesÀ ye®®eeW keÀes Petþer HelleueW
Yeer vemeerye veneR nesleer nw ~ [2]
ii) Fme YeeJegkeÀ ¢M³e mes nceejs Ëo³e ceW o³ee kesÀ YeeJe GlHevve nesles nQ ~ Gve efYeKeeefj³eeWb keÀer o³eeveer³e oMee keÀes osKekeÀj
ueesieeW kesÀ Ëo³e keÀes Heeræ[e HengB®eleer nw ~ YetKe kesÀ keÀejCe Gve efYeKeeefj³eeW keÀer oMee Del³evle o³eveer³e nes ieF& nw YetKe kesÀ
keÀejCe GvekeÀe Heerþ Deewj Hesì SkeÀ nes ie³ee nw ~ pees Yeer GvnW osKelee nw, YeeJegkeÀ nes peelee nw Deewj osKeves JeeueeW keÀe Ëo³e
ogëKeer nes peelee nw ~ [2]
340
iii) neB, efYe#egkeÀeW keÀer ceoo keÀjvee ceeveJeer³e Oece& nw ~ Hejbleg osMe ceW Fleveer iejeryeer Deewj YetKecejer nes ieF& nw efkeÀ meYeer efYe#egkeÀeW
keÀer ceoo keÀjvee mebYeJe veneR nw ~ keÀYeer-keÀYeer ceveg<³e ®eenles ngS Yeer ceoo veneR keÀj Heelee ~ Jen Yeer cepeyetj nQ,keÌ³eeWefkeÀ
He´³eeme keÀjves JeeueeW keÀer ner mene³elee keÀer pee mekeÀleer nw~ ³eneB keÀefJe ves DeefYeceev³eg keÀe GoenjCe osles ngS keÀne nw efkeÀ
³eefo legce DeefYecev³eg kesÀ pewmes meenmeer yevees DeLee&le DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ efueS ueæ[ mekeÀes lees ceQ legcnW DeHeves Fme peerJeve
ªHeer jCeYetefce ceW keÀ<ìeW Deewj HejsMeeefve³eeW keÀe meecevee keÀjves ³eesi³e yeveeTBiee, legcnejs ogëKe otj keÀj otBiee ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle keÀefJelee èfYe#egkeÀ’ met³e&keÀeble ef$eHeeþer èfvejeuee’ peer odJeeje efueKeer ieF& nw ~ Fme keÀefJelee ceW keÀefJe SkeÀ efYeKejer
Deewj GmekesÀ oes ye®®eeW keÀer o³eeveer³e oMee keÀe JeCe&ve efkeÀ³ee nw ~ Gve efYeKeeefj³eeW keÀe Hesì Deewj Heerþ YetKecejer kesÀ keÀejCe
SkeÀ meceeve efoKeeF& os jns nQ ~ keÀcepeesjer kesÀ keÀejCe Jen þerkeÀ mes ®eue Yeer vener Hee jne nw~ Jes DeHeveer YetKe efceìeves kesÀ
efueS YeerKe ceeBie jns nQ Deesj meyekesÀ Deeies DeHeveer HeÀìer Hegjeveer Peesueer HewÀueeles nQ ~ GvekeÀer keÀesF& mene³elee veneR keÀjles
Debleleë Jes meæ[keÀ kesÀ efkeÀveejs Heæ[er Petþer Helleues ®eeìves ueies efpeme kesÀ efueS GvnW kegÀlleeW mes Yeer íervee-PeHeìer keÀjveer Heæ[er
keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Gve petþer HelleueeW keÀes ®eeìves kesÀ efueS JeneB kegÀlles Yeer Deæ[s ngS nQ ~ efYe#egkeÀ keÀer oervelee keÀes osKekeÀj keÀefJe
GvekesÀ Heéfle DeHeveer menevegYetefle He´keÀì keÀjles nQ ~ [3]
A.10
i) keÀefJe ves ceveg<³e kesÀ peerJeve kesÀ yeejs ceW keÀne nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes meoe keÀce& HeLe Hej ®eueles jnvee ®eeefnS Gmes keÀYeer ceeie& ceb
©keÀvee veneR ®eeefnS ~ ceveg<³e keÀes peye DeHeves ceeie& ceW Deeies yeæ{ves keÀe DeJemej efceue jne nes, lees ceveg<³e keÀes yewþvee veneR
®eeefnS ~ efvejvlej He´³elveMeerue Je keÀce&Meerue jnvee ®eeefnS ~ peerJeve ceW Deeves Jeeueer yeeOeeDeeW keÀe [ìkeÀj meecevee keÀjvee
®eeefnS ~ peerJeve ceW DeevesJeeues megKe-ogKe mes efvejeMe veneR nesvee ®eeefnS keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Fmeer keÀe veece peerJeve nw ~ [2]
ii) keÀefJe yeleeles nwb efkeÀ peerJeve keÀe cenlJe efvejvlej ieefleMeeruelee DeLee&le ®eueves ceW nw ~ nce DeHeves peerJeve kesÀ jen ceW peye
efvejblej ®eueles jnles nQ, leYeer nceW meHeÀuelee efceueleer nw ~ ieefleMeeruelee ner peerJeve kesÀ cenlJe keÀes oMee&leer nw ~ peerJeve ceW
®eens kewÀmeer Yeer efmLeefle nes pewmes ogKe, oo&, Heeræ[e, efvejeMee Deeefo kesÀ keÀejCe peerJeve veneR ©keÀ mekeÀlee ~ ceveg<³e keÀes
peerJeve keÀer mecem³eeDeeW keÀes meguePeeles ngS Deeies yeæ{les jnvee ®eeefnS ~ ³eefo peerJeve ceW efJekeÀeme keÀjvee nw, lees ceveg<³e keÀes
mebIe<e& keÀjvee ner Heæ[siee, Gmes Deeuemeer yevekeÀj yewþe veneR jnvee nw ~ Gmes efke´À³eeMeerue yevevee nw ~ efpeme He´keÀej Heeveer keÀes
SkeÀ$e keÀjkesÀ jKee peelee nw, lees Jen kegÀí efove yeeo ogie&¥Oe ceejves ueielee nw DeLee&le Gme peue keÀes nce He´³eesie veneR keÀjles ~ Gmeer
He´keÀej ceveg<³e peye SkeÀ ner mLeeve Hej yewþe jnsiee, lees GmekeÀe cenlJe Yeer meceeHle nes peelee nw ~ Fme He´keÀej keÀefJe keÀnles
nQ efkeÀ peye lekeÀ peerJeve nw leye lekeÀ nceW peerJeve ceW efvejvlej ®eueles jnvee ®eeefnS ~ [2]
iii) Fme mebmeej ceW efpeleves Yeer HeéCeer nQ, GvekeÀes keÀYeer megKe Deewj keÀYeer ogKe keÀe meecevee keÀjvee ner Heæ[lee nw ~ Fme Oejleer Hej
Ssmee keÀesF& Yeer J³eefkeÌle veneR nw efpemekesÀ peerJeve ceW keÀYeer ogKe Deewj HejsMeeefve³ee@b ve Deeleer neW DeLee&le meYeer keÀes keÀ<ì Deewj
HejsMeeefve³ee@b menve keÀjveer ner Heæ[leer nwb ~
keÀefJe keÀnles nwb efkeÀ ncekeÀes keÀYeer HejsMeeefve³eeW, cegeqMkeÀueeW mes Yeeievee veneR ®eeefnS ~ nce efpeve cegefMkeÀueeW mes otj
efpelevee otj Yeeieles nQ, Jener cegeqMkeÀuebs nceeje Heeríe keÀjleer nQ FmeefueS nceW Gve cegeqMkeÀueeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~
DeeMee Deewj efvejeMee kesÀ ceO³e GuePes, DeHeveer ieefle Deewj yegodefOe oesveeW keÀe mener efoMee ceW mener GHe³eesie keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~
Fme efJeMeeue mebmeej cesb meYeer SkeÀ ner Oeeje ceW yen jns nQ DeLee&le meYeer keÀes SkeÀ meceeve keÀ<ì nw, efHeÀj nce keÌ³eeW F&MJej mes
veejepeieer peleeles nwb ~ nceejs peerJeve kesÀ megKe Deewj ogKe kesÀ efpeccesoej mJe³eb nce nQ DeLee&le mJe³eb ceveg<³e nw ~ ceveg<³e keÀes
DeHeves peerJeve ceW efvejvlej ®eueles jnvee ®eeefnS DeLee&le De®ís keÀce& keÀjles jnvee ®eeefnS ~ [3]
iv) keÀefJelee kesÀ ceeO³ece mes keÀefJe HeeþkeÀeW keÀes mebosM osvee ®eenles nw efkeÀ ceveg<³e keÀes DeHeves keÀce& HeLe Hej ®eueles jnvee ®eeefnS,
keÀYeer ©keÀvee veneR ®eeefnS~ peerJeve ceW yengle meejer mecem³eeDeeW keÀe meecevee keÀjvee Heæ[ mekeÀlee nw Hejbleg nceW meenme Deewj
ueieve kesÀ meeLe DeHeveer cebefpeue lekeÀ Heng®eves kesÀ efueS keÀce& keÀjles jnvee ®eeefnS ~ peerJeve ceW efvejvlej keÀce&jle jnvee ner
nceje peerJeve nw ~ nceW DeHeves peerJeve ©Heer ceeie& ceW Deeves Jeeueer yeeOeeDeeW keÀe [ìkeÀj meecevee keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ keÀce&Meerue
ceveg<³e ner peerJeve ceW Deie´mej neslee nw ~ peerJeve ceW keÀce&Meerue neskeÀj cebefpeue keÀes Heevee ner nceeje keÀece nw ~ keÀefJe ves nceW
DeepeerJeve keÀe³e&jle jnves keÀer He´sjCee oer nw ~ [3]
341

A.11
i) ceeB Deefcele kesÀ Heeme yewþer Gmes SkeÀ ìkeÀ efvenej jner Leer ~ Deepe Iej ceW oerHekeÀ keÀer Meeoer keÀe keÀe[& Yeer Dee³ee nw ~ ceeB
Deefcele keÀes osKekeÀj mees®e jner Leer efkeÀ oerHekeÀ, Deefcele mes oes Je<e& íesìe nw ~ GmekeÀe efJeJeen nes jne nw ~ Hejbleg Deefcele,
Gmemes yeæ[e nesles ngS Yeer GmekeÀer Meeoer veneR nes Hee³eer nQ ~ ceeB HejsMeeve nes peeleer nw ~ Deefcele ceeB keÀer HejsMeeveer keÀes mecePe
peelee nw ~ [2]
ii) oerHekeÀ Deefcele kesÀ ceecee keÀe ueæ[keÀe nw pees Gce´ ceW Deefcele mes íesìe nw ~ Deepe Gmeer kesÀ efJeJeen keÀe keÀe[& Dee³ee nw ~
Deefcele keÀer ceeB efJeJeen ceW peeves kesÀ efueS yengle Glmeeefnle nw ~ Jener otmejer Deesj Deefcele kesÀ efJeJeen, kesÀ efueS ef®ebeflele Yeer
nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ oerHekeÀ Deefcele mes oes Je<e& íesìe nw, GmekeÀe efJeJeen le³e nes ie³ee Deewj Deefcele keÀe efJeJeen DeYeer lekeÀ veneR
ngDee ~ ceeB ³en mees®ekeÀj Goeme nes peeleer nw ~ [2]
iii) ceOeg Deefcele keÀer íesìer yenve nw ~ ceeB ves Deefcele mes keÀne efkeÀ ceOeg Deye Meeoer kesÀ ³eesi³e nes ie³eer nw ~ GmekeÀer Yeer Deye
Meeoer keÀjvee ®eenleer ntB , Hejbleg ceQ Henues legcnejer Meeoer keÀjvee ®eenleer ntB keÌ³eeWekf eÀ legce Dee³eg ceW ceOeg mes meele Je<e& yeæ[s nes ~ otmejer
yeele ³en nw efkeÀ ceOeg keÀer Meeoer ceW, ceQ meye keÀe DekesÀues veneR keÀj HeeTBieer ~ yent Iej ceW nesieer lees cesjer mene³elee
keÀj uesieer ~ ceeB ves Deefcele keÀes mecePeeles ngS keÀne ~ [3]
iv) ceeB keÀes Iej ceW yent keÀer keÀceer DeKejleer nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ cee³eejece Deewj Deefcele megyen ner DeHeveer HewÀkeÌìêr ceW ®eues peeles nQ ~ ceOeg
DeefOekeÀlej mece³e lees keÀe@uespe keÀer Heæ{eF& ceW ner J³emle jnleer nw Deewj keÀYeer keÀe@uespe ®eues peeleer nw~ ceeB Iej Hej DekesÀueer
jn peeleer nw keÀesF& Gvemes yeele keÀjves kesÀ efueS Iej Hej ner veneR jnlee nw ~ DekesÀuesHeve ceW GvnW efJeMes<eleewj Hej yent keÀer keÀceer
DeKejleer nw ~ Jen mees®eleer nw efkeÀ Deefcele keÀe efJeJeen nes peelee ns lees Iej ceW SkeÀ yent Dee peeleer Deewj GvekeÀe DekesÀueeHeve
otj nes peelee ~ [3]
A.12
i) ceervet o³eejece peer keÀer Heg$eer nw ~ GHev³eeme keÀer cegK³e efm$e Hee$e ns ~ veerefuecee keÀer mensueer Yeer nw~ ceervet o³eejecepeer keÀer
yeæ[er yesìer nw ~ Jen efJeJeen ³eesi³e nes ieF& nw ~ GmekesÀ efHelee ves GmekeÀer HeÀesìes cesjþ kesÀ ueæ[kesÀ JeeueeW kesÀ Heeme efYepeJeeF& ~ Gvnsb
GmekeÀer HeÀesìes Hemebo Dee ieF& ~ keÀue ceervet keÀes osKeves kesÀ efueS Deefcele, GmekesÀ efHelee cee³eejece peer, ceeleepeer Je
íesìer yenve ceOeg cesjþ mes Dee jns nQ FmeerefueS ceervet KegMe Leer ~ [2]
ii) `GmekesÀ' meJe&veece keÀe Òe³eesie veerefuecee kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ veerefuecee ceervet keÀer mensueer nw ~ veekeÀ-vekeÌMe Deewj
ªHe-jbie ceW yengle megboj nw ~ oesveeW ves meeLe ceW Sce.S keÀer Heæ{eF& keÀer ~ veerefuecee Heæ{ves ceW yengle De®íer veneR Leer ~ Jen
mecePeoej ueæ[keÀer nw ~ Jen ceervet kesÀ efoue ceW efíHeer Heeræ[e keÀes mecePeleer nw ~ DeeYeeme Yeer Gmes nes peelee nw ~ Jen GmekeÀer
Heeræ[e mes O³eeve nìeves keÀe meeLe&keÀ Òe³eeme keÀjleer nw ~ [2]
iii) ceervet keÀes DeHeveer efpeboieer kesÀ yeerles efove ³eeo Dee ie³es ~ Henues Yeer Gmes keÀF& ueæ[kesÀ Jeeues osKeves Dee³es ~ efkeÀmeer ves keÀo keÀer
íesìer lees efkeÀmeer ves meeBJeueer yeleekeÀj Gmemes Meeoer keÀjves mes cevee keÀj efo³ee ~ cesjþ JeeueeW keÀes GmekeÀer HeÀesìes Hemebo Dee ieF& ~
³eefo íesìe keÀo Deewj meeBJeues jbie kesÀ keÀejCe keÀneR Jes Yeer FvkeÀej keÀj obs, lees SkeÀ yeej efHeÀj Jen Fme Hejer#ee ceW DemeHeÀue
nes peeSieer ~ ³ener mees®ekeÀj Jen Goeme nes ieF& ~
ceervet keÀer Goemeer otj keÀjves kesÀ efueS veerefuecee DeHeveer DeveskeÀ cegêeDeeW ceW KeeR®es HeÀesìes GmekesÀ meeceves jKe efoS Deewj
SkeÀ-SkeÀ keÀjkesÀ efoKeeves ueieer, Fleves ceW jesefnle ceervet keÀe Hejer#eeHeÀue ues Dee³ee ~ ceervet Deepe Yeer He´Lece ÞesCeer ceW GÊeerCe&
nes ieF& ~ GmekeÀer Goemeer otj nes ieF& ~ [3]
iv) `ve³ee jemlee' GHev³eeme SkeÀ meeceeefpekeÀ GHev³eeme nw ~ efpemekeÀe GodosM³e meceepe keÀes ³en yeleevee nw efkeÀ `veejer Deyeuee
veneR yeefukeÀ meyeuee nw ~' GmeceW meeceL³e& SJeb meenme nw efpemekesÀ yeue Hej ner Jen DeHeveer cebefpeue lekeÀ HengB®e mekeÀleer nw ~
342
`ve³ee jemlee' GHev³eeme m$eer mebIe<e& Deewj meHeÀuelee keÀe SkeÀ cenÊJeHetCe& omleeJespe nw ~ nceejs meceepe ceW veejer Hetp³ee
nw uesefkeÀve GmekeÀer F®íeDeeW keÀer keÀesF& Denefce³ele veneR nw ~ ³eefo meceepe ceW m$eer DeeefLe&keÀ ªHe mes DeelceefveYe&j neskeÀj
DekesÀues peerJeve efveJee&n keÀjvee ®eenleer nw, lees Gmes nceeje meceepe peerves veneR oslee nw ~ GmekesÀ ®eefj$e Hej keÀuebkeÀ ueieeves
kesÀ DeveweflekeÀ He´³eeme Yeer keÀjlee nw ~ uesefKekeÀe keÀe GoosM³e He´mlegle GHev³eeme kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ³egJeefle³eeW ceW veF& ®eslevee Deewj
DeelceefveYe&jlee keÀe meb®eej keÀjvee nw ~ efpemekesÀ efueS G®®e efMe#ee HeéHle keÀj DeHeves HeeBJe Hej Keæ[e nesvee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~
`ve³ee jemlee' GHev³eeme meceepe kesÀ Jele&ceeve HeefjJesMe kesÀ ¢eq<ìkeÀesCe mes ³egJeefle³eeW keÀes meenme SJeb Oeew³e& keÀer HeśjCee
oslee nw, meeLe ner FmeceW ³en mebosn Yeer efveefJele nw efkeÀ meceepe ceW DeHeveer efJeMes<e Hen®eeve yeveeves kesÀ efueS G®®e efMe#ee HeéHle
keÀjvee Deewj DeHeves HeeBJe Hej Keæ[e nesvee Yeer DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw~ [3]
A.13
i) Oeveerceue keÀer ueæ[keÀer Deewj cee³eejece kesÀ ueæ[kesÀ keÀe efJeJeen le³e ngDee nw ~ efJeJeen cee$e SkeÀ ner cenervee jn ie³ee nw ~
GvekesÀ efJeJeen keÀer lew³eejer peesj - Meesj mes ®eue jner nw ~ Gmeer He´mebie ceW cee³eejece Deewj GvekeÀer Helveer kesÀ yeer®e Jeelee&ueeHe nes
jne nw efkeÀ Meeoer kesÀ yeeo HeérefleYeespe efkeÀ³ee ³ee efHeÀj ceæ{s Hej meye efyejeojer JeeueeW keÀes Yeespeve keÀje³ee pee³e ~ ³es JeekeÌ³e
cee³eejece ves DeHeveer Helveer mes keÀns nQ ~ [2]
ii) Oeveerceue keÀer yesìer meefjlee keÀes `yeæ[s Iej keÀer ueæ[keÀer' keÀne ie³ee nw ~ Oeveerceue yengle Oeveer J³eefkeÌle nQ ~ GvekeÀer leerve
ueæ[efkeÀ³eeB nQ ~ GvneWves oesveesb yesefì³eeW keÀes onspe ceW SkeÀ - SkeÀ HeÌuewì efo³ee Lee ~ Jes meefjlee keÀer Meeoer ceW HeeB®e ueeKe
©He³es Ke®e& keÀjves Jeeues nQ ~ leerve ueeKe keÀe HeÌuewì Deewj oes ueeKe Deewj Ke®e& keÀjves Jeeues nQ ~
meefjlee Oeveerceuepeer keÀer meyemes íesìer yesìer nw ~ efpemekeÀe efJeJeen Deefcele mes le³e neslee nw ~ Jen yengle megboj veneR
nw ~ Gmes HeWefìbie Je keÀej [ê³eefJebie ceW efJeMes<e ©ef®e nw ~ Jen Iej kesÀ keÀece-keÀepe ceW ©ef®e venebr jKeleer nw ~ efHelee keÀer ueeæ[ueer
nesves kesÀ keÀejCe Iej keÀe kegÀí keÀecekeÀepe venerb peeveleer nw ~ Gmeves yeer.S. keÀer Hejer#ee efÜleer³e ÞesCeer cesb Heeme keÀer nw ~ efHelee
kesÀ HewmeeW kesÀ ÒeoMe&ve kesÀ keÀejCe Deewj DeHeveer yesìer keÀes HeefjJeej mes Deueie jKeves kesÀ megPeeJe keÀer Jepen mes meefjlee keÀe efjMlee
ìtì peelee nw ~ [2]
iii) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve kesÀ efJe<e³e ceW Deefcele keÀnlee nw efkeÀ Jen Fme Meeoer mes mencele veneR nw Deewj Jen efHeleepeer mes keÀnlee nw efkeÀ
ceQ kegÀí veneR peevelee, pewmee DeeHe Gef®ele mecePesb, Jewmee ner keÀjW ~ Jen Fme Meeoer mes mencele FmeefueS veneR nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen
meefjlee keÀes Hemebo veneR keÀjlee nw Deewj SkeÀ yeæ[s Iej keÀer yesìer kesÀ neLeeW efyekeÀvee Yeer veneR ®eenlee ~ meefjlee kesÀ efHeleepeer
Oeveerceue ves Meeoer kesÀ He´mleeJe kesÀ meeLe HeeB®e ueeKe ©HeS osves keÀe ueeue®e efo³ee Lee ~ Jes leerve ueeKe keÀe SkeÀ HeÌuewì DeHeveer
yesìer keÀes osvee ®eenles nQ ~ [3]
iv) Jele&ceeve mece³e ceW ceO³eJeieea³e HeefjJeejeW ceW efJeJeen Deeefo kesÀ DeJemejeW Hej DeefOekeÀ efHeÀpetue Ke®e& keÀjves keÀer He´Je=eflle efoKeeF&
Heæ[leer nw ~ Jes ueesie G®®eJeie& keÀe DevegkeÀjCe keÀjles nwb ~ meceepe keÀes Fve efHeÀpetue Ke®eeA Hej DebkegÀMe ueieevee ®eeefnS ~
GmekeÀe meogHe³eesie keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ Oeve keÀes je<ìêfnle kesÀ keÀe³eeX ceWs ueieevee ®eeefnS ~
DeHeveer nwefme³ele kesÀ Devegmeej Yeer Ke®e& keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ Deepe keÀue meYeer ueesie SkeÀ-otmejs keÀes osKekeÀj efoKeeJes
keÀer efpeboieer peer jns nQ ~ Gmeves Flevee DeefOekeÀ Ke®e& efkeÀ³ee lees cegPes Yeer keÀjvee ®eeefnS Deeefo ~ Gve HewmeeW keÀe mener peien
GHe³eesie keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ oes efove keÀer ®eeBoveer kesÀ efueS Hewmee J³eLe& veneR ieJeebvee ®eeefn³es ~ Gve HewmeeW mes pe©jle cebo keÀer
mene³elee keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ [3]
A.14
i) JekeÌlee ceeB nw Jen mebmkeÀejeW keÀer oemelee ceW efIejer nw~ pees mebke´Àebleer keÀeue keÀer ceefnuee nw, Jen mebmkeÀejeW keÀer oemelee ceW efIejer
nw ~ ³en JeekeÌ³e Jen DeHeveer íesìer yent Gcee mes keÀn jner nw ~ Gcee GvekesÀ íesìs Heg$e Delegue keÀer Helveer nw [2]
343
ii) `mebmkeÀejeW keÀer oemelee meyemes Ye³ebkeÀj Me$eg nw' ³en keÀLeve ceeB kesÀ yeæ[s yesìs DeefJeveeMe keÀe nw ~ DeefJeveeMe efJepeeleer³e
efJeJeen keÀjlee nw Deewj ceeB Fme efJeJeen mes DeHe´mevve nw ~ Jen DeefJeveeMe keÀes Iej ceW veneR jnves osleer nw ~ ceeB mebmkeÀejeW keÀer
oemelee mes cegkeÌle veneR nes Heeleer ~ Gmes ncesMee peeefle, Oece& Deewj kegÀue keÀe Yetle lebie keÀjlee nw FmeefueS DeefJeveeMe ³en
keÀLeve ceeB mes keÀnlee nw efkeÀ mebmkeÀejeW keÀer oemelee meyemes Ye³ebkeÀj Me$eg nw ~ [2]
iii) mebmkeÀejeW keÀer oemelee kesÀ keÀejCe JekeÌlee DeLee&le ceeB keÀes DeveskeÀ keÀefþveeF³eeW keÀe meecevee, keÀjvee Heæ[e Fve mebmkeÀejeW keÀer
omelee mes ceeB keÀes DeHeves Het$e mes efyeígæ[vee Heæ[e ~ Jen DeHeves Heg$e keÀer efJepeeleer³e Helveer mes veejepe Leer Deewj GvnW ueielee Lee
efkeÀ Heg$ekesÀ efJepeeleer³e efJeJeen keÀjves mes meceepe ceW GvekesÀ mecceeve keÀes þsme HengB®eer nw ~ ceeB DeHeves Heg$e keÀes osKeves kesÀ efueS
lejmeleer jner uesefkeÀve DeHeves mebmkeÀejeW keÀer iegueeceer kesÀ keÀejCe Heg$e mes veneR efceue Hee³eer ~ ceeB keÀer cecelee Heg$e mes efceueves kesÀ
efueS ncesMee ueeueeef³ele jnleer Leer Hejbleg ©efæ{ie´mle nesves kesÀ keÀejCe Jen DeHevee ceve ceej keÀj jn peeleer ~ [3]
iv) Fme SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes SkeÀebkeÀerkeÀej ves ceeveJeer³e YeeJeveeDees kesÀ yeer®e kesÀ obdJebodbJeb keÀes ceeefce&keÀ {bie mes He´mlegle efkeÀ³ee
nw ~ Jes SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ³en mebosMe osles nQ efkeÀ DeeHemeer mebyebOeeW Deewj efjMleeW mes ³en mebosMe osles nQ efkeÀ DeeHemeer
mebyebOeeW Deewj efjMleeW mes yeæ{keÀj Deewj kegÀí veneR neslee nw ~ DeHeves peerJeve ceW DeeoMeeW& Je efmeodOeebleeW keÀes ueskeÀj ®euevee
De®íer yeele nw Hejbleg Gve efmeodOeebleeW Je DeeoMeeW& keÀes yeesPe keÀer lejn {esvee þerkeÀ veneR ~ kegÀí ueesie HeejbHeeefjkeÀ ©efæ{Jeeoer
mebmkeÀejeW keÀer j#ee keÀjvee DeHevee keÀle&J³e mecePeles nQ ~ FmekesÀ keÀejCe Jes DeHeves efvekeÀì mebyebefOe³eeW mes Yeer efjMlee leesæ[ osles
nQ ~ efjMleeW keÀes ye®eeves kesÀ efueS nceW DeHeves mebmkeÀejeW Deewj HejbHejeDeesb mes mecePeewlee keÀjvee Heæ[lee nw ~ ogëKe kesÀ mece³e peye
keÀesF& mene³elee keÀjlee nw leye ³es ©efæ{ie´mle Heé®eerve mebmkeÀej efveye&ue Heæ[ peeles nQ ~ [3]
A.15
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve keÀe JekeÌlee og³eexOeve nw~ og³eexOeve keÀewjJeeW ceW meyemes yeæ[e Deewj Oe=leje<ì^ keÀe pes<þ Heg$e nw ~ og³eexOeve
peevelee Lee efkeÀ Deye Jen HeeC[JeeW mes ye®e veneR mekeÀlee ~ Heeb[Je og³eexOeve kesÀ HeéCe efueS efyevee Meeble veneR yewþWies~
og³eexOeve Gvemes keÀnlee nw efkeÀ ieg©peveeW Deewj yebOeg-yeebOeJeeW keÀe efveYe&³elee mes JeOe keÀjves Hej Yeer GvekeÀer H³eeme vener yegPeer ~ [2]
ii) JekeÌlee Fme mece³e Demene³e nes ®egkeÀe Lee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen LekeÀkeÀj ®etj nes ie³ee nw ~ GmekeÀer meYeer mesvee eflelej-efyelej nes ieF&
nw, GmekeÀe keÀJe®e HeÀì ie³ee nw Deewj Mem$e-Dem$e ®etkeÀ ieS nQ ~ Deepe JeemleJe ceW og³eexOeve Demene³e Lee ~ GmekesÀ meYeer
men³eesieer ceejs ieS Les Deewj Je Heeb[JeeW keÀer mellee Yeer mJeerkeÀej keÀjvee veneR ®eenlee nw ~ Deye Jen efIej ®egkeÀe Lee Deewj
DekesÀuee jn ie³ee Lee ~ [2]
iii) Þeeslee ³egefOeeq<þj nw ~ JekeÌlee kesÀ Devegmeej Þeeslee keÀes lesjn Je<e& keÀe mece³e efo³ee veneR yeequkeÀ yeveJeeme effo³ee Lee ~ leeefkeÀ
Heeb[JeeW keÀer MeefkeÌle #eerCe nes peeS Deewj GvekesÀ mene³ekeÀ efyeKej pee³esb Deewj keÀewjJe Devee³eeme ner efJepe³e Hee ueW ~ uesKekeÀ
kesÀ Devegmeej ³en keÀLeve Yeer mel³e nw efkeÀ keÀneR ve keÀneR Heeb[Je Yeer DeHeves yeveJeeme kesÀ efueS efpeccesoej nQ ³eefo Jes og³eexOeve
kesÀ keÀnves Hej od³etle ke´Àeræ[e ceW Yeeie veneR uesles lees GvekeÀe jep³e keÀesF& veneR íerve Heelee ~ [3]
iv) JekeÌlee ves pees mece³e Heeb[JeeW keÀes efo³ee Lee GmekeÀe GodosM³e Lee efkeÀ Heeb[JeeW kesÀ yeveJeeme kesÀ yeeo GvekesÀ jep³e Hej
DeefOekeÀej keÀjvee Deewj yeveJeeme kesÀ yeneves GvekeÀer MeefkeÌle keÀes #eerCe keÀjvee Lee ~ og³eexOeve ®eenlee Lee efkeÀ Heeb[Je
yeveJeeme ®eues peeS Deewj Jen Devee³eeme ner Heeb[JeeW Hej efJepe³e neefmeue keÀjvee ®eenlee Lee ~ Jen DeHeves GoosM³e ceW
meHeÀue ve nes mekeÀe keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Heeb[JeeW ves DeHeves yeveJeeme keÀe mece³e DeHeveer MeefkeÌle keÀes yeæ{eves ceW ueiee³ee ~ GvneWves yengle
leHem³ee keÀer efpememes GvekeÀer MeefkeÌle yeæ{leer ieF& ~ GvneWves leHem³ee kesÀ odJeeje veS-veS Mem$e HeéHle efkeÀS ~ Heeb[JeeW ves Jes<e
yeouekeÀj SkeÀ Je<e& keÀe mece³e efJejeì jep³e ceW iegpeeje Deewj efJejeì kesÀ jepee keÀer ceoo keÀer efpeme keÀejCe ³egodOe kesÀ mece³e
efJejeì jepe ves Heeb[JeeW keÀer mene³elee keÀer ~ [3]
344
A.16
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve keÀer JekeÌlee Hevvee Oee³e nw, pees Go³eefmebn keÀe Heeueve-Hees<eCe keÀjleer nw ~
He´mlegle SkeÀebkeÀer òerHeoeve' ceW Hevvee SkeÀ HećegKe veejer Hee$e nQ ~ Jes Keebr®ees peeefle keÀer jepeHetleeveer nQ ~ Jes kegBÀJej Go³e
efmebn keÀe mebj#eCe keÀjves Jeeueer Oee³e ceeB nQ ~ FvekeÀer Dee³eg leerme Je<e& nw ~ FveceW ceeB keÀer cecelee, jepeYeefkeÌle Deewj
Deelcel³eeie keÀer YeeJevee Deeefo DeveskeÀ efJeMes<eleeSB efoKeeF& osleer nQ ~ Jes cenejeCee meeBiee kesÀ kegÀue keÀer Hegjeveer Deewj me®®eer
mesefJekeÀe nQ ~ Jes jepekegÀceej keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS DeHeves Heg$e ®ebove keÀe yeefueoeve osves ceW Yeer veneR efn®ekeÀleer nQ ~ GvekesÀ Deboj
efkeÀmeer Yeer He´keÀej keÀe ueeue®e veneR nw ~ peye yeveJeerj ves Gvnsb kegBÀJej Go³e efmebn kesÀ HeéCeeW keÀs yeoues SkeÀ peeieerj osves keÀe
HeúeesYeve efo³ee, lees GvneWves yeveJeerj mes keÀne efkeÀ, ``jepeHetleeveer J³eeHeej veneR keÀjleer, cenejepe ~ Jen jCeYetefce Hej ®eæ{leer
nw ³ee ef®elee Hej ~'' Fme keÀLeve mes GvekesÀ jepeYeefkeÌle keÀer YeeJevee keÀe Heefj®e³e efceuelee nw ~ Jes keÀle&J³eefve<þ nQ leLee SkeÀ
DeeoMe& Yeejleer³e veejer nQ ~ Fefleneme ceW Hevvee Oee³e keÀe veece mJeeceer YeefkeÌle Deewj je<ì^ YeefkeÌle kesÀ efueS mJeCe& De#ejeW ceW
efueKee ie³ee nw ~ DeHeves mJeeceer keÀer ÒeeCe j#ee kesÀ efueS Fefleneme ceW Ssmee yeefueoeve efkeÀmeer ves veneR efo³ee ~ [2]
ii) vee®e-jbie DeLee&le oerHeoeve keÀe Dee³eespeve yeveJeerj ves efkeÀ³ee Lee ~ Jen cenejeCee meebiee kesÀ YeeF& He=LJeerjepe keÀe oemeer Heg$e
Lee~ oerHeoeve GlmeJe keÀe Dee³eespeve yeveJeerj ves efkeÀ³ee Lee ~ ³en Dee³eespeve ef®elleewæ[ efmebnemeve kesÀ GllejeefOekeÀejer keBgÀJej
Go³e efmebn keÀer nl³ee kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee <e[d³eb$e Lee ~ yeveJeerj Go³e efmebn keÀes ceejkeÀj mJe³eb jepee yeveves keÀe DeHevee meHevee
Hetje keÀjvee ®eenlee Lee ~ Gmeves Go³eefmebn kesÀ efHelee keÀe Yeer JeOe keÀj efo³ee Lee ~ Jen Deye SkeÀcee$e kegÀueoerHekeÀ
Go³eefmebn keÀes Yeer ceejvee ®eenlee Lee ~ [2]
iii) yeveJeerj cenejeCee mebieéce efmebn kesÀ Devegpe He=LJeerefmebn keÀe oemeer-Heg$e nw ~ GmekeÀer Dee³eg yelleerme Je<e& nw ~ Jen SkeÀ
cenllJeekeÀeb#eer ³egJekeÀ nw ~ Jen ef®elleewæ[ Hej SkeÀí$e jepe keÀjvee ®eenlee nw FmeefueS Jen Demece³e ner ce³etj-He#e kegbÀ[ ceW
oerHeoeve ceneslmeJe keÀe Dee³eespeve keÀjlee nw ~ JeemleJe ceW Jen SkeÀ <eæ[d³eb$ekeÀejer keÀer lejn Yeeræ[-Yeeæ[ Deewj Meesjiegue kesÀ
yeer®e kegBÀJej Go³e efmebn keÀer nl³ee keÀjvee ®eenlee nw ~ Jen Del³eble ke´tÀj, Del³ee®eejer nw ~ Henues Jen meesS ngS cenejeCee
efJeke´Àceeefol³e keÀer nl³ee keÀjlee nw Deewj ueesYe kesÀ keÀejCe Go³e efmebn keÀer nl³ee keÀjves GmekesÀ keÀcejs ceW HengB®e peelee nw ~ Jen
ketÀìveerefle%e Yeer nw ~ Jen Go³e efmebn keÀes ceejves ceW men³eesie uesves kesÀ efueS Hevvee keÀes peeieerj keÀe ueeue®e Yeer oslee nw ~ Jen
ket́Àj, nl³eeje nw ~ jepeieodoer kesÀ ueesYe ves Gmes DebOee yevee efo³ee nw ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle SkeÀebkeÀer òerHeoeve' ceW uesKekeÀ ves mJeeefceYeefkeÌle, keÀle&J³eefve<þe, menveMeeruelee SJeb yeefueoeve keÀer YeeJevee keÀes
DeefYeJ³ekeÌle efkeÀ³ee nw ~ Hevvee Oee³e ves DeHeves mJeeceer jeCee meeBiee keÀer Oejesnj Go³e efmebn keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS DeHeves Heg$e
®ebove keÀe yeefueoeve keÀjkesÀ SkeÀ DeeoMe& He´mlegle efkeÀ³ee nw ~ Fme SkeÀebkeÀer ceW SkeÀebkeÀerkeÀej ves Hevvee Oee³e kesÀ ceeO³ece mes
³en mebosMe efo³ee nw efkeÀ je<ì^ Hesće Heg$e Heśce mes yeæ[e Deewj ceneve neslee nw Deewj Hevvee pewmeer eqm$e³eeB DeHeves ¢æ{ ®eefj$e mes Fmes
mel³e efmeodOe keÀjleer nQ ~
oerHeoeve SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes SkeÀebkeÀerkeÀej ves ceeB keÀer cecelee Deewj Oee³e ceeB kesÀ keÀle&J³e-Heeueve kesÀ yeer®e ?
Ëo³e kesÀ DevleÜ&vodJe keÀes yeæ[er ceeefce&keÀlee kesÀ meeLe GYeeje nw ~ GvneWves ³en mebosMe efo³ee nw efkeÀ J³eefkeÌleiele efnle mes je<ì^
efnle keÀneR DeefOekeÀ ceneve neslee nw ~ mJeeceer YeefkeÌle kesÀ mece#e mJeeLe& keÀe keÀesF& cenÊJe veneR nw ~ [3]

345
A.1
i) Òel³eskeÀ efJeod³eeue³e ceW Deueie-Deueie DeJemejeW mes pegæ[s efJeefYeVe GlmeJe ceveeS peeles nQ, Hejbleg Jeeef<e&keÀ GlmeJe keÀe DeHevee
efJeMes<e cenÊJe neslee nw ~ ³en GlmeJe Òee³eë HeÀjJejer cenerves kesÀ Debeflece meHleen ceW cevee³ee peelee nw ~ Fve efoveesb Heeþd³e¬eÀce
meceeHle nes ®egkesÀ nesles nQ ~ KesueketÀo Je meebmkeÀeflekeÀ Òeefle³eesefieleeSB meceeHle nes ®egkeÀer nesleer nw ~ efJeo³eeLeea Hejer#ee keÀer
lew³eejer ceW pegìves mes HetJe& Fme GlmeJe keÀer Del³eble Guueeme Je Glmeen mes Òeleer#ee keÀjles nQ ~
Fme Je<e& nceejs efJeod³eeue³e keÀe Jeeef<e&keÀ GlmeJe 23 HeÀjJejer keÀes nesvee efveef½ele ngDee ~ ³en jefJeJeej keÀe efove Lee ~
efJeod³eeefLe&³eeW ceW Glmeen Je Guueeme keÀe efJeefMeä keÀejCe Lee - jep³e kesÀ efMe#eeceb$eer keÀe Deeieceve ~ nceejs Òeeble kesÀ
efMe#eeceb$eer kegÀí keÀejCeeW mes ueesieeW ceW, efJeMes<eleë efJeod³eeLeea Jeie& ceW yesno ueeskeÀefÒe³e nQ ~ Jes JeemleJe ceW SkeÀ efMe#eeMeem$eer
nQ Deewj efMe#eeceb$eer keÀe Heo GvekesÀ DevegketÀue nw ~ Jes nBmecegKe, mHeäJeeoer, efveYeeakeÀ Je efMe#ee keÀes cenÊJe osves Jeeues
megOeejkeÀ nQ ~
22 HeÀjJejer keÀer megyen mes ner meYeeieej keÀes mepeevee ÒeejbYe nes ie³ee Lee ~ cegK³e oJeej mes ueskeÀj meYeeieej kesÀ odJeej
lekeÀ peien-peien Peb[s ueieeS ieS ~ Gve Peb[eW kesÀ yeer®e Deueie-Deueie HeÀueeW kesÀ ieceues jKes ieS ~ meYeeieej kesÀ odJeej Hej
SkeÀ megboj Je keÀueelcekeÀ jbieesueer mepeeF& ieF& ~ efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ cegK³e odJeej, meYeeieej kesÀ cegK³e odJeej leLee meYeeieej kesÀ
ceW®e keÀer He=ÿYetefce Jeeueer oerJeej Hej kewÀveJeme kesÀ yewvej ueieeS ieS, efpeve Hej meceejesn Je cegK³e DeefleefLe kesÀ Deeieceve keÀer
met®evee Leer ~
23 HeÀjJejer keÀes Òeeleë i³eejn yepes GlmeJe keÀe MegYeejbYe nesvee Lee ~ nceW ome yepes ner DeHevee mLeeve ûenCe keÀjves
keÀe DeeosMe efceuee Lee ~ Deefûece HebeqkeÌle ceW efJeefMeä DeefleefLe³eeW kesÀ efueS meesHesÀ ueieeS ieS Les ~ GmekesÀ Heerís keÀer oes
HebeqkeÌle³eeW keÀer kegÀefme&³eeB efJeefMeä veeieefjkeÀeW Je efJeo³eeefLe&³eeW kesÀ DeefYeYeeJekeÀeW kesÀ efueS ueieeF& ieF& Leer ~ GmekesÀ yeeo oes
HebeqkeÌle³eeB efJeo³eeue³e kesÀ efMe#ekeÀeW Je keÀce&®eeefj³eeW kesÀ efueS leLee GmekesÀ yeeo keÀer Deeþ HebeqkeÌle³eeB HegjmkeÀej efJepesleeDeeW kesÀ
efueS Leer ~ Fme yeej ÒeyebOe De®íe efkeÀ³ee ie³ee Lee ~ Òel³eskeÀ HegjmkeÀej efJepeslee keÀer kegÀmeea keÀer Heerþ Hej GmekeÀe veece leLee
HegjmkeÀej Heeves keÀe Deewj ûenCe efkeÀS peeves keÀe ¬eÀceebkeÀ ef®eHekeÀe³ee ie³ee Lee ~
i³eejn yepeves keÀes DeeS ~ Hetjs meYeeieej ceW ieceueeW keÀer efceììer ceW peien-peien DeiejyeefÊe³eeB ueieeF& ieF¥ ~
DeiejyeefÊe³eeW keÀer megiebOe cenkeÀves ueieer ~ efJeo³eeue³e keÀe HeÀesìesûeeHeÀj Henues ner Ietce-IetcekeÀj ye®®eeW kesÀ Je DeeieblegkeÀeW kesÀ
ef®e$e ues jne Lee ~ Jeeref[³ees efHeÀuceebkeÀve Yeer nes jne Lee, pees nceejs efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ efueS ve³ee DevegYeJe Lee ~ meYeeieej ceW
Oeerceer-Oeerceer OJeefve ceW mebieerle ietBpe jne Lee ~ leYeer yeenj efyeiegue yepeves keÀe mJej ietBpee ~ cegK³e DeefleefLe Dee ®egkesÀ Les Deewj
Sve.meer.meer. kewÀef[ìeW mes meueeceer ues jns Les ~
meyemes Henues HejbHeje kesÀ Devegmeej mejmJeleer Jebovee Òemlegle ngF& ~ efJeo³eeue³e keÀer íe$eeDeeW ves ceOegj mebieerle kesÀ meeLe
ceeB mejmJeleer keÀer DeejeOevee keÀer ~ GmekesÀ yeeo Òee®ee³e& ceneso³e ves Jeeef<e&keÀ efjHeesì& Heæ{er, efpemeceW Je<e& keÀer efJeefYeVe
GHeueeqyOe³eeW keÀer ®e®ee& Leer ~ FmekesÀ yeeo SkeÀ ueeskeÀieerle oJeeje oMe&keÀeW keÀe ceveesjbpeve efkeÀ³ee ie³ee ~ efHeÀj DebOesj veiejer
®eewHeì jepee veeìkeÀ keÀe ceb®eve ngDee, efpemekeÀe Deevebo meYeer ves Gþe³ee ~ HegjmkeÀej efJepesleeDeeW keÀes ¬eÀceMeë yegueekeÀj
HegjmkeÀej efJelejCe ÒeejbYe ngDee ~ Òel³eskeÀ veece Hej leeefue³eeB yepeleeR ~ Òel³eskeÀ efJepeslee keÀer HeÀesìes Gleejer peeleer ~ meYeer
efJeo³eeLeea efKeues ®esnjs mes peeles Deewj HegjmkeÀej ueskeÀj DeHeves efveefM®ele mLeeve Hej yewþ peeles ~
HegjmkeÀej efJelejCe kesÀ yeeo efMe#eeceb$eer keÀe Yee<eCe ÒeejbYe ngDee ~ GvneWves meYeer efJepesleeDeeW keÀes yeOeeF& Je DeeMeerJee&o
efo³ee Deewj osMe Je meceepe keÀer mesJee kesÀ efueS Òesefjle efkeÀ³ee ~ GvneWves efJeod³eeue³e kesÀ HeefjJesMe keÀer mJe®ílee Je keÀueelcekeÀlee
keÀer pecekeÀj ÒeMebmee keÀer ~ Jes meyemes yeæ{keÀj efJeod³eeefLe&³eeW kesÀ J³eJenej Je DevegMeemeve mes ÒeYeeefJele ngS ~ Òee®ee³e& kesÀ
Oev³eJeeo %eeHeve kesÀ yeeo jeäîeeve kesÀ meeLe ner Jeeef<e&keÀ GlmeJe mebHevve ngDee ~ [15]
346
ii) ³ee$ee SkeÀ GÊece ªef®e

owefvekeÀ peerJeve ceW efveefM®ele keÀe³e&¬eÀce kesÀ Devegmeej efvejblej keÀe³e& keÀjles-keÀjles ceveg<³e LekeÀ peelee nw, Tye peelee nw
leye Gmes SkeÀ efJeMes<e HeefjJele&ve keÀer DeeJeM³ekeÀlee Heæ[leer nQ, efpememes Jen DeHeves keÀe³e& keÀjves kesÀ efueS Hegveë lelHej nes peelee
nQ ~ Fme ÒekeÀej kesÀ HeefjJele&ve mes ceveesJew%eeefvekeÀ ÒeYeeJe Heæ[lee nw ~ ceveg<³e efkeÀme ÒekeÀej keÀe HeefjJele&ve ®eenlee nQ, ³en
GmekeÀer ÒeJe=efle Hej efveYe&j keÀjlee nw ~ kegÀí ueesie SsefleneefmekeÀ mLeeveeW keÀer ³ee$ee keÀjles nw ~ kegÀí ueesie Oeeefce&keÀ mLeueeW keÀer,
kegÀí ueesie Òeeke=ÀeflekeÀ megbojlee keÀer Deesj DeekeÀef<e&le neskeÀj DeHeves ceve keÀes ceesefnle keÀj osves Jeeueer ³ee$ee keÀjles nQ Deewj Ssmes
Yeer kegÀí ueesie nessles nQ pees ÒecegKe MenjeW keÀer ³ee$ee keÀes cenlJe osles nQ ~
ye®eHeve ceW ³ee$ee keÀjvee efMe#ee keÀe SkeÀ Yeeie nQ, SJeb yeæ[s nesves Hej ³ee$ee DevegYeJe keÀe SkeÀ Yeeie nQ ~ kegÀí ueesie
Deueie lejn mes Yeer mees®eles nw, GvekesÀ efueS ®e®eeX SJeb cebefojeW, ceþeW cenueeW SJeb efkeÀueeW ceW peevee, Hegjeleve mLeueeW Hej kesÀJeue
mece³e keÀer yejyeeoer nQ ~ Hejbleg me®e lees ³en nw efkeÀ efpeve mLeueeW kesÀ yeejs ceW nce Heæ{les nQ, efpevekeÀes lemJeerjW nce osKeles nQ Gme
mel³e keÀes Heeme mes osKeves Gmes ítves SJeb cenmetme keÀjves mes SkeÀ Deueie ÒekeÀej keÀer meblegef<ì SJeb jesceeb®e keÀer DevegYetelf e nesleer nQ ~
³ee$ee keÀjvee SkeÀ cenbiee MeewkeÀ nw efkeÀvleg ³en meYeer efJeÊeer³e (DeeefLe&keÀ) Ieeìs keÀer YejHeeF& keÀjlee nQ ~ ³ee$ee keÀjkesÀ
³eefo efkeÀmeer ³ee$eer keÀes peerJeve ceW SJeb FmekesÀ DeeefJeYee&Je ceW ªef®e nw lees Jen DeHeves keÀes J³emle SJeb ÒemeVe jKeves kesÀ efueS
yengle-meer Keespe keÀj mekeÀlee nw ~ meceepeMeem$e keÀe efJeÐeeLeea efJeYeerVe efnmmeeW cesb jnves Jeeues ueesieeW kesÀ jerefleefjJeepeeW SJeb
Oeeefce&keÀ DevegÿeveeW mes yengle peevekeÀejer ÒeeHle keÀj mekeÀlee nQ ~ Fefleneme keÀe efJeÐeeLeea SsefleneefmekeÀ mceejkeÀeW mes Fefleneme
keÀe peerJeble %eeve ÒeeHle keÀj mekeÀlee nQ ~ SkeÀ Fbpeerefve³ej JeemlegefMeuHe keÀer efJeYeerVe FceejleeW keÀes osKekeÀj DeHeves %eeve ceW
Je=eqOo keÀj mekeÀlee nQ, pees GmekesÀ yeeweqOokeÀ efJekeÀeme keÀer Je=eqOo keÀjlee nQ ~
³ee$ee keÀjvee mece³e kesÀ meogHe³eesie keÀe meJees&Êece lejerkeÀe nw, peye lekeÀ keÀesF& J³eeqkeÌle DeHeveer veerjme MeejerefjkeÀ SJeb
ceeveefmekeÀ efove®e³ee& keÀes leesæ[lee veneR nw Gme meblegefä veneR efceue mekeÀleer ~ ³ee$ee Hej peekeÀj nce SkeÀ veF& peien Hej kegÀí
peeveves kesÀ efueS GlmegkeÀ SJeb %eeve Deefpe&le keÀjves ceW J³emle nes peeles nw ~ jesceebef®ele SJeb DeeM®e³e& ®eefkeÀle keÀjves Jeeues mLeue
Glmeen keÀes peeie=le jKeles nQ ~ ³ee$ee kesÀ oewjeve nce Deueie-Deueie ueesieeW mes efceueles nw Deewj nceW J³eeqkeÌle³eeW keÀes mecePeves
keÀe DevegYeJe SJeb ¢efä ÒeeHle nesleer nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ceveg<³e kesÀ mJeYeeJe keÀes mecePe Heevee meJeexÊece efMe#ee nQ ~
Òee®eerve keÀeue mes nceejs osMe ceW leHemJeer ueesie keÀYeer Yeer SkeÀ mLeeve Hej DeefOekeÀ mece³e veneR þnjles Les keÌ³eeWefkeÀ
GvekeÀe efJe®eej Lee efkeÀ Fmemes ceveg<³e keÀe %eeve ner meerefcele veneR neslee DeefHeleg Jen ieeflenerve Deewj Metv³e meceeve nes peelee
nw ~ ³ee$ee keÀjves mes J³eefkeÌle keÀes osMeö ogefve³ee mes yengle kegÀí meerKeves keÀes efceuelee nw ~ FmeefueS nce keÀn mekeÀles nw ³ee$ee
keÀjvee SkeÀ GÊece ªef®e nw ~
meeBme ®eueleer nw legPes, ®euevee Heæ[siee ner cegmeeefHeÀj
®eue jne nw leejkeÀes keÀe, oue ieieve ceW ieerle ieelee
®eue jne DeekeÀeMe Yeer nw, Metv³e ceW Yećelee-Yećeelee
HeeBJe kesÀ veer®es Heæ[er De®euee vener ³en ®eb®euee nw...
MeeqkeÌle³eeB ieefle keÀer legPes meye Deesj mes Iesjs ngS nw meeBme ®eueleer nQ ....... [15]
iii) Jeve ceeveJe peerJeve kesÀ efueS Del³eble cenÊJeHetCe& nQ ~

He=LJeer Hej peerJeve keÀe DeejbYe leye mes ner ngDee, peye íesìs-íesìs njs HeewOeeW ves ÒekeÀeMe-mebMues<eCe keÀer ef¬eÀ³ee odJeeje
DeHevee Yeespeve yeveevee DeejbYe efkeÀ³ee ~ Deepe Yeer ÒeeCe-Jee³eg Dee@keÌmeerpeve nceW Je=#e ner osles nQ, FmeerefueS Yeejleer³e
mebmke=Àefle ceW Je=#eeW keÀer Hetpee keÀer peeleer nQ ~ ceeB kesÀ DeeB®eue keÀer YeeBefle Jes ncebs íe³ee osles nQ, ceeB kesÀ Hetle-He³e keÀer YeeBefle
Dece=lece³eer peueOeeje yejmeeles nQ, Yetefce keÀer j#ee keÀj ncebs DeVe osles nQ, HeÀue osles nQ ~
Je=#e ³ee JeveeW keÀes ceeveJe kesÀ ef®ej efce$e keÀne peeS lees ³en ³egeqkeÌlemebiele nesiee ~ FvekesÀ ueeYe keÀes efievevee mebYeJe ner
veneR ~ ³es Oejleer kesÀ peerJeve-j#ekeÀ nQ ~ DeHeves Yeespeve keÀes yeveeles ngS ÒeeCeIeelekeÀ keÀeye&ve-[eF-Dee@keÌmeeF[ keÀes ueskeÀj
ncebs peerJeveoeef³eveer Dee@keÌmeerpeve osles nQ ~ DeHevee Yeespeve yeveeles nw, uesefkeÀve HeÀue ªHe ceW Gmes mebef®ele keÀj nceW ueewìe osles
347
nQ ~ nceejer Yetefce keÀes DeHeveer peæ[eW mes HekeÀæ[keÀj nceW Kesleer ³eesi³e Yetefce keÀer neefve nesves mes ye®eeles nQ ~ FvekeÀer njereflecee
ceveesnejer ¢M³e GHeefmLele keÀjleer nQ ~ FvekesÀ meIeve kegbÀpe Jev³e peerJeve keÀes DeeJeeme Deewj megj#ee Òeoeve keÀjles nQ ~ Je=#eeW mes
ncebs DeveskeÀ ÒekeÀej keÀer Deew<eefOe³eeB ÒeeHle nesleer nQ ~ FvekeÀer HeefÊe³eeB Peæ[keÀj, meæ[keÀj Yeer Hegveë Keeo kesÀ ªHe ceW GHe³eesie
ceW Deeleer nwb ~ Deepe kesÀ peerJe-Jew%eeefvekeÀ ceeveles nQ efkeÀ nceejs HeeefjefmLeeflekeÀ-leb$e (Ecosytem) keÀes ³es Je=#e meblegefuele
keÀjles nQ ~
Je=#eeW mes ncebs DeveskeÀ ueeYe nQ ~ He³ee&JejCe keÀes megj#ee Òeoeve keÀjves kesÀ DeueeJee Je=#e ncebs DeVe, HeÀue, HetÀue, peæ[er-
yetefì³eeB, F¥Oeve leLee Fceejleer uekeÀefæ[³eeB Òeoeve keÀjles nQ ~ Jeve Je<ee& ceW mene³ekeÀ nesles nw, Yet-j#eCe keÀes jeskeÀles nQ leLee
jsefiemleeve kesÀ Òemeej Hej DebkegÀMe ueieeles nQ ~ DeveskeÀ peerJe-peblegDeeW keÀes Je=#e ner DeeÞe³e osles nQ ~ DeveskeÀ Go³eesie-OebOes
Je=#eeW mes efceueves Jeeueer meeceûeer Hej DeeOeeefjle nesles nQ ~ HueeF&Jeg[, keÀeiepe, ueeKe, jsMece, jyeæ[ pewmes Go³eesie-OebOes Je=#eeW
Hej ner DeeefÞele nesles nQ ~
Deepe pevemebK³ee keÀer Je=odefOe kesÀ keÀejCe DeeJeeme keÀer iebYeerj mecem³ee GlHeVe nes ieF& nQ ~ Yetefce keÀer cee$ee yeæ{eF&
veneR pee mekeÀleer, FmeefueS pevemebK³ee keÀes DeeJeeme Òeoeve keÀjves kesÀ efueS Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& keÀjvee DeeJeM³ekeÀ nes ie³ee
nw, meeLe ner veF& Deewo³eesefiekeÀ FkeÀeF³eeB ueieeves kesÀ efueS Yeer Yetefce keÀer keÀceer keÀes otj keÀjves kesÀ efueS Yeer Je=#eeW keÀer
DebOeeOegbOe keÀìeF& keÀer pee jner nQ ~ Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& kesÀ keÀejCe He³ee&JejCe keÀe meblegueve efyeieæ[ ie³ee nw leLee ceewmece ceW
Deefve³eefcele yeoueeJe osKeves keÀes efceueles nQ ~ DeveskeÀ Òeeke=ÀeflekeÀ efJeHeoeSB, pewmes-yeeæ{, YetkebÀHe, YetjKeueve, DeveeJe=efä
Deeefo Je=#eeW keÀer Deefve³ebef$ele keÀìeF& kesÀ keÀejCe ner GlHeVe ngF& nQ ~ Hewæ[-HeewOeeW keÀer keÀìeF& kesÀ keÀejCe Jev³e HeMegDeeW keÀer
DeveskeÀ ogue&Ye Òepeeefle³eeB uegHle nes ieF& nQ leLee Oejleer kesÀ meeQo³e& Hej Yeer kegÀþejeIeele ngDee nQ ~ yeæ[les ngS Òeot<eCe kesÀ
keÀejCe DeveskeÀ yeerceeefj³eeB yeæ{leer pee jner nQ ~
JeveeW keÀer keÀìeF& Hej jeskeÀ ueieeves kesÀ efueS nceejs osMe ceW meve 1950 ceW Jeve-ceneslmeJe keÀes ÒeejbYe efkeÀ³ee ie³ee, pees
pegueeF& ceen ceW cevee³ee peelee nQ ~ meve 1976 mes JeveeW kesÀ keÀeìves kesÀ efueS keWÀêer³e mejkeÀej keÀer Devegceefle ÒeeHle keÀjvee
DeefveJee³e& keÀj efo³ee ie³ee nw ~ jep³e mejkeÀejW Je=#e ueieeDees, Oeve keÀceeDees ³eespevee kesÀ Debleie&le DeveskeÀ yesjespeieejeW keÀes
jespeieej os jner nQ ~ GÊejeKeb[ kesÀ ieæ{Jeeue #es$e ceW ef®eHekeÀes Deeboesueve Je=#eeW keÀer keÀìeF& keÀes jeskeÀves kesÀ efueS cenÊJeHetCe&
keÀe³e& keÀj jne nQ ~ Je=#eeW kesÀ mebj#eCe kesÀ mebyebOe ceW ûeeceerCe meceepe ceW peeie=efle ueevee Yeer Del³eeJeM³ekeÀ nQ ~ Yeejleer³e
mebmke=Àefle ceW lees Je=#eeW keÀer Hetpee keÀer peeleer nQ ~ Deece, HeerHeue, yejieo, kesÀuee, DeeBJeuee pewmes DeveskeÀ Je=#e HeefJe$e ceeves peeles
nQ ~ Deleë Òel³eskeÀ veeieefjkeÀ keÀe keÀle&J³e nQ efkeÀ DeefOekeÀ-mes-DeefOekeÀ Je=#e ueieeS leLee njs-Yejs Hesæ[ keÀes keÀYeer ve keÀeìs ~
`Òeeke=ÀeflekeÀ mebHeoe kesÀ keÀes<e Deewj vewefmeefie&keÀ meg<ecee kesÀ Deeieej'- Je=#eeW kesÀ mebj#eCe keÀer Deepe efveleeble DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nQ~ [15]
iv) SkeÀ ieeBJe Lee efpemekeÀe veece meecebleHegj Lee ~ Gme ieeBJe ceW veyyes HeéfleMele ueesie efveOe&ve Les Deewj jespeer-jesìer keÀe keÀesF&
meeOeve veneR Lee ~ ye®®eeW keÀes Heæ{vee lees yengle otj keÀer yeele Leer ~ Gmeer ieeBJe mes otj Menj ceW veewkeÀjer keÀjves ie³ee ~ GmekeÀe
veece jeceoerve Lee~ Jen yengle od³eeueg Lee Deewj GmekesÀ ceve ceW ieeBJeJeeueeW keÀer ceoo keÀjves keÀe pegvetve Lee~
jeceoerve Menj ceW yengle cesnvele keÀjves ueiee Deewj Oeerjs-Oeerjs Gmeves DeHevee J³eJemee³e Megª keÀj efo³ee~ Hetjer ueieve mes
Jen J³eJemee³e keÀjves ueiee Deewj Gmeves DeHeves ieeBJe kesÀ yesjespeieej ueesieeW keÀes keÀece osvee Megª efkeÀ³ee~ jeceoerve mvesner He´Je=efle
keÀe Lee ~ He´sce keÀer YeeJevee SkeÀ-otmejs kesÀ Heéfle ueieeJe Je meefn<Ceglee keÀes pevce osleer nw, SkeÀ J³eeqkeÌle otmejs J³eefkeÌle kesÀ efueS
yeefueoeve osves kesÀ efueS lew³eej jnlee nw~ Fmeer He´keÀej ieeBJe kesÀ ueesieeW kesÀ ceve ceW Yeer jeceoerve kesÀ Heéfle ueieeJe GlHevve nesves
ueiee~ Jes meYeer yengle cesnvele keÀjves ueies Deewj Oeerjs-Oeerjs ieeBJe ceW efveOe&velee keÀce nesves ueieer ~ Heśce kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ner meceepe
keÀer DeveskeÀ yegjeF³eeW keÀes otj efkeÀ³ee pee mekeÀlee nw Deewj megKeo peerJeve keÀer keÀuHevee keÀer pee mekeÀleer nw~ jeceoerve efmeHe&À
Oeve keÀceevee veneR ®eenlee Lee ~ Jen meceepe keÀer mesJee keÀjvee ®eenlee Lee~ JeemleefJekeÀ megKe keÀe DeeOeej ner Heśce nw, nj
ceveg<³e megKeer peerJeve efyeleevee ®eenlee nw Deewj jeceoerve keÀes DeHeves ieeBJe kesÀ ueesieeW keÀer mesJee ceW ner me®®ee megKe HeéHle neslee
Lee ~
348
DeHeves efueS meYeer me#ece Deewj keÀle&J³eMeerue nesles nw efkebÀleg otmejeW kesÀ efueS keÀle&J³eHeje³eCe nesvesJeeues ueesie keÀce ner
nesles nQ~ HeMegDeeW keÀe mebmeej meerefcele neslee nw efkebÀleg ceeveJeeW keÀe mebmeej Demeerefcele neslee nw~ Deleë HejesHekeÀej kesÀ GHejeble ngF&
megKeevegYetefle keÀe JeCe&ve DemebYeJe neslee nw~ ³ener megKeevegYetefle jeceoerve keÀes nesleer Leer~
jeceoerve keÀe J³eJemee³e yeæ{lee ie³ee Deewj ieeBJe keÀer oMee megOejleer ieF&~ SkeÀ efove Ssmee Dee³ee efkeÀ ieeBJe ceW SkeÀ Yeer
J³eefkeÌle efveOe&ve veneR jne~ ieeBJe kesÀ ueesie jeceoerve keÀes YeieJeeve keÀer lejn Hetpeves ueies jeceoerve kesÀ peerJeve keÀe GodosM³e Yeer
HetCe& nesves ueiee~ Jen keÀle&J³e kesÀ ceeie& Hej Deeies yeæ{lee ®euee ie³ee~ Deye lees mejkeÀej Yeer GmekeÀer ceoo keÀjves ueieer SkeÀ
efove jeceoerve ves mees®ee keÌ³eeW ve SkeÀ yeej ieeBJe keÀer mewj keÀj DeeS~ FmeefueS Jen ieeBJe ®euee ie³ee ~ ieeBJe JeeueeW keÀes megKeer
osKekeÀj Jen DeelceefJeYeesj nes ie³ee~ ieeBJe keÀer KegMeneueer Je ueesieeW keÀer KegMeer osKe jeceoerve kesÀ cegBn mes ³es Meyo efvekeÀue-
Deleleë cesje ceeveJe peerJeve meHeÀue nes ie³ee~ [15]
v) Òemlegle ef®e$e ceW íesìs-íesìs ye®®es cepeotjer keÀjles ngS efoKeeF& osles nQ ~ Fme ÒekeÀej Fme ef®e$e keÀe meerOee mebyeOe
yeeuecepeotjer keÀer mecem³ee leLee meceepe ceW SkeÀ keÀuebkeÀ kesÀ meceeve nw ~ ³en yeeue cepeotjer efkeÀmeer Yeer meceepe leLee je<ì^,
osMe efJeosMe meYeer peieneW Hej keÀuebkeÀ kesÀ ªHe ceW J³eeHle nQ ~
yeeue cepeotjer keÀjvee ye®®eeW mes SkeÀ oyeeJeHetCe& J³eJenej nw ~ pees DekeÌmej DeefYeJee®ekeÀ ³ee ceefuekeÀeW Joeje efkeÀ³ee
peelee nw ~ ye®eHeve meYeer ye®®eeW keÀe pevceefmeodOe DeefOekeÀej nw pees ceelee-efHelee kesÀ H³eej DeewJe osKe-jsKe ceW meYeer keÀes
efceuevee ®eeefnS ~
efkeÀmeer Yeer #es$e ceW ye®®eeW Joeje DeHeves ye®eHeve ceW oer ieF& mesJee keÀes yeeue cepeotjer keÀnles nw ~ KegMeer keÀe Heue neslee
nw efpemeceW ye®®es Òeke=Àefle efÒe³epeveeW Deewj DeHeves ceelee-efHelee mes peerJeve peerves keÀe lejerkeÀe meerKeles nQ ~ meeceeefpekeÀ yeeweqOokeÀ,
MeejerefjkeÀ, Deewj ceeveefmekeÀ meYeer ¢ef<ìkeÀesCe mes yeeue cepeotjer ye®®eeW keÀer Je=eqOo Deewj efJekeÀeme ceW DeJejesOe keÀe keÀece
keÀjleer nw ~ Fmeer Jepen mes ye®®es ye®eHeve kesÀ H³eejs uecneW mes otj nes peeles nQ ~ pees nj SkeÀ kesÀ peerJeve keÀe meyemes ³eeoieej
Deewj KegMJevegcee Heue neslee nQ ~ ceelee-efHelee ³ee iejerye jsKee mes veer®es kesÀ ueesie DeHeves ye®®eeW keÀer efMe#ee keÀe Ke®e& menve veneR
keÀj Heeleles nw Deewj peerJeve-³eeHeve kesÀ efueS peªjer Hewmee Yeer veneR keÀcee Heeles nQ ~ Fmeer Jepen mes Jes DeHeves ye®®eeW keÀes mketÀue
Yespeves keÀer JepeeS keÀefþve Þece ces Meeefceue keÀj uesles nQ ~ Jees ceeveles nQ efkeÀ ye®®eeW keÀes mketÀue Yespevee mece³e keÀer yejyeeoer
nw ~ Deewj keÀce Gce´ ces Hewmee keÀceevee HeefjJeej kesÀ efue³es De®íe neslee nw ~ ³es yeeue cepeotj DeveHeæ{ DeLee&le Heæ{s-efueKes veneR
nesles nQ ~ Jes Fleveer cesnvele keÀj kesÀ DekeÌmej yeerceej Heæ[ peeles nQ ~ Smes ye®®eeW keÀer ce=l³eg peuoer nes peeleer nQ ~ Ssmes yeeue
ÞeceJeeues ye®®eeW keÀer Dee³eg 50 Je<e& mes DeefOekeÀ veneR HengB®e Heeleer nQ ~
yeeueÞece keÀes Hetjer lejn mes efceìeves kesÀ efueS nceejs osMe kesÀ veeieefjkeÀeW keÀes Deeies peevee ®eeefnS ~ ³eefo DeeHe kesÀ
Deeme-Heeme IejeW, ³ee Dev³e #es$eeW ceW yeeue cepeotjer keÀer peevekeÀejer ueskeÀj GvnW efMe#ee keÀer Deesj ÒeJe=efle keÀjvee peªjer nw ~
meceepe ceW mejkeÀej kesÀ Joeje yengle mee keÀevetve yevee³ee lees nce meYeer keÀes GmekeÀe Heeueve keÀjvee ®eeefnS Deewj nceW Fme
keÀevetve keÀe Heeueve keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ [15]
A. 2
i) jeceyeeæ[e jeceveiej,
Heìvee ~
efoveebkeÀ - 6 peveJejer 2019
efÒe³e jesnve
mvesn ~
keÀue ner legcneje He$e ÒeeHle ngDee ~ ³en peevekeÀj Deefle ÒemeVelee ngF& efkeÀ legceves DeHeveer DeOe&-Jeeef<e&keÀ Hejer#eeDeeW ceW
yesnlej ÒeoMe&ve efkeÀ³ee ~ cesje Yeer Hejer#ee HeefjCeece Glke=Àä ner jne ~
349
ceQves ³en He$e legcnbs efJeMes<ekeÀj ³en yeleeves kesÀ efueS efueKee nw efkeÀ Fme Je<e& keÀer oerHeeJeueer keÀer ígefÆ³eeW ceW, ceQ SkeÀ
nmlekeÀuee ÒeoMe&veer osKeves ie³ee Lee ~ ³en ÒeoMe&veer Heìvee efveiece yees[& oJeeje nceejs nmlekeÀuee keÀes yeæ{eJee osves kesÀ efueS jKeer
ieF& Leer ~ cesjs Heeme ÒeoMe&veer keÀer efJeMes<eleeSB yeleeves kesÀ efueS Meyo ner veneR nw ~ ÒeoMe&veer yengle ner G®®e keÀesefì keÀer Leer ~
efceÆer kesÀ yele&ve, Iej kesÀ mepeeJeìer kesÀ efueS meeceeve, keÀMceerjer MeeueW, keÀ®í keÀer keÀæ{eF& Jeeues keÀHeæ[W, ueKeveJeer
ef®ekeÀvekeÀejer, oef#eCe Yeejle keÀer ceMentj nLekeÀjIee meeefæ[³eeB Deeefo ~ Ssmee ueielee Lee ceevees Hetje keÀe Hetje Yeejle íesìs mes
Heb[eue ceW mecee ie³ee nes ~ efpeOej vepej oewæ[eDees Jener Devetþer Deewj keÀuee mes Yejer ®eerpeW efoKeeF& os jner Leer ~ ceQves mees®ee
Yeer veneR Lee efkeÀ keÀMceerj mes keÀv³eekegÀceejer lekeÀ nceeje osMe keÀuee ceW Flevee yesnlej nQ ~ Ssmes yesnlejerve keÀueekeÀej nceejs
osMe ceW Yejs nQ ~
efce$e cegPes ueielee nw Fme ÒekeÀej keÀer ÒeoMe&efve³eeB osMe kesÀ Òel³eskeÀ MenjeW ceW nesveer ®eeefnS ~ nce efJeosMeer keÀueeDeeW
kesÀ Heerís YeeiekeÀj DeHeveer keÀueeDeeW keÀes Yetueles pee jns nQ ~ nce Fme ÒekeÀej keÀer JemlegDeeW keÀer DeHeves peerJeve ceW cenÊee keÀes
mecePe ner veneR Heeles ~ Deye pewmes efceÆer kesÀ yele&veeW keÀes ner ues uees FmeceW yevee Keevee ve kesÀJeue megmJeeog neslee nw yeefukeÀ
mJeemL³e kesÀ efueS Yeer ueeYeoe³ekeÀ neslee nw ~
nce kesÀJeue yeenjer ®ekeÀce ocekeÀ kesÀ HesÀj ceW Heæ[keÀj DeHeveer Demeueer Kepeeves keÀes Yetueles pee jns nQ Deewj efJeosMeer
keÀuee keÀes DeHeveeles pee jns nQ ~
Fme ÒekeÀej keÀer ÒeoMe&efve³eeB efJeosMeer He³e&ìkeÀeW keÀes DeekeÀef<e&le keÀjves kesÀ meeLe osMe kesÀ efJeosMeer cegêe keÀes Yeer yeæ{e
mekeÀleer nQ ~ ³es ÒeoMe&efve³eeB nceejs keÀueekeÀejeW kesÀ Glmeen keÀes yeæ{eves Deewj Fme keÀe³e& keÀes keÀjves kesÀ Òeefle DeHeves DeeHe Hej
ieJe& cenmetme keÀjves kesÀ efueS Yeer Deefle DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ nceejer mejkeÀej keÀes Fme Go³eesie mes pegæ[s ueesieeW keÀes yeæ{eJee osves
kesÀ meeLe GvekeÀer cetueYetle megefJeOeeDeeW keÀe Yeer O³eeve jKevee ®eeefnS ~ Fvns Yeer SkeÀ De®íer peerJeveMewueer Deewj SkeÀ
megefveefM®ele YeefJe<³e osves keÀe Òe³eeme mejkeÀej keÀes keÀjvee ®eeefnS efpememes efkeÀ ueesieeW keÀe ©Peeve Fme keÀuee keÀer Deewj yeæ{ves
ueies
De®íe efce$e Fme He$e ceW Flevee ner Mes<e efceueves Hej ~ ceelee-efHelee keÀes cesje ÒeCeece keÀnvee Deewj íesìer jervee keÀes {sj
meeje H³eej ~ He$e keÀer Òeleer#ee ceW ~
legcneje efce$e,
DeefYe<eskeÀ [7]
ii) jesefnCeer efceÞee,

Meejoe efveJeeme,
Deepeeo veiej,
pevekeÀHegjer,
veF& efouueer ~
efoveebkeÀë 27 cee®e& 2019
mesJee ceW,
veiejHeeefuekeÀe DeO³e#e,
veF& efouueer ~
efJe<e³e ë peue mebkeÀì keÀer Deesj O³eeve DeekeÀef<e&le keÀjves nsleg He$e ~
ceneso³e,
Fme He$e oJeeje ceQ DeeHekeÀe O³eeve yeæ{les peue mebkeÀì keÀer Deesj DeekeÀef<e&le keÀjvee ®eenleer ntB ~ nj Je<e& keÀer lejn
ieefce&³eeW kesÀ efove Megª nesles ner ÒeosMe ceW peue mebkeÀì GlHeVe nes peelee nw ~ efove-Òeefle-efove yeæ{leer pevemebK³ee, keÀue-
keÀejKeeves, ke=Àef<e, Go³eesieeW, JeveeW keÀer DebOeeOegbOe keÀìeF& Deeefo keÀF& keÀejCeeW mes Yetefce mes peue-mlej Ieìlee pee jne nQ ~
350
Heeveer kesÀ Del³eeefOekeÀ GHe³eesie mes Yeer Heeveer keÀer keÀceer keÀe meecevee DeevesJeeues efoveeW ceW efJekeÀejeue ªHe OeejCe keÀj
uesiee FmeefueS Fme mecem³ee keÀe keÀesF& mLee³eer meceeOeeve efvekeÀeuevee ®eeefnS ~ ncebs Fme mecem³ee mes cegeqkeÌle Heeves kesÀ efueS
peue-mebj#eCe Heefj³eespevee keÀes ueeiet keÀjves kesÀ yeejs ceW efJe®eej keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ nceW jefnJeemeer meceepe keÀes peue-meb®e³eve kesÀ
efueS ve kesÀJeue Òesefjle keÀjvee ®eeefnS Jejvee Fme keÀe³e& ceW GvekeÀer YejmekeÀ mene³elee Yeer keÀjveer ®eeefnS ~ veiej-veiej ceW Fme
Heefj³eespevee keÀes HewÀueeves kesÀ efueS G®®e-mlej Hej keÀe³e& keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~
veF& yeveves Jeeueer FceejleeW keÀes leye lekeÀ Devegceefle ve oer pee³e peye lekeÀ Jes peue-meb®e³eve keÀes DeHeveer Fceejleer
³eespevee ceW Meeefceue veneR keÀj uesles ~
Fme lejn meYeer kesÀ meecetefnkeÀ Òe³eeme mes nce YeefJe<³e kesÀ Fme cenevelece mebkeÀì mes cegeqkeÌle Hee mekeWÀies ~
Deleë cesje DevegjesOe nw efkeÀ Fme mecem³ee Hej efJe®eej keÀjles ngS DeeHe keÀesF& þesme keÀoce GþeSB ~
meOev³eJeeo ~
YeJeoer³ee,
jesefnCeer efceÞee [7]
A. 3
i) jepee keÀer eE®elee keÀe keÀejCe GvekeÀer efj³eemele Leer ~ jepee kesÀ efj³eemele kesÀ ueesie iejerye Deewj keÀcepeesj Les ~ jep³e keÀer Oejleer mes
kegÀí Gielee Yeer veneR Lee ~ jepee ves meeOeg mes DeHeveer efj³eemele keÀer mecem³ee keÀe GHee³e yeleeves
keÀer ÒeeLe&vee keÀer ~ [2]
ii) meeOeg ves jepee keÀes yelee³ee efkeÀ GmekesÀ jep³e kebÀ®eveieæ{ ceW meesves keÀer Keeve nw ~ jepee ves meesves keÀer Keeve mes ÒeeHle meesves mes
peien-peien cegHeÌle Yeespeveeue³e, oJeeKeeves, ®eejeieen leLee Dev³e megKe-megefJeOeeDeeW kesÀ
meeLeve Òepee kesÀ efueS GHeueyOe keÀjJee efoS ~ [2]
iii) He[esmeer jep³e kesÀ jepee kesÀ Dee¬eÀceCe keÀjves Hej kebÀ®eveieæ{ jepee Gmemes efyevee ³egOo efkeÀS DeHeves Kepeeves ceW mes Leesæ[e-mee
meesvee os efo³ee keÀjles Les ~ FmekeÀe keÀejCe ³en Lee efkeÀ meejer megKe-megefJeOee efceueves kesÀ keÀejCe
jep³e keÀer Òepee Deeuemeer nes ieF& Leer ~ Jes ³egOo keÀjvee ner veneR ®eenles Les ~ [2]
iv) keÀyetlejeW keÀes efyevee efkeÀmeer Òe³eeme kesÀ oevee efceue peelee Lee FmeefueS Jes oevee Keespeves keÀe Òe³eeme Yeer veneR keÀjles Les Deewj
GvekeÀer Fmeer efmLeefle keÀe HeÀe³eoe GþekeÀj efMekeÀejer GvekeÀe efMekeÀej keÀj uesles Les ~ keÀyetlejeW keÀer oMee keÀes osKekeÀj jepee
keÀes DeHeves jep³e keÀer JeemleefJekeÀ efmLeefle keÀe Helee ®euelee nw ~ jepee keÀes ³en %eeve nes peelee nw efkeÀ GmekeÀer Deewj GmekeÀer
Òepee ³eefo Fmeer lejn megKe-megefJeOeeDeeW ceW [tyes jns lees Jen efove
otj veneR peye He[esmeer jep³e Gvemes meye kegÀí íervekeÀj DeHevee iegueece yevee uesiee ~ [2]
v) jepee ves keÀyetlejeW keÀer oMee osKekeÀj ceb$eer keÀes DeeosMe efo³ee efkeÀ jep³e kesÀ Yeespeveeue³e yebo keÀjJee efoS pee³e ~ ueesie
cesnvele mes DeHeveer jespeer jesìer keÀceeS Deewj KeeS ~ meeLe ner jepee ves ceb$eer keÀes DeHeveer mesvee keÀes cepeyetle yeveeves keÀe Yeer
DeeosMe efo³ee ~
jepee kesÀ DeeosMe mes ceb$eer yeæ[e Òemevve ngDee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ceb$eer DeHeves jep³e keÀes ye®eevee ®eenlee Lee ~ Jen ³en keÀoeefHe
menve veneR keÀj Hee jne Lee efkeÀ efyevee ogMceve mes ueæ[s GmekeÀer yeele keÀes ceeve efue³ee pee jne Lee ~ Ssmes ceW jep³e Hej keÀYeer
Yeer Heæ[esmeer jep³e keÀypee keÀj mekeÀlee Lee Hejbleg Deye jepe keÀes JeemleefJekeÀ efmLeefle keÀe %eeve nesves mes jep³e kesÀ Òeefle Fme
eE®elee mes cegeqkeÌle efceue ieF& Leer ~ [2]
A.4
i) (a) DeHevee Heje³ee [½]
(b) osJe oeveJe [½]
(c) veJeerve Hegjeleve [½]
(d) mecceeefvele DeHeceeefvele [½]
351
ii) (a) F®íe - DeekeÀeb#ee, keÀecevee, ueeuemee, ®een [1]

(b) DeeosMe - efveoxMe, Dee%ee, ngkeÌce [1]
(c) efMe#ekeÀ - ieg©, DeO³eeHekeÀ, Dee®ee³e& [1]
iii) (a) meHesÀo - meHesÀoer [½]

(b) ³egJee - ³eewJeve [½]
(c) eEnmekeÀ - eEnmee [½]
(d) peeievee - peeiejCe [½]
iv) (a) keÀefJe$eer - keÀJeef³e$eer [½]

(b) DeMeerjJeeo- DeeMeerJee&o [½]
(c) ke=Àlei³e - ke=Àle%e [½]
(d) efJeotMeer - efJeog<eer [½]
v) (a) ®ebHele nesvee

JeekeÌ³e ë Hegefueme keÀeHenje nesles ngS Yeer ®eesjeW keÀes efiejesn vesleepeer kesÀ Iej mes meye kegÀí ueskeÀj ®ebHele nes ie³ee~ [1]
(b) [eRie neBkeÀvee

JeekeÌ³e ë Heeb[JeeW mes nejves kesÀ yeeo Yeer og³eexOeve ves [eRie neBkeÀvee veneR íesæ[e ~ [1]
vi) (a) Òee®eerve keÀeue ceW ueesie HeCe&kegÀìer ceW jnles Les ~ [1]
(b) megceve yeerceej Leer FmeefueS meceejesn ceW veneR Dee mekeÀer ~ [1]
(c) ye®®ee Deece leesæ[ves kesÀ efueS Je=#e Hej ®eæ{ ie³ee ~ [1]
Section - B (40 Marks)

A.5
i) ³eneB Hej GmekesÀ Meyo keÀe Òe³eesie M³eece kesÀ efueS efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ M³eecet keÀer ceeB keÀer ce=l³eg nes ieF& Leer Deewj Gmes ceeB keÀer
ce=l³eg keÀe me®e kegÀí DeyeesOe yeeuekeÀeW odJeeje %eele ngDee efpeme keÀejCe Jen ogëKeer jnves ueiee ~ [2]
ii) ceeB keÀer ce=l³eg kesÀ yeeo M³eecet ogKeer jnves ueiee Deewj Òee³eë DekesÀuee yewþe DeekeÀeMe keÀer Deesj osKee keÀjlee Lee ~ SkeÀ efove
De®eevekeÀ Deemeceeve ceW Gæ[leer Helebie keÀes osKekeÀj GmekeÀe efoue efKeue Gþe ~ Helebie osKekeÀj Jen DeHeves efceuee efJeMJesMJej
kesÀ Heeme ie³ee Deewj Gvemes SkeÀ Helebie keÀer ceeBie keÀer ~ [2]
iii) M³eecet ves Helebie ueeves kesÀ efueS HewmeeW keÀe Fblepeece DeHeves efHelee keÀer keÀesì mes Hewmes ®egje keÀj efkeÀS ~ M³eecet kesÀ Fme keÀe³e& keÀes
DeHejeOe keÀnvee Gef®ele veneR nesiee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ ³eneB Hej GmekeÀe GÎsM³e ®eesjer keÀjvee veneR Lee Jen lees kesÀJeue Gme Hewmes mes Helebie
KejerokeÀj, DeHeveer ceeB keÀes Helebie keÀer mene³elee mes jecepeer kesÀ Heeme mes JeeHeme ueevee ®eenlee Lee ~ Fme keÀe³e& kesÀ efueS Gmeves
Henues DeHeves efHelee mes ÒeeLe&vee Yeer keÀer Hejbleg efHelee kesÀ Helebie ve efoueJeeves Hej Deewj DeHeveer ceeB skesÀ efyeíesn keÀe ogëKe menve
veneR keÀj Hee³e Deewj leye Gmeves ®eesjer keÀe jemlee DeHevee³ee ~ [3]
iv) efJeMJesMJej keÀes peye DeHeveer keÀesì keÀer pesye mes M³eecet oJeeje HewmeeW keÀer ®eesjer keÀe Helee ®euelee nw lees Jes ¬eÀesefOele nes Gþles
nQ ~ Jes efyevee kegÀí peeves-mecePes M³eecet keÀes [eBìves Deewj ceejves ueieles nQ ³eneB lekeÀ efkeÀ GmekeÀer Helebie keÀes Yeer HeÀeæ[ osles nQ~
352
efJeMJesMJej keÀes peye Helebie kesÀ Heerís keÀer me®®eeF& keÀe Helee Yeesuee mes ®euelee nw lees Je DeHeves efkeÀS Hej Meefce¥oieer cenmetme
keÀjles nQ Gme mece³e GvnW M³eecet kesÀ ceeB kesÀ efyeíæ[ves kesÀ ogëKe keÀe Denmeeme neslee nw ~ Gmemes Henues Jes efmeHe&À DeHeves ogëKe
kesÀ yeejs ceW ner mees®e jns Les ~ [3]
A.6
i) ³eneB GmekesÀ ef®e$eeW leelHe³e& ef®e$ee kesÀ yeveeS ieS Glke=Àä ef®e$eeW mes nw ~ ef®e$ee kesÀ odJeeje yeveeS ieS ef®e$eeW keÀer efJeosMeeW ceW
Oetce ce®e ieF& Deewj Fve ef®e$eeW kesÀ Jepen mes Jen Òeefmeef× kesÀ TB®es keÀieej Hej HengB®e ieF& ~ [2]
ii) ef®e$ee SkeÀ ef®e$ekeÀej Leer ~ GmekesÀ efueS ef®e$e ner GmekeÀer ogefve³ee Leer ~ ef®e$ee ef®e$ekeÀej nesves kesÀ veeles kesÀJeue DeHeves
ef®e$eeW kesÀ yeejs ceW ner mees®eleer jnleer nw ~ ogefve³ee ceW yeæ[er-mes-yeæ[er Ieìvee keÌ³eeW ve Ieì pee³e ³eefo ef®e$ee keÀes GmeceW
ef®e$ekeÀejer kesÀ efueS cee@[ue veneR efceuelee lees GmekesÀ efueS Gme Ieìvee keÀe keÀesF& cenÊJe veneR neslee Lee, Jen nj Ieæ[er DeHeves
ef®e$eeW kesÀ efueS cee@[ue Keespee ~ [2]
iii) De©Cee ef®e$ee keÀer mensueer nw ~ oesveeW nesmìue ceW íë meeue mes meeLe ceW ner jnleer nQ ~ De©Cee SkeÀ íe$ee nesves kesÀ yeeJepeto
meceepemesJee kesÀ efueS meceefHe&le ³egJeleer nw ~ efveOe&ve ueesieeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjleer jnleer nw Deewj GvekesÀ ye®®eeW keÀes cegHeÌle efMe#ee
Òeoeve keÀjleer nQ ~ Gmes peye efYeKeejerve Jeeueer Ieìvee keÀe Helee ®euelee nw lees Jen efJe®eefuele nes Gþleer nQ Deewj legjble Ieìvee
mLeue Hej HengB®e peeleer nw ~ Gme efYeKeejerve kesÀ ye®®eeW osKekeÀj GmekeÀe Ëo³e êefJele nes peele nw Deewj efYeKeejerve kesÀ oesveeW
ye®®eeW keÀes DeHevee uesleer nw ~ [3]
iv) meceepemesJee Deewj ef®e$ekeÀuee Fve oesveeW ceW mes ceQ meceepemesJee keÀes GHe³eesieer ceeveleer ntB ~ Fme keÀneveer ceW Yeer peneB ef®e$ee
ef®e$eeW keÀes yeveekeÀj DeHeves keÀle&J³e mes efJecegKe nes peeleer nw JeneR Hej De©Cee Gve DeveeLe ye®®eeW keÀes DeHevee keÀj meceepe ceW
Gef®ele ceeve-mecceeve osleer nQ ~ ef®e$ee kesÀJeue DeHeves YeefJe<³e kesÀ yeejs ceW mees®eleer nQ ~ De©Cee ves meoe Fme keÀneveer oJeeje
me®®es keÀueekeÀej keÀer HeefjYee<ee keÀes Yeer HeefjYeeef<ele keÀjves keÀe Òe³eeme efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw ~ otmejeW keÀer YeueeF& kesÀ efueS ner
peerJeve peer³ee nw ~ uesefKekeÀe kesÀ Devegmeej me®®ee keÀueekeÀej Jen neslee nw pees meceepe kesÀ meeLe menevegYetefle Deewj HejesHekeÀej
keÀe YeeJe jKelee nes ~ [3]
A.7
i) ³eneB Hej uesKekeÀ keÀes SkeÀ Heneæ[er efceuee pees DeHeves ieeBJe mes iejeryeer mes lebie DeekeÀj Yeeie Dee³ee Lee ~ Gmeer yeeuekeÀ kesÀ
meboYe& ceW keÀne ie³ee nw ~
uesKekeÀ DeHeves efce$e kesÀ meeLe vewveerleeue ceW mebO³ee kesÀ mece³e yengle osj lekeÀ efve©ÎsM³e Ietceves kesÀ yeeo SkeÀ yeW®e Hej yewþs
Les efkeÀ otj keÀesnjs kesÀ yeer®e mes GvnW SkeÀ keÀeueer-meer cetefle& Deeleer efoKeeF& osleer nw ~ Heeme Deeves Hej GvnW SkeÀ ueæ[keÀe efoKeeF&
oslee nw pees vebies Hewj, vebies efmej, SkeÀ cewueer meer keÀceerpe ueìkeÀeS DeHeves efmej kesÀ yeæ[s-yeæ[s yeeueeW keÀes Kegpeueelee
®euee Dee jne Lee ~ [2]
ii) yeeuekeÀ ves DeHeves Iej-HeefjJeej kesÀ mebcyeOe ceW uesKekeÀ keÀes yelee³ee efkeÀ GmekeÀe Iej vewveerleeue mes Hebên keÀesme otj Lee ~ Iej ceW
iejeryeer Deewj YegKe Leer ~ JeneB keÀece veneR Deewj jesìer veneR, Heerleepeer YetKes jnles Les, ceeB YetKeer jnleer Leer Deewj jesleer Leer ~
iejeryeer mes lebie DeekeÀj Jen DeHeves SkeÀ meeLeer kesÀ meeLe ³eneB Yeeie Dee³ee Lee, pees Gmeer ieeBJe keÀe Deewj Gmemes yeæ[e Lee ~ [2]
iii) Fme mece³e Gme yeeuekeÀ kesÀ Heeme jnves keÀer mecem³ee Leer keÌ³eeWefkeÀ efpeme ogkeÀeve ceW Jen keÀece keÀjlee Lee Deepe Gmes nìe
efo³ee ie³ee ~ yeeuekeÀ keÀer mecem³ee keÀe meceeOeeve nes mekeÀlee Lee, Hejbleg meYeer ves GmekesÀ ceewefKekeÀ menevegYetefle peleeF& Deewj
GmekeÀer Fme efJekeÀì HeefjefmLeefle keÀes DeHevee-DeHevee Yeei³e keÀnkeÀj Heeríe ígæ[e efue³ee SJeb GmekeÀer mene³elee veneR keÀer ~ [3]
iv) DeHevee-DeHevee Yeei³e keÀneveer odJeeje uesKekeÀ ves DeHeves-DeHeves J³eeqkeÌleiele mJeeLeeX mes THej GþkeÀj veweflekeÀlee, HejesHekeÀej
Deewj meeceeefpekeÀ efpeccesoejer keÀe mebosMe efo³ee nw ~ Òemlegle keÀneveer keÀe yeeuekeÀ kesÀJeue FmeefueS ce=l³eg keÀes ÒeeHle nes peele
353
nQ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ keÀesF& GmekeÀer mene³elee veneR keÀjlee ~ ³eefo mece³e Hej Gme yeeuekeÀ keÀer mene³elee nesleer lees Jen yeeuekeÀ ve
kesÀJeue peerefJele jnlee yeefukeÀ meceepe keÀe SkeÀ efpeccesoej veeieefjkeÀ Yeer yeve mekeÀlee Lee~ uesKekeÀ Fme keÀneveer odJeeje ³en
Yeer mebosMe os jns nQ efkeÀ meceepe kesÀ efve®eues Jeie& keÀer mene³elee keÀjvee meYeer keÀer meeceeefpekeÀ Deewj veweflekeÀ efpeccesoejer yeveleer
nQ Deewj GmekeÀe efveJee&n Yeer keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ nceW DeHevee-DeHevee Yeei³e keÀnkeÀj Gme efpeccesoejer mes Yeeieves keÀe Òe³elve
veneR keÀjvee ®eeefnS ~ [3]

A.8
i) Òemlegle Heo ceW keÀefJe yeeue nþ kesÀ yeejs ceW yeleeles nQ ~ yeeue ke=À<Ce DeHeveer ceeB ³eMeesoe mes ®evêcee ªHeer efKeueewves keÀes Heeves
keÀer efpeÎ keÀj jns nQ ~ [2]
ii) ke=À<Ce keÀer ceelee ³eMeesoe nQ ~ Jes DeHeves Heg$e keÀes osKekeÀj Deevebo cenmetme keÀj jner nQ ~ ke=À<Ce keÀer yeeue ueerueeDeeW keÀes
osKekeÀj KegMeer cenmetme keÀj jneR nQ ~ FmeceW ceelee Deewj Heg$e kesÀ Jeelmeu³e Òesce keÀer PeuekeÀ efoKeeF& Heæ[ jner nQ ~ [2]
iii) íesìs yeeuekeÀeW ceW DeefOekeÀlej nþ keÀjves keÀer ÒeJe=efle osKeer peeleer nw ~ Jes jes-OeeskeÀj, veejepe neskeÀj nþ keÀjkesÀ DeHeveer yeele
ceveJeeves keÀer keÀesefMeMe keÀjles nQ ~ ke=À<Ce Yeer Ssmes ner nþer yeeuekeÀ nbw ~ Jes DeHeveer ceeB ³eMeesoe mes ®eeBo ªHeer efKeueewvee keÀe
Kesueves kesÀ efueS ceeBieles nwb ~ peye ³eMeesoe ke=À<Ce keÀes ®eeBo ªHeer efKeueewvee Kesueves kesÀ efueS venerb osleer nQ, leye Jes keÀnles nwb
efkeÀ Deye ceQ DeeHekeÀer keÀesF& yeele veneR ceevetBiee ~ ceQ meHesÀo iee³e keÀe otOe veneR efHeTBiee, DeHeveer ®eesìer venerb yeveJeeTBiee,
ieues ceW ceesefle³eeW keÀer ceeuee veneR HenvetBiee Deewj kegÀlee& (Pegbieueer) Yeer veneR HenvetBiee ~ ³eefo DeeHe cesjer yeele veneR ceeveesieer lees
ceQ peceerve Hej uesì peeTBiee Deewj legcnejer ieeso cesb Yeer veneR DeeTBiee ~ ceQ vebo yeeyee keÀe ner Heg$e keÀnueeTBiee ~ [3]
iv) ke=À<Ce DeHeves ceelee-efHelee kesÀ FkeÀueewles Heg$e nQ ~ FkeÀueewles Heg$e keÀer nþ keÀes ueieYeie meYeer ceelee-efHelee keÀes ceevevee Heæ[lee
nw ~ ke=À<Ce Yeer nþer mJeYeeJe kesÀ nQ ~ Jes ceeB mes nþ keÀj jns nwb efkeÀ cegPes ®eeBo ner efKeueewves kesÀ ªHe ceW ®eeefnS ~ peye ceeB,
®eeBo keÀe efKeueewvee veneR osleer, leye Jes keÀnles nwb efkeÀ ceQ Yeer DeeHekeÀer keÀesF& yeele veneR ceevetBiee ~ ³eMeesoe ke=À<Ce keÀes yenueeves
kesÀ efueS GvekesÀ keÀeve ceW Oeerjs mes keÀnleer nQ efkeÀ megvees, ceQ legcnejs efueS Ssmeer ogunve ueeTBieer, pees ®eboe mes Yeer DeefOekeÀ megboj
nesieer uesekf eÀve legce ³en yeele oeT (yeuejece) keÀes cele yeleevee ~ ceeB keÀer yeele megvekeÀj ke=À<Ce oesyeeje nþ keÀjves ueielee nw ~ Jes
ceeB mes keÀnles nQ efkeÀ ®euees, ceQ DeYeer efJeJeen keÀªBiee ~ cesjs meejs efce$e yeejele ceW peeSBies Deewj Jes efJeJeen kesÀ cebieueieerle Yeer
ieeSBies ~ metjoejpeer Jeelmeu³e jme kesÀ meceéì ceeves peeles nQ ~ GvneWves ke=À<Ce keÀer yeeue-ueerueeDeeW keÀe DeueewefkeÀkeÀ JeCe&ve
efkeÀ³ee nw ~ [3]
A.9
i) `YeJe' Meyo keÀe DeLe& `mebmeej' nQ ~ keÀJeer kesÀ Devegmeej Oejleer Hej Meebefle kesÀ efueS meYeer ceveg<³e keÀes meceeve ªHe mes
megKe megefJeOeeSB efceueveer DeeJeM³ekeÀ nw ~ [2]
ii) v³ee³eesef®ele - v³ee³e mebiele, mece - meceeve, megueYe - Deemeeveer mes ÒeeHle, keÀesueenue - Meesjiegue ~ [2]
iii) keÀefJe kesÀ Devegmeej peye lekeÀ ceeveJe kesÀ peerJeve ceW meceevelee keÀe megKe ve nesiee leye lekeÀ ceeveJe kesÀ ceve ceW Demeblegefä keÀer
YeeJevee yeveer jnsieer Deewj ³ener Demeblegefä, DeMeebefle keÀe keÀejCe yeveer jnleer nw ~ [3]
iv) He´mlegle keÀefJelee keÀefJe jeceOeejereEmen èfovekeÀj' keÀer ÒeefmeOo pees FvekeÀer j®evee `kegÀ©#es$e' mes ueer ieF& nQ ~ keÀefJelee `mJeie&'
yevee mekeÀles nQ mes ueer ieF& nQ ~
`mJeie& yevee mekeÀles nQ', Òemlegle keÀefJelee Þeer jeceOeejer eEmen èfovekeÀj' peer Üeje efueKeer ie³eer nQ ~ Òemlegle keÀefJelee ceW
GvneWves DeHeves osMe keÀer leguevee mJeie& mes keÀer nw ~ keÀefJe keÀe ceevevee nw efkeÀ nce meYeer keÀe pevce meceeve ªHe mes ngDee nw ~
F&éej ves nceW meceeve ªHe mes yevee³ee nw Deewj meeLe ³en Oejleer, nJee, ÒekeÀeMe Deeefo keÀe GHe³eesie keÀjves kesÀ efueS efo³ee nw,
354
Hejvleg kegÀí ceveg<³eeW ves ueesYe kesÀ keÀejCe Gve megKe-megefJeOeeDeeW Hej keÀypee pecee efue³ee nQ Deewj meceepe ceW Dev³ee³e keÀes pevce
efo³ee nQ ~ Deleë nceejs osMe ceW efkeÀmeer ÒekeÀej keÀer Yee<ee, Oece&, peeefle, jbie Deeefo kesÀ veece Hej keÀesF& YesoYeeJe ve nes ~ meYeer
osMeJeeefme³eeW keÀes v³ee³eesef®ele megKe efceues, meYeer keÀe meceeve efJekeÀeme nes, efkeÀmeer ÒekeÀej keÀe mebIe<e& ve nes ~ keÀefJe keÀe
ceevevee nw efkeÀ mecelee Deewj Òesce kesÀ DeeOeej Hej nce Fme osMe Je meejer Oejleer keÀes mJeie& kesÀ meceeve yevee mekeÀles nQ ~ [3]
A.10
i) Òemlegle keÀefJelee ceele=Yetefce keÀer efJeMes<eleeDeeW Hej DeeOeeefjle keÀefJelee nQ ~ Òemlegle keÀefJelee ceW keÀefJe ves Yeejle Yetefce keÀer
efJeMes<eleeDeeW keÀe iegCeieeve efkeÀ³ee nQ ~ GvneWves YeejleYetefce keÀer ceefncee, ieefjcee Deewj GmekeÀer Òeeke=ÀeflekeÀ megbojlee keÀe JeCe&ve
efkeÀ³ee nQ, keÀefJe ves Fme keÀefJelee kesÀ ceeO³ece mes osMe keWÀefêle DeHeves ÞeoOee YeeJe keÀes J³ekeÌle efkeÀ³ee nw ~ [2]
ii) YeejleYetefce keÀes ³egOo Yetefce Deewj yegOo Yetefce mes keÀefJe kesÀ keÀnves keÀe leelHe³e& ³eneB Hej pevce uesves Jeeues ceneHeg©<eeW mes nQ ~ Fme
Oejleer DeveskeÀ ³egOo ueæ[s ie³es nQ Deewj ³en %eeefve³eeW Deewj leHeeqmJe³eeW keÀer Yetefce nQ ~ nceejer ieejJe Yetefce Hej DeveskeÀ
ceneHeg©<ees, mebleeW, leHeeqmJe³eeW Deewj %eeefve³eeW ves pevce efue³ee nw ~ nceejer ³en ceele=Yetefce yengle HeeJeve nQ ~ [2]
iii) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀefJelee ceW keÀefJe ves DeHeves osMe keÀer Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ megbojlee keÀe JeCe&ve efkeÀ³ee nw ~ Jes efueKeles nQ efkeÀ Yeejle SkeÀ
efJeMeeue osMe nw ~ Yeejle kesÀ GÊej efoMee ceW TB®ee efnceeue³e MeesYee³eceeve nw, Jen SkeÀ j#ekeÀ keÀer YeeBelf e Deìue Keæ[e nw ~
oef#eCe efoMee ceW efnbo cenemeeiej uenjelee nw ~ ³eneB kesÀ Heneæ[eW ceW DeveskeÀ Pejves efvejvlej Pejles jnles nQ ~ ³es Pejves Yeejle
Yetefce keÀer Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ megbojlee keÀes yeæ{eles nwb ~ ³eneB Peeefæ[³eeW ceW ef®eefæ[³ee@b He´mevve neskeÀj ncesMee ®enkeÀleer jnleer nwb ~ Deece
kesÀ yeieer®eeW ceW keÀes³eue keÀer ceOegj Deewj megjerueer DeeJeepe Yeer megveeF& osleer nw ~ keÀes³eue keÀer ceOegj DeeJeepe JeeleeJejCe keÀes
KegMevegcee yevee osleer nw ~ ceue³e HeJe&le mes DeevesJeeueer Meerleue Deewj megiebefOele nJee nceejs Mejerj keÀes leep]eieer osleer nw ~ Fme
He´keÀej GHe³eg&keÌle keÀefJelee Yeejle kesÀ Heéke=ÀeflekeÀ meeQo³e& keÀes oMee&leer nw ~ [3]
iv) keÀefJe ves Fme Yetefce Hej pevce osves Jeeues Jeerj ceneHeg©<eeW pewmes jece-meerlee, ke=À<Ce, ieewlece Deeefo leLee GvekesÀ keÀe³eeX keÀe
GuuesKe efkeÀ³ee nQ ~ ce³ee&oe Heg©<eesÊece jece Deewj GvekeÀer Helveer meerlee ves DeHeves ®eefj$e mes ceeveJe peeefle keÀes ÒesjCee oer nw ~
Þeerke=À<Ce kesÀ efve<keÀece keÀce&³eesie leLee ieewlece yegoOe kesÀ %eeve Deewj o³ee ves Fme osMe keÀes ieewjJeMeeueer Je ceneve yevee³ee nQ~
³eneB DeveskeÀ OeceeX keÀer mLeeHevee ngF& efpememes ceveg<³e keÀes SkeÀ veF& peerJeve ¢efä efceueer nQ ~ ³en osMe keÀce& ÒeOeeve osMe nQ~
`Jen pevceYetefce cesjer keWÀêer³e' keÀefJelee meesnveueeue efÜJesoer peer Üeje efueKeer ie³eer nQ ~ Òemlegle keÀefJelee ceW keÀefJe ves
Yeejle kesÀ efueS YeewieesefuekeÀ, Òeeke=ÀeflekeÀ SJeb DeeO³eeeqlcekeÀ ªHeeW keÀe JeCe&ve keÀjles ngS ieewjJeMeeueer Deleerle keÀe JeCe&ve
keÀjles ngS mJe³eb keÀes ieewjJeeeqvJele cenmetme keÀjles nQ ~ Jen osMe kesÀ ieewjJe keÀe ieeve keÀjles ngS efnceeue³e, meeiej, Pejves leLee
DecejeF³eeW keÀer ÒeMebmee keÀjles nQ ~ keÀefJe mJe³eb keÀes Oev³e ceeveles nQ efkeÀ GvekeÀe pevce Gme Yetefce Hej ngDee nw, peneB jece,
ke=À<Ce Deewj yegOo pewmes ceneHeg©<eeW keÀe pevce ngDee nw ~ Deleë nce Þeerke=À<Ce Üeje efoKeeSB ieS efve<keÀece keÀce& kesÀ ceeie& Hej
®euesb, yegOo Üeje efo³ee ie³ee o³ee keÀe mebosMe ûenCe keÀjW Deewj DeHeves osMe Hej ieJe& cenmetme keÀjW ~ [3]

A.11
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve keÀer JekeÌlee ceervet keÀer yegDee nQ ~ ceervet keÀer yegDee Hegjeves efJe®eejeW keeueer ceefnuee nQ ~ Jen yesefì³eeW keÀes yeesPe
mecePeleer nQ ~ GvekesÀ efJe®eej mes efyeefì³eeB pewmes SkeÀ yeesPe nes Deewj GvnW peuo mes peuo efJeoe keÀjkesÀ Fme yeesPe mes cegkeÌle nes
peevee ®eeefnS ~ Jen Hegjeveer ©efæ{Jeeoer efJe®eejeW mes efIejer ngF& nw ~ [2]
ii) efJeJeen keÀer SkeÀ jmce nesleer nw Gme jmce kesÀ Devegmeej Iej keÀer yeæ[er efJeJeeefnle yesìer íesìer yenve keÀer Deejleer Gleejleer nQ ~
ceervet keÀe efJeJeen ve nesves kesÀ keÀejCe Yee ceervet keÀer ceeB keÀnleer nw efkeÀ ³en jmce ceervet keÀjsieer ~ leye GmekeÀer yegDee Gmes Fme jmce
keÀes efveYeeves kesÀ efueS cevee keÀjleer nw ~ [2]
355
iii) efJeJeen keÀer jmce keÀes ve efveYeeves keeueer yeele keÀes megvekeÀj ceervet Deewj GmekeÀer ceeB ogKeer nes peeleer nQ Hejbleg peuoer ceeB DeHeves-
DeeHe Hej efve³eb$eCe jKekeÀj DeHeveer yesìer kesÀ meceLe&ve ceW ³en keÀnkeÀj Keæ[er nes peeleer nQ efkeÀ DeepekeÀue Fve jmceeW keÀes keÀewve
ceevelee nQ efJeJeen keÀer jmce lees ceervet oJeeje ner efveYeeF& peeSieer ~ Fme lejn ceeB kesÀ meceLe&ve mes ceervet efJeJeen keÀer jmce Hetjer lees
keÀjleer nQ Hejbleg yegDee kesÀ Fme J³eJenej mes efKeVe Yeer nes Gþleer nQ ~ Jen yengle ogëKeer nes peeleer nw Hejbleg efJeJeen ceW keÀesF&
efJeIve ve DeeS Fme keÀejCe Jen DeHeves DeeHe Hej meb³ece jKeleer ngF& meejer jmceW efveYeeleer nw ~ [3]
iv) ³en mel³e nw efkeÀ Deepe Yeues ner ueæ[keÀer nj SkeÀ #es$e ceW DeHevee Je®e&mJe meeefyele keÀj jner nQ Hejbleg GmekeÀe DeefJeJeeefnle
nesvee keÀneR-ve-keÀneR GmekesÀ mecceeve kewÀ Deeæ[s Dee ner peelee nQ ~ SkeÀ m$eer keÀer HetCe&lee GmekesÀ efJeJeen mes ner ceeveer peeleer
nw ~ Òemlegle SkeÀebkeÀer keÀer veeef³ekeÀe ceervet SkeÀ meHeÀue Deewj ÒeefmeOo JekeÀerue nesves kesÀ yeeJepeto Iej-HeefjJeej, veeles-efjMlesoej
meYeer GmekesÀ efJeJeen keÀes ueskeÀj eE®eeflele jnles nQ ~ DeHeves HewjeW Hej Keæ[s nesves kesÀ yeeJepeto ner meceepe ceervet pewmeer nesvenej
ueæ[keÀer keÀes keÀìe#eHetCe& vepejeW mes osKelee nQ ~ meceepe efkeÀmeer Yeer ÒekeÀej SkeÀ DeefJeJeeefnle ueæ[keÀer keÀes mecceeve mes peerves
veneR oslee ~ [3]
A.12
i) Deefcele SkeÀ Heæ{e-efueKee Deewj mecePeoej ueæ[keÀe Lee ~ Gmeves neue ner ceW DeHeveer HewÀkeÌìêr ueieJeeF& Leer ~ Deefcele SkeÀ
mJeeefYeceeveer ³egkekeÀ nesves kesÀ keÀejCe meefjlee pewmeer OeveJeeve ueæ[keÀer mes efJeJeen keÀe F®ígkeÀ veneR Lee Hejbleg ceelee-efHelee keÀe
mecceeve keÀjves kesÀ keÀejCe Jen meefjlee mes efJeJeen kesÀ efueS lew³eej Yeer nes peelee nw ~ Deefcele ªHe-jbie kesÀ mLeeve Hej iegCeeW keÀes
cenÊJe osves Jeeue ³egJekeÀ Yeer nw ~ Fmeer keÀejCe Gmes ceervet Hemebo Yeer Dee ieF& Leer Hejbleg ceelee-efHelee kesÀ Deeies GmekeÀer SkeÀ ve
®eueer ~ [2]
ii) DeYeer kegÀí efove Henues Oeveerceue peer cee³eejece peer kesÀ Iej meefjlee keÀes efoKeeves keÀer leejerKe efveefM®ele keÀjves DeeS Les~
Deepe Jener efleefLe nw peye meye ueesie Oeveerceue peer kesÀ ³eneB peeves keÀer lew³eejer keÀj jns nQ FmeefueS Deepe Deefcele kesÀ
Iej ceW efJeMes<e ®enue-Henue Leer ~
Deefcele kesÀ Iej ceWs KegMeer keÀe ceenewue Lee keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Deepe Deefcele kesÀ IejJeeues meefjlee keÀes osKeves kesÀ efueS Oeveerceue peer
kesÀ Iej pee jns Les ~ Fme DeJemej Hej Deefcele kesÀ DeefleefjkeÌle meYeer Glmeeefnle vepej Dee jns Les ~ Deefcele kesÀ ®esnjs Hej Goemeer
mHe<ì efoKeeF& os jner Leer ~ Deefcele ³en mees®ekeÀj ogëKeer Lee efkeÀ GmekesÀ ceelee-efHelee Gmes SkeÀ Deceerj Iej keÀer ueæ[keÀer kesÀ
neLeeW yes®evee ®eenles nQ ~ Jen yegPes ceve mes Oeveerceue peer kesÀ Iej meefjlee keÀes osKeves pee jne Lee ~ [2]
iii) cee³eejecepeer keÀes mJeie& keÀer DevegYetefle Oeveerceue kesÀ megefJeOee-mebHeVe Deewj meg©ef®eHetCe& Iej keÀes osKekeÀj nesleer nw ~
peye cee³eejece Oeveerceue keÀer keÀesþer ceW ÒeJesMe keÀjles nQ lees osKeles nQ efkeÀ keÀesþer kesÀ yeenj uee@ve ceW Ieeme ceKeceue kesÀ
meceeve efyeíer Leer ~ uee@ve ceW yeWle keÀer megboj jbie-efyejbieer kegÀefme&³eeB Heæ[er Leer ~ jbie-efyejbies HetÀueeW kesÀ ieceues keÀesþer keÀer MeesYee
cebs ®eej ®eeBo ueiee jns Les ~ Oeveerceue peer ves Deefcele kesÀ HeefjJeej keÀes DeHeves Iej Hej Deecebef$ele efkeÀ³ee Lee Deewj GvnW DeHeveer
keÀesþer (nJesueer) ceW ueeves kesÀ efueS DeHeveer keÀej Yespeer Leer ~ cee³eejecepeer meHeefjJeej keÀej ceW yewþ ieS Deewj keÀej Oeveerceue
peer keÀer keÀesþer kesÀ yeenj ©keÀer ~ [êFJej ves GlejkeÀj keÀej keÀe ojJeepee Keesuee, ³en meye osKekeÀj cee³eejece peer keÀes Ssmee
He´leerle ngDee pewmes Jes efkeÀmeer yeæ[s DeHeÀmej mes keÀce veneR nQ ~ pewmes ner GvneWves Oeveerceue peer kesÀ Iej kesÀ Deboj He´JesMe efkeÀ³ee
lees GvnW ueiee ceevees mJeie& ceW Dee ieS nQ ~ [3]
iv) Deefcele Deewj GmekesÀ HeefjJeej Jeeues peye meefjlee keÀes osKeves ie³es, leye meye ueesie kegÀí mece³e yeeo Gve oesveesb keÀes DekesÀuee
íesæ[keÀj JeneB mes ®eues ieS ~ oesveeW keÀes SkeÀeble ceW yeele keÀjves keÀe DeJemej efo³ee ie³ee ~ Deefcele ves meefjlee mes Hetíe efkeÀ
GmekeÀer efkeÀme ®eerpe ceW ©ef®e nw leye meefjlee ves Gllej efo³ee efkeÀ GmekeÀer ©ef®e HeWefìbie Deewj keÀej [êFefJebie ceW nw ~ Gmeves ³en
Yeer yelee³ee efkeÀ Gmes Iej kesÀ keÀe³eeX ceW keÀesF& ©ef®e venebr nw ~ Iej ceW ®eej veewkeÀj nQ FmeefueS keÀece keÀjves keÀer peªjle venerb
Heæ[leer ~
356
Deefcele Deewj meefjlee DeeHeme ceW KeguekeÀj yeele®eerle keÀj mekesÀ FmeefueS oesveeW kesÀ HeefjJeej JeeueeW ves GvnW DekesÀuee íesæ[
efo³ee ~ Deefcele Deewj meefjlee DeewHe®eeefjkeÀ Jeelee&ueeHe kesÀ oewjeve DeHeveer Hemebo-veeHemebo, Heæ{eF&-efueKeeF& Deewj ©ef®e³eeW keÀer
yeeleW keÀjles nQ ~
³eneB Hej Deefcele keÀes DeeHemeer yeele®eerle kesÀ oewjeve meefjlee kesÀ yeejs ceW ³en Helee ®euelee nw efkeÀ Gmes HeWeEìie ke keÀej
[êFeEJeie keÀe MeewkeÀ nw ~ Deefcele keÀes DeeM®e³e& neslee nw efkeÀ SkeÀ ie=nmLeer keÀes meg®eeª ªHe mes ®eueeves kesÀ efueS keÀF& ®eerpeeW
keÀes DeeJeM³ekeÀlee nesleer nw Deewj meefjlee keÀes Iej kesÀ keÀeceeW ceW keÀesF& efoue®emHeer veneR Leer ~ [3]
A.13
i) ceveesnj ceervet kesÀ Iej kesÀ keÀece keÀjves Jeeueer jepees keÀe ®e®esje YeeF& Lee ~ ceveesnj keÀes %eele Lee efkeÀ ceervet keÀe efJeJeen nesves
Jeeuee nw Deewj Fme mece³e ceervet mes kegÀí keÀece keÀer DeHes#ee ueskeÀj Dee³ee nQ ~ [2]
ii) ceveesnj SkeÀ HewÀkeÌìêr ceW veewkeÀjer keÀjlee Lee ~ SkeÀ efove keÀece keÀjles keÀjles GmekeÀe Hewj ceMeerveceW Dee ie³ee ~ ceveesnj keÀer ³en
oMee Fmeer ogIe&ìvee kesÀ keÀejCe nesleer nQ ~ ceveesnj keÀes íesìer ner Gce´ ceW De®íer veewkeÀjer efceue ieF& Leer Hejbleg SkeÀ efove keÀece
kesÀ oewjeve GmekeÀe Hewj ceMeerve ceW Deeves kesÀ keÀejCe GmekesÀ peerJeve ceW efvejeMee keÀe pevce neslee nQ ~ Gmes ³en KegMeer p³eeoe
efove lekeÀ vemeerye veneR ngF& ~ [2]
iii) jele keÀes Heuebie Hej Heæ[s-Heæ[s ceervet mees®e jner Leer efkeÀ Jen ceveesnj keÀer mene³elee efkeÀme He´keÀej keÀjs ~ mees®eles-mees®eles ceervet kesÀ
efoceeie ceWW efJe®eej Dee³ee efkeÀ ceveesnj kesÀ efueS Heeve keÀer SkeÀ ogkeÀeve KegueJee oer peeS Deewj GmekeÀes ®euevee-efHeÀjvee Yeer
venebr Heæ[siee ~ Jen Deejece mes ³en keÀece keÀj mekeÀlee nw ~ ³en ogkeÀeve GmekeÀer peerefJekeÀe keÀe meeOeve yevesieer Deewj ³en keÀece
keÀce Hewmeesb ceW Megª nes peeSiee ~
ceveesnj keÀer efmLeefle keÀes osKekeÀj ceervet ves GmekeÀer ceoo keÀjves kesÀ yeejs ceW mees®ee Deewj DeHeves efJeJeen kesÀ mepeeJeì kesÀ ©He³eeW
ceW mes HeeB®e npeej ye®eekeÀj ceveesnj kesÀ efueS SkeÀ Heeve keÀer ogkeÀeve KeesuekeÀj Gmes mJeeJeuebyeer yevee efo³ee ~ [3]
iv) ceervet kesÀ Fme keÀe³e& mes nceW meceepe kesÀ efJekeÀueebie ueesieeW kesÀ Òeefle DeHeveer veweflekeÀ efpeccesoejer keÀer ÒesjCee efceueleer nw ~ DeYeer
lekeÀ lees Fme efJe<e³e Hej GuuesKeveer³e keÀe³e& lees veneR efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw Hejbleg neB, nj yeej efJeo³eeue³e keÀer Deesj mes Ssmeer
mebmLeeDeeW kesÀ efueS Iej-Iej peekeÀj ®eboe pe©j SkeÀ$e keÀjleer ntB ~ efJeo³eeue³e keÀer Deesj mes Dee³eesefpele meceepemesJee kesÀvêeW
ceW yeæ{-®eæ{ keÀj efnmmee uesleer ntB ~ keÀneR ve keÀneR, íesìe-meesìe ³eesieoeve DeJeM³e osves keÀe Òe³eeme keÀjleer ntB ~ meceepe ceW
Ssmes Demene³e ueesieeW keÀer mene³elee keÀjves keÀe mebkeÀuHe keÀjleer ntB ~ [3]
A.14
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve keÀer JekeÌlee jepesMJejer nwb ~ Jes SkeÀ mecePeoej, mebJesoveMeerue Deewj o³eeueg ceefnuee nw ~ JekeÌlee GHe³eg&keÌle
keÀLeve leye keÀnleer nw peye GmekesÀ Heefle GvekeÀer yesìer ieewjer keÀer efJeoe ve nesves mes ogKeer nesles nQ Deewj yent keÀceuee keÀes efJeoe
veneR keÀjles nQ ~ ieewjer kesÀ efJeoe ve nesves mes HetCe& Jen keÀceuee kesÀ YeeF& Òeceeso keÀes Yeuee-yegje keÀnles nQ ~ [2]
ii) JekeÌlee kesÀ Fme keÀLeve mes DeefYeÒee³e DeHeves Heefle kesÀ ueeue®eer mJeYeeJe Deewj Dev³ee³e mes nw ~ JekeÌlee kesÀ Heefle peneB SkeÀ Deewj
DeHeveer yesìer kesÀ memegjeue mes efJeoe ve nesves mes ogëKeer nQ JeneR otmejer Deewj DeHeveer yent keÀes kesÀJeue onspe kesÀ Hewmes keÀce efceueves
kesÀ keÀejCe efJeoe veneR keÀjles ~ Gme mece³e JekeÌlee DeHeves Heefle keÀes GvekeÀer ieueleer mes DeJeiele keÀjeves nsleg ³en keÀLeve keÀnleer
nQ efkeÀ Deye lees DeeHekeÀer DeeBKeW Kegue ieF& nesieer ~ Deye lees DeeHekeÀes mecePevee ®eeefnS efkeÀ yesìer Je yent SkeÀ meceeve nesleer
nQ, yent Yeer efkeÀmeer keÀer yesìer ner nesleer nw ~ [2]
iii) Þeeslee peerJeveueeue Deble ceW DeHeveer yent keÀceuee keÀes GmekesÀ cee³ekesÀ keÀe HeQÀmeuee uesles nQ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ GvekeÀe yesìe jcesMe ieewjer
keÀes efJeoe keÀjeves ie³ee Lee~ ieewjer kesÀ memegjeue JeeueeW ves Gmes efJeoe veneR efkeÀ³ee Deewj keÀne efkeÀ peye Hetje onspe osWieW leYeer
357
efJeoe keÀjWieW~ peerJeveueeue keÀer o=eq<ì ceW lees onspe Hetje efo³ee ie³ee Lee Hejbleg keÀnles nQ pewmeer keÀjveer Jewmeer Yejveer~ peerJeve
ueeue kesÀ mecceeve Deewj Denb keÀes yengle þsme HengB®eer Deewj GvekeÀer DeeBKes Kegue ieF& ~ Deepe GvnW DeHeveer ieueleer keÀe Snmeeme
ngDee Deewj GvneWves DeHeveer yeng keÀes KegMeer-KegMeer efJeoe keÀj efo³ee~ [3]
iv) Fme SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes ncebs onspe ve uesves keÀer efMe#ee efceueleer nQ ~ Fme SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes uesKeve ves nceejs meceepe
ceW J³eeHle onspe keÀer mecem³ee keÀes oMee&³ee nQ ~ onspe nceejs meceepe ceW SkeÀ DemeeO³e jesie keÀer lejn HewÀuelee pee jne nw ~
SkeÀebkeÀer ceW Òeceeso kesÀJeue onspe kesÀ Hewmes ®egkeÀeves kesÀ efueS DeHevee cekeÀeve lekeÀ yes®eves kesÀ efueS cepeyetj nes peelee nQ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ
GmekeÀer yenve keÀceuee pees peerJeveueeue keÀer yent leye lekeÀ Gme Iej mes efJeoe veneR nesieer ~ peye lekeÀ Òeceeso onspe keÀe HeeB®e
npeej ©HeS veneR os oslee ~ ³es mecem³ee leYeer meceeHle nesieer peye yesìer DeelceefveYe&j nesieer ~ meceepe keÀer Fve kegÀjerefle³eeW keÀes
leYeer peæ[ mes efceìe³ee pee mekeÀlee nw peye Jen onspe kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ DeeJeepe GþeSieer ~ [3]
A.15
i) Òemlegle keÀLeve ®eejCeer oJeeje cenejeCee ueeKee keÀes keÀne ie³ee nw ~ ³en keÀLeve ®eejCeer ves leye keÀne peye cenejeCee ueeKee
ves yetboer Hej Dee¬eÀceCe keÀjves keÀer Òeefle%ee ueer~ ®eejCeer cenejeCee ueeKee keÀes mecePeeleer nQ efkeÀ DeeHe efJeJeskeÀer nes, DeeHekeÀes
Ssmee efveCe&³e veneR uesvee ®eeefnS ~ [2]
ii) cesJeeæ[ keÀes efJeHeefÊe kesÀ efoveeW ceW yetboer ves mene³elee oer nw ~ ³en yeele ®eejCeer cenejeCee ueeKee keÀes FmeefueS ³eeo efoueeleer
nw keÌ³eeWefkeÀ cenejeCee ueeKee DeHeves Petþs DenbkeÀej kesÀ keÀejCe yetBoer Hej Dee¬eÀceCe keÀjves keÀer Òeefle%ee ues ®egkesÀ nQ ~ ®eejCeer
Hegjs jepemLeeve keÀes SkeÀ met$e ceW yeBOee osKevee ®eenleer nQ ~ Jen cenejeCee keÀes mecePeeleer nw efkeÀ GvnW ³egodOe veneR keÀjvee
®eeefnS ~ [2]
iii) veerceje kesÀ cewoeve ceW cenejeCee ueeKee yetboer mes Hejeefpele nes peeles nQ ~ Fmes Jen DeHevee DeHeceeve mecePeles nQ Deewj Òeefle%ee
keÀjles nQ efkeÀ Jes leye lekeÀ DeVe-peue ûenCe veneR keÀjWies peye lekeÀ Jes yetboer ceW memewv³e ÒeJesMe veneR keÀj uesles ~ GvekeÀer ³en
Òeefle%ee yeæ[er keÀefþvelee mes Hetjer nesieer, keÌ³eeWefkeÀ neue ner kesÀ ³egoOe mes ³en mHeä nes ®egkeÀe Lee ~ FmeefueS ®eejCeer GHee³e
megPeeleer nQ efkeÀ cenejeCee yetboer keÀe SkeÀ vekeÀueer ogie& yeveJeekeÀj, GmeceW ³eg× keÀe vekeÀueer Kesue KesuekeÀj DeHeveer Òeefle%ee Hetjer
keÀj ueW ~ ®eejCeer keÀe Gme mece³e keÀer HeefjefmLeefle kesÀ Devegmeej megPeeJe Gef®ele ner Lee ~ yetboer keÀes nejves ceW ueievesJeeuee mece³e
keÀe efkeÀmeer keÀes Yeer Deboepee veneR Lee Deewj Ssmes ceW cenejeCee DeefveefM®ele mece³e kesÀ efueS YetKes-H³eemes jnles ~ yetboer Deewj
cesJeeæ[ kesÀ ceO³e Me$eglee Deewj yeæ{ peeleer ~ [3]
iv) ceele=Yetefce keÀe ceeve SkeÀ SsefleneefmekeÀ Meer<e&keÀ nw ~
He´mlegle SkeÀebkeÀer `Þeer nefjke=À<Ce Heśceer peer' odJeeje efueKeer ie³eer SkeÀ Heéfme× SsefleneefmekeÀ SkeÀebkeÀer nw ~ He´mlegle
SkeÀebkeÀer keÀe Meer<e&keÀ ceele=Yetefce keÀe ceeve HetCe&le³ee, meeLe&keÀ SJeb Gef®ele nw ~ Fme SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes jepemLeeve, pees
meoe mes ner Jeerjlee Deewj Hejeke´Àce keÀe ieæ{ ceevee ie³ee nw ~ yetBoer kesÀ neæ[e jepeHetle Jeerjefmebn kesÀ yeefueoeve keÀe ef®e$eCe efkeÀ³ee
nw ~ cesJeeæ[ kesÀ mesveeHeefle DeYe³eefmebn yetBoer keÀe MeemekeÀ jeJe nscet kesÀ Heeme cesJeeæ[ kesÀ MeemekeÀ cenejeCee ueeKee keÀer
DeOeervelee mJeerkeÀej keÀjves keÀe mebosMe ueskeÀj peeles nQ Hejleg jeJe nscet mJeerkeÀej veneR keÀjles nQ ~ leye cenejeCee GvekeÀes njeves
Deewj yetBoer Hej cesJeeæ[ keÀe Peb[e HeÀnjeves keÀer Heéfle%ee keÀj ueslee nw ~ Fme Heéfle%ee keÀes Hetje keÀjves kesÀ efueS SkeÀ ®eejCeer kesÀ
He´mleeJe Hej cesJeeæ[ ceW ner vekeÀueer ³eg× kesÀ efueS yetBoer kesÀ ogie& kesÀ meceeve SkeÀ vekeÀueer ogie& yeveJee³ee peelee nw ~ uesefkeÀve yetBoer
keÀe jnves Jeeuee SkeÀ efmeHeener Jeerj efmebn Deewj GmekesÀ keÀF& meeLeer DeHeveer pevceYetefce keÀe ceeve jKeves kesÀ efueS Fme vekeÀueer ogie&
keÀer Yeer j#ee keÀjvee ®eenles nQ, Hejvleg cesJeeæ[ keÀer mesvee kesÀ meeceves Jes efìkeÀ veneR Heeles Deewj Gme ogie& keÀer j#ee keÀjles-keÀjles
Menero nes peeles nQ ~ cej keÀj Yeer Jeerj efmebn leLee GmekesÀ meeLeer Decej nes peeles nQ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ cesJeeæ[ kesÀ mewefvekeÀ nesles ngS Yeer
GvneWves yetBoer DeLee&le DeHeveer ceele=Yetefce keÀer ceeve keÀer j#ee kesÀ efueS DeHeves HeéCe v³eewíeJej keÀj efoS ~ [3]
358
A.16
i) GHe³eg&keÌle keÀLeve keÀer JekeÌlee Iej kesÀ meyemes cegK³e meom³e cetuejepe nQ pees HeefjJeej kesÀ cegefKe³ee nQ ~ Jes meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej kesÀ
leeves-yeeves ceW efJeMJeeme jKeles nQ ~ Jes 72 Je<eea³e nQ efHeÀj Yeer GvekeÀe Mejerj PegkeÀe veneR nQ , HeefjJeej kesÀ meYeer ueesie GvekeÀe
mecceeve keÀjles nQ ~ GvneWves DeHeveer metPe-yetPe Deewj otjoefMe&lee mes DeHeves HeefjJeej keÀes SkeÀ Jeì Je=#e keÀer Yeebefle yeeBOekeÀj jKee
nQ~ [2]
ii) Þeeslee oeoepeer kesÀ ceBPeues yesìs keÀce&®ebo ves DeYeer kegÀí efove Henues ceueceue kesÀ Leeve Deewj jpeeF& kesÀ Deyejs ueekeÀj efoS Les,
meye IejJeeueeW ves KegMeer-KegMeer jKe efueS kesÀJeue yesuee keÀes ner Jen Hemebo veneR DeeS ~ yesuee DeHeves cee³ekesÀ kesÀ Deeies
memegjeue keÀes kegÀí veneR mecePeleer Jen DeHeves cee³ekesÀ kesÀ Iejeves keÀes nceejs Iejeves mes yeæ[e mecePeleer nQ ~ keÀejCe Þeeslee keÀe
Ssmee ceevevee Lee efkeÀ yesuee ceW oHe keÀer cee$ee peªjle mes p³eeoe nQ ~ [2]
iii) JekeÌlee oeoe cetuejepe ves HeefjJeej ceW SkeÀlee yeveeS jKeves kesÀ efueS HeefjJeej kesÀ meYeer meom³eeW mecePee³ee efkeÀ keÀesF& Yeer J³eefkeÌle
Gce´ ³ee opex mes yeæ[e veneR neslee yeefukeÀ Je=oefOe mes yeæ[e neslee nQ ~ Iej keÀer íesìer yent Yeuesner efjMles ceW meyemes íesìer nes
Hejbleg yegoefOe ceW nce meyemes yeæ[er nQ ~ FmeefueS Iej kesÀ meYeer meom³eeW keÀes íesìer yent keÀer yegef× Deewj GmekeÀer ³eesi³elee mes
ueeYe Gþevee ®eeefnS ~ Iej kesÀ meYeer meom³e Gmes mener Deeoj-melkeÀej, GmekeÀer je³e keÀes cenÊJe Deewj Gmes Heæ{ves kesÀ efueS
mece³e oW ~ Gmes Ssmee cenmetme ner ve nesves os efkeÀ Jen efkeÀmeer Dev³e JeeleeJejCe ceW Dee ieF& nw ~ pewmee mecceeve Gmes DeHeves Iej
ceW ÒeeHle Lee, Jener ceeve-mecceeve Gmes Fme Iej ceW Yeer efceuevee ®eeefnS ~ GvekesÀ Fme GHee³e mes Oeerjs-Oeerjs yesuee keÀe ceve Yeer
yeoueves ueiee Deewj Jen Yeer HeefjJeej kesÀ meom³eeW kesÀ meeLe Iegueves-efceueves ueieer ~ Fme lejn JekeÌlee DeHeveer metPe-yetPe mes DeHeves
HeefjJeej keÀer SkeÀlee keÀe³ece keÀjves ceW meHeÀue nesles nQ ~ [3]
iv) `metKeer [eueer' SkeÀebkeÀer HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ He=ÿYetefce Hej DeeOeeefjle nw ~ Fme SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece mes SkeÀebkeÀerkeÀej ves meb³egkeÌle
HeefjJeej Yeer mecem³eeDeeW Hej ÒekeÀeMe [euee nw ~
He´mlegle SkeÀebkeÀer `metKeer [eueer' ceW uesKekeÀ ves meb³egkeÌle HeefjJeej keÀer HeĆeeueer keÀe ef®e$eCe efkeÀ³ee nw ~ Fme SkeÀebkeÀer ceW
uesKekeÀ ves ³en efoKee³ee nw efkeÀ peye veF& yent DeHeves memegjeue ceW Deeleer nw, pees DeeOegefvekeÀ SJeb veS efJe®eejeW keÀer nw ~ Gmes
JeneB meeje ceenewue ve³ee ueielee nw ~ Jen memegjeue keÀer leguevee DeHeves cee³ekesÀ mes keÀjves ueieleer nw ~ GmekesÀ efueS veS ceenewue
ceW meecebpem³e yewþevee keÀefþve nes peelee nw ~ efpemekesÀ keÀejCe HeeefjJeeefjkeÀ Peieæ[s keÀer MegªDeele nesves ueieleer nw Deewj
HeefjJeej ceW Demeblees<e J³eeHle nesves ueielee nw ~ oeoepeer Ssmee veneR nesves osvee ®eenles nQ ~ Jes HeefjJeej kesÀ meYeer meom³eeW keÀes
yegueekeÀj mecePeeles nQ Deewj íesìer yent keÀe mecceeve keÀjves keÀes keÀnles nQ ~ oeoepeer keÀer HeefjHekeÌJe yegodefOe kesÀ HeefjCeece
mJeªHe Iej kesÀ keÀe³e& ceW men³eesie ve osves Jeeueer m$eer Yeer mJes®íe mes Iej kesÀ keÀece ceW men³eesie osves ueieer ~ SkeÀebkeÀer kesÀ ceeO³ece
mes SkeÀebkeÀer keÀej ³en oMee&vee ®een jns nQ efkeÀ DeeHemeer mecePeoejer leLee menveMeeruelee mes yeæ[er-yeæ[er mecem³eeDeeW keÀes
meguePee³ee pee mekeÀlee nw ~ ³eneB uesKekeÀ keÀe He´³eeme meHeÀue ngDee efkeÀ keÀþesjlee Hej keÀesceuelee mes efJepe³e HeéHle keÀer pee
mekeÀleer nw ~ [3]

359
MARATHI
BOARD PAPER
2018 TO 2019
Section__A (40 marks)

Attempt all questions.
A.1. Write a short composition in Marathi of approximately 250 words on
any one of the following topics :-
Keeueer efouesu³ee efJe<e³eeHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener SkeÀe efJe<e³eeJej megceejs 250 Meyoeb®ee cejeþerle mebef#eHle efveyebOe efuene.
(ii) cee³ecejeþer
`ceeP³ee cejeþer®eer yees}t keÀJeeflekesÀ~ Heefj Dece=leelesner Hewpee efpebkesÀ~~
Ssmes De#ejs jefmekesÀ efceUefJeve~ cejeþer®³ee DeefYeceeveeHee³eer~~
%eevesµJejebveer cejeþer Yee<es®es meceLe&HeCes Je ceeefce&keÀ µeyoeble kesÀ}s}s ns JeCe&ve Deens. cejeþer ner ceneje<ìê®eer
jepeYee<ee Deens, efle®³ee Deblejbieele DeveskeÀ efJe®eejeb®eer meeþJeCe Deens. Yee<ee ner pevcee}e Dee}er, leer osJeeb®eer JeeCeer
mebmke=Àle®³ee ©Heele Demes cnCeleele cejeþer Yee<ee 2000 Je<ee&Heemetve DeeqmlellJeele Deens. cnCetve®e cejeþer}e DeeqYepeele
Yee<es®ee opee& efceUJetve osC³ee®ee ceeveme Deens.
`Heg<Heceepeer Heg<He ceesiejer~ pewmeer HeefjceUeceepeer keÀmlegjer~~
lewmeer Yee<eeceeefpe meeefpejer~ cejeþer³ee~~'
ns `HeÀeoj mìerHeÀvmeve' ³eebveer efle®es kesÀ}s}s JeCe&ve KejesKej®e efkeÀleerlejer megboj Deens. efle®³ee jÀHeeb®es, iegCeeb®es Demes
JeCe&ve DeveskeÀ keÀJeeRveer kesÀ}s. %eevesµJejebveer efle®ee Hee³ee mece=odOe kesÀ}e. legkeÀejeceebveer l³eeJej keÀUme ®e{efJe}e. ³ee
cee³eyees}erle DeveskeÀ mebleebveer DeeHeu³ee DeYebieeletve, YeejÀ[eletve, HeesJee[s ³eeletve veeveeefJeOe He´keÀejeb®eer Yej Ieele}er. meble,
leble, Heble ³eebveer lej cejeþer keÀeJ³ee®es oe}ve®e mece=odOe keÀªve ìekeÀ}s. DeveskeÀ De<ìHew}t }sKekeÀ,keÀJeer efle}e }eYe}s.
Deepe cejeþer meeefnl³e ns DeveskeÀ Debieeveer mece=odOe Pee}s}s Deens. efJe.me.Keeb[skeÀj, efJe. Jee. efµejJee[keÀj, efJe.oe.keÀjboerkeÀj
³eebveer %eeveHeerþ HegjmkeÀjebves efle}e ceevee®ee cegpeje efo}e. ns megboj #eCe, DeeþJeCeeR®es mcejCe Pee}s keÀer efle®es Ëo³e
meceeOeeveeves Yeªve ³esles. Heéke=Àle mebmke=Àle ner Yee<ee efle®eer peveveer Deens. efle®es Jee*dce³e mece=odOe keÀªve efle®eer JesieUer
DeesUKe efvecee&Ce kesÀ}er Deens. Hejbleg efle®eer ner DeesUKe keÀe³ecemJejÀHeer efìkesÀ} keÀe? Demee He´µve efvecee&Ce nesle Deens.
`ceePeer cejeþer Demes cee³eYee<ee, efn®³ee keÀerleea®es lespe eflevner }eskeÀer ®e{s
iees[er ve jens megOesceeefpe Deelee, HeUe}er megOee mJeie& }eskeÀekeÀ[s'
vee. iees. veeboeHetjkeÀj ³eebveer kesÀ}s}s JeCe&ve KetHe íeve Deens. Hejblet efle®eer Deepe®eer DeJemLee Heentve, o³eveer³e
eqmLeleer Heentve peerJe keÀemeeJeerme nesT }eielees. Deepe DeeHeu³ee ceele=Yee<esHes#ee HejkeÀer³e Yee<es®eer Dees{ legcneb}e peemle
efomeles. mJeleë®eer DeesUKe DeeHeCee}e DeeHeu³ee cee³eyees}erletve®e nesles; HeCe ogmeN³ee ceeO³eceeletve efMekeÀleevee Deieoer
menpe DeeHeCee}e efle®ee efJemej He[lees. mJeleë®³ee Yee<esle `³es js ³es js HeeJemee' cnCeC³eele pees Deevebo efceUlees lees ogmeN³ee
Yee<esletve pejÀj efµekeÀe. l³eeletve %eeve Jee{s}®e Hejbleg DeeHeu³ee cee³eyees}er}e cee$e efJemejÀ vekeÀe.
mejkeÀejer keÀ®esN³ee, Hejer#ee mees[u³ee lej l³ee®³ee J³eefleefjkeÌle efle®ee keÌJeef®ele®e JeeHej keÀjlee. DeeHeCee}e cejeþerletve
yees}C³eeHes#ee Fbie´peerletve yees}Ces Heéfle<þle Jeeìles. megjÀJeeleer}e mejkeÀejves cejeþer}e Dee³e.ìer. ne efJe<e³e He³ee&³eer
meg®eJetve efle®eer ieU®esHeer kesÀ}er. l³ee®eyejesyej He´WÀ®e, pece&ve ³ee Yee<eener DeveskeÀ MeeUebletve He³ee&³e þsJeC³eele Deeues.
Deepe®³ee peeieeflekeÀkeÀjCee®³ee ³egieele efveeqµ®ele®e DeeHeu³ee mebmke=ÀleerJej DeveskeÀ Deeke´ÀceCe nesle Deensle. Yee<ee ne
mebmke=Àleer®ee Hee³ee Deens. Deeblejje<ìêr³e mlejeJejer} Yee<ee efµekeÀCes DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Deens; HeCe l³eemeeþer cejeþer Yee<es®ee
yeUer osCes. DeeHeu³ee cee³eyees}er}e [eJe}Ces ns efkeÀleHele legcneb}e ³eesi³e Jeeìles.
peHeeve, jefµe³ee ns osµe mJeleë®³ee ceele=Yee<esletve®e J³eJenej keÀjleele; HeCe Deepe les DeeIee[erJej Deme}s}s osµe
Deensle. Yee<ee }esHe HeeJe}er keÀer efle®³eeyejesyej DeveskeÀ meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ meboYe&ner ve<ì nesleele. DeveskeÀ }eskeÀkeÀ}e, meeefnl³e
³ee meieUîeebJej®e l³ee®es otjieeceer HeefjCeece nesleele.
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X - ICSE (Marathi)  MT EDUCARE LTD.
ce}e SJe{s ®e meebiee³e®es Deens keÀer, p³ee cee³eyees} erletv e legc neb}e mJeleë®eer DeesUKe nesles . legc e®es
J³eefkeÌlecellJe mece=odOe nesles, l³ee cee³eyees}er®es legcner efveefµ®ele®e j#eCe keÀje}, efle®ee Jeejmee legcner peleve
keÀªve þsJee}, Deµeer
ceePeer Kee$eer Deens. [15]
(iv) pevemesJee ner®e Kejer F&MJejmesJee

ceneje<ìêleer} YeeieJele Oecee&ves YekeÌleer}e JesieUs®e JeUCe efo}s. l³eeHetJeea YeieJeblee®eer Hetpee keÀje³e®eer leer
<ees[µeesHe®eejs. Hetpes®es DeJe[byej HeÀej ceesþs nesles. HeCe mebleebveer veJee ceeie& oeKeJe}e. kesÀJeU veecemcejCe keÀje, HejcesµJej
HeéHleer nesF&}. meble SkeÀveeLeebveer lej l³eeHeg{s SkeÀ HeeT} ìekeÀ}s. ``pevelee ne®e peveeo&ve DeeefCe pevemesJee ner®e
F&MJejmesJee,'' Demee mebosµe®e l³eebveer efo}e.
leeHe}su³ee JeeUtle j[Ceejs cet} veeLeebveer G®e}}s lesJne les keÀesCee®es Deens, ³ee®ee efJe®eej l³eebveer kesÀ}e veener. ns
cet} keÀesCel³ee peeleer®es Deens, ne efJe®eejner l³eeb®³ee ceveele [eskeÀeJe}e veener. keÀejCe osJeUeleer} osJe ne YesoYeeJe
keÀjerle veener. meble SkeÀveeLeebvee osJe kesÀJeU osJeUele efomele veJnlee, lej l³ee cegueele®e l³eebvee osJe efomele neslee.
osJeeves®e efvecee&Ce kesÀ}s}er Heeves, HegÀ}s, HeÀUs osJee}e Jeentve osJee®eer Hetpee keÀjC³eeSsJepeer osJeeves efvecee&Ce kesÀ}su³ee
³ee ceeCemeeb®eer HeéC³eeb®eer mesJee kesÀ}er, lej osJee}e vekeÌkeÀer peemle DeeJe[s}. ns }#eele IesGÀve Deµee DeHebie, ogye&}ebmeeþer
DeeHe}e JesU, DeeHe}er µekeÌleer Ke®e& kesÀ}er, lej leer®e Kejer F&µeHetpee þjs}. cnCetve meble legkeÀejece cenejepe meebieleele
keÀer, pees jbpeu³ee-ieebpeuesu³eebvee DeeHeues mecepetve l³eeb®eer mesJee keÀjer}, lees®e Keje meble, lees®e Keje meeOet. Deµee
mesJeeYeeJeer J³ekeÌleerle®e osJelJe DeJelej}s}s Demeles.
meble iee[iesyeeyee osJeUele peele vemele. HeCe osJeUele peeCeeN³eevee $eeme nesT ve³es cnCetve osJeUe®ee Heefjmej
Pee[tve mJe®í keÀjerle Demele. kegÀ<þjesiîeeb®eer mesJee keÀjCes, ns®e DeeHe}s Yepeve, efkeÀle&ve les ceevele. ³esµet ef¸emle, cenelcee
ieebOeer ³ee Leesjebveener DeeHeu³ee peerJevekeÀe³ee&le kegÀ<þjesi³eeb®³ee mesJes}e mLeeve efo}s. ceoj ìsjsmee DeeHe}er pevceYetceer
mees[tve ogëefKeleeb®eer mesJee keÀjC³eekeÀefjlee OeeJetve Deeu³ee. ³eentve ceesþer F&MemesJee keÀesCeleer?
DeeveboJevee®eer mLeeHevee keÀªve yeeyee Deeceìs ³eebveer meceepeeves yeefn<ke=Àle kesÀ}su³eebvee DeelceefJeMeJeeme efo}e.
npeejes DeHebieebvee mJeleë®³ee Hee³eeJej GYes kesÀ}s. keÀejCe l³ee keÀe³ee&le®e l³eebvee F&MJej efome}e. Deepener meceepeele
Demes DeveskeÀ }eskeÀ Deensle keÀer, pes Deµee F&µeHetpesle DeeHe}e JesU melkeÀejCeer }eJeleele. kegÀCeer Je=odOeebmeeþer DeeÞece
keÀe{leele, lej kegÀCeer DeeefoJeemeeR®³ee Jemleerle peeGÀve l³eebvee megKeer keÀjC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀjleele. kegÀCeer jml³eeJej efnb[CeeN³ee
DeveeLe ceg}ebvee mevceeieea }eJeleele, lej kegÀCeer Jesµ³eeb®³ee ceg}ebmeeþer IejkegÀ}s GYeer keÀjleele.
HejosMeele JewoîekeÀer³e efMe#eCe Iesle}s}s [e@. DeYe³e yebie Je [e@. jeCeer yebie ³eebveer `MeesOeieéce' mebmLee keÀe{tve
yee}ce=l³et LeesHeJe}s. [e@. He´keÀeMe Deeceìs, [e@. ceboeleeF& Deeceìs ³eebveer `nsceuekeÀmee' ³esLeer} DeeefoJeemeeRvee veJes peerJeve
efo}s. [e@. yeeJemkeÀj Je<ee&vegJe<ex efJeb®etobMe Pee}su³ee jesi³eebmeeþer Oe[He[le Deensle ns ³elve³e%e ³ee®e KeN³ee `ceneHetpee'
Deensle. ³ee meJee&veer peeCe}s Deens keÀer, òsJe oie[ele vemetve ceeCemeeble Deens.' [15]
(v) SkeÀefJemeeJ³ee MelekeÀeleerue m$eer

F.me. 1850 veblej®³ee DeewoîeesefiekeÀ ke´Àebleerves Ie[efJeuesu³ee efJemeeJ³ee MelekeÀele m$eercegkeÌleer ®eUJeUer®eer yeerpes
jesJeueer iesueer. lelHetJeea®³ee MelekeÀeble efm$e³eeb®eer efmLeleer Yeer<eCe nesleer, MesCeecesCee®eer, ceve-DeefmlelJe vemeuesueer yeengueer
nesleer. jepee jececeesnve je@³e, cenelcee HegÀues, v³ee³ecetleea jeve[s, cen<eea keÀJex, DeeiejkeÀj ³eemeejK³ee meceepemegOeejkeÀebveer
efm$e³eeb®³ee ceevesJej®es peesKe[ PegieejC³eeme ceole kesÀueer. veblej efm$e³eebveer mJeleë®e ue{îee®eer Oegje Hesueueer. Deepe SkeÀefJemeeJ³ee
MelekeÀeleerue m$eer®eer efmLeleer yeoueueer Deens.
Deepe®eer m$eer Deyeuee vemetve meyeuee Peeueer Deens. DeveskeÀ #es$eebceO³es efm$e³ee G®®eHeomLe cnCetve ceeve efcejefJele
Deensle. Fbêe veg³eer, efkeÀjCe cepegceoej, ueefuelee iegHles ³eebmeejK³ee DeeHeu³ee #es$eele Gb®e efMeKejeJej efJejepeceeve Demeuesu³ee
efm$e³ee Heentve l³eebveer DeeHeues DeeYeeU þWieCes kesÀu³ee®eer peeCeerJe nesles. efkeÀjCe yesoer, ceerje yeesjJeCekeÀj ³eemeejK³ee
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me#ece Hees u eer m e Deef O ekeÀeN³eeb v ee Heent v e veekeÀHeg [ îee Heg À jHeg À ª ueeieleele. keÀuHevee ®eeJeuee Je meg e f v elee
efJeefu³ecme ³eebveer lej DeekeÀeMeeMeer veeles pees[tve DeJekeÀeMeele Yejejer ceejueer. Deepe m$eer KetHe®e mJeeJeuebyeer
Deens. efleuee efle®es efveCe&³e Ieslee ³esleele. efkebÀyengvee efveCe&³e IesC³ee®³ee #ecelescegUs®e Deepe m$eer Heíele Peeueer
Deens.
m$eer Heíele Peeueer ³ee®ee DeLe& efleves DeeHeueer peyeeyeoejer, keÀle&J³e efPe[keÀejueer Demes veJns efkebÀJee efle®³ee Dee³eg<³eeuee
Deejece Deens Demes veJns lej Deepe efle®³eemeceesj DeveskeÀ DeeJneves Deensle. osMe efkeÀleerner Heíele Je Þeerceble Demeuee lejer
m$eerJej mJe³ebHeekeÀIej Je cegueeb®eer peyeeyeoejer Demeles®e. keÀecee®³ee efþkeÀeCeer DeeHeues vewHegC³e Je keÀewMeu³e HeCeeuee ueeJele
Demeueer lejer `Ìeej efnb[les DeekeÀeMeer, ef®elle efle®es efHeuueebHeeMeer.'' ³ee GkeÌleerHećeeCes efle®es ue#e Ieje®³eekeÀ[s, mebmeejekeÀ[s
yeejkeÀeF&ves Demeles. nîee meieUîee®ee leesue meebYeeUe³euee efleuee Gllece efve³eespevee®eer keÀuee meeO³e keÀjeJeer ueeieles.
keÀceer JesUele peemle keÀecee®ee GjkeÀe keÀjC³ee®eer meJe³e leer ueeJetve Iesles. Deepe®³ee m$eeruee kesÀJeU ie=efnCeer cnCeJetve
IesC³ee®eer ®ewve keÀjlee ³esle veener. Deepe®³ee mHeOex®³ee, ceneieeF&®³ee keÀeUele mebmeeje®ee iee[e ®eeueJeC³eeme Heleer®³ee
yejesyejerves, Keeboîeeuee Keeboe ueeJetve leer ®eeueles. DeeHeu³ee DeefmlelJee®eer, mJeeefYeceevee®eer peeCeerJe efle®³ee ceveele melele
Demeles. ³ee®ee DeLe& leer veeskeÀjer keÀjCeejer vemeueer efkebÀJee HeÀkeÌle ie=efnCeer Demeueer lej keÀceer opee& Demelees Demes veJns lej
mebmeej ³eesi³e leNnsves ®eeueefJeCes, cegueeb®es ³eesi³e mebieesHeve, Iejeleerue meieÈ³eeb®ee ³eesi³e meebYeeU leer Oe[e[erves SKeeoîee
ie=nceb$³eeHećeeCes, [esUmeHeCes keÀjles DeeHeu³ee meJe& peyeeyeoeN³ee SKeeoîee oesjerJeªve meblegueve keÀjerle ®eeueCeeN³ee
keÀesuneìerCeer meejK³ee Heej Hee[les.
m$eer ner o³eeUt, He´scee®es, ceceles®es He´leerkeÀ ceeveues peeles. leer keÀv³eejlve, yenerCe, veele, Helveer, metve, DeeF& ³ee
DeveskeÀ veel³eeletve JeeJejle Demeles. cew$eer®³ee veel³eeueener leer He´sceeves efmJekeÀejle cew$eer keÀjles, HeCe pej keÀe efle®³ee ce=ot
mJeYeeJee®ee keÀesCeer iewjHeÀe³eoe Iesleuee, efle®³eeJej Dev³ee³e kesÀuee, efle®³ee nkeÌkeÀebvee [eJeueues iesues efkebÀJee kegÀCeer
vejeOece Del³ee®eej keÀª ueeieuee lej Deepe®eer m$eer `leeW[ oeyetve yegkeÌkeÌ³eeb®ee ceej' menve keÀjCeejer veener. leer DeeHeues
jCe®ebef[kesÀ®es, ceefn<eemetj ceefo&veer®es, keÀeueerceeles®es Gie´ mJe©He oeKeJeles. Dev³ee³ee®ee, Del³ee®eejeb®ee mebnej keÀjC³ee®eer
leekeÀo Deepe efle®³eele Deens. `He´sce oîeeJes He´sceUeuee, l³eeie ner l³ee®eer keÀmeesìer' Demes pejer efle®es Jele&ve Demeues lejer
`veeþeUe®³ee ceeLeer neCet keÀeþer' DeMeer ner m$eer `meyeuee' yeveueer Deens.
Deepe efJe%eeveeves meJe& megKe-mees³eer GHeueyOe keÀªve efou³ee Demeu³ee lejer l³eeb®ee GHe³eesie keÀªve JesUs®ee GHeYeesie
IesC³eeFlekeÀer leer ®elegj Peeueer Deens. ³ee ³eb$e©Heer iegueeceebvee jeyeJetve®e leer DeeHeu³ee kegÀìbgyeemeeþer ®eebieu³ee efjleerves JesU
osT MekeÀles. cegueebvee DeY³eemeele ceeie&oMe&ve keÀ© MekeÀles. Deepe®eer keÀle&glJeJeeve m$eer kegÀìbgyee®³ee meJee¥ieerCe efJekeÀemeele
efmebne®ee Jeeìe G®eueles. [15]
A.2. Write a letter in Marathi of approximately 120 words on any one of the
topics given below :-
Keeueer efouesu³ee efJe<e³eeHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener SkeÀe efJe<e³eeJej megceejs 120 MeyoebHe³e¥le®es He$e cejeþerle efuene :-
(i) De.ye.keÀ.
709, ieebOeer jes[,
keÀe$epe, HegCes.
efo. 28 veesJnWyej, 2018
ef®e Devegpee efnme,
DeveskeÀ DeeµeerJee&o.
otjoµe&veJejer} menîeeoér Jeenerveerves Dee³eesefpele kesÀ}s}er iee³evemHeOee& ceer vesnceer Heenle nesleer. ³ee mHeOexceO³es let
menYeeieer nesTve GHeevl³e HesÀjerHe³e¥le cepe} ceej}erme l³eecegUs meJe&He´Lece legPes KetHe KetHe DeefYevebove.
³eµe DeeefCe DeHe³eµe ³ee SkeÀe®e veeC³ee®³ee oesve yeepet Demeleele. keÀesCeer njleb lej keÀesCeer efpebkeÀleb. DeHe³eµe
efceUe}s cnCetve Ke®etve ve peelee ³eµee®es efµeKej ieeþC³eemeeþer Hegvne le³eejer}e }eie}s Heeefnpes. keÀesCeerner Heefnu³ee®e
363
He´³elveele ³eµemJeer nesle veener. let lej GHeevl³e HesÀjerHe³e¥le cepe} ceej}er Deens. ns ³eMe HeCe keÀener keÀceer
veener . DeHe³eµe efceUe}s cnCetve Ke®etve ve peelee ³eµee®ee Heeþ}eie keÀje³e}e efµekeÀ. DeHe³eµeeveblej ³eµe
ns efveeqµ®ele Demeles. Deelee Hejle ³eenerHes#ee KetHe le³eejer keÀj. Pee}su³ee ®etkeÀe megOeejC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀj. ³eµe
vekeÌkeÀer®e efceUs}. ce}e Kee$eer Deens. Heg{s nesCeeN³ee mHeOexceO³es let DeJJe} ke´ÀceebkeÀ efceUJeµeer}. l³eemeeþer
leg}e KetHe µegYes®íe! ley³esleer®eerner keÀeUpeer Ies.
leer . DeeF& y eeyeeb vee mee. vecemkeÀej.
keÀUeJes , uees Y e DemeeJee.
leg P ee oeoe,
De.ye.keÀ.
He´ ef l e,
Devegpee iees[yeesues
101/ De, Heeef j peelekeÀ,
veeefMekeÀ jes[,
veeefMekeÀ. [7]
(ii) He´ ef l e,
cee. cegK³eO³eeHekeÀ,
Deevebo efJeoîee}³e,
ceg}gb[ (He.),
cegbyeF& - 400081.
efo. 2 Dee@iemì, 2018
efJ e<e³eë yeeyee Deeceìs ³eebveer megª kesÀ}su³ee ÞecemebmkeÀej efµeefyejele
menYeeieer nesC ³eemeeþer HejJeeveieer ef ceUC³eeyeeyele.
DeeojCeer³e iegjÀJe³e&,
meHe´ s c e vecemkeÀej. ceer De.ye.keÀ. F³ellee 10 Jeer De. ®ee ef J eoîeeLeea He´ e f l eef v eOeer Deens . Deecneb
ef JeoîeeL³ee¥ v ee yeeyee Deeceìs ³eeb v eer megª kes À }s u³ee Þecemeb m keÀej ef M eef y ejeceO³es ojJe<eea H e´ c eeCes ³eener Je<eea
menYeeieer Jne³e®es Deens.
yeeyee Deeceìs ³eebveer megª kesÀ}su³ee ÞecemebmkeÀej efMeefyeje®es ³eboe megJeCe& ceneslmeJeer Je<e& Deens. ³ee efµeefyejeojc³eeve
Deecner kesÀ}su³ee ÞeceoeveecegUs DeeveboJevee}e ceole nesles. l³eeletve Deecne}e meceeOeeve efceUles. lejer DeeHeCe Deecne
efJeoîeeL³ee¥vee ÞecemebmkeÀej efMeefyejele menYeeieer nesC³eemeeþer HejJeeveieer oîeeJeer ner efJevebleer.
keÀUeJes, lemeoeryeodo} #ecemJe.
DeeHeueer ke= À HeeefY e}e<eer ,
De.ye.keÀ.
(ef J eoîeeLeea He´ e f l eef v eOeer )
Deeveb o efJ eoîee}³e,
ceg}gb[ (He.)
ceg b y eF& - 400081. [7]
A.3. Read tha passage given below and answer in marathi the questions that
follow, using your own words as far as possible :-
(i) ieeJeele Gb®e ceveesje neslee. l³ee}e mee[sleerveµes - ®eejµes Hee³eN³ee nesl³ee. ieeJeeleer} SkeÀe meOeve ie=nmLeeves ieeJeeleu³ee
ceg } eb m eeþer mHeOee& peener j kes À }er nes l eer . cevees N ³ee®³ee ìes k eÀeJej Heenes ® eCeeN³ee ceg } eb m eeþer cees þ s ye#eer m e
peenerj kesÀ} nesless. ceg}eb®es Je³e Heenlee, ceveesje Gb®e neslee lejerner ceg}ebveer Glmeeneves mHeOexle Yeeie Iesle}e
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nes lee l³eecegUs
ieeJeeleer } ceeCemes mHeOee& yeIee³e}e cevees N ³eepeJeU pece}er nes l eer . [2]
(ii) `ís efkeÀleer Gb®e! ceveesje Deens. keÀmes peceCeej ceg}ebvee, `HeÀej®e keÀþerCe' `ceg}s }neve Deensle nes! `n³ee
ceg}ebvee keÀener
ns peceCeej veener !' `yeIee, ceer meebi elees , ner meieUer ceg } s nejCeej!' DeMeer celes les L es peceues u³ee mHeOee&
yeIee³euee l³ee
ceeCemeeb ®eer mHeOex ef Je<e³eer nes leer . [2]
(iii) Gb®e ceveesje neslee. l³ee ceveesN³ee}e mee[s - leerveµes - ®eejµes Hee³eN³ee nesl³ee. mHeOexle menYeeieer nesCeeN³ee
ceg} eb ®es Je³e Heenlee leer Deef leMe³e }neve ceg ues nes leer. l³eecegU s ceg }s cevees N³ee®³ee keÀeþer Hee³eN³ee ®e{le
Je ceeIeej Ies le keÀejCe oce ueeiele Demes . l³ee®³ee ce³ee&o sH eefu ekeÀ[®eer leer mHeOee& nes leer . [2]
(iv) mHeOex l eer } SkeÀe ceg } eb v eer mHeOee& HetC e& kes À}er . l³ee®³eekeÀ[s ef® ekeÀeìer nes l eer . Deelceef J eµeeme nes l ee. lees ceg} iee
DeeµeeJeeoer
neslee. mekeÀejelcekeÀ efJe®eej keÀjle neslee cnCetve l³ee}e ³eµe HeéHle Pee}s. [2]
(v) ³eµee®es efµeKej ieeþC³eemeeþer vekeÀejelcekeÀ DeeefCe efvejeµeeJeeoer }eskeÀeb®³ee yees}C³eekeÀ[s }#e osGÀ ve³es. keÀejCe les
DeeHe}e Glmeen, DeeHe}er mJeHves ³eebHeemetve ceeies Kes®eC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀjleele. vesnceer DeeµeeJeeoer Deme}s Heeefnpes,
mekeÀejelcekeÀ efJe®eej keÀjeJee. l³eecegUs ³eµe DeeHe}s®e Demeles Demes efµekeÀe³e}e efceUe}s. [2]
A.4. Answer the following according to the instructions given :-

Keeueer oMe&efJeu³eeHećeeCes He´Mveeb®eer GÊejs efuene :-
(i) Keeueerue cnCeer®ee JeekeÌ³eele GHe³eesie keÀje (keÀesCeleerner SkeÀ) :-
(a) SkeÀe neleeves ìeUer Jeepele veener - Yeeb[Cee®ee oes<e SkeÀe He#eekeÀ[s®e Demele veener.
JeekeÌ³e - OeekeÀìîee YeeJeeyejesyej ceejeceejer keÀªve, l³eeuee®e oes<eer þjJeu³eeJej
DeeF& DeYe³euee cnCeeueerë ``Dejs, SkeÀe neleeves ìeUer Jeepele veener.!'' [1]
(b) keÀj veener l³eeuee [j veener - p³eeves JeeF& ì ke= À l³e kes À ues veener l³eeuee Yeer l eer yeeUieC³ee®es
keÀejCe veener.
JeekeÌ³e - DeLe&Je®es HegmlekeÀ njJeues. l³eeves nmeveJej ®eesjer®ee DeeU Iesleuee lesJne nmeve
PeìkeÀve cnCeeuee, `³ee], yeIee ceePeer yeBie. keÀj veener l³eeuee [j keÀMeeuee!' [1]
(c) GLeU HeeC³eeuee KeUKeUeì HeÀej - p³ee®³ee Debieer iegCe Lees[e lees HeÀej ye{eF& ceejlees.
JeekeÌ³e - Jee®eve veener, %eevener veener. HeCe DeekeÀeMee®ee efoKeeTHeCee®e peemle!
cnCeleele vee, GLeU HeeC³eeuee KeUKeUeì HeÀej! [1]
(ii) Keeueerue JeekeÀdHe´®eejeb ®ee JeekeÌ ³eele GHe³ees ie keÀje (keÀesCeleerner SkeÀ) :-
(a) ef p eJeeHee[ peHeCes - KetHe keÀeUpeer IesCes.
JeekeÌ ³ e - DeeF& DeeHeu³ee yeeUeuee efp eJeeHee[ peHeles . [1]
(b) LejkeÀeHe nesCes - ef Y eleer JeeìCes .
JeekeÌ ³ e - les JeeF&ì ¢M³e Heent v e ceeP³ee peer J ee®ee LejkeÀeHe Peeuee. [1]
(c) Heoj HemejCes - ceole ceeieCes .
JeekeÌ ³ e - jeOeekeÀeketÀbveer DeeHeu³ee ceguee®³ee efMe#eCeemeeþer HeeìueekeÀ[s Heoj Hemejuee. [1]
365
(iii) efjkeÀec³ee peeieer ³eesi³e DeJ³e³e efuene (keÀesCeleer ner ®eej) :-

(a) ceer ces Ceyelleer ueeJet v e pes J eeJe³eeme yemeuees keÀejCe Iejeleer u e Jeer p e ies u eer nes l eer . [½]
(b) HeeJemeeÈ³eele menueer m e peeC³eeme ef k eÀleer cepee ³es l es ! [½]
(c) pej Deelceef J eMJeeme keÀceer Peeuee lej DeHe³eMeeuee meecees j s peeJes ueeieles . [½]
(d) meg n eme®³ee Deeveb oeceO³es l³ee®³ee Deepeer ® ee Deeveb o ef Ü ieg e f Cele nes l ee. [½]
(e) íeve! efk eÀleer meg jsK e Deens legPes De#ej ! [½]
(f) keÀekeÀeb ® es Jee®eve Je ues K eve Gllece Deens . [½]
(iv) Keeueer osC³eele Deeuesu³ee MeyoebHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener oesve Meyoeb®es Je®eve yeouee :-
(a) {ie - {ie [½]
(b) ojJeepee - ojJeepes [½]
(c) ®eeoj - ®eeojer [½]
(d) MesUer - MesUîee [½]
(v) Keeueer osC³eele Deeuesu³ee MeyoebHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener oesve Meyoeb®es efuebie yeouee :-
(a) le©Ce - le©Ceer [½]
(b) oeoe - Jeef nveer/ leeF& [½]
(c) os J e - os Jeer [½]
(d) ef M eb H eer - ef MebH eerC e [½]
(vi) kebÀmeeleerue met®evesvegmeej efuene (keÀesCelesner oesve) :-
(a) Heg { eru e Meyoeb m eeþer meceeveeLeea Meyo efu ene ë
Deefl eLeer - Heeng C ee [½]
o³ee - keÀjÀCee [½]
(b) Heg{erue Meyomecetnemeeþer ³eesi³e Meyo efuene ë-
De®etkeÀ iegCekeÀejer DemeCeejs - jeceyeeCe [½]
ogmeN³eeJej DeJeuebyetve DemeCeejs - HejeJeuebyeer [½]
(c) Deepener ueeskeÀ l³ee®e Glmeeneves pe$esle ieoea keÀjleerue. [1]
(d) efkeÀl³eskeÀoe mecepeeJetvener l³ee®³ee ue#eele ³esleb³e keÀe ? [1]
Section_ B (40 marks)

(keÀLeekegbÀpe)
ceeCemee®eer iees<ì
A.5. Read the extract given below and answer in Marathi the questions
that follow :-
Keeueerue Heefj®íso Jee®etve l³eeKeeueer efJe®eejuesu³ee He´Mveeb®eer GÊejs cejeþerle efuene ë-
(i) jml³eeletve peeleevee ceeCemee®³ee [eskeÌ³eele DeveskeÀ efJe®eej®eke´À megª Demeleele. keÀOeer IeeF&le, keÀOeer ef®eblesle lej
keÀOeer keÀener O³es³e ceveele þsJetve DeeHeCe yeensj He[lees. l³eeJesUer pej kegÀCeer DeveesUKeer DeeHeu³eeuee efJeveekeÀejCe De[Jet
Heenlees lej DeeHeCe ®eceket À ve peelees . l³ee®eHeć eeCes ceeCemee®eer iees< ì ceOeer u e ceeCetm e IeeF& I eeF&v es jml³eeves
®eeueues u ee Demelees . De®eevekeÀ DeOee& nele Gb ® eer ® ee ieef u e®í Hees j ceeCemee®eer yeener HekeÀ[t v e l³eeuee
De[Jelees. l³eeuee Hew mes nJes Demeleele. l³ee cegu eeuee Yetk eÀ ueeieues ueer Demeles Deeef Ce KeeTuee SkeÀ Hewm ee
ceeieC³eemeeþer l³ee ceeCemee®³ee ceeies ceeies lees ceg u eiee peele Demelees .
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jml³eeves ie[ye[er ves peeCeeN³ee ceeCemeeuee pej De[ef Jeues lej l³eeuee jeie ³esF& ue. lees IeeF& le Demes ue
DeeefCe l³ee®³eekeÀ[s HewMeeb®eer ceeieCeer kesÀueer lej l³ee efYekeÀeN³eeHeemetve efkebÀJee nele HemejCeeN³ee cegueeHeemetve
DeeHeueer megì keÀe JneJeer cnCetve PeìkeÀve Hewmes efoues peeleerue ns ue#eele þsJetve cegueiee jml³eeJeªve peeCeeN³ee
l³ee ceeCemee®³ee ceeies ueeielees . [2]
(ii) DeeHeues efve³eesefpele keÀece O³eeveele þsJetve ceeCetme IeeF&IeeF&ves jml³eeves peele Demelees. De®eevekeÀ SkeÀe
ieefu e®í, HeÀeìkeÌ³ee - ceUkeÌ³ee keÀHe[îeeleueb MeWye[b ueWye[b - ceUkeÀì keÀUkeÀì - cesCe®eìuesues DeeefCe
Jeél³e Heesj `yeeyee DeMeer SkeÀjer nekeÀ ceejle KeeGÀuee Hewmes oîee DeMeer efJeveJeCeer keÀjlees. ceeCemeeuee DeMee
SsleKeeT Je=lleer®ee jeie Demelees cnCetve lees l³ee cegueeuee efPe[keÀejlees. keÀOeer jeie Yejlees. keÀOeer ceej nJee
keÀe Demes nele Gieeªve [esUs Jeìejlees. HeCe les efveue&p³e Heesj ef®ekeÀìHeCes l³ee ceeCemee®³ee ceeies®e ueeieles.
ne meeje He´keÀej jml³eeJejerue ueeskeÀ Heenle Demeleele.
Heg ª <e DeOejes < þ Heg { s keÀe{leele lej yee³ekeÀe leeW [eJej nele Oejleele. ueneve ceg ueebv eemeg Ooe veJeue
DeeJejsveemes nesl es. KeueeMee®³ee Hees< eeKeeleueb SkeÀ keÀeì& l³ee®³ee veeiejer Hees<eeKeeleu³ee yeeHeeuee DeveeJej
kegÀletnueeves efJe®eejles. `Dees yeeyee, les Heesue l³ee yeeH³ee®eb keÀesve Deesç?' `De³³ee, les keÀesCe nes l³ee®eb?
DeMeer yee³ekeÀer He= ® íe ues K ekeÀeb ® ³ee keÀeveeJej ³es l es . `yeef I eleueb m e! meceepeeleu³ee Iemejues u ³ee vew e f l ekeÀ
HeeleUer®eb ns-' Hegª <eer Meyo ues KekeÀeuee efceUleele.
jml³eeJejer ue uees k eÀ, yee³ekeÀe, ceg ues Demes He´ Mve ³ee ceeCemeeef Je<e³eer ef Je®eejleele. [2]
(iii) les cetue l³ee®e ceeCemee®es Deens Demes mecepetve cegueemeboYee&le DeveskeÀ GHee³e³eespevee met®eJeleele. SkeÀ
peCe meebielees ``jkeÌleekeÀ[s jkeÌle Dees{ IesCeej veener lej keÀe³e jenerue?'' ogmeje meebielees, ``DeveeLeeÞeceele
þsJ ee nJeb lej'' efl emeje ceeCemeeuee J³eJenej meebielees. ``HeCe JeeN³eeJej vekeÀe mees[t efye®eeN³eeuee'' ``Heesì®ee
ieesUe Deens ns efJemejeue keÀer keÀe³e ? ceeveJeleeJeeoer ceeCetme cnCelees, ``megmebmke=Àle Deenele legcner'' ``®etkeÀlees
ceeCet m e He´ c eeo ne Ie[e³e®ee®e. HeCe ceeie& keÀe{e³euee nJee. meg m eb m ke= À le ceeCemeeuee Mees Y es u emee GHee³e
MeesOee³euee nJee. Iejer v³ee l³ee cegueeuee. yee³ekeÀesuee Kejb les meebiee. #ecee ceeiee, keÀjerue leer #ecee. m$eer
ner Deveble keÀeUe®eer peveveer Demeles.'' DeMee He´keÀejs ueeskeÀebveer ceeCemeeuee meuues efoues. [3]
(iv) DeeHeues efve³eesefpele keÀece O³eeveele þsJetve ceeCetme IeeF&IeeF&ves jml³eeves peele Demelees. De®eevekeÀ SkeÀ ieefue®í.
HeÀeìkeÌ³ee - ceUkeÌ³ee keÀHe[îeeleueb-MeWye[b ueWye[b - ceUkeÀì keÀUkeÀì - cesCe®eìuesues DeeefCe Jeél³e Heesj `yeeyee' DeMeer
SkesÀjer nekeÀ ceejle KeeTuee Hewmee oîee DeMeer efJeveJeCeer keÀjlees.
Heesje®es `yeeyee' DeMeer Deele& nekeÀ ceejCes, Heoj OejCes, j[Ces, efJeJnUCes jml³eeleerue ueeskeÀ Heenle Demeleele. l³eeb®eer
ieoea peceles. DeveskeÀ ueeskeÀ, DeveskeÀ efJe®eej, DeveskeÀ celes efveIeleele. meceepeeleerue Iemejuesu³ee veweflekeÀlesefJe<e³eer ®e®ee& nesles.
DebOeejele Yeeveie[er keÀje³e®³ee DeeefCe Gpes[ele Deeu³eeJej l³eeuee veekeÀeje³e®es. HeeHe He®ele veener. ns kegÀ$eb l³ee Heesje®eb
DeeefCe les Heesj kegÀCee®eb ? lej l³ee ceeCemee®eb®e Deens Demee DeejesHe kesÀuee peelees. ieoea®eer ®e®ee& jbieles. ³ee®ee HeÀe³eoe l³ee
YeerkeÀ ceeieCeeN³ee Heesje®ee neslees. les DeefOekeÀ®e ®eWieìHeCes `Hewmee' ceeiele efJeJnUles. MesJeìer les Heesj l³ee ceeCemee®es Deveewjme
Heesj Demeues Heeefnpes Demee mebYeJe, mebMe³e Je þece efJeMJeeme meJe&$e J³ekeÌle neslees.
Deefle Peeu³eeJej, keÀenerner keÀejCe vemeleevee vemeles yeeuebì DebieeJej ³esles Deens les Heentve ceeCetme Jewleeielees DeeefCe
efveefJe&keÀej ®esnN³eeves, efJejkeÌleHeCes GYee jenlees. MesJeìer ``ceer ³ee®ee keÀesCeer veJns !'' Demes ieoeauee efve#etve meebielees. HeCe
ueeskeÀeb®eer HekeÌkeÀer Kee$eer nesles keÀer l³ee ieefue®í Heesje®ee lees ceeCetme®e mebYeeefJele yeeHe Deens.
lesJe{îeele l³ee ceeCemeeuee DeesUKeCeeje SkeÀ Fmece l³ee ieoeale Iegmelees DeeefCe lesLes l³ee ceeCemeeuee Heenlees. ®eewkeÀMeer
Debleer l³eeuee mebkeÀìcegkeÌle keÀªve l³ee Heesjeuee efHeìeUlees. ``FlekeÌ³ee me®íerue ceeCemeeJej DeeefCe Demeuee Devewelf ekeÀ efHele=lJee®ee
ieefue®í DeejesHe keÀmee keÀjlee ?'' Demee He´Mve keÀjlees. ieoeauee DeMeeHe´keÀejs lees efHeìeUtve ueeJelees. keÀejCe lees
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DeesUKeer®ee Fmece l³ee ceeCemeeuee me®íerue ceevele Demelees. He´l³eskeÀJesUer ieoea keÀe³e cnCeles, JejJej®es DeejesHe
keÀjles les Kejs Demeleerue®e Demes veener. mebkeÀìkeÀeUele ceole kesÀueer Heeefnpes Demes l³ee®es ceve ceevele DemeeJes. l³ee®eer
meodefJeJeskeÀ yegod Oeer peeie=l e Peeueer DemeeJeer DeeefCe MesJeìer ieoea® es DeejesH e Je l³ee Jeé l³e cegueeHeemetve l³ee
ceeCemeeuee
Jee®eJelees . [3]
®eesjer
that follow :-
(i) ieesHet veT-one Je<ee¥®ee cegueiee neslee. l³eeuee Je[erue veJnles. MeeUsle Hees®eJee³euee DeeefCe v³ee³euee l³ee®eer
DeeF&®e ³esF&. l³ee efoJeMeerner leer µeeUsletve Iejer v³ee³e}e Dee}er; HeCe Iejer ve peelee leer ieesHetuee MesleekeÀ[s IesTve
ies}er. Yeelee®eer keÀeHeCeer Peeueer nesleer DeeefCe peefceveerJej meeb[}s}s Yeele ieesUe keÀªve DeeCee³e®es nesles. DeeF&
l³ee}e ogmeN³ee®³ee cepegjermeeþer veJns lej Yeele ieesUe keÀje³euee vesCeej nesleer. efkeÀleerlejer Yeeleieesìs lesLes meeb[}s nesles.
yemetve cee³eueskeÀjs les yesJeejMeer HeerkeÀ ieesUe keÀjle nesles. ieesHet®eer cetþ Yej}er keÀer, lees DeeF&keÀ[s meeþJeuesues Yeele osF&.
DeeF& Heoje®³ee JesieUîeeMesJeele les cetþ - cetþYej oeCes yeebOetve þsJele nesleer. [2]
(ii) ieesHet DeeF&yejesyej yemetve les Mesleele He[uesues yesJeejMeer HeerkeÀ ieesUe keÀjle neslee. cegþer ceeietve cegþer ieesUe keÀªve lees
DeeF&keÀ[s osF&. HeCe ueJekeÀj®e l³eeuee kebÀìeUe Deeuee. [esUs ogKet }eie}s. lees kebÀìeUuee. jeveef®eceC³ee Je HegÀueHeeKejeb®eer
cepee yeIele yeIele DeeF&Heemetve lees ueebyeJej Deeuee. lesLes ve keÀeHeuesu³ee SkeÀe MesleepeJeU l³eeuee SkeÀ DeeM®e³e&pevekeÀ
¢M³e efome}s. Yeelee®³ee DeeWy³eeveer ie®®e Yejuesues Je JeeN³eeJej [g}Ceejs les Mesle nesles l³eeJej HeesHeìe®es LeJes Yejejle nesles.
ueebye MesHeìîeeb®es efnjJesieej HeesHeì Pee[erletve yeeCeemeejKes ³esle Je Mesleeuee efYe[le. ®ees®eerle SkesÀkeÀ DeeWyeer
IesTve Hegvne ceeIeejer peele. YeelekesÀmejeb®eer yesyebo uetì megjÀ nesleer. HeesHeìeb®³ee ef®elkeÀejebveer meieUs JeeleeJejCe
Yeªve iesues nesles. DeeF&uee leemeYej efveJe[tve pesJe{s oeCes ieesUe keÀjlee ³esCeej veenerle lesJe{s oeCes HeesHeì
SkeÀe Yejejerle ieesUe keÀjleele. DeeF&uee ns oeKeJeues Heeefnpes. Gieer®e efjkeÀec³ee Mesleeleues Keeueer He[uesues
oeCes Jes®eC³eeHes#ee ³ee efHekeÀuesu³ee Mesleele ³esTve DeesPesYej kesÀmejs keÀeHetve vesueer lej efkeÀleer lejer Yeele efceUsue.
DeeHeu³eeuee Je[erue veenerle. DeeF& SkeÀìer®e keÀ<ì keÀjles. DeeHeu³eeuee Mesle veener l³eecegUs Demes oeCes
iees Ue keÀjeJes ueeieleele. ³ee ef Je®eejeb cegUs ieesHet}e DeeF&®³ee keÀ<ìe®eer peeCeerJ e nesTve lees ogëKeer Pee}e
Je l³ee}e DeeF&®eer o³ee Deeueer Je HeesHeìebvee cee$e SkesÀkeÀe Yejejerle SJe{s oeCes efceUleele. l³eebvee keÀceer
keÀ<ìele peemle Oeev³e efceUt MekeÀles cnCetve HeesHeì
`DeeF&Hes#ee MeneCes'Demee efJe®eej ieesHet®³ee ceveele Deeuee. [2]
(iii) ieesHetves oesvner efKebmes leg[gbye Yeªve Yeele DeeCeues. efvejeieme ieesHetuee Jeeìues nW Yeele yeIetve DeeF&
Deeveboerle nesF&ue. HeCe DeeF&®³ee celes ieesHetves He#eeb ®eer ®eesjer kesÀueer nesleer. ieesHetves DeeCeuesues Yeele
IesC³eeme efleves vekeÀej ef ouee. cnCetv e ieesHet®³ee [esUîeele HeeCeer Deeues.
ieesHet DeeF&yejesyej efvecetìHeCes Yeeleieesìs efveJe[le jeefnuee. }JekeÀj®e l³eeuee kebÀìeUe Deeuee. DeeF&uee
ve meebielee Gþuee Je ®eeuele ®eeuele KetHe ueebyeJej Deeuee. lesLes DeoîeeHe ve keÀeHe}ss}s SkeÀ Mesle GYes nesles.
DeeWy³eeveer ie®®e Yejuesu³ee µesleele HeesHeìeb®³ee LeJ³ee®eer ue³euetì ®ee}}er nesleer. }ebye MesHeìîeeb®es efnjJesieej
HeesHeì Mesleeuee efYe[le DeeefCe ®ees®eerle SkesÀkeÀ DeeWyeer HekeÀ[tve DeebyejeF&keÀ[s peele. lesLes Pee[ebJej DeveskeÀ
HeesHeì yemeues nesles. DeeHeeHemeele ieeWieeì keÀjle nesles. He´l³eskeÀ Pee[eJej ueneveceesþîee {esueer nesl³ee. l³ee
DeveskeÀ He´keÀej®³ee YeelekesÀmejebveer ie®®e Yejueer nesleer.
iees Het ceeie®ee Heg{®ee efJe®eej ve keÀjlee Pee[eJej ®e{uee neleYej Keesue {esueerle YeelekesÀmejs þemetve
368
Yejueer nesleer. HeesHeìeves meeþJeuesues meieUs Yeele DeeHeu³ee efKeMeele keÀeWyee³euee ieesHetves megjÀJeele kesÀ}er l³ee®es
oesvner efKemes leg[tbye Yejues. l³eeuee efpejsmeeU, keÀeceeso Deebyesceesnesj, DeMee DeveskeÀ He´keÀej®es Yeele SkeÀoce
efceUeu³eecegUs l³ee®ee ®esnje SkeÀoce GpeUuee neslee. DeeF&uee ceole keÀjeJeer cnCetve®e ieesHetves Yeele pecee
kesÀues nesles. [3]
(iv) ueeb y e Mes H eìîeeb ® es ef n jJes i eej Hees H eì Mes l eeuee ef Y e[le Je ®ees ® eer l e Skes À keÀ DeeW y eer HekeÀ[t v e ceeIeejer
DeebyejeF&le Pee[e®³ee {esueerle vesTve þsJele. DeeF&}e leemeYej efveJe[tve pesJe{s Yeele pecee keÀjlee ³esCeej
veenerle, lesJe{s les SkeÀe Yejejerle pecee keÀjle. DeeHeu³ee DeeF&Hes#ee les peemle MeneCes Deensle Demes l³eeuee
Jeeìues. l³eeves {esueerletve oesvner efKemes leg[gbye Yeªve Yeele DeeCe}s. efvejeieme ieesHet}e Jeeì}s ns Yeele yeIetve
DeeF& Deevebefole nesF&} Je DeeHe}s keÀewlegkeÀ keÀjs}. l³eeb®³eeHeefjves ner DeeF&uee ceole®e nesCeej nesleer. HeCe
Peeues cee$e G}ì®e DeeF&}e Jeeì}s ceg}eves ®eesjer kesÀueer keÀer keÀe³e ? keÀer l³ee}e keÀesCeer efoues Demesue Yeele
? HeCe ieesHetves meJe& Kegueemee keÀªve DeeHe}er iebcele meebefieleu³eeJej leer cnCeeueer, l³ee HeesHeìebveer Deelee keÀe³e
KeeJes? efvejeieme ieesHetuee Jeeìues He#eer lej mJe®íboer Demeleele. l³eebvee keÀesCe De[JeCeej ? les DeeCeleer}
og mejs Yeele. lesJne DeeF&ves mecepeeJeues keÀer , HeesHeì ceeCemeeb®eer ®eesjer keÀjCeej, Hegvne ceeCemes He#³eeb®eer ®eesjer
keÀjCeej cnCepes ceeCemeebveer®e ceeCemeeb®eer ®eesjer kesÀueer Demes nesle veener keÀe ? ³ee}e ®eesjer cnCeleele Je les HeeHe
Deens. ner ®eesjer DeeF&®³ee mJeeefYeceeveer lellJeele yemele veJnleer. veweflekeÀlee cnCepes keÀe³e ne mebmkeÀej cegueeJej DeeF&
keÀª Heenle nesleer. iejerye Demeueer lejer keÀ<ìe®es KeeJes ns yeeUkeÀ[t leer cegueeme Heepele nesleer. cnCetve ieesHetves
DeeCeuesues Yeele IesC³eeme efleves mHe<ì vekeÀej efouee. [3]
GpeJ³ee meeW[s®ee ieCeHeleer

that follow :-
(i) Hećeeso jebieCeskeÀj ne uesKekeÀeb®ee MeeUekeÀjer efce$e neslee. jebieCeskeÀj®ee MesJeì®ee keÀmeesìer meecevee neslee. lees
ieesueboepe neslee. jebieCeskeÀjuee Je Flej keÀener ieesueboepeebvee [^@eHe keÀjeJes Demes DeveskeÀ ìerkeÀekeÀej meg®eJeerle nesles.
jebieCeskeÀj `jeFì Deece&DeesJnj o efJekesÀì' DeMeer ieesueboepeer keÀjsue Demes HetJeea®³ee DevegYeJeeJe©ve DebHee³ej
keÀeefue³eebvee Jeeìtve les HeÀueboepeeuee met®evee keÀjC³ee®³ee yesleele Demeleevee®e jebieCeskeÀjves ``ceer uesHeÌì Deece&
Dees J nj o ef J ekes À ì yees e f u eb i e keÀjCeej'' Je ``l³eeHe´ c eeCes ® e #es $ ej#ekeÀe®eer Heg v ej& ® evee keÀjeJeer ' ' Demes
meeb e f ieleues .
keÀCe&Oeej Yeb[ejeruee megodOee jebieCeskeÀj®³ee [eJ³ee neleeleves ieesueboepeer keÀjC³ee®eer keÀuHevee veJnleer. l³eeves DeMeer
keÀOeer®e ieesueboepeer kesÀueer veJnleer. DeMee cenllJee®³ee He´mebieer ne He´³eesie keÀjeJee ns Yeb[ejeruee DeeJe[ues veener. SKeeo³ee
KesUe[tuee SkeÀoe keÀe ieesueboepeer efoueer lej keÀe{tve Ieslee ³esle veener DeeefCe l³eeletve jebieCeskeÀj®ee ne MesJeì®ee meecevee
neslee. ``meO³ee Hegjleer SKeeoer DeesJnj ìeketÀ os'' Demee ceveeMeer efveCe&³e keÀ©ve `megª keÀj' DeMeer meg®evee efoueer.
ceie les Ieìvee®eke´À meg© Peeues. jebieCeskeÀj®eer ner DeesJnj Yeejleeuee ceneie He[Ceej DeMeer DeìkeÀU keÀe@ceWìsìj keÀjle
Demeleelevee®e jebieCeskeÀj®³ee ®eW[tves Sce.meer.meer ®³ee HeÀueboepee®eer efJekesÀì G[eueer. l³eeb®³ee DevegYeJeer HeÀueboepeeuee
He@efJnefue³eve®eer Jeeì oeKeJeueer. He´s#ekeÀeble Ye³ebkeÀj KeUyeU ceepeueer. Sce.meer.meer ®es HeÀueboepe jebieCeskeÀj®³ee [eJeN³ee
ieesueboepeerHeg{s De#ejMeë keÀesuece[tve He[ues.
jebieCeskeÀjves DeeHeu³ee MesJeì®³ee meecev³ee®³ee JesUer Demee DeeM®e³ee&®ee OekeÌkeÀe efouee. [2]
(ii) uesKekeÀ pe³eble veejUerkeÀj, Hećeeso jebieCeskeÀj Je mebpet ieesUs ns MeeUkeÀjer Demeu³eeHeemetve®e efpeJeueie efce$e nesles.
l³eeb ® es mJeYeeJe Jes i eJes i eUs , ieleer Jes i eUîee ef J e<e³eele nes l eer . HeCe meb p et ® ³ee yees u eC³eeuee ceeve oîee³e®es
369
l³eeb®³ee DebieJeUCeer He[ues nesles. mebpet ef[HesÀvme ue@yee@jsìjerle veeskeÀjer keÀjle neslee. efleLeu³ee iegHle efjme®e&
HeéspeskeÌì ceO³es lees Demee ie[He Peeuee keÀer DeveskeÀ Je<ex uesKekeÀ Je l³ee®eer SkeÀe Menjele Demetvener ieeþ He[ueer
veener. 5 HesÀye´gJ eejer 2005 jespeer mekeÀeUer Deeþ Jeepelee mebpet ieesUs®ee uesKekeÀeuee HeÀesve Deeuee. peJeU
peJeU Hee®e Je<ee¥veer les oesIes HeÀesveJej DeeJeepe SskeÀle-yeesuele nesles.
Deepe je$eer veT®³ee megceejeme Yesìe³euee ³esT keÀe DeMeer efJe®eejCee mebpet uesKekeÀeuee keÀjle neslee.
Hećeeso mebyebOeer keÀener meebiee³e®es Deens, ®e®ee& keÀje³e®eer Deens HeCe meJe& iegHle þsJee³euee nJes. uesKekeÀebveer
l³eeuee je$eer pes J ee³euee®e ³es Demes meeb e f i eleues . les J ne `ceuee pes J ee³euee keÀeìemeg j er ueeieles ' DeMeer
®ecelkeÀejerkeÀ met®evee kesÀueer. þju³eeJesUer mebpet Deeuee. l³ee®³eele Lees[eHeÀej yeoue Peeuee neslee. lees Heéw{
Je ieb Y eer j Jeeìuee. l³ee®eer vepej Yes o keÀ vemet v e mJeHveeUt Jeeìle nes l eer . ues K ekeÀe®³ee cees þ îee ceg u eeves
HegmlekeÀeJej mener keÀje³euee meebefieleues lej les ìeUtve [e@keÌìjebveer ceuee efuene³e®es veener Demes meebefieleues Deens
DeMeer meyeye osle neslee.
HećeesomebyebOeer efJe®eeju³eeJej `peje oceeves Ies' Demes meebietve ieCeHeleer®eer megjsKe Heéflecee oeKeJeueer. leMeer®e SkeÀ Heéflecee
c³egefPe³ececeO³es nesleer. leer HesMeJeeF&®³ee keÀeUeleueer nesleer. HeCe mebpetkeÀ[s GpeJ³ee meeW[s®ee ieCeHeleer neslee. leer Heéflecee
mebpetves c³egefPe³eceuee Yesì efoueer. Kejs lej leer Heéflecee c³egefPe³ececeOetve uebHeeme keÀ©ve mebpetves®e Heéfleefyebyeerle kesÀueer nesleer.
mJeleë®eer DeesUKe HeìJetve osleevee keÀener KetCe cnCetve [eJ³ee ob[eJej®eer HegÀueHeeKeje®eer KetCe veenerMeer nesTve GpeJ³ee
ob[ekeÀ[s nesleer Je Ëo³e GpeJeerkeÀ[s Oe[Oe[le nesles. Hećeeso jebieCeskeÀj GpeJ³ee neleer ieesueboepeer keÀjCeeje neslee. HeCe
Hećeeso®eer [eJejer ieesueboepeer, GpeJ³ee meeW[s®ee ieCeHeleer, GpeJeerkeÀ[s Ëo³e Demeuesuee mebpet ³ee JesieJesieUîee iees<ìeRletve
keÀmeueelejer Oeeiee peele Deens ³ee®eer uesKekeÀeuee DebOegkeÀMeer keÀuHevee ³esT ueeieueer. ner meJe& DeejMeeleueer Heéfleefyebyes
DemeeJeerle Demee SkeÀ Jes[mej efJe®eej ceveele Deeuee. leer ne[eceemeeb®eer keÀer YejerJe Heéfleefyebyes ? DeeHeu³ee meceesj yemeuesuee
mebpet cetU®ee vemetve l³ee®es ne[eceebmee®es Heéfleefyebye Deens lej cetU®ee mebpet kegÀþs iesuee ? mebpet®es Heéfleefyebyeele ©Heeblej nesCes
keÀmes MekeÌ³e Deens ? DeMee DeveskeÀefJeOe efJe®eejebveer uesKekeÀ DemJemLe Peeues. [2]
(iii) uesKekeÀ pe³eble veejUerkeÀj, ieesueboepe Hećeeso jebieCeskeÀj, Je mebpet ieesUs ns efleIes efce$e nesles. mebpetves ueJekeÀjele ueJekeÀj
DeeHeu³ee MeesOeebvee Heémf eOoer efoueer lej l³eeuee veesyesue HeéFpe efceUsue Demee meuuee He´leeeHeves efouee. l³eeJej mebpet mebOeesOeve
keÀjC³eeceeies Demeuesues O³es³e meebielees. mebpet ieesUsves kesÀuesuee MeesOe Depetvener HetCee&JemLesle iesuesuee veJnlee. HeéfleefyebyeeJemLesle
Demeleevee kesÀuesues J³eJenej mce=leerHeìueeJeªve HetCe& Hegmeues peeleevee les keÀe, l³ee®eb keÀejCe DeeefCe lemeb nesT ve³es ³eeuee GHee³e
mebpetuee meeHe[ues Heeefnpesle. lej®e l³eeuee meceeOeeve JeeìCeej nesles. mebpetuee l³ee®³ee MeesOeeleueer DeHetCe&lee Yeªve keÀe{e³e®eer
nesleer. mebpetleuee HejHesÀkeÌMeefvemì yeesuele neslee. He´³eesieemeeþer l³eeuee l³ee®³ee ue@yee@jsìjerleerue ogecf e&U DeMeer SkeÀ Jemlet Heeefnpes
nesles. cnCetve leer efceUJeC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀjle neslee.
ues K ekeÀ SkeÀe cees þ îee ceg e f P e³e®ee keÌ ³ eg j s ì j nes l es . meb p et v es ues K ekeÀeuee ef o ues u ee GpeJ³ee meeW [ s ® ee
ieCeHeleer ogefce&U Jeeìuee HeCe lees mebpetves le³eej kesÀuee neslee. l³eecegUs uesKekeÀeb®eer SkeÀ He´keÀejs HeÀmeJeCetkeÀ
Peeueer nessleer. lees uesKekeÀeuee ogefce&U Demee SkeÀ veJeerve MeesOe Jeeìuee neslee. l³eecegUs mebpet®es Demes cele
nes l es keÀer , DeMee®e Devesk eÀ òge f c e& U ',`Deceesu e' Jemlet le³eej keÀªve peieekeÀ[tv e l³eeb ® eer ef k ebÀ cele Jemetu e
keÀje³e®ee ef J e®eej nes l ee. SKeeoe mìB H e Gueìe íeHeuee keÀer og e f c e& U nes l ees . l³eeuee Ket H e ef k eb À cele ³es l es .
uesKekeÀebkeÀ[s Keepeieer keÀueskeÌìme&keÀ[tve ogefce&U Jemletyeodoue He=®íe kesÀueer peele Demes. l³eecegUs mebpetuee Jeeìle
nesles keÀer l³eeves le³eej kesÀuesu³ee Jemlet uesKekeÀebveer mJeleë®³ee Dee@Lee@efjìerJej íeHeJeeJ³eele DeeefCe l³eeletve
ef c eUCeejs Hew m es oes I eele I³eeJes l e DeMeer DeHes # ee ues K ekeÀeb k eÀ[s kes À ueer Hejb l et ues K ekeÀeb v ee ne He´ m leeJe ceev³e
veJnlee. l³eebvee ne meJe& He´keÀej Deveerleer®ee Jeeìle neslee. l³eeb ®ee DevegYeJee®ee, l³eeb ®³ee ceesþîee Heoe®ee
lees SkeÀ iewjJeeHej þjuee Demelee l³eecegUs uesKekeÀebveer mebpet®³ee keÀeceele menkeÀe³e& keÀje³e®es veekeÀejues. [3]
(iv) keÀesCeleerner Jemlet efkebÀJee iees<ì ³eesi³e efþkeÀeCeer þsJetve l³eeJej cetue keÀCeeb®ee Peesle ìeketÀve les l³ee PeesleeceO³es SkeÀe
370
efJeefMe<ì Jeleg&Ueke=Àleer ceeiee&ves efHeÀjJeu³eeyejesyej SkeÀoce l³ee®es Heéfleefyebyeele jÀHeeblej nesles. HeCe Peessle yebo
kesÀu³eeJej HetJe&Jele nessles. ªHeeblej efìketÀve jenle veener. Peesle yebo keÀjC³eeHetJeea®e leer Jemlet yeensj keÀe{ueer keÀer
l³ee®eb ªHeeblej efìkeÀtve jenles. Demee He´³eesie mebpetves DeveskeÀ Jemlet, Flej mepeerJe Je veblej mJeleëJejner keÀªve
yeefI eleuee. lejern er ne Mees O e Het Cee&J emLes l e ies ues uee veJnlee. He´ ef l eefy eby eeJemLes l e Demeleevee kes Àues u es J³eJenej
mce= efleHeìueeJeªve HetC e& Hegm eues peeleele les keÀe, ³ee®eb keÀejCe DeeefCe lemeb nesT ve³es n³eeuee GHee³e mebpet
MeesOele neslee. MeesOeeleueer DeHetCe&lee l³eeuee Yeªve keÀe{e³e®eer nesleer. l³ee He´³eesi eemeeþer ³eeeuee l³eeb®³ee
ue@yee@jsìjerleerue ogefce&U DeMeer SkeÀ efJeefMe<ì Jemlet Heeefnpes nesleer. keÀener efoJemeebveer ef[HesÀvme ue@yee@jsìjerve SkeÀ
ceesþer ®eesjer Peeueer. SkeÀ Del³eble oge fce& U Demee Oeelet efleLeu³ee SkeÀe mesH eÀceOetv e ®eesjeruee ies uee. mes HeÀ®es
keÀeBefyevesMeve HeÀej Lees[îee ueeskeÀebvee ceenerle nesles.
DeeHeuee He´ ³eesi e ³eMemJeer keÀjC³eemeeþer mebp etv es Oee[meer He´ ³elve kesÀuee. He´ efl eefyebyeeletv e cet U mJejÀHeele
Deeu³eeJej mcejCeMekeÌl eer Meeyet le jeneJeer ns O³es³ e ieeþleevee lees DeeHeueer meb H et C e& mcejCeMekeÌ l eer ieceeJet v e
yemeuee neslee ue@yeesjsìjerle Peeuesu³ee mHeÀesìele veMeerye yeueJellej cnCetve efveoeve cetU mJejÀHeele lejer megKejÀHe
Deeuee DeeefCe l³ee®ee ceWot Flej yeeyeleerle J³eJeeefmLele nesslee. He´³eesie megjÀ Demeleevee®e, cetue keÀCeeb®ee Peesle
yebo keÀjC³ee®ee DeeOeer®e mHeÀes ì Peeu³eeves ³eb $eCee yebo Peeueer DemeeJeer DeeefC e l³ee®es mce=e fleHeìue Het Ce&l ee
Hegmeues iesues. DeeHeCe mJeleë efkeÀleer cenlJee®ee MeesOe ueeJeuee neslee ³ee®eer l³eeuee Deelee peeCe®e jeefnueer
veener. efuentv e þsJeuesueer ceeefnleer keÀes Cel³ee `megjef#ele' efþkeÀeCeer þsJeueer nesleer ³ee®eener Hellee ueeieCeej
veJnlee. DeMeeHe´keÀejs mebpet®eer mcejCeMekeÌleer veeefnMeer Peeueer.
efJe%eeveeves DeJekeÀeMeeHe³e¥le Yejejer ceejuesueer Deens. mJeHveJele JeeìCeeN³ee iees<ìer He´l³e#eele Glejle Demeu³ee lejerner
De%eele MekeÌ l eer M eer Kes U leevee keÀener yejb J eeF& ì nes C ³ee®eer MekeÌ ³ elee Demeles . De%eelee®ee Mees O e Ies l eevee
meeJeOeefiejer yeeUieCes iejpes®es Deens. ³ee Jew%eeefvekeÀ efmeodOeebleeJej DeeOeeefjle `GpeJ³ee meeW[s®ee ieCeHeleer'
ner keÀLee Deens. [3]
(keÀeJ³eebieCe)
DeeF&
that follow :-
Keeueerue keÀefJeles®³ee DeesUer Jee®etve l³eeKeeueer efJe®eejuesu³ee He´Mveeb®eer GÊejs cejeþerle efuene ë-
(i) `DeeF&' ³ee keÀefJelesle keÀJeer `³eMeJeble' DeeF&®eer LeesjJeer ieele Deensle. l³ee®eyejesyej SkeÀe DeveeLe Peeuesu³ee ceguee®³ee
ceveëefmLeleer®es JeCe&ve ³ee keÀefJelesle ³esles.
³ee DeveeLe yeeuekeÀeuee DeeF& veener. l³eeuee SkeÀìs ìeketÀve leer osJeeIejer iesueer Deens. l³ee ceguee®es ceve Oee³e
ceeskeÀuetve j[le Deens. DeeF&efJevee oerveJeeCes Peeuesues les ceve Demene³³eHeCes DeeF&uee MeesOele Deens. l³ee®eer kesÀefJeueJeeCeer
DeJemLee Peeueer Deens. `DeeF&' DeMeer pej Flej keÀesCeer DeeHeu³ee DeeF&uee nekeÀ ceejueer DeeefCe leer nekeÀ pesJne ceguee®³ee
keÀeveeJej He[les lesJne l³eeuee DeefleMe³e ogëKe nesles. Demes Jeeìles keÀer, leer nekeÀ veJns lej kegÀCeerlejer l³ee®³ee DebleëkeÀjCeeJej
kegÀNne[ ®eeueJele Deens. l³eeuee jkeÌleyebyeeU, Iee³eeU keÀjle Deens. keÀejCe `DeeF&' cnCetve kegÀCeeuee meeo
Ieeuet ? DeeF& Deelee Iejer- oejer veener . KejW l ej leer Deelee ³ee peieele®e veener , ³ee®eer peeCeer J e l³eeuee
Peeueer Deens .
`DeeF&' ³ee oesve De#ejele megKe meeceeJeuesues Demeles DeeefCe ³ee megKee®eer keÀcelejlee (v³etvelee) ceeP³eepeJeU Demeu³eeves
ceeP³ee ceveeuee ogëKe nesle Deens. ner DeeF&®eer GCeerJe ceePes ceve HeesKeªve keÀe{le Deens, ceve HeÀej ogëKeer, efJe<eCCe nesle
Deens. cegueiee cnCelees pej keÀe keÀesCeer ceuee eflevner ueeskeÀeb®es (mJeie&, Oejleer, HeeleeU) mJeeefcelJe, DeefOeHel³e efoues DeeefCe
pej ceuee DeeF& vemesue lej Flej keÀener efceUtvener DeeF&efJevee ceer efYekeÀejer®e þjsve. cnCepes®e meJe& peiee®ee DeefOekeÀej,
mJeeefcelJe ³ee Hes#ee DeeF&®eer LeesjJeer, cenleer DeefOekeÀ Deens. [2]
371
(ii) yeensj®³ee peieekeÀ[s vepej efHeÀjJeleevee keÀefJeuee keÀe³e efo meles ? lej DeeF&®es cegueeefJe<e³eer Demeues ues
He´sce®e l³eeuee meJe&$e Dee{Ules. ceeveJelee®e DeeF& Þes<þ, o³eeUt, ceceles®eer cetleea Demeles Demes®e veJns; lej
HeMet, He#eer ³eeb®³eelener ne HesćeYeeJe Dee{Ulees. ef®eceCeer DeeHeu³ee efHeuueebvee HebKeeKeeueer Oeªve GÀye osles,
He´ s c e os l es . ueneve, ueneve ef H euueeb ® ³ee FJeu³eeM³ee ®ees ® eer l e ®eeje YejJeles . l³eeb ® es HeeueveHees < eCe keÀjles .
iees þ îeele iee³e DeeHeu³ee Jeemejeb v ee He´ s c eeves ®eeìleele, ot Oe Heeleleele. HeMet He#³eeb® es ns DeeF& Je ef Heuuet ,
Jeemejeb®es He´sce cegueiee jespe Heenlees. Kejslej ns o=M³e Heentve ceveeuee meblees<e Jeeìlees. Deevebo®e nesle Demelees.
HeCe l³ee uenevei³ee ceg uee®es ceve cee$e J³eeket ÀU nesles, ogë Keer nes les . DeeF&® es Jeelmeu³e, He´sc e Deece®³ee®e
veef Meyeele veener. ceuee `DeeF& veener' ³eeHes#ee Deef OekeÀ ceesþ s ogY ee&i ³e keÀesC eles Demet Mekes Àue keÀe? Demes
lees ogëefKele DelebëkeÀjCeeves meebielees. [2]
(iii) keÀes Cel³eener ®eebi eu³ee iees<ìer® es meieUîeeb keÀ[tv e keÀew leg keÀ®e nes le Demeles. peieekeÀ[tve vesnceer mlegl ³e
iees<ìeR®eer He´Mebmee nesles, JeenJee nesles. HeCe DeeHeu³eeuee Kejs Kegjs Oev³e-Oev³e kesÀJne Jeeìles ? pesJne DeeF&®ee
He´scece³e nele [eskeÌ³eeJeªve efHeÀjsue, mvesneê vepejsletve les keÀewlegkeÀ efomesue lesJne®e Kejs keÀewlegkeÀ Demeles. DeLee&le
meieUîee peieeves pejer keÀewlegkeÀ kesÀues lejer DeeF&®³ee keÀewlegkeÀe®eer LeeHe efceUeu³eeefMeJee³e les meejs J³eLe& Jeeìles.
cegueeves DeeHeu³ee HetJe&peeb®es iegCe SkeÀ$e iegbHetÀve l³ee mlegleer megceveebvee meYesle iee³eues, l³eeb®es keÀewlegkeÀ kesÀues
DeeefCe meieUîee Þeesl³eebveer meYeepeveeb veer l³ee ceguee®³ee Heé fleYes®es keÀew legkeÀ kes Àues , l³ee®eer JeenJee kesÀueer.
l³eeuee HegÀueeb®ee nej DeHe&Ce kesÀuee.
Kejs lej ner keÀewlegkeÀe®eer, DeefYeceevee®eer iees<ì Deens. HeCe ne³e js owJee ! ceve cee$e Kebleer Deens. [esUs
MeesOe Iesleele, l³ee ceeTueerves HeesìeMeer IesC³ee®es ! l³ee ceguee®es ceve Deeke´bÀove keÀjles Deens. DeeF&, Deepe
ns keÀewlegkeÀ yeIee³euee let nJeer nesleerme ie ! leg Pee Deevebo ieieveele ceeJes veemee Peeuee Demelee. HeCe ceePes
ogow&Je, DeeF& Deepe let ns keÀewlegkeÀ yeIee³euee peieele veenerme. legP³ee keÀcelejscegUs ceuee meieUîeebveer efouesueer
mleg l eer m eg c eves , nejleg j s ceveeuee vekeÀes M eer Jeeìleele, l³eep³e Deens l e. meYeepeveeb v eer , ®eenl³eeb v eer kes À ues u eer
mlegleer®eer Heb®eejleer ceveeuee meceeOeeve osle veener. ceePee peerJe cee$e legP³ee keÀewlegkeÀemeeþer YegkesÀuee Deens.
leg P ³eemeeþer , leg P ³ee keg À Meer l e ³es C ³eemeeþer ³ee yeeuekeÀe®ee peer J e leer U -leer U leg ì le Deens . [3]
(iv) cegueeuee DeeF&efJevee meejs peie efHeÀkesÀ Jeeìle Deens. yeeU, DeeF&®eer Deelegjlesves Jeeì Heenlees. DeveskeÀ He´keÀejs ieU
Ieeuetve leer Hejle ³esle veener. l³ee®³ee cevee®ee yeebOe Deelee HegÀìlees. l³eeuee Jeeìles keÀer, DeeF&ves SkeÀe #eCee®eener efJeuebye ve
keÀjlee OeeJele ³eeJes. ceeP³ee peerJee®es Oeeies DeeF&, legP³ee®e Hee³eeMeer iebgleues Deensle. legPes ceePes veeles peerJeeYeeJee®es Deens.
les He´scee®³ee Oeei³eele iegbleuesues Deens. cegueeuee DeeF& keÀesCel³eener He´keÀejs peJeU nJeer®e Deens. lees Deelee Deieoer nìdìeme
Hesìlees. DeeF&uee efJeveJeCeer keÀªvener leer ³esle veener ceie lees DeeF&uee efle®³ee keÀle&J³ee®eer DeeþJeCe keÀªve oslees. DeHel³e
pevceeveblej yeeUe®es HeeueveHees<eCe keÀjC³ee®eer peyeeyeoejer DeeF&®eer Demeles. cegueiee cnCelees keÀer, let DeMeer Deecne ueneve
cegueebvee mees[tve peeT MekeÀle veenerme. Deecner keÀesCee®³ee leeW[ekeÀ[s HeneJes? DeeF& let DeeHeues keÀle&J³e keÀjC³eemeeþer lejer
Iejer Hejle ³es. Hegvne l³eeuee Demes Jeeìles keÀer, DeeF& jeieJele Demes lesJne DeeHeCe ªmetve yemele neslees l³eecegUs lej DeeF& otj
efveIetve veener vee iesueer ? ceie lees efleuee efJeMJeeme oslees keÀer, Deelee DeeF& jeieeJeueerme lejerner ceer ©meCeej veener. efveoeve ceuee
jeieeJeC³eemeeþer lejer lJejsves Hejle ³es. ueJekeÀj Hejle ³es. [3]
keÀCee
372
that follow :-
(i) mejeb v eer ef J eoîeeL³ee& ® ³ee ceveeleues og ë Ke Ss k et À ve Ies l eues Deeef C e DeeHeu³eeuee MekeÌ ³ e nes F & u e les J e{er
efJeoîeeL³ee&me ceole keÀjeJeer Demee ceveele nslet þsJetve l³eeb®ee nele efKeMeekeÀ[s JeUuee. mej pejer o³eeUt,
cee³eeUt , keÀveJeeUt Demeues lejer l³eeb v eer ® e ef M ekeÀJeues u ee DeeoMe& [es U îeeb H eg { s þs J et v e peer J eve peieCeeje
mJeeefYeceeveer mJeYeeJee®ee lees efJeoîeeLeea neslee. nmele-nmele, Gþle lees cnCeeuee, ``mej, ceer legce®³eekeÀ[s
HewMeeb®eer ceole efceUsue ³ee DeeMesves Deeuees veener. ceePeer o³ee ³esTve ceuee DeeefLe&keÀ ceole efceUsue DeMeer
Deeme keÀOeer ® e ceveele veJnleer . og ë KeeMeer Peg b p eleevee, peje ceuee SkeÀìs H eCee Jeeìuee. ceeP³ee ceveeleues
ogë Ke meebe fi eleu³eeJej ceuee peje nuekesÀ Jeeìues .''
ef JeoîeeLeea mJeeef Y eceeveeves cnCeeuee, ``mej, pejer ceePee meJe& meb m eej cees[ t v e He[uee, ceer God O Jemle
Peeuees Demeuees lejer n er `ceePee keÀCee', ceePee `mJeeef Y eceeve' Depet v e peeie= l e Deens , ef p eJeb l e Deens .
HeeþerJej nele þsJetve ceuee meeblJevee oîee. Heg{s pee, Deeuesu³ee HeefjefmLeleer®ee leeþ GYee jentve, efveYe&³eHeCes
meecevee keÀj, ue{ Demes cnCee. leg ce®ee HeeþerJ ej DeeMJeemekeÀ nele nJee. l³eeceg Us ceePeer SkeÀìs HeCee®eer
YeeJevee otj nesF&ue. ceuee efnccele ³esF&ue. Ke®euesHeCee veeefnmee nesGÀve ceer Hegvne mebIe<ee&uee le³eej nesF&ve.'' [2]
(ii) HeeJemeele efYepeuesu³ee keÀHe[îeebveer, kesÀmeeJej HeeJemee®es HeeCeer IesTve SkeÀ efJeoîeeLeea mejebkeÀ[s Deeuee.
Deeu³eemeejKee #eCeYej Meeb le yemeuee Deeef Ce nmetv e, Deieoer menpeHeCes mJeleë®eer ceeefn leer meeb iele nes lee.
l³ee®³ee ieeJeer iebieeceeF& Heeng Ceer Deeueer nesleer. l³ee®³eener Iejìîeele jentve iesueer nesleer . DeLee&le l³ee®³ee
ieeJeer ieb ies u ee Het j Deeuee nes l ee. l³ee Heg j e®es HeeCeer l³ee®³eeener IejeHe³e¥ le Deeues nes l es . ceens j er Deeuesu eer
cegueieer peMeer mJe®íboHeCes yeeie[les, yebOevecegkeÌle peerJeve peieles. ceensjer keÀesCelesner keÀece veener, peyeeyeoejer
veener. HebKe ueeieu³eeHećeeCes cegkeÌleHeCes ceeskeÀUe MJeeme I³eeJee leMeer iebieeceeF& l³ee®³ee Iejer Deeueer DeeefCe
ceeskeÀUsHeCeer IejYej vee®eueer. cnCepes®e iebiee veoeruee HeeJemeeUîeele Hetj Deeuee. l³ee Hegje®es HeeCeer l³ee®³ee
Iejele efMejues. meieUs IejYej HeeCeer®e HeeCeer Peeues. ner iebieeceeF& ceensjJeeMeerCe cnCetve Deeueer DeeefCe Hejle
peeleevee ef j keÀec³ee neleer keÀMeer peeCeej ? cnCepes DeeHeu³eekeÀ[s Heod O ele Deens; ueive nes Tve meemejer
ies uesueer cegueieer pesJne ceens jHeCeeuee ³esles DeeefCe pesJ ne leer Hejle DeeHeu³ee meemejer pee³euee efv eIeles les Jne
ef l e®es DeeF& J e[er u e DeeHeeHeu³ee Ss H eleer H e´ c eeCes ef l euee Yes ì Jemlet , iees [ Oees [ ef c eþeF& , ef l e®eer Dees ì er Yeªve
HeeþJeCeer keÀjleele. leMeer ner iebieeceeF& Hegjeyejesyej Iejeleerue meejs keÀener Jeentve IesTve iesueer. Iejeleerue nesles
veJnles les meejs keÀener Jeentve iesues. veMeerye SJe{s®e keÀer, Iejele efpeefJele neveer Peeueer veener. yee³ekeÀes®ee
peer J e Jee®euee. [2]
(iii) veoeruee Deeuesu³ee HegjecegUs pejer efpeefJele neveer Peeueer veener lejer Ieje®eer efYeble Ke®eueer, Iej cees[tve iesues, ®etue
efJePeueer. Iejele keÀe[er-keÀe[er keÀªve peceefJeuesueer meejs keÀener Jeentve iesues. vewmeefie&keÀ DeeHelleerHeg{s keÀesCee®esner keÀener
®eeuele veener. leke´Àej keÀesCeekeÀ[s keÀjCeej? osJeepeer®³ee Deeues cevee lesLes keÀesCee®es keÀener ®eeuesvee! meejs keÀener GodOJemle
Peeues. [esUîeele HeÀkeÌle efvejeMee, Ke®euesHeCee, ogëKe DeeefCe HeeCeer þsJeues. [esUîeeleerue HeeCîeecegUs peCet Heg{®ee jmlee
DebOetkeÀ efomet ueeieuee Deens. meJe&mJe nju³eecegUs ³eeletve Deelee keÀmes yeensj ³eeJes keÀUle veener. Hegvne Metv³eeletve megjÀJeele
keÀMeer Je keÀesþtve keÀjeJeer Demee He´Mve lejÀCeeuee He[uee Deens.
DeeHeu³ee Helveer®eer meeLe Demeu³eecegUs lejer lees SkeÀìe He[uee veener. DeeHeu³ee keÀejYeejCeeruee yejesyej IesTve lees
Deeuesu³ee HeefjefmLeleeruee meeceesjs peele Deens; l³ee®ee meecevee keÀjle Deens. ceneHegjecegUs Iesleuesu³ee He´mebieeMeer ue{le Deens.
HegjecegUs He[uesueer efYeble Hegvne GYeejle Deens. ef®eKeueieeU keÀe{le Deens. l³ee efJeoîeeL³ee&®es meJe&mJe peCet Jeentve iesues.
Hegvne efnccele keÀªve meejs GYes keÀjC³ee®ee He´³elve ®eeuet Deens. HeCe HeeHeC³eebceO³es HeeCeer Leebyele veener. efYebleeryejesyej cevener
Ke®etve iesues Deens. l³ee ef®eKeue ieeUeletve mJeleëuee GYes keÀjC³ee®ee l³ee®ee He´³elve Deens. ogëKeeletve
373
mJeleëuee meeJejC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀjle Deens. [3]
(iv) veoeruee Deeuesu³ee HegjecegUs pejer efpeefJele neveer Peeueer veener lejer Ieje®eer efYeble Ke®eueer, Iej cees[tve
ies u es , ®et u e ef J ePeueer . Iejele keÀe[er - keÀe[er keÀªve peceef J eues u es meejs keÀener Jeent v e ies u es . vew m eef i e& k eÀ
DeeHelleerHeg{s keÀesCee®esner keÀener ®eeuele veener. leke´Àej keÀesCeekeÀ[s keÀjCeej ? òsJeepeer®³ee Deeues cevee, lesLes
keÀesCee®es keÀener ®eeuesvee !' meejs keÀener GodOJemle Peeues. [esUîeele HeÀkeÌle efvejeMee, Ke®euesHeCe, ogëKe
Deeef Ce HeeCeer þs Jeues. [esUîeebl eer ue HeeC³eeceg Us peCet Heg{®ee jmlee DebO egk eÀ efomet ueeieuee Deens. meJe&m Je
njJeu³eeceg Us ³eeletve Deelee keÀmes yeensj ³eeJes keÀUle veener. Hegvne Metv³eeletve meg©Jeele keÀMeer Je keÀes þtve
keÀjeJeer Demee efJeoîeeL³ee&uee He´Mve He[uee neslee. l³ee®eer HeefjeqmLeleer Heentve mej l³eeuee HewMee®eer ceole keÀª
Feq®íleele. l³eeJesUer lees mJeeefYeceeveeves cnCelees keÀer, ``mej, pejer ceePee meJe& mebmeej cees[ tve He[uee, ceer
God O Jemle Peeuees Demeuees lejer n er `ceePee keÀCee', ceePee `mJeeef Y eceeve' Depet v e peeie= l e Deens , ef p eJeb l e
Deens. Heeþer Jej nele þs J et v e ceuee meeb lJevee oîee. Heg {s pee, Deeues u ³ee Heef j ef m Leleer ®ee leeþ GYee jent ve,
ef v eYe& ³ eHeCes meecevee keÀj, ue{ Demes cnCee. leg c e®ee Heeþer J ej DeeMJeemekeÀ nele nJee. l³eeceg U s ceePeer
SkeÀìsHeCee®eer YeeJevee otj nesF&ue. ceuee efnccele ³esF&ue. Ke®euesHeCee veeefnmee nesGÀve ceer Hegvne mebIe<ee&uee
le³eej nesF &v e.'' [3]
Pee[s ueeJet
A.10 Read the extract given below and answer in Marathi the questions
that follow :-
(i) ``Je=#eJeuueer Deecneb mees³ejer Jeve®ejs !'' Demes meble legkeÀejece cenejepeebveer meebefieleues Deens. Pee[s ns DeeHeues efce$e
Deensle. Pee[s DeeHeueer efveëmJeeLe&HeCes mesJee keÀjleele. Heeves, HeÀU~ HegÀues osleele. veejUe®³ee Pee[euee lej `keÀuHeJe=#e'
cnCeleele. l³ee®³ee cetUebHeemetve les MeW[³eeHe³e¥le Demeuesu³ee Yeeiee®ee DeeHeCeeme keÀener vee keÀener GHe³eesie neslees. veejUele
Demeuesues HeeCeer cnCepes peerJeve Deens. Pee[s jmeYejerle HeÀUs osleele. Pee[eb®es Deew<eOeer GHe³eesie Deensle. efnj[e, yesn[e,
keÀ[tefuebye DeMeer DeveskeÀ Pee[s Deew<eOeer Deensle. Pee[s DeeHeues efce$e Deensle. Deepe pej DeeHeCe Pee[ ueeJeues lej les
DeeHeu³eeyejesyej ceesþs ceesþs nesF&ue DeeefCe DeeHeu³eeJej íe³ee osF&ue. HeÀUs-HegÀues osF&ue DeeefCe DeeHeCe ceesþs Peeu³eeJej
meeJeueerle KesUt MeketÀ Pee[s efvemJeeLeea Demeleele. Pee[s efvemJeeLeea Demeleele. DeeHeCe l³eebvee He´sce efoues lej l³ee®ee yeouee
les DeefOekeÀ He´sce osTve HesÀ[leele. Pee[s mJeleë®es Mejerj Heme©ve DeeHeCeeme meeJeueer osleele. [2]
(ii) Pee[eb®es DeeHeu³eeJej Deveble GHekeÀej Deensle. l³eeb®³eecegUs®e DeeHeCe Deeveboeves J³eJeeqmLele peerJeve peiet MekeÀlees.
l³ee®³ee $eÝCeeletve cegkeÌle nesC³ee®ee meesHee ceeie& keÀJeer DeeHeu³eeuee meebiele Deensle. keÀJeer DeeHeu³eeuee cnCeleele keÀer,
DeeHeCe Dee³eg<³eele SkeÀlejer Pee[ ueeJeues Heeefnpes. efMeJee³e l³ee®eer DeeHeCe keÀeUpeer megodOee Iesleueer Heeefnpes. peesHe³e¥le
les Pee[ ueneve Deens leesHe³e¥le JeeN³ee-HeeJemeeves les legìtve He[t ve³es, iee³e-yekeÀjerves les KeeTve ìeketÀ ve³es cnCetve l³eeuee
kegbÀHeCe ueeJetve DeeHeCe l³ee®es j#eCe kesÀues Heeefnpes. l³ee®eyejesyej peesHe³e¥le les íeveHewkeÀer ªpele veener, l³ee®eer cegUs
peefceveerle KeesueJej peeTve HeeCeer DeeefCe Hees<ekeÀêJ³es efceUJet MekeÀle veenerle lees He³e¥le l³eeuee Kele-HeeCeer osTve l³ee®eer
DeeHeCe efveiee jeKee³euee, keÀeUpeer I³ee³euee nJeer. SkeÀoe keÀe Pee[ ceesþs Peeues keÀer l³ee®eer HegÀues, HeÀUs DeeHeu³eeuee®e
Kee³euee, ®eeKee³euee efceUCeej Deensle. HeCe lees He³e¥le l³ee®eer keÀeUpeer IesCes ns DeeHeues keÀle&J³e Deens. kegbÀHeCe IeeueCes
Deeef Ce efv eiee jeKeCes ³eeletv e keÀJeer uee ns ® e meg® eJee³e®es Deens . [2]
(iii) DeeHeCe Pee[eb ®es mebieesHeve kes Àues , Pee[ebv ee Òesce efoues lej l³ee GHekeÀeje®ee yeouee les DeefOekeÀ oeve
osTve keÀjleele. keÀJeer cnCeleele, DeeHeCe ueeJeuesu³ee Pee[euee DeeHeCe jespe ceesþs nesleevee Heent, l³eeuee
374
melele meeLe mees y ele keÀª. l³eeuee Jee{Jet . efv emeiee&® ³ee peJeU peeT, ef v emeiee& le jceceeCe nesT . ³ee
ef v emeiee& ® eer , Pee[eb ® eer ieeCeer ieelee-ieelee DeeHeCener %eevemebH eVe, JewYeJemebH eVe, Deejesi ³emebHeVe nes T. [3]
(iv) pes pes mJele: peJeU Deens les les Pee[s ceveeHeemet v e DeeHeu³eeuee os l eele. Pee[s l³ee yeou³eele
DeeHeu³eekeÀ[t v e keÀener ® e DeHes # ee keÀjle veener l e. ef v e:mJeeLe& H eCes les DeeHeueer mes J ee®e keÀjleele. l³ee®³ee
yeou³eele DeeHeCe l³ee Pee[eb ® es meb i ees H eve kes À ues , Pee[eb v ee Òes c e ef o ues lej l³ee GHekeÀeje®eener yeouee les
DeefOekeÀ oeve osTve keÀjleele. keÀJeer cnCeleele, DeeHeCe ueeJeuesu³ee Pee[euee DeeHeCe jespe ceesþs nesleevee
Heent , l³eeuee melele meeLe mees y ele keÀª. l³eeuee Jee{Jet . ef v emeiee& ® ³ee peJeU peeT, ef v emeiee& l e jceceeCe
nes T. ³ee ef v emeiee& ®eer , Pee[eb® eer ieeCeer, ieelee-ieelee DeeHeCener %eevemeb HeVe, Jew YeJemeb HeVe, Deejes i³emebH eVe
nes T . Pee[s lej uees k eÀeb ® ³ee keÀu³eeCeemeeþer meow J e le³eej Demeleele. pees keÀes C eer Pee[e®³ee yeb g O ³eeJej,
ceg U eb J ej IeeJe Ieeuelees l³eeuee ceer meeJeueer os C eej veener , DeVe os C eej veener Demee DeeHeHejYeeJe Pee[s
ceveele þsJele veenerle. osle jenCes, oeve keÀjCes ns Pee[eb®es Je´le DeeHeCe ceveeceveele þmeJet³ee. Je=#e DeeHeues
efce$e Deensle. les meowJe DeeHeueer mebiele-meesyele keÀjleele. DeeHeCener l³eeb®³ee meeefveO³eele jentve Deevebo ÒeeHle
keÀª³ee. Òes ce oîeeJes , Òes ce I³eeJes ne Jemee Heg { s ®eeueJet ³ee.
keÀJeer ne®e DeeMeeJeeo ³esLes J³ekeÌle keÀjle Deens. [3]
(keÀ©Cee<ìkeÀ)
J³ebkeÀìsMe cee[ietUkeÀj
that follow :-
(i) oeoeb®³ee leey³eele efouesues Iej SkeÀe meppeve Yeìpeer®eer Fmìsì nesleer. Heesìer HeesjyeeU vemeuesues ns Je=×
Yeìpeer otjJej leerLe&mLeeveer peeTve jeefnues nesles. oeoebvee ³ee ceeuekeÀe®ee keÀener $eeme veJnlee. Ieje®es Yee[s
osKeerue les oeoebkeÀ[tve Iesle vemele. HeÀkeÌle Iej meejJetve-mejJetve mJe®í þsJeeJes DeeefCe je$eer Iejele efoJee
ueeieeJee, SJe{îee ceeHeÀkeÀ DeHes#esves YeìpeeRveer ns Iej oeoeb®³ee leey³eele efoues nesl es. [2]
(ii) efJeþtkeÀekeÀebvee Jej®esJej efHeÀjleerJej peeJeb ueeies. SkeÀoe iesues cnCepes Deeþ-Deeþ efoJeme les Iejer ³esle vemele. Deeues keÀer
®eej-mene efoJeme jenle DeeefCe Hegvne efveIetve peele l³eecegUs ³ee Iejele efJeþtkeÀekeÀe jenle Demetvener l³eeb®eer meesyele veJnleer. [2]
(iii) efJeþtkeÀekeÀebvee DeeF&veb Heg©<eYej Gb®eer®³ee veeieeyeodoue meebefieleues. lesJne efJeþtkeÀekeÀebveer oesve efoJemeebveer Oeesleje®eer
uegbieer vesmeuesu³ee, peìe Jee{efJeuesu³ee, ieÈ³eele ceesþîee ©ê#eeb®eer ceeU Ieeleuesu³ee. keÀHeeUeJej MeWotj DeeefCe [esÈ³eele
iegueeue Demeuesu³ee oe{erJeeu³ee ceebef$ekeÀeuee yeesueJetve DeeCeues. l³eeves oesve leeme efnb[tve meieUerkeÀ[s leHeeme kesÀuee.
peJeUHeeme®³ee keÀesCel³eener efyeUele veeie Demesue lej DeeHeCe l³eeuee lelkeÀeU HekeÀ[tve vesT DeMeer l³ee®eer Heéfle%ee
nesleer. HeCe veeie cee$e l³eeuee meeHe[uee veener.
ceebef$ekeÀ Dees{îeeJej iesuee lesLetve HeeìerYej JeeUt IesGÀve Deeuee. efuebyet, kegbÀketÀ, ogOe, G[ero Demes keÀeneryeener
ceeiet v e Ies T ve l³eeve SkeÀe yeepet u ee peeTve ner JeeUt ceb l ejueer Deeef C e HeeveeYees J eleer jeb i ees U er IeeueeJeer
leMeer leer IejeYeesJeleer Hesjueer meJe&peve Yesoªve l³ee®ee KeìeìesHe Heenle nesles efJeþtkeÀekeÀener GIe[syebye l³ee®³ee
ceeies iebYeerjHeCes efnb[le nesles.
l³eebveblej l³eeves meJe& ceb$ e-efJeOeer DeeìesHeues. [3]
375
(iv) oeoe pes u ej Peeu³ee®eer yeeleceer Ies T ve Iejer Deeues . l³eeb v eer leer yeeleceer meJee¥ v ee meeb e f i eleueer HeCe
DeeF& ® ³ee ®es n N³eeJej He´ M veef ® evn nes l es . ues K ekeÀeb v eHes # ee cees þ îee YeeJeeves leer u ee pes u ej ³ee Heoe®ee DeLe&
mecepeeJet v e meeb e f i eleuee. oeoe ef c eMee ieeW p eejer l e DeeF& u ee cnCeeues ``cnCepes Heieej keÀener cnCeeJee lemee
Jee{uee veener; HeCe DeefOekeÀej Jee{uee. pesuejuee Heg<keÀU mellee Demeles.''
mellee cnCelee®e DeeF& v es Heg { ®eer cevees j ep³e keÀje³euee meg ª Jeele kes À ueer leer ef J e®eej keÀª ueeieueer
`íeleeruee ueeue Heìdìe De[keÀJeuesuee, KeekeÀer {ieuee Ieeleuesuee efMeHeeF& DeeHeu³ee efoceleeruee ³esF&ue. lees
Heesjebvee MeeUsuee vesF&ue- DeeCeerue ceuee Yeepeer, oUCe DeeCetve osF&ue. mekeÀeUer HeeC³ee®³ee oesve Ieeiejermeg×e
DeeCeer u e.' [3]
that follow :-
(i) DeeF& m eeþer HeÀej meg K ee®eer iees < ì cnCepes Lees ju³ee cegu eeuee SkeÀ Je<ee& ® ³ee Ye´ c ebl eer veb l ej keÀueeHet juee
ef m eves c ee mìg e f [ Dees l e vees k eÀjer ueeieueer . lees Jeeì meeHe[s H e³e& l e YeìkeÀ-YeìkeÀ YeìkeÀuee nes l ee. keÀener
efceUJeu³eeJee®etve Deelee l³eeuee Iejer ³ee³e®eb veJnleb. efceUsue efleLeb, efceUsue leer veeskeÀjer l³eeuee keÀje³e®eer
veJnleer. keÀues®³ee #es$eele keÀener keÀle&yeieejer keÀªve oeKeJesve DeMeer l³ee®eer Gceso nesleer. Leesjuee cegueiee
®eeb ieuee Jee®ekeÀ nes lee. vekeÀueekeÀej nes lee. [2]
(ii) uesKekeÀe®ee meJee&le Leesjuee YeeT veeskeÀjeruee ueeiee³e®³ee DeeOeer Jeef[ueebvee mejkeÀejer vees keÀjerle veejU
efceUeuee. keÀejCe SkeÀeSkeÀer OeesjCeele yeoue Peeuee DeeefCe mejkeÀejveb þjJeueb, p³eeb®eer veeskeÀjer Heb®eJeerme Je<e&
Peeueer Deens, l³eebvee HesvMeve osTve ceeskeÀUb keÀje³e®eb. lesJe{îee veeskeÀN³ee le©Ceebvee GHeueyOe nesleerue. efMeJee³e
le©Ce jkeÌleecegUs keÀecekeÀepener JesU®³eeJesUer nesF&ue. [2]
(iii) De®eevekeÀ mejkeÀej®³ee yeouel³ee OeesjCeecegUs oeoeb®eer veeskeÀjer iesueer. ³ee Ieìvesves oeoe neojues nesles. HeÀkeÌle
SkeÀ cegueiee ceefnvee leerme ©He³es efceUJele neslee. Iejele KeeCeejer leeW[s mene nesleer. meJe& cegues ueneve. l³eeb®es
efMe#eCe HetCe& Jne³e®es nesles. veeskeÀjer iesueer ner yeeleceer ieeJeele Hemejueer DeeefCe DeveskeÀ ceefnves Jee³eos SsketÀve Iesle
Demeuesueer ueeskeÀ Hewmes ceeieC³eemeeþer `JeeCeer,otOeJeeuee, keÀHe[sJeeuee, IejceeuekeÀ, meeJekeÀej,'... oejele ieoea
keÀª ueeieues . ³ee meJee&® es os C es YeeieJeC³eemeeþer YeeF& mJeleë®³ee ceens j ®es Iej, peeiee, peefc eveer oeoeb vee
efJ ekeÀeJe³eeme meeb iele nes l eer . HeCe; oeoecee$e ns ef JekeÀe³euee le³eej veJnles . l³eeb ®es Demes cele nes les keÀer ,
`meJe& mebHelleer uesKekeÀe®³ee DeeF&®eer Deens. m$eerOevee®ee DeHenej ceeP³ee neletve nesCeej veener.' [3]
(iv) oeoe pes u ej Peeu³ee®eer yeeleceer Ies T ve Iejer Deeues . l³eeb v eer leer yeeleceer meJee¥ v ee meeb e f i eleueer HeCe
DeeF& ® ³ee ®es n N³eeJej He´ M veef ® evn nes l es . ues K ekeÀeb H es # ee cees þ îee YeeJeeves ef l euee pes u ej ³ee Heoe®ee DeLe&
mecepeeJet v e meeb e f i eleuee. oeoe ef c eMee ieeW p eejer l e DeeF& u ee cnCeeues ``cnCepes Heieej keÀener cnCeeJee lemee
Jee{uee veener; HeCe DeefOekeÀej Jee{uee. pesuejuee Heg<keÀU mellee Demeles.''
mellee cnCelee®e DeeF& v es Heg { ®eer cevees j ep³e keÀje³euee meg ª Jeele kes À ueer leer ef J e®eej keÀª ueeieueer
`íeleeruee ueeue Heìdìe De[keÀJeuesuee, KeekeÀer {ieuee Ieeleuesuee efMeHeeF& DeeHeu³ee efoceleeruee ³esF&ue. lees
Heesjebvee MeeUsuee vesF&ue- DeeCeerue ceuee Yeepeer, oUCe DeeCetve osF&ue. mekeÀeUer HeeC³ee®³ee oesve Ieeiejermeg×e
DeeCeer u e.' [3]
376
that follow :-
(i) uesKekeÀe®³ee DeeF&Jeef[ueebvee oesve De[er®e Je<ex uesKekeÀe®ee Hellee ueeieuee veener. keÀejCe uesKekeÀ SkesÀ
efoJeMeer Yeu³ee Heneìs Gþtve Iejer keÀesCeeueener ve meebielee `íes[es Yeejle' ®eUJeUerle HeÀjejer ueeskeÀebyejesyej
meeefceue Peeues nesles. les kegÀþs Deensle, keÀe³e keÀjle Deens. keÀmes Deensle ³ee®ee keÀener Hellee DeeF&Jeef[ueebvee
veJnlee. [2]
(ii) os M eeuee mJeeleb $ ³e ef c eUeues DeMeer ieeJeele yeeleceer Deeu³eeJej HeÀej yeoue ieeJeele Peeuee veener .
HeCe osMeele Deeveboer Deevebo neslee. MeeUsJej PeW[e HeÀ[keÀJeuee neslee. ceemlejebveer Heesjb IesTve HeÝeeleHesÀjer
keÀe{ueer. MeeUsH eg{ s pecetve ieeeJekeÀN³eebv eer `PeW[ s keÀer pe³e' ìeebOeer keÀer pe³e', `Yeejle ceelee keÀer pe³e'
DeMee Iees <eCee kes Àu³ee. Heeìueeb veer Hees jebv ee Tme Jeeìues. DeMee He´k eÀejs ieeJeele mJeeleb$ ³eesl meJe meepeje
Peeuee. [2]
(iii) osMeeuee mJeeleb$³e efceUeues. DeeefCe meieUerkeÀ[s Deeveboer Deevebo Peeuee. HeCe pesJne cenelcee ieebOeer®ee
Ketve Peeuee lesJne efouueer®³ee efyeuee& cebefoje®³ee oejele Pee[uesu³ee efHemleguee®es Jeej uesKekeÀe®³ee ieeJeer ner
Jeepeues. `ns jece' ns Meyo FLeb ner Gceìues. MegYe´ KeeoerJem$eeJej ueeue jkeÌlee®es [eie He[ues DeeefCe Hemejues,
l³ee®es ®eej ef Meb lees [s uesK ekeÀe®³ee ieeJeer Hemejues. DeeOeer ieeJeele yeeleceer Deeueer Je ceie yeé cnCeeb® eer Iejs
peeUe³euee uees keÀ Deeues . uees k eÀ keÀeþîee IesT ve, je@k esÀ ue®es [yes Yeªve Iejs peeUe³euee Iejele ef M ejues .
``yee³ekeÀeHeesjebvee IesTve yeensj He[e,'' Demee FMeeje osle nesles. ``Deecner Iej HesìJeCeej Deenesl e !''
`` keÀe? Deecner keÀe³e kesÀueb?, legcner keÀesCe?'' Demeb efJe®eeje³e®eer efnbcele keÀesCeele ner veJnleer Ieeyeªve,
Yeerleerveb keÀeHele, yee³ekeÀeHeesjb, cneleejer ceeCemeb Iejeyeensj He[ueer. [3]
(iv) osMeeuee mJeeleb$³e efceUeueb DeeefCe meieUerkeÀ[s DeeveboerDeevebo Peeuee. HeCe pesJne cenelcee ieebOeer®ee
Ketve Peeuee lesJne efouueer®³ee efyeuee& cebefoje®³ee oejele Pee[uesu³ee efHemleguee®es yeej uesKekeÀe®³ee ieeJeer ner
Jeepeues. `ns jece' ns Meyo FLeb ner Gceìues. MegYe´ KeeoerJem$eeJej ueeue jkeÌlee®es [eie He[ues DeeefCe Hemejues,
l³ee®es ®eej eq Meblees [s ues KekeÀe®³ee ieeJeer G[eues . DeeOeer ieeJeele yeeleceer Deeueer Deeef Ce ceie yeé cnCeeb ®eer
Iejs peeUe³euee ueeskeÀ Deeues. ueeskeÀ keÀeþîee IesTve, je@kesÀue®es [yes Yeªve Iejs peeUe³euee Iejele efMejues.
uesKekeÀe®³ee Jee[îeelener ®eej peCe Iegmeues. yee³ekeÀe, Heesjs, cneleejs meieUîeebvee yeensj pee³euee meebefieleues.
ues K ekeÀe®³ee DeeF& u ee keÀener ceeCemes ef l e®³ee ceens j ®eer Jeeìueer . cnCet v e ef l eves l³eeb v ee De[Jeues . Deeef C e
ef Je®eejues keÀer , ``Dejs ceer legce®³ee ieeJe®eer, ueskeÀer® eb Iej peeUlee? ef leuee JeveJeeMeer keÀjlee?'' l³eeJej
l³eebveer HeÀkeÌle efleuee®e metì osCes yejs efomele veener cnCetve yeensj pee³euee meebefieleues. uesKekeÀe®es Je[erue,
YeeT, DeeF& meieUs efvecetìHeCes yeensj He[ues.
DeMee He´keÀejs mJeeleb$³e HeéHleerveblej uesKekeÀe®es kegÀìgbye yesIej Peeues. [3]
(jbiemHeMe&-SkeÀebefkeÀkeÀe)
mekeÀeU®ee DeY³eeme
that follow :-
(i) oecet efovetuee nUt IeeskeÀC³eeme meebiele neslee. keÀejCe oecet Je efovet mekeÀeU®³ee JesUer SkeÀ$e DeY³eeme keÀjle
377
nesles. oecet Fbie´peer Meyo Je l³eeb®es DeLe& Heeþ keÀjerle neslee Je l³ee®eJesUer efovet Yetieesue®ee DeY³eeme keÀjle neslee.
efovet KeeveosMeeleerue leeuegkeÌ³eeb®eer veeJes Iees keÀle neslee. l³eecegU s oecetuee $eeme nesl e neslee. oecet Heeþeblej keÀjle
Demeuesues Meyo Je l³eeb®³ee mHesefuebie ®etkeÀle neslee. [2]
(ii) efovet Je oecet mekeÀeU®³ee JesUer DeY³eeme keÀjle nesles. l³eeJesUer efovet Yetieesuee®ee DeY³eeme keÀjle neslee
lej oecet Fb i e´ p eer Meyo Je l³ee®es DeLe& Heeþ keÀjle nes l ee. oes I es n er DeeHeeHemeele Yeeb [ le Demeleele. ef o vet
DeeF&k eÀ[s leke´ À ej keÀjlees oecet ef leLes ® e yemet ve DeY³eeme keÀjle Demelees . ef o vet Hejle oecet u ee DeeF& v es ®ene
I³ee³euee yees u eeJeues Deens Demes meeb i elees . oes Ies n er meJe& Het m lekes À ef l eLes ®e þsJ et v e ®ene IesC ³eemeeþer efv eIet v e
peeleele. Hejle ³esleele lesJne oecet®es jer[j njJeuesues Demeles oecet efovet®³ee veeJeeves Deesj[le Demelees. efj[j
efovetves®e ueHeJeues Deens Demes oecetuee Jeeìle Demeles. oecet efovet®³ee DebieeJej OeeJetve peelees lees®e oecet®ee
Hee³e He[tve efovet®eer Heeìer HetÀìles Je l³ee®eJesUer efovet®³ee neleeleerue Demeuesueer efHeMeJeer oecet efnmekeÀeJelees
Je l³ee®e Jes Uer ef H eMeJeer® ee yeb o leg ìlees. oecet ®es njJeues ues ef j[j Mees O eleevee oecet ef ovet® ³ee ef HeMeJeer ®ee
yebo lees[lees. [2]
(iii) mekeÀeU®³ee JesUer efovet Je oecet DeY³eemeeuee yemeues nesles. oecet, efovet Je peiet efleve YeebJe[s DeefleMe³e
Kees[keÀj DeMeer nesleer. efleIesner pesJee³euee pesJeCe Keesueerle iesues Demelee. DeY³eeme keÀjle Demeuesu³ee Keesueerle
l³eeb®ee veeskeÀj Heeb[t ³eslees Je meeHeÀmeHeÀeF& keÀª ueeielees. mJeleëMeer ye[ye[le lees ef leIeeb®eer leke´À ej keÀjle
Demelees. leerve cegues Deensle. HeCe leerve leNns®eer Deensle ! Demes Heeb[t®es cele. DemleeJ³emle He[uesueer HegmlekesÀ
Heentve Heeb[t leer HegmlekesÀ efHeMeJ³eele Yeªve þsJeeJeerle Demee efJe®eej keÀjlees. keÀesCee®eer HegmlekesÀ keÀesCeleer ns cee$e
l³eeuee mecepele veener l³eeceg U s lees meJe& ® e Heg m lekes À ef o vet ® ³ee ef H eMeJeerl e Yejlees . cnCet v e efo vet ®eer ef H eMeJeer
oecet u ee cees þ er Jeeìles .
ie[ye[erceO³es MeeF& keÀHe[îeeJej meeb[u³eecegUs efovet DeeF&uee veJeerve keÀHe[s oîee³euee meebielees. lesJne
DeeF& efovetuee meebieles ceuee keÀece Deens. veJes keÀHe[s keÀe{tve oîee³euee efleuee JesU veener. Deepe efovet®es
keÀHe[s oecetves IeeueeJes Je efovetves peiet®es keÀHe[s IeeueeJes Je MeeUsle peeJes. [3]
(iv) oecet Je efovet ns oesve YeeT DeY³eeme keÀjle nesles. oecet Fbie´peer®es Meyo Heeþ keÀjle neslee Je efovet KeeveosMeeleerue
leeuegkesÀ Heeþ keÀjle neslee. oesIeeb®³eener peesjpeesjele IeeskeÀC³eecegUs Yeeb[Ce megª Peeues Je DeY³eeme yeepetuee®e
jeefnuee. keÀenerJesUeves oesIesner ®ene H³ee³euee Deele iesues. lesJe{îeele l³eeb®ee íesìe YeeT peiet lesLes Deeuee.
peiet oecet®³ee jer[jceOeerue ef®e$es DeeHeu³ee efce$eeuee oeKeJee³e®eer cnCetve jer[j IesTve iesuee. ®ene efHeTve
Deeuesu³ee oecetuee KetHe MeesOetvener DeeHeues jer[j meeHe[ues veener, l³eecegUs l³ee®es Meyoeb®es Heeþeblej De[tve
jeefnues. ìeF&ceìsyeue jer[jceO³es nesles, l³eecegUs ogmeN³ee efoJeMeer keÀesCeles leeme Deensle ns l³eeuee mecepesvee.
Iej®ee DeY³eeme keÀe³e Deens ns ef J e®eejC³eemeeþer ieCet k eÀ[s peeJes ueeieu³eeceg Us l³ee®ee DeY³eemee®ee Jes U
Jee³ee ies u ee.
DeMeeHe´keÀejs oecet®es jer[j peietves vesu³eecegUs oecet®ee DeY³eeme DeHetCe& jeefnuee. [3]
efJeþdþue lees Deeuee Deeuee......
that follow :-
378
(i) ``Deecneuee peveeJejb cnCee³e®ee legcneuee keÀe³e DeefOekeÀej ?'' Demes JekeÀerue [e@keÌìjuee cnCelees.
ef J eþd þ ue ceb e f o jele peceues u es meJe& YekeÌ l eieCe cees þ cees þ d ³ eeves yes m et j Deejleer cnCeleele. keÀes C eer l ejer veieeje
JeepeJelees . ³ee meJee¥ ® ee ef J eþd þ ueeuee $eeme nes l ees . les J ne ef J eþd þ ue ``ceePes keg À Ceer l ejer Ss k eÀe'' Demes
cnCelees , HeCe keg ÀCeer® e Ss keÀle veener . Deejleer veb lej DeeHeDeeHemeele Jeeo megª nes leele. efJ eþdþ ue peesj eves
Deesj[lees. Dejs, keÀeve HegÀìues keÀe legce®es? JeefkeÀueeuee Jeeìles Mesìpeer cnCeeues. l³eecegUs JekeÀerue Mesìpeeruee
megveJelees. Mesìpeer l³ee®es meceLe&ve keÀjle Demeleevee ceO³es®e efJeþdþue Hegvne Meerë Meerë ceeCemeb Deensle keÀer
peveeJejb ? Demes Godieejlees. JeefkeÀueeuee Jeeìles Demes [e@keÌìj cnCeeuee. cnCetve JekeÀerue Jejerue Godieej
keÀe{lees. [2]
(ii) `Deecneuee peveeJejb cnCee³e®ee legcneuee keÀe³e DeefOekeÀej?' ³ee JeefkeÀuee®³ee He´Mvee®es Gllej osleevee
[e@keÌìj cnCeleele. ``ceuee keÀe³e peveeJejb DeesU Kelee ³es le veener le? legcneuee peveeJejb keÀMeeuee cnCes ve
ceer ! peveeJejeb®ee [e@keÌìj Deens ceer- peveeJejb legce®³eemeejKeer osJeUele ³esTve iee{JeHeCee keÀjerle veenerle.'' [2]
(iii) os J eUele Deejleer cnCeC³eemeeþer YekeÌ l eieCe peceues nes l es . Deejleer cnCeCeeN³eeb H ew k eÀer keÀes C ee®ee met j
keÀesCeeMeer pegUle veJnlee. keÀesCeerlejer veieeje ye[Jeerle Deens. ³ee®ee $eeme efJeþdþueeuee nesle Deens. efJeþþue
He´l³e#e DeeHeu³eeMeer yeesuelees³e ³ee®eer mecepe keÀesCeeueener veJnleer. He´l³eskeÀpeCe SkeÀceWkeÀebJej DeejesHe-He´l³eejesHe
keÀjle nes l es . veg m elee Deej[e-Dees j [e ®eeuet nes l ee. keÀes C eer keÀes C ee®eb Ss k et À ve Ies l e veJnleb . He´ l ³es k eÀpeCe
DeeHeu³eeuee Jeeìs ue lees DeLe& keÀe{le neslee.
DeMeeJesUer [e@keÌìjebveer efouesueer Heéfleefke´À³ee ³eesi³e®e nesleer. [3]
(iv) ``legcneuee iee{Je cnCeC³eeveb Deye´t iesueer iee{Jee®eer.'' Demes [e@keÌìj JeefkeÀueeuee GÎsMetve cnCeeues.
iee{Je ne HeéceeefCekeÀ HeéCeer Deens. HeéfleketÀue HeefjefmLeleerle ef®ekeÀeìerves keÀece keÀjCes, ne l³ee®ee iegCe Deens.
osJ eUele peceues u ³ee ceeCemeeb ® ee ieeWO eU FlekeÀe nes l ee keÀer efJ eþd þ ue ner Jew leeieuee nes l ee. SkeÀeces k eÀeb Jej
DeejesHe keÀjCes, JeeF&ì yeesueCes, efMeJ³ee osCes ner meJe& iee{JeeHes#ee JeeF&ì Jele&CetkeÀ Demeu³eecegUs ìee{Je
cnCeC³eeveb Deye´t iesueer iee{Jee®eer' Demes [e@keÌìj cnCeeues. He´mlegle Godieej ³eesi³e Deensle. [3]
Deyeesue Peeueer meleej
that follow :-
(i) meefJelee ner efJeK³eele [e@. Jner. Sue FbotjkeÀj ³eeb®eer cegueieer. leer ie´@p³egSì nesleer. efleves SkeÀe keÀueboj,
keÀHeÀuuekeÀ ceeCemeebJej He´sce kesÀues. ueiveemeeþer Iej®³eeb ®ee ef JejesOe nes lee; HeCe meieÈ³eeb®³ee efJejesOeeuee ve
pegceevelee efleves l³ee®³eeMeer ueive kesÀueb.
[e@. Jner. Sue. FbotjkeÀj HueeeqmìkeÀ mepe&jer®es mHesMeefuemì cnCetve K³eeleveece nesles. [erve Dee@HeÀ He@ÀkeÀuìer
Dee@ H eÀ mepe& j er , yee@ c yes ³eg e f v eJnef m e& ì er ³eeb ® eer keÀv³ee ef ® e. meew . keÀeb . meef J elee ef n ®ee `ceb i eue' ef J eJeen
veeieHet j®³ee SkeÀe meleejJeeu³eeMeer Peeu³eecegU s [e@. Jner. Sue. Fbot jkeÀj ³eeb®eer He´ efl e<þe keÀceer Peeueer.
l³eeceg Us l³eeb ® ³eeJej GukeÀeHeele Peeuee nes l ee. [2]
(ii) jcesMe cewHeÀueerle pejer Mesj yeyyej neslee lejer YeesJeleeue®³ee OekeÀeOekeÀerle Deieoer®e memee pemee neslee.
379
oecet®³ee celes jcesMeuee ueneve HeesjemeejKeb peHeeJeb ueeieleb. Dece=leyePeej-Heef$ ekes Àle c³ege fPekeÀ keÀe@ vHeÀjvme®ee
efj Hees ì & Deeuee nesl ee. jcesM eyeod oue SkeÀ meb HetC e& keÀe@u ece nes lee. veT Jeepelee leer Jeelee& uee³eye´ jer Jeeu³ee
yeesmeyeeyetbveer keÀUefJeueer. l³eecegUs ®eewkeÀeleu³ee mìe@ueJej HesHej I³ee³euee jcesMe iesuee. Hejle ³esleevee neleele
Hes H ej, [es È³eeJej Pees H e nesl eer . jmlee Deesu eeb [ le Demeleevee YejOeeJe Jes i eeves ³es C eeN³ee ceesì jJeeu³eeves
jces M euee G[Jeues Deeef C e jces M e®ee DeHeIeele Peeuee. [2]
(iii) meefJelee Iej®³eebv ee ve pegceevelee jcesMemees yele ueive keÀjles. Skes À efoJeMeer ef le®³ee veJeN³eeuee cnCepes
jcesMeuee DeHeIeele neslees. meefJelee SkeÀìer He[les. ne@eqmHeìueceO³es jcesMe De@[ceerì Demelees. Dee@HejsMeve keÀje³e®es
Demeles. meefJelee®ee YeeT Jemeble ne@eqmHeìueceO³es meefJeleeuee Yesìe³euee ³eslees. lees jcesMeyeeyele [e@keÌìjebkeÀ[s
®eewkeÀMeer keÀjlees.
l³eeveb lej yeef f nCeer k eÀ[s JeUtv e ef le®³ee veJeN³ee®eer efJ e®eejHetm e keÀjC³eeSsJ epeer `leg uee ceer Iejer IesT ve
pee³euee Deeuees Deens ' . Demes meef J eleeuee meebi elees. DeeF& u ee ef ® ebl ee Jeeìles Deens. let GHeeMeer DemeMeer u e
meejKeer peeiele yemeueer DemeMeerue. peieele Deelee SkeÀìer®e GIe[îeeJej He[ueerme, Demes meefJeleeuee megveJelees.
veJeN³ee®eer leyyesle ef Je®eejC³eeSsJepeer efl euee Iejer IesT ve peeC³ee®es lees cnCelees.
l³eecegUs `DeMee HeefjeqmLeleerle Oeerj osC³eeSsJepeer let peKecesJej ceerþ ®eesUle Deens', Demes meefJelee
Jemeb leuee cnCeles . [3]
(iv) yeeHetmeensye ns meefJelee®es Je[erue Deensle. l³eeb®es Kejs veeJe Jner.Sue. FbotjkeÀj Deens. HueeefmìkeÀ mepe&jer®es mHesMe@efuemì
cnCetve HeéfmeodOe mepe&ve DeMeer l³eeb®eer DeesUKe Deens. oesve Je<ee¥HetJeea meefJelee jcesMe veeJee®³ee meleejJeeokeÀ
keÀueeJebleeMeer efJeJeen keÀjC³ee®es þjefJeles. l³ee efJeJeeneuee yeeHetmeensyeeb®ee megodOee efJejesOe Demelees. l³eecegUs
les meefJeleeMeer meJe& mebyebOe lees[leele. l³eele®e jcesMe®ee DeHeIeele neslees. [e@.keÀeHeef[³ee l³ee®es oesvner nele
efv ekeÀeceer Peeu³ee®es meebi eleele. l³eemeeþer Dee@HejsMeve keÀjCes iejpes®es Deens Je les Dee@HejsMeve keÀjC³eemeeþer
cegbyeF&ntve Keeme yeeHetmeensye ³esCeej Demes meebieleele. les SskeÀu³eeJej efleuee peemle®e efYeleer Jeeìles. keÀejCe efleves
kes Àuesu ³ee ®egkeÀer®ee, DeHeceevee®ee yeouee Deelee yeeHet meens ye Dee@HejsMeve keÀjleevee IesCeej. jcesMe®es peerJ eve
meb Heef JeCeej Je DeeHeu³eeuee Hegvne ceensjer Ies GÀve peeCeej, Demes efleuee Jeeìles.
³ee meJe& keÀejCeebceg Us efl e®ee DeeHeu³ee Jeef[ueeb Jej cnCepes® e yeeHetmeensyeebJ ej efJ eMJeeme veJnlee. [3]

380
Section__A (40 marks)

Attempt all questions.
A.1. Write a short composition in Marathi of approximately 250 words on
any one of the following topics :-
Keeueer efouesu³ee efJe<e³eeHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener SkeÀe efJe<e³eeJej megceejs 250 Meyoeb®ee cejeþerle mebef#eHle efveyebOe
efuene.
(i) Leeb yeJee ns He´ ot< eCe !
`Dejs ceeveJee keÀª vekeÀes Heót<eCe
nesT vekeÀes ³ee Heót<eCee®es keÀejCe
let Leeby eJe js Deelee lejer He´ ot <eCe
vekeÀes DeeCet js peJeU cejCe'
Kejb ® e ³ee Jee{l³ee He´ o t < eCeeceg U s ceeveJeer peer J eve Deeef C e mepeer J e me= < ìer J ej ef J eHeef j le Heef j Ceece nes l e
Deens. Jee{les MenjerkeÀjCe, DeewoîeesefiekeÀerkeÀjCe, keÀejKeeveoejer Fl³eeoer keÀejCeebcegUs yesmegceej pebieuelees[ nesle
Deens . ³eeceg U s ® e cees þ îee He´ c eeCeele He´ o t < eCe Jee{le Deens . ns Jee{les He´ o t < eCe Leeb y eJee³e®es Demes u e lej
DeeHeu³eeuee Je= # eueeieJe[er e f M eJee³e lejCees Hee³e veener . He´ o t < eCeeuee DeeUe IeeueC³eemeeþer DeeHeCe meJee¥v eer
DeeHeeHeu³eeHejerves He´³elve kesÀues Heeefnpesle.
peueHeót<eCe, Jee³etHeót<eCe, OJeveerHeót<eCe DeeefCe ce=oeHeót<eCe ns Heót<eCee®es HećegKe ®eej He´keÀej Deensle.
³ee He´ ot <eCeebc eg Us Menjeb leer ue mecem³ee Jee{le Deens le. peueHe´ ot < eCeecetU s keÀeJeerU , nieJeCe ³eebm eejKes jesi e
Hemejleele; lej Jee³etHeót<eCeecegUs ocee, KeeskeÀuee ³eebmeejKes MJemevee®es jesie pe[leele. OJeveerHeót<eCe Deefveêe,
ef®e[ef®e[sHeCee ³ee®es keÀejCe yevele Deens. Menjebleerue IevekeÀ®eje J³eJemLeeHeveecegUs ce=oe Heót<eCe Jee{le Deens.
JevemebHeoe ve<ì nesle efmeceWì®eer pebieues GYeer jenle Deensle. mJeleë®³ee HeÀe³eÐeemeeþer Jeveeb®ee veeMe kesÀu³eeves
Heót<eCeele efoJemeWefoJeme Yej®e He[le Deens.
Heót<eCe ceie les keÀesCel³eener He´keÀej®es Demet os l³eeuee DeeìeskeÌ³eele DeeCeCes DeeHeu³ee®e neleele Deens.
Menjebleerue meeb[HeeCeer, keÀejKeev³eebceOeerue otef<ele HeeCeer pemes®³ee lemes veoer-veeu³eeble mees[t ve oslee l³eeJej
Heéfke´À³ee keÀªve veblej®e les veoer-veeu³eeble mees[eJes JeenletkeÀ J³eJemLesceO³es Keemeieer Jeenveeb®ee JeeHej MekeÌ³elees
ìeUtve meeJe&peefvekeÀ JeenletkeÀ J³eJemLee JeeHeªve nesCeejs Jee³etHeót<eCe ìeUC³ee®ee He´³elve keÀjeJee. Jeenveeb®es
YeeW ies efJ eveekeÀejCe JeepeJet ve³es . Meeblelee #es $eele efv e³eceeb ®ee Yeb ie nesCeej veener ³ee®eer keÀeUpeer I³eeJeer.
Iejeleer u e keÀ®eN³ee®es `Dees u ee keÀ®eje' Deeef C e `meg k eÀe keÀ®eje' Demes Jeieea k eÀjCe keÀªve ef v ecee& C e nes Ceeje
IevekeÀ®eje keÀceer keÀjC³eeme ceole®e nesF&ue.
Deepe He´l ³esk eÀeuee efJ eueemeer DeeefC e ®ewv eer peer Jeve peieC³ee®eer ®eìkeÀ ueeieueer Deens. Jeeleeveg ketÀ ueve
³eb$e, MeerlekeÀHeeì (jsefHe´Àpejsìj) ³eeb®³ee JeeHejecegUs lemes®e keÀejKeev³eebletve yeensj He[CeeN³ee OegjecegUs keÀeye&ve
[e³eDee@keÌmeeF[ ³ee Jee³et®es JeeleeJejCeeleerue HećeeCe Jee{le Deens. keÀeye&ve [e³eDee@keÌmeeF[ Mees<etve IesCeeN³ee
Pee[eb®eer keÀlleue Peeu³eeves efoJemeWefoJeme keÀeye&ve [e³eDee@keÌmeeF[®es HećeeCe Jee{tve Menjebleerue leeHeceevee®ee
Heeje ®e{le Deens. HeeJemeeves Heeþ efHeÀjJeu³eeves HeeC³ee®eer mecem³ee Gie´ mJeªHe OeejCe keÀjle Deens. ³eekeÀjerlee
DeeHeCe meJee¥veer SkeÀ$e ³esTve keÀeye&ve [e³eDee@keÌmeeF[®es HećeeCe keÀceer keÀjC³eekeÀjerlee He´³elve kesÀues Heeefnpesle.
keÀeye&ve [e³eDee@ keÌmeeF[ Glmeefpe&l e keÀjCeeN³ee ef JeÐeg le GHekeÀjCeeb ®ee JeeHej keÀceerl e keÀceer keÀªve DeeHeues
peerJeve mece=odOe Je mebHevve kesÀues Heeefnpes. Lees[keÌ³eele ner peerJeme=<ìer OeeskeÌ³eele ³esC³eeDeeOeer®e DeeHeCe ns
Heót<eCe DeeìeskeÌ³eele DeeCeCes ner keÀeUe®eer iejpe Deens. cnCetve®e Deelee lejer DeeHeCe peeies neT ³ee DeeefCe
Je= #e ueeieJe[ Deeef Ce Je=#e mebJ eOe& vee®eer keÀeme HekeÀ[t ³ee DeeefCe cnCet ³ee....
ìeeJe Demees Jee Menj
DemeeJee Je= # eueeieJe[er J ej Yej' [15]
381
(ii) ceePes Deepees U
èf v eUîee Kee[er ® ³ee keÀeþeuee

ceePee ef n jJee®e ieeJe
peieeceO³es ceer ef c ejJelees
l³ee®es ueeJet e f v e³ee veeJe'
keÀJeer yee. Ye. yeesjkeÀjebveer Deieoer megjsKe Meyoeble DeeHeu³ee ieeJee®es JeCe&ve kesÀues Deens. DeMee ³ee
ieeJeer peeJes m es He´ l ³es k eÀeuee®e Jeeìles . ìeeJe' ne Meyo pejer keÀeveeJej He[uee; lejer ceveele SkeÀ
DeeHeg u ekeÀer ® eer YeeJevee Deeef C e Glmeen ef v ecee& C e nes l ees . ieeJeekeÀ[er u e DeeþJeCeer b ® ³ee HeeJemeeves ceve
Deesuesef ®ebye nesles. leer pegv³ee HeodOeleer®eer Iejs, ieeJeeleerue ceesþs osTU, HeejeJej®eer ®eeJe[er, peeieespeeieer
yenjueues ceesþs Je=#e, efnjJeerieej Mesles, iegjs-{esjs DeeefCe ieeJeeletve peeCeeje íesìemee jmlee. Deellee®³ee ³ee
DeeOeg efv ekeÀ Deeef Ce leb$ e%eeve efH e´³ e Menjebleerue ef keÀleer lejer uees keÀ meg ìdìerceO³es ieeJeer peeleele. ceer os Keer ue
cnCet ve®e meg ìdì er ®eer Deeleg jlesves Jeeì yeIele Demelees . ceuee ieeJe lemes veener; HeCe ceeP³ee Deepeer®es ieeJe
cnCepes ceeP³ee Deepees U er pee³euee ceuee Ket He DeeJe[les .
DeepeesUer pee³e®eb cnìueb keÀer, ceuee KetHe Deevebo neslees DeeefCe ceer ueieesueie peeC³ee®³ee le³eejeruee
ueeielees. ceePes DeepeesU DeefueyeeieceOeerue SkeÀe mebgoj DeMee Kes[îeele Deens. peeC³eemeeþer cegbyeF& - ieesJee
ceneceeie& DeeefCe veblej jep³eceeiee&®ee JeeHej keÀjeJee ueeielees. efJemleerCe& Hemejuesueer efnjJeerieej Mesleer DeeefCe
mees yeleeru ee menîeeêer®es keÀ[s ³eeb®³ee ceOeesceOe ceePes DeepeesU Jemeuesues Deens.
Deepeer®³ee ieeJeele SkeÀoe keÀe Deece®ee He´JesMe Peeuee, keÀer ieeJekeÀjer Deecne meJee¥®eer DeeHeguekeÀerves
ef Je®eejHetm e keÀjleele. Menjeleer ue Flej veelesJ eeF&k eÀ keÀmes Deens le ³ee®eer ner ®eewk eÀMeer keÀjleele. Deepeer -
Deepees y ee Deece®³ee Yes ì er m eeþer Deeleg j Peeues u es Demeleele. He´ l ³es k eÀe®³ee ceveele SkeÀ Deeoje®eer Deeef C e
DeeHeguekeÀer®eer YeeJevee Demeles. Kejb®e ieeJeekeÀ[®eer ceeCemes ceeCegmekeÀer efJemejle veenerle.
Deepeer®³ee IejepeJeU Deebyee, peebYetU, Hesª DeeefCe ef®eb®e ³eeb®eer Pee[s Deensle. Deecner meejer cegues
efceUtve kewÀN³ee Hee[lees, ef®eb®ee-peebYeUs Hee[lees, Hesª keÀe{lees. ieeJeeleerue Je[e®³ee Yeu³eeceesþîee Pee[eJej
met j Heejby ³ee HeCe KesU lees . mekeÀeU-meb O ³eekeÀeU ceecee-ceeceer y ejesy ej Mesl eeJej HesÀ jHeÀìkeÀe ceejlees . Heeìe®eb
HeeCeer Mesleele KesUJeleevee KetHe cepee ³esles. iejcee-iejce Yeepeer-YeekeÀjer Meslee®³ee yeebOeeJej yemetve Keeleevee
efl euee Dece= lee®eer ®eJe ³esl es . yewu eiee[erl etv e He´J eeme keÀjleevee njKet ve pee³euee nesl es . ceUîeeleeru e Jeeb ieer ,
efcej®eer, PeW[t®eer HegÀues lees[leevee Deecne YeeJeb[eb®eer HewpemegodOee ueeieles.
je$eer ueJekeÀj pesJeCeb Deeìes Het ve Deepees yee os JeUele Yepeve-keÀerl e&v eemeeþer peeleele. DeecnerosK eer ue
Deepeesyeeb®³ee yejesyej Glmeeneves efveIelees. keÀerle&vekeÀej yegJee SKeeoer HeewjeefCekeÀ keÀLee DeeefCe efle®³eeJej®es
efveªHeCe meebieleele lesJne ceve leuueerve nesTve peeles, He´mevve Jeeìles. Menjele ³ee meeN³ee iees<ìeRvee DeeHeCe
ceg k eÀlees ; HeCe Kejs meeb i ee³e®es lej MenjeHeemet v e ot j eJeues u es Kejs peieCes peiee³e®es Demes u e lej ieeJeeuee
pee³euee®e nJes. Demes ns ceePes DeepeesU He´l³eskeÀeuee®e HeneJesmes Jeeìsue DeeefCe ceveele Meyo Gceìleerue.....
èfkeÀleer íeve Demes, efkeÀleer íeve efomes
ceePes DeeJe[les Deef u eyeeie
ceveele þmes, Ëo³eele Jemes
ns megbojmes Deefueyeeie' [15]
382
(iii) ceuee peeefnjeleerle keÀece keÀjC³ee®eer mebOeer efceUeueer lej !
Del³eble mepe&veMeerue DeeefCe Gllece Jesleve osCeeN³ee DeMee peeefnjele #es$eele keÀecee®³ee Gob [ mebOeer
ef v ecee& C e Peeu³ee Deens l e. ³ee #es $ eele mJeleë®es mLeeve ef v ecee& C e keÀjC³eemeeþer leg c e®³eekeÀ[s nJeer kes À JeU
Demmeue mepe& v eMeer u elee Deeef C e ces n vele Ies C³ee®eer DeHeÀeì #ecelee! Deves keÀeb v ee Keg CeeJele DemeCeeN³ee ³ee
peeef n jele #es $eele keÀece keÀjC³ee®eer meb O eer ceuee ef ceUeueer lej....!
peeefnjele #es$eele keÀece keÀjC³eemeeþer ceer meJe&He´Lece `keÀceefMe&³eue Deeefì&mì' ®ee jerlemej DeY³eemeke´Àce
Het C e& keÀjer ve. HeoJeer ef c eUeu³eevebl ej ceeP³ee ³ee #es$ eeleer ue keÀejef k eÀoea® eer meg© Jeele nes F &u e. l³ee®eyejes yej
Heeme<ìeJeer keÀuee cnCet v e Dees U Keu³ee peeCeeN³ee ³ee #es $ eele ceePeer mepe& v eMeer u elee Heent v e ceuee SkeÀ
ueeskeÀefHe´³e GlHeeovee®³ee peeefnjeleerle keÀece keÀjC³ee®eer mebOeer efceUsue. DeMeer mebOeer pej ceuee efceUeueer lej
peeefn jeleeR®ee opee& jeKeC³ee®ee He´³elve ceer efveeqM®ele®e keÀjerve.
`pees yeerJeermes keÀjs H³eej Jen Heséqmìpemes kewÀmes keÀjs FvkeÀej' DeMee keÀener YeeJeefvekeÀ peeefnjeleeRveer HeÀej
HetJeeaHeemetve ueeskeÀebvee YegjU Ieeleuesueer Deens, Hejbleg nuueer keÀener peeefnjeleeRveer DeeHeueer ceve Je peerJeveMewueer
SJe{er keÀener keÀeyeerp e kesÀ ueer Deens keÀer , peCet peeefn jeleer vemel³ee lej DeeHeCe keÀener cetu ³e, mebm keÀej,
Dee®eejef J e®eej efM ekeÀuees ®e vemelees Demes Jeeìt ueeieles . peer J eve meg K ekeÀj keÀjC³eemeeþer SKeeÐee Heé f m eod O e
GlHeeokeÀeb®es®e GlHeeove JeeHejCes efkeÀleer DeeJeM³ekeÀ Deens ns ueeskeÀeb®³ee ceveeJej þmeJeues peeles. pes Je{er
He´ Y eeJeer peeef n jele, Jemlet les J e{er ® e opes x o ej ns uees k eÀeb ® ³ee ceveeJej ef y eb y eJeues peeles ; Hejb l eg ceer cee$e
peeefnjeleerle keÀece keÀjleevee DevegYeJee®eer keÀmeesìer ueeJetve efJeMJeemee®ee efvekeÀ<e efpebkesÀve.
peeefnjeleeR®ee vekeÌkeÀer®e DeeHeu³ee jenCeer ceeveeJej vekeÀes SJe{e He´ YeeJe He[uesuee Deens . efJ eMes<eleë
leªCeJeiee& u ee meJe& GlHeeoveeb ® ³ee peeef n jeleeR c eOeer u e ceeef n leer Kejer ® e Jeeìles . Kejs lej ner ceeef n leer
DeefleMe³eeskeÌleer keÀªve meebefieleuesueer Demeles. kesÀJeU ceesþîee®e Menjeleerue veJns lej íesìîee Menjeleerue Jee
ieeJeeb l eer u e uees k eÀner peeef n jeleeR ® ³ee He´ Y eeJeeKeeueer Deeues Deens l e. DeeHeueer vew m eef i e& k eÀ peer J eveMew u eer ³ee
peeef n jeleeR c eg U s ceejueer ies u eer Deens . uees k eÀ Deb O eeveg k eÀjCe keÀjleele. l³eeceg U s DeeHeCe®e DeeHeu³ee iejpee
Jee{Jet v e þs J eu³ee Deens l e. ³eekeÀjer l ee ceuee pej peeef n jeleer l e keÀece keÀjC³ee®eer meb O eer ef c eUeueer lej
meceepeeuee efJeOee³ekeÀ DeMee®e peeef njeleeR ®eer ceer Heé ceg K³eeves efv eJe[ keÀjsv e.
lejerner ceuee Demeb Jeeìle veener keÀer , DeeHeueer peerJeveMew ueer peeef njeleeR® ³ee DeOeer ve Peeueer Deens.
ueeskeÀ meg%e Deensle. l³eebvee ®eebieueb keÀe³e, JeeF&ì keÀe³e ns yejesyej ceenerle Deens. keÀener HećeeCeele ns Kejb
Deens keÀer, ueeskeÀ peeefnjeleer Heentve yeN³ee®e iees<ìer Kejsoer keÀjleele, HeCe ceeP³eemeejKee peeefnjele Goîeesieele
keÀece keÀjCeeje keÀueekeÀej SKeeos GlHeeove ueeskeÀebmeeþer keÀmes cenllJee®es Deens ns mecepeeJetve meebiesue. ceer
veJ³ee GlHeeoveeb ® eer ceeefn leer , efk eb À cele DeeefC e GHe³eg k eÌ l elee ueesk eÀeb He³e¥ l e Heesn es® eJes ve. p³ee Jemlebt ®ee opee&
DeeefCe GHe³egkeÌlelee ®eebieueer Demesue DeMee®e GlHeeoveeb®eer peeefnjele ceer keÀjsve.
Lees [ keÌ ³ eele meeb i ee³e®es lej, pej ceuee peeef n jeleer l e keÀece keÀjC³ee®eer meb O eer ef c eUeueer , lej ceer
peeefnjeleeRleerue KeesìsHeCee GIe[keÀerme DeeCetve kesÀJeU Glleceesllece, KeN³ee peeefnjeleeRJej®e Yej osF&ve DeeefCe
³ee peeefnjeleeR®³ee YegueYeguew³eeletve meeceev³e ieénkeÀebvee yeensj keÀe{erve. [15]
(iv) ìekeÀer®es IeeJe meesmeu³eeefMeJee³e osJeHeCe ³esle veener
`menveMeeruelee OeejCe keÀjerle osJelJe ³esF& Debieer

Dev³eLee cetleea leer DeHegjer , Hetp eve ve nesF& peieer '
Kejb®e keÀesCelesner Þes<þ Godefo<ì ieeþe³e®es cnCepes meejs keÀener menve keÀjeJes ueeieles. l³eecegUs®e ogieg&Ce
mees[tve efoJ³e iegCe OeejCe keÀjC³eemeeþer Heéslmeenve osCes ns®e peieeleerue meJe& lellJe%eevee®es Je Oece&ie´bLee®esner
383
Godefo<ì Deens. ³eeleerue®e SkeÀ cegK³e DeeefCe ceneve iegCe cnCepes menveMeeruelee nes³e. oie[eHeemetve cetleea pesJne Ie[le
Demeles, lesJne efleuee IeeJe ceesþîee Deeveboeves menve keÀjeJes ueeieleele. ³eeGueì pes oie[ ns IeeJe ve meesmelee legìtve
He[leele l³eeb®ee JeeHej cebefoje®³ee yeebOekeÀeceele kesÀuee peelees. meeiej efkebÀJee veoer®³ee ueeìebMeer ìkeÌkeÀj osle osle pes oie[
efìketÀve jenleele les®e Hetpeveer³e He´leercee Meeueerieéce yeveleele.
cee$e yeN³ee®e DebMeer peveceevemeele menveMeerueles® ee DeYeeJe efo melees . `Deecner® e keÀe cnCet ve menve
keÀje³e®eb ?' ne He´Mve He´l³eskeÀeuee meleeJele Demelees. DeeHeu³eeuee Jeeìleb meceesj®eer J³ekeÌleer yeouele veener;
HeCe pej mecees j ®eer J³ekeÌ l eer yeouele veener lejer DeeHeCe lej yeouet MekeÀlees vee ? menveMeer u e J³ekeÌ l eer
keÀesCel³eener HeefjeqmLeleerle Goeme nesle veener, Ke®etve peele veener. jeF&®ee HeJe&le keÀjerle veener. Lees[keÌ³eele
ef J eHejer l e Heef j eq m Leleer l ener menveMeer u elee DeeHeCeeme Meeb l e Je De®eue cnCepes ® e Deeveb o ele þs J et MekeÀles .
HejekeÀesìer®eer menveMeeruelee DebieerkeÀeju³eeves DeeHeCeebme nceKeeme ³eMe HeéHle nesles.
ìekeÀer® es IeeJe meesm eC³eemeeþer Kejer iejpe Demeles leer menveMeeru eles ®eer® e. keÀOeer keÀOeer efk eÀjkeÀes U
iewjmecepegleerbveer DeveskeÀ Je<ee¥®eer cew$eer, $eÝCeevegyebOe OeeskeÌ³eele ³esleele. kesÀJeU menveMeerueles®³ee keÀcelejlescegUs
ns Ie[les. DeMee®e yeeyeleerle SkeÀ iees<ì ceuee DeeþJeles õ
SkeÀ Dee@ ef H eÀmej DeeHeu³ee neleeKeeueer keÀece keÀjCeeN³ee keÀejkeg Àveeuee DeodJ eeleod Jee yees ueuee. l³ee
yees u eC³eele ef M eJ³eeb ® eener meceeJes M e nes l ee. lejer n er keÀejket À ve cee$e eq m LeleHe´ % e GYee nes l ee. DeeHeu³ee
yeesueC³ee®ee keÀenerSkeÀ HeeffjCeece keÀejkegÀveeJej nesle veener ns ue#eele Deeu³eeves Dee@eqHeÀmej DeefOekeÀ®e ef®e[uee
l³ee®ee jeie SJe{e efve³eb$eCeeyeensj ies uee keÀer De#ejMeë lees l³ee keÀejkegÀ vee®³ee DebieeJej Leg bkeÀuee. SJe{s
nes T vener keÀejket À ve Meeb l eHeCes Jee@ M e yes e f m evekeÀ[s ies u ee Je l³eeves DeeHeuee ®es n je Oeg l euee Deeef C e Heg v ne
DeeHeu³ee peeiesJej peeTve yemeuee Deelee cee$e Dee@efHeÀmej Mejceuee. lees keÀejkegÀvee®³ee ìsyeueepeJeU iesuee
Je l³eeuee cnCeeuee,`` ceer legP³eeyejesyej SJe{b JeeF&ì Jeeieuees lejerner let SkeÀ ®ekeÀej Meyo keÀe{uee veenerme
Jee jeie J³ekeÌle kesÀuee veenerme ns keÀmes keÀe³e ?'' lesJne lees keÀejketÀve cnCeeuee, ``pes keÀece HeÀkeÌle HeeC³eeves
nesT MekeÀles les keÀjC³eemeeþer ceer oie[ keÀe neleele IesT ?'' keÀejkegÀvee®es ns Meyo SsketÀve Dee@efHeÀmejuee
DeeHeueer ®etkeÀ keÀUueer Je l³ee®es Ëo³eHeefjJele&ve Peeues.
Lees[keÌ³eele `legu³eefveboe mlegefleceewefve mebleg<ìes ³esve kesÀveeq®ele' Demes mebmke=ÀleceOeerue SkeÀ Je®eve Deens,
cnCepes ® e He´ l ³es k eÀeuee peer J eveele ceeveeHeceeve, ef v eb o e, nej-peer l e ³eeb ® ee meecevee keÀjeJee®e ueeielees .
cnCetve®e ner menveMeerueles®eer oewuele He´l³eskeÀeves Jee{Jeueer lej®e mJeleë®es keÀu³eeCe nesTve èfJeMJe®eer ceePes
Iej' ner mebkeÀuHevee HetCe& nesF&ue. ³eekeÀjerlee He´l³eskeÀeves ìekeÀer®es IeeJe meesmeeJes lej®e osJeHeCe HeéHle nesF&ue. [15]
(v) ceePee DeeJe[lee KesU ë efke´ÀkesÀì
He´mlegle ef®e$eele SkeÀe ceeskeÀUîee cewoeveele keÀener cegues efke´ÀkesÀì ³ee KesUe®ee Deevebo uegìleevee
efomele Deensle. ner meJe& cegues SkeÀ$e ³esTve ³ee ceeskeÀUîee cewoeveele efke´ÀkesÀì KesUle Deensle. ³ee®ee DeLe&
l³ee meJee¥vee DeeJe[Ceeje SkeÀcesJe KesU efke´ÀkesÀì®e Deens Demes Jeeìles. ³ee cegueebvee Heentve ceueener Deece®³ee
Heefjmejeleerue cegues SkeÀ$e peceuees keÀer keÀmee efke´ÀkesÀì®ee [eJe jbielees ns DeeþJeues.
lemeb Heneue lej ceuee DeY³eeme DeeefCe keÀece keÀjC³ee®ee KetHe kebÀìeUe ³eslees HeCe efke´ÀkesÀì KesUe³e®eb
cnìueb lej ceer meowJe le³eej Demelees. ceuee efke´ÀkesÀì KesUC³ee®ee kebÀìeUe keÀOeerner ³esle veener. Deece®³ee
keÀe@ueveer ®³ee ceeies SkeÀ ceneveiejHeeefuekesÀ®es ceesþs ceeskeÀUs cewoeve Deens. Deece®³ee Heefjmejeleerue meJe& cegues
He´ l ³es k eÀ Meef v eJeejer Je jef J eJeejer ³ee cew o eveeJej pecelees . HeeJemeeUe mejuee keÀer meJe& H e´ L ece Deecner l³ee
cewoeveele cegK³e KesUHeìdìer (Heer®e) yeveJelees. SkeÀoe keÀe KesUHeìdìer le³eej Peeueer keÀer Deece®ee KesU megª.
Deece®³ee keÀe@ u eveer l eer u e ceg u eeb v ee SkeÀ$e keÀªve ceer SkeÀ meb I e le³eej kes À uee Deens . l³ee meb I ee®ee
keÀHleeve DeLee& l e®e ceer Deens. meg ì dì er® ³ee efo JeMeer og m eN³ee keÀe@u eveer leeru e ceg ueeb® ³ee meb I eeyejesy ej Deece®ee
384
meecevee þjlees. Demes DeveskeÀ meeceves KesUtve Deecner KetHeMeer yeef#emesner efceUJeueer Deensle. lemeb Heenlee Yeejleer³e GHeKeb[ele
Flej KesUebHes#ee efke´ÀkesÀìuee peemle ueeskeÀefHe´³elee ueeYeueer Demeu³eeves Deece®³ee meecev³eebvee DeveskeÀ Dee³eespekeÀ ueeYeleele
Je yeef#emeeb®eer mebK³ee Jee{les.
ceuee efke´ÀkesÀìceO³es HeÀueboepeer keÀje³euee DeeJe[les. ceer SkeÀ ®eebieuee HeÀueboepe Demeu³eeves `Glke=À<ì
HeÀueboepe' cnCetve DeveskeÀoe ceer ®e<ekeÀ mJeerkeÀejues Deensle. ceeP³ee keÀekeÀebvee efke´ÀkesÀì®eer KetHe DeeJe[ nesleer,
Hejbleg l³eebvee Iej®³ee HeefjeqmLeleercegUs efke´ÀkesÀì KesUlee Deeues veener. cnCetve®e l³eebveer ceuee HeÀueboepeer®es Oe[s
efoues. keÀekeÀener Glke=À<ì HeÀueboepeer keÀjleele. HeÀueboepeer keÀjleevee ®eewkeÀej, <eìdkeÀej þeskeÀleevee Deevebo
Jeeìlees. MelekeÀHetleeaveblej lej DeekeÀeMe þWieCes Jeeìt ueeieles.
Hene³euee ies ueb lej ef ke´ ÀkesÀ ì ne KesU Fb i e´ p eeb veer Yeejleele DeeCeuee l³eeceg Us lees meens yee®ee KesU ,
Þeer c eb l eeb ® ee Kes U Demes Demeues lejer meeO³ee ®eW [ t H eÀUer v es n er lees meeceev³eeb v ee keÀes C eleer n er Flej meeOeves ve
JeeHejlee KesUlee ³eslees. ceesþs cewoeve DeeefCe KesUHeìdìer vemeueer lejerner SKeeoîee ieuueerle, oesve FceejleeR®³ee
ceO³es, ®eeUeR®³ee ie@uejerlener efke´ÀkesÀì KesUlee ³eslees. efce$eemeesyele KesUC³ee®ee cewoeveer KesU cnCetve Heeefnues
lej ³eele KesUe[tb®³ee mebK³esueener keÀener ce³ee&oe vemeles. De#ejMeë oesve KesUe[t Demeues lejerner meecevee jbielees.
ne keÀoeef ® ele SkeÀces J e meeb e f I ekeÀ Kes U Deens ef p eLes He´ e f l emHeOeer & meb I eeleer u e Kes U e[t b v ee cew o eveeJej
peuuees < eele ieew j Jeueb peele. Flej meeb e q I ekeÀ Kes U eb v ee ns Depet v ener peceues u eb veener . HeeuekeÀeb k eÀ[t v e `ne
efke´ÀkesÀìceO³es KetHe [eskebÀ Ieeuelees' DeMee leke´Àejer SskeÀe³euee ³esle Demeu³ee lejer efke´ÀkesÀì ne yegodOeeruee ®eeuevee
osCeeje KesU Deens. efke´ÀkesÀì®es Deeblejje<ìer³e meeceves Deecner cegues otjoMe&veJej yeIelees. les yeIele Demeleevee
He´l³eskeÀe®³ee ®esnN³eeJej Glmeen Deesmeb[le Demelees. Yeejleer³e mebIee®³ee efJepe³eeveblej meJe&peCe®e Deeveboeves vee®et
ueeieleele. Demee ne ueeskeÀefHe´³e efke´ÀkesÀì ceePee DeeJe[lee KesU Deens. [15]
A.2. Write a letter in Marathi of approximately 120 words on any one of the
topics given below :-
Keeueer efouesu³ee efJe<e³eeHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener SkeÀe efJe<e³eeJej megceejs 120 MeyoebHe³e¥le®es He$e cejeþerle efuene
:-
(i) De.ye.keÀ.
709, ieeb O eer jes [ ,
keÀe$epe, HegCes.
ef o . 28 vees J nW y ej, 2018
ef®e Devegpee efnme,
DeveskeÀ DeeMeerJee&o.
DeeF&ves HeeþJeuesues He$e efceUeues. He$e Jee®etve KetHe Deevebo Peeuee, keÀejCe DeeF&ves legP³ee DeY³eemeeleerue
Òeieleer ® ee Ket H e íeve Guues K e kes À uee Deens . l³eeceg U s meJe& Ò eLece leg P es Deef Y eveb o ve ! DeeF& u ee leg P eer Ket H e
keÀeUpeer Jeeìles. let DeeHeu³ee ley³esleerkeÀ[s ogue&#e keÀjles Demes efleves ceuee He$eele keÀUJeues. let melele DeY³eeme
keÀjle Demelesme, DeY³eeme keÀjCes ner ®eebieueer yeeye Deens. HeCe DeeHeues Mejerj meg¢{ Demesue lej DeeHeCe keÀener
meeO³e keÀª MekeÀlees.
Mejerj meg¢{ vemesue lej J³eeqkeÌle®³ee efJeodJelles®ee Jee %eevee®ee keÀener GHe³eesie nesle veener, ³eekeÀjerlee
peer J eveele DeY³eemeeyejes y ej®e ³ees i ³e Deenej Je ³ees i ³e J³ee³eece DeeJeM³ekeÀ Demelees . JesU s J ej Deenej Ies ,
Lees[e J³ee³eece keÀj. l³eeves DeeHeues Mejerj leepesleJeeves jenles. l³eecegUs KetHe íeve DeY³eemener neslees. Deveg,
ley³esleer®eer keÀeUpeer Ies.
385
leer. DeeF&yeeyeebvee mee. vecemkeÀej. He$ee®eer Jeeì Heenle Deens.

keÀUeJes , uees Y e DemeeJee.
leg P ee oeoe,
De.ye.keÀ.
Òeef l e,
Devegpee iees[yeesues
Meem$eerveiej, DebOesjer (Het.) [7]
(ii) He´ ef l e,
cee. meb® eeuekeÀ (Je= Ê eJeeef nveer )
Yeejle Deepe,
ceg } g b [ (Het . ), ceg b y eF& - 18.
ef o . 15 cee®e& , 2019
efJe<e³eë yespeyeeyeoej keÀe³ee&efJe<e³eer le¬eÀej keÀjCeejs He$e...
ceneMe³e,
ceer De.ye.keÀ. meeceev³e peveles ® ee Òeef l eef v eOeer ³ee veel³eeves DeeHeCeeb m e He$e ef u eef n le Deens . DeeHeCe
`Yeejle Deepe' ner Je= Ê eJeeef n veer ®eeueJelee. DeeHeu³ee Je= Ê eJeeef n veer J ej Òemeeef j le nes C eejs keÀe³e& ¬ eÀce ns
efmevescee#es$eeuee, keÀueeJeblee®³ee Keepeieer peerJeveeuee peemle cenÊJe osCeejs Demeleele. DeeHeu³ee Je=ÊeJeeefnveerJej
oeKeef J eu³ee peeCeeN³ee peeef n jeleeR ®ee opee& Iemejues u ee efo melees .
DeeHeCeebme meJe&meeceev³e ceeCemeeb®³ee Jeleerves efJevebleer keÀª Feq®ílees keÀer DeeHeCe DeeHeu³ee JeeefnveerJej
meeceev³e ceeCemeeb ® ³ee mecem³es J ej ue#e oîeeJes . Deejes i ³e ner Oevemeb H eoe Deens . l³eeceg U s Deejes i ³ee®³ee
¢äer k eÀes v eelet v e DeeHeCe peeef n jeleer Òeef m eOo keÀjeJ³eele. l³eeves meeceev³e peveles H e³e¥ l e lemes ® e IejeIejele
DeeHeueer Jeeefnveer Heesn®esue. DeeHeCe ³ee yeeyeer®ee mJeleë efJe®eej keÀjeue DeMeer DeeMee keÀjlees. ner efJevebleer.
keÀUeJes, lemeoeryeodo} #ecemJe.
DeeHeuee ef J eMJeemet ,
De.ye.keÀ.
Deevebo veiej,
efYe[s iegªpeer HeLe, ceg}gb[
ceg b y eF& - 400018. [7]
A.3. Read the passage given below and answer in marathi the questions that
follow, using your own words as far as possible :-
(i) ³ee Je<ee&H eemet ve MeeUsl eu³ee meJee& le iejerye cegu eeuee Deeef Le& keÀ ceole oîee³e®eer Deens . les J ne ef M e#ekeÀeb v eer
De®etkeÀ cegueiee efveJe[eJee. Demes He$ekeÀ MeeUsves keÀe{ues. [2]
(ii) MeeUsves He$ekeÀ keÀe{ues nesles. MeeUsleu³ee meJee&le iejerye cegueeuee DeeefLe&keÀ ceole oîee³e®eer Deens. l³eecegUs
ef M e#ekeÀebv eer ceg u eeb v ee l³eeb® ³eeletv e veeJe meg ® eJee³euee meeb e fi eleues Demelee ce³etj l³ee Jeiee& leer u e SkeÀ iejer y e
efJeoîeeLeea Deens, Demes cegueebvee Jeeìues. ce³etj®ee meoje, KeekeÀer HeBì, oesve-efleve efþkeÀeCeer HeÀeìuesueer nesleer.
leer l³eeves efMeJeueer nesleer. Hee³eele ®eHHeue veJnleer. HueemìerkeÀ efHeMeJeerletve DeOeea YeekeÀjer Je iegUe®ee Ke[e
DeeCee³e®ee. cnCet ve ef JeoîeeL³ee¥® ³ee celes, Jeiee&l eeru e meJee& le iejer ye ef JeoîeeLeea ce³etj nesl ee. l³eecegU s
cegueebv eer efM e#ekeÀebv ee ce³etj ®es veeJe meg ®eJeues. [2]
386
(iii) ce³etj ne MeeUsleerue meJee&le ngMeej cegueiee neslee. DeeHeu³ee ieefjyeer®ee yeeT keÀjC³eeHes#ee Deens l³ee HeefjefmLeleerMeer
meecevee keÀjCes lees Hemeble keÀjle Demes. keÀesCel³eener ÒekeÀej®eer mecepe ce³etjuee ve oslee l³ee®es veeJe HeÀUîeeJej efuenC³eele
Deeues nesles. ce³etj iejerye Demetvener lees mJeleëuee Þeerceble mecepele neslee. keÀle=&lJeeuee cenÊJe osCeeje lees efJeoîeeLeea neslee.
l³eecegUs l³eeves mejebvee HeÀUîeeJej®es veeJe Hegmetve ìekeÀC³eeme
meeb e f ieleues . [2]
(iv) ce³etj®eer Iej®eer HeefjefmLeleer iejerye nesleer. MeeUs®ee ieCeJesMener HeÀeìuesuee®e Demee³e®ee. Hee³eele ®eHHeue lej
keÀOeer®e veJnleer. ogHeej®³ee pesJeCeeuee DeOeea YeekeÀjer Je iegU Demee³e®ee. SkeÀ efoJeme MeeUsves keÀe{uesu³ee
He$ekeÀeÒeceeCes ce³etj l³ee DeeefLe&keÀ ceoleermeeþer ³eesi³e neslee. HeCe ce³etjves leer ceole veekeÀejueer. keÀejCe lees
mJeleëuee Þeerceb le cnCeJele neslee. DeY³eemee®³ee l³ee®³ee Jenîee vesnceer HetCe& Demele. Hegm lekesÀ pegveer ®e lees
JeeHeje³e®ee. keÀejCe cepeket À j lees ® e Demelees ceveele keÀe³e GlejJee³e®eb les cenÊJee®eb Demeleb Demes l³ee®es
cnCeCes nesles. Hee®eJeerH eemetv e DeeleeHe³e¥l e Jeiee& le l³ee®ee vesnceer ÒeLece ¬eÀceebk eÀ Demes . meJe&®e ÒekeÀejeceO³es
lees Heg{s neslee. ceole Iesleu³eeves ce³etjuee Jeeìle nesles keÀer, Þece keÀjC³ee®eer Je=Êeer veenerMeer nesF&ue. l³ee®³ee
HebKeebceO³es Gb®e Yejejer IesC³ee®eer efpeodo jenCeej veener. ³ee ce³etj®³ee efJe®eejeves mejebvee ce³etj®ee DeefYeceeve
Jeeìuee. [2]
(v) ce³etjves Hewmes veekeÀeªve ³eesi³e kesÀues Demes ceuee Jeeìles keÀejCe ce³etj pejer iejerye Demeuee lejer lees DeY³eemeele,
Kes U eb c eO³es , Flej mHeOee¥ c eO³es ves n ceer Heg { s Demelees . l³eeuee DeY³eemeemeeþer eE k eÀJee Flej GHe¬eÀceeb m eeþer
efceUCeeN³ee Jemlet ³ee l³eeuee menpeemenpeer efceUle veenerle. l³eecegUs l³eeuee l³eeb®eer eEkeÀcele Deens lees l³ee
Jemlet keÀceJeC³eemeeþer keÀä keÀjle vemeuee lejer l³ee Jemletb®ee HegjsHetj DeeefCe ®ebeieuee GHe³eesie keÀjlees. l³ee®³ee
celeevegmeej pej l³eeves Hewmes Iesleues lej l³eeuee l³ee Jemletb®eer, keÀäeb®eer eEkeÀcele jenCeej veener. Òel³eskeÀ ieesä
menpeemenpeer efceUleele, cnCet ve l³ee®eer keÀä keÀjC³ee®eer ÖeJe=Êeer peeF&ue. ³ee meeN³ee keÀejCeebcegUs l³eeves
Hew m es veekeÀeªve ³eesi³e®e kesÀues. [2]
A.4. Answer the following according to the instructions given :-

Keeueer oMe&efJeu³eeHećeeCes He´Mveeb®eer GÊejs efuene :-
(i) Keeueer ue cnCeer ®ee JeekeÌ³ eele GHe³eesie keÀje (keÀesC eleer ner SkeÀ) :-
(a) Deefle lesLes ceeleer - keÀesCel³eener iees<ìeR®ee DeeflejskeÀ JeeF&ì.
JeekeÌ ³ e - Jeiee& le melele cemleer Je ye[ye[ keÀªve $eeme os CeeN³ee jces M euee
efMe#ee efceUeueer. meieUspeCe cnCet ueeieues, Deefle lesL es ceeleer . [1]
(b) npeerj lees Jepeerj - pees JesUsuee npej Demelees l³ee®ee HeÀe³eoe nesl ees.
JeekeÌ ³ e - Deepe Jeiee&le Deces³eves meieÈ³eebmeeþer efceþeF& DeeCeueer. cegues Ket Me
Peeueer HeCe pe³euee ³ee³euee GMeerj Peeuee. Flejebveer cee$e efceþeF&
Deeveboeveer Keeuueer cnCeleele vee `npeerj lees Jepeerj'. [1]
(c) veeJe[leer®es ceerþ DeUCeer - veeJe[l³ee ceeCemeeves keÀenerner kesÀues lejer les Hemebleeruee ³esle veener.
JeekeÌ ³ e - meg v es v es ef k eÀleer n er ®eeb i eues keÀece kes À ues lejer meemet u ee les keÀOeer
Hemeble®e ³esle veener. veeJe[leer®es ceerþ Deieoer DeUCeer Demeles nes. [1]
(ii) Keeueerue JeekeÀdHe´®eejeb ®ee JeekeÌ ³eele GHe³ees ie keÀje (keÀesCeleerner SkeÀ) :-
(a) peer J e ìeb i eCeer u ee ueeieCes
JeekeÌ ³ e - je$eer ® es one Jeepet v e ies u es lejer ueneveieer jeOee Iejer ve Deeu³eeves jecejeJeeb ® ee
peer J e ìeb i eCeer u ee ueeieuee. [1]
387
(b) cegYee DemeCes

JeekeÌ ³ e - leg<eej mejeb®³ee Jeiee&le Deecne efJeoîeeL³ee¥vee cegkeÌleHeCes nmeC³ee®eer cegYee Demeles. [1]
(c) HeeCeGleeje keÀjCes
JeekeÌ ³ e - jeOeekeÌ k eÀe ³es lee-peelee veJeN³ee®ee HeeCeGleeje keÀjleele. [1]
(iii) efjkeÀec³ee peeieer ³eesi³e DeJ³e³e efuene (keÀesCeleerner ®eej) :-

(a) Meeues ³e ef J eoîeeL³ee¥ v eer ojjes p e J³ee³eece keÀjeJee. [½]
(b) mee#eer keÀeue MeeUs l e ies u eer veener keÀejCe ef l euee leeHe Deeuee nes l ee. [½]
(c) Deepees y eeb ® ³ee Yee<eCeeuee cenemeeiejeSJe{e DeLeeb i e pevemeceg oe³e Hemejuee nes l ee. [½]
(d) Deyeye ! ef k eÀleer Gb ® e cevees j e ne ! [½]
(e) ceePeer leeF& , ceeP³ee Deepeer S Je{er Gb ® e Deens . [½]
(f) l³eeb v eer keÀä Ies l eues cnCet ve ³eMe ef c eUeues . [½]
(iv) Keeueer osC³eele Deeuesu³ee MeyoebHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener oesve Meyoeb®es Je®eve yeouee :-
(a) HeCeleer - HeCel³ee [½]
(b) cew o eve - cew o eves [½]
(c) ceg u eer - ceg u eieer [½]
(d) peyeeyeoejer - peyeeyeoeN³ee [½]
(v) Keeueer osC³eele Deeuesu³ee MeyoebHewkeÀer keÀesCel³eener oesve Meyoeb®es efuebie yeouee :-
(a) veì - veìer [½]
(b) yees keÀe - ceeb p ej [½]
(c) Þeer c eeve - Þeer c eleer [½]
(d) yew u e - iee³e [½]
(vi) kebÀmeeleerue met®evesvegmeej efuene (keÀesCelesner oesve) :-

(a) Heg { eru e Meyoeb m eeþer meceeveeLeea Meyo efu ene ë
OejCeer - Oejleer [½]
leeW[ - ®esnje [½]
(b) Heg{erue Meyomecetnemeeþer ³eesi³e Meyo efuene ë-
ceespekesÀ Demes yeesu eCeeje - efceleYee<eer [½]
Lees [ keÌ ³ eele meceeOeeve ceeveCeeje - DeuHemeblegä [½]
(c) meJee¥ mecees j l³ee keÀeceieeje®ee DeHeceeve keÀjCes ³ees i ³e veJnles . [1]
(d) ceeuekeÀeves ef oues ueer jkeÌk eÀce jecejeJeeb meeþer ceesþ er nes leer . [1]
Section_ B (40 marks)

(keÀLeekegbÀpe)
oesve cesIe
that follow :-
388
(i) ogmeN³eebmeeþer DeeHeues Dee³eg<³e Jes®eCeeN³eeuee®e cees#e ÒeeHleer nesles. ne GoeÊe efJe®eej uesKekeÀ efJe.me.Keeb[skeÀj
³eebveer DeeHeu³ee òesve cesIe' ³ee ©HekeÀ keÀLesodJeejs mHeä kesÀuee Deens. DeeHeeHeu³ee ceeiee&ves ceeie&¬eÀceCe keÀjCeeN³ee {ieeb®ee
SkeÀceskeÀebvee OekeÌkeÀe ueeieu³eeves l³eebveer SkeÀceskeÀeb®eer pegpeyeer ®eewkeÀMeer kesÀueer Je DeeHeeHeu³ee ceeiee&ves efveIetve iesues.
Heg{s iesu³eeveblej Heeb{N³ee {ieeves ceeies JeUtve Heeefnues Demelee l³eeuee veJeue®e efomeues. p³ee keÀeÈ³ee {ieeuee lees
kegÀªHe mecepeuee neslee l³ee keÀeÈ³ee {ieeletve ueKKekeÀve ®ecekeÀCeeN³ee efJepescegUs lees megboj efomele neslee. Hejbleg Heeb{N³ee
{ieekeÀ[s efJepes®ee Hegmeìmee ®ecekeÀejeosKeerue veJnlee. l³eecegUs l³eeves mJeleëkeÀ[s efvejeMesves Heeefnues.
ueJekeÀj®e DeeHeuee mJeiee&le ÒeJesMe nesCeej ³ee Deeveboele lees ner efvejeMee efJemejuee. [2]
(ii) ueJekeÀj®e DeeHeuee mJeiee& le ÒeJesMe nesC eej ³ee ef Je®eejeves meg KeeJeues uee Heeb{je {ie ceeie&¬eÀceCe keÀª
ueeieuee. Lees [îee JesU eves l³eeves JeUt ve Keeueer Heeefn ues l³eeuee keÀeUe {ie kegÀ þs ®e efomeuee veener. cee$e
OejCeer mveeveceb e f o jelet v e yeens j He[CeeN³ee leªCeer m eejKeer ef o mele nes l eer . Je= # euelee ieg o ieg u ³ee Peeues u ³ee
yeeuekeÀebÒeceeCes nmele nesl ³ee DeeefC e HeeKejs Pee[ebJej yemet ve Deevebo eves DeeHeueer Debies Pee[erle nesl eer.
Gb®e iesuesu³ee Heeb{N³ee {ieeves JeUtve Keeueer Heenlee®e l³eeuee OejCeerJejerue Demes ceveceesnkeÀ ¢M³e efomeues. [2]
(iii) mJeiee& l eer u e peeiee DeeHeu³eeuee®e ef c eUCeej ³ee ef J eMJeemeeves Heeb { je {ie mJeiee& ® ³ee oejele ³es T ve
Heesnes®euee. DeeHeu³eeuee Deele menpe ÒeJesMe efceUsue Demes Heeb{N³ee {ieeuee Jeeìle nesles. Hejbleg oejeJeju³ee
j#ekeÀeves l³eeuee De[Jeues. Heeb{N³ee {ieeuee mJeiee&le ÒeJesMe veekeÀejC³ee®es keÀejCe mHeä keÀjleevee j#ekeÀeves
meebefieleues keÀer, `mJeiee&leerue leer SkeÀcesJe efjkeÀeceer peeiee vegkeÀleer®e Yejueer Deens. ' DeeHeu³ee ceeietve ³esCeejs
Heg<keÀUmes Heeb{gjkesÀ {ie Heeb{N³ee {ieeves Heeefnues nesles. l³ee®³ee Heg{s lej kegÀCeerner veJnles.
DeeHeu³eeHeg{s kegÀCeerner vemeleevee mJeiee&leerue leer SkeÀcesJe efjkeÀeceer peeiee Yejueer iesu³ee®es j#ekeÀeves
meebefieleu³eecegUs Heeb{je {ie Yeeby eeJetv e iesu ee. [3]
(iv) Heeb { je {ie Je keÀeUe {ie ner ceeCemeeb c eOeer u e ef Y eVe ÒeJe= Ê eer ® eer Òeleer k es À Deens l e peer meceepeeleer u e
`mJeeLeea- efv emJeeLeea ' DeMee ceeCemeeb ®³ee Je= ÊeeR®es Òeefleefv eef OelJe keÀjleele.
keÀesCeleener HejesHekeÀej DeLeJee l³eeie ve keÀjlee mJeie&ÒeeHleer®eer DeHes#ee keÀjCeeje Heeb{je {ie ceeCemeebceOeerue
mJeeLeea ÒeJe=Êeer®es Òeleer keÀ Deens . ³eeGueì leeHetv e iesuesu ³ee le=< eele& Oejleer uee Meebl e keÀjC³eekeÀefjlee DeeHeues
peerJeve-meJe&mJe DeHe&Ce keÀjCeeje keÀeUe {ie efveëmJeeLeea, l³eeieer DeMee ceeCemeeb®³ee ÒeJe=Êeer®es ÒeleerkeÀ Deens.
mJeleë®ee mJeeLe& ve yeIelee ogm eN³ee®³ee keÀu³eeCeemeeþer efvejHes#eHeCes efP epeCeeN³eeuee®e cees # e ÒeeHle
nes l ees . mJeiee& l e mLeeve efceUles. [3]
©meJee
that follow :-
(i) DeeHeu³ee ceg u eer ® ³ee mebm eeje®eer keÀeUpeer Iesl e meJee¥® eer® e ceves meeb YeeUC³eele Je[er u e keÀmes ³eMemJeer
nesleele ³ee®es Ëoîe JeCe&ve uesKekeÀ je.jb.yeesje[s ³eebveer DeeHeu³ee ©meJee ³ee keÀLesle kesÀues Deens. mee³ebkeÀeU®³ee
JesUer jeveeletve Hejleuesues nCeceblejeJe eEYeleeruee Heeþ ìskeÀJetve DeesmejerJej yemeues nesles.
DeesmejerJej yemeuesu³ee nCeceblejeJee®³ee keÀeveeJej yewueiee[er Leebyeu³ee®ee DeeJeepe Deeuee DeeefCe l³ee
yew u eiee[er l et v e Deeues u eer DeeHeueer ceg u eieer meeef J e$ee Je peeJeF& ceeOeJejeJeeb v ee Heent v e l³eeb v ee DeeM®e³ee& ® ee
OekeÌkeÀe yemeuee. meO³ee keÀesC eleener meCeJeej vemeleevee Jee efleuee meebieeJee Oee[uee vemeu³eeves leer De®eevekeÀ
keÀe Deeueer DemeeJeer ³ee mebYećeele nCeceblejeJe He[ues.
³eeHetJeea Demeb keÀOeerner Ie[ueb veJnleb. ueive Peeu³eeHeemetve meeefJe$eer Jee ceeOeJejeJe SkeÀ-oesveoe Deeues nesles, Hejbleg
oesIes efceUtve keÀOeerner Deeues veJnles. l³eecegUs®e les menpe Deeues DemeeJesle ner ieesä nCeceblejeJeeb®³ee
389
³eeHetJeea Demeb keÀOeerner Ie[ueb veJnleb. ueive Peeu³eeHeemetve meeefJe$eer Jee ceeOeJejeJe SkeÀ-oesveoe Deeues nesles, Hejbleg
oesIes efceUtve keÀOeerner Deeues veJnles. l³eecegUs®e les menpe Deeues DemeeJesle ner ieesä nCeceblejeJeeb®³ee
ceveeme Heìle veJnleer . [2]
(ii) nCeceb lejeJeeb®eer cegu eieer meeefJe$ee efn ®ee efJ eJeen ceeOeJejeJeeby ejesyej Peeuee neslee. efJeJeene®³ee JesU er
meJe& meesHemkeÀej Heej Hee[u³eeves nCeceblejeJe peeJe³ee®es keÀenerner osCes ueeiele veJnles. DeMee JesUer ®ewveeruee
®eìeJeuesu ³ee ceeOeJejeJeeves meemeN³eekeÀ[t ve Hewm es GkeÀUC³eemeeþer DeeHeu³ee Helveer®ee cnCepes®e meeefJe$ee®ee
H³eeoîeemeejKee GHe³ees i e keÀjC³ee®es þjJeues . cnCet v e®e Heleer ® ³ee DeÒel³e#e oyeeJeeves Hew m es ceeieC³eemeeþer
meeef Je$ee ceens jer Deeueer nes leer .
peeJe³eeuee Hew m es ve oîeeJes lej ceg u eer ® ee meb m eej God O Jemle nes F & u e Deeef C e Hew m es oîeeJes lej peeJeF&
meeskeÀeJetve peeC³ee®eer oeì MekeÌ³elee nesleer. l³eecegUs FkeÀ[s Dee[ eflekeÀ[s efJenerj ³ee DeJemLesle meeHe[uesu³ee
nCeceblejeJeebmeceesj ne efle{e keÀmee mees[JeeJee ne Hes®e nesl ee. [2]
(iii) mJeleë®³ee keÀäeJej ®ewve keÀjC³eeHes#ee meemeN³eekeÀ[tve Hewmes GkeÀUtve l³eeJej ®ewve keÀjC³ee®ee kegÀìerue [eJe
Demeu³eeves ceeOeJejeJeeves Hewm es ceeieC³eemeeþer meeef Je$eeuee meesy ele DeeCeues nesl es .
meemeN³eekeÀ[t v e ceeef i eleues u eer jkeÌ keÀce ef c eUeueer veener lej ceeOeJejeJe meeefJ e$eeuee efl e®³ee ceens j er ® e
þsJ etv e peeCeej nesl ee. l³eeHeg {s lees ef leuee veeb oJeCeej veJnlee. cnCet v e®e meeef J e$eekeÀjJeer Hew m es ceeieC³ee®eer
HetJe&J³eJemLee l³eeves kesÀueer nesleer. ueskeÀeryeeUer®³ee mebyebOeele ceensj®³eeb®es nele oie[eKeeueer Demeleele ner ieesce
ue#eele Ies T ve mJeleë®ee mJeeLeea [eJe ceeOeJejeJeeves j®euee nes lee.
peeJe³eeves ceeefieleuesues Hewmes ve efou³eeme lees meeefJe$eeuee mees[tve osF&ue Jee efleuee peeUYeepe keÀjsue DeMee DeveskeÀ
Meb keÀe nCeceblejeJeeb® ³ee ceveele Deeu³ee. meeefJe$ee®³ee efp eJeeyeooue Je YeefJeleJ³eeyeodoue l³eeb vee keÀeUpeer
Jeeìle nes leer . [3]
(iv) peeJe³eeuee Hewm es oîeeJes lej peeJeF& mees keÀeJetv e yemesu e DeeefC e vekeÀej oîeeJee lej Heesì ®³ee Heesj er ®³ee
Dee³eg<³ee®ee ÒeMve meceesj GYee ³ee Hes®eele nCeceblejeJe De[keÀues nesles.
meeef J e$ee Je jeveyee ceeOeJejeJeeuee Hew m es os C ³ee®³ee ef J ejes O eele nes l es . Hejb l eg ceg u eer ® ³ee meb m eejemeeþer
nCeceblejeJe jeveyeeuee Hewmes osC³eemeeþer jepeer keÀª ueeieues. Hewmes osC³eeJeªve oesIeebceO³es celeYeso Peeues DeeefCe
l³eeuee Yeeb [ Cee®es mJeªHe ÒeeHle Peeues . SkeÀ-SkeÀ keÀjlee meeje ieeJe iees U e Peeuee. yeeHeues k eÀe®³ee ³ee
Yeeb [ Ceeuee ceeOeJejeJe keÀejCeer Y et l e Deens ³ee meb M e³eeves peceues u eer ceeCemes ceeOeJejeJeekeÀ[s jes K et v e Heent
ueeieueer. l³eecegUs ³ee ie=nkeÀueneuee DeeHeCe peyeeyeoej veener ns efmeodOe keÀjC³eemeeþer ceeOeJejeJe meeefJe$eeuee
IesT ve Hejle ies uee.
nCeceblejeJeeb®³ee ©meJ³ee®³ee veeìkeÀecegUs®e ne keÀþerCe ÒeMve megìuee. [3]
HegC³e
that follow :-
(i) Deef l e les L es ceeleer ne ef v e³ece Heg C ³ee®³ee yeeyeleer l ener keÀmee ueeiet He[lees ³ee®es DeeoMe& GoenjCe
cnCepes®e uesKekeÀ GÊece keÀebyeUs ³eeb®eer HegC³e ner keÀLee nes³e. ceeveJe DeveeLeeÞeceele efJeefJeOe mesJeeYeeJeer
mebmLee keÀener efJeMes<e efoJeMeer Devveoeve keÀjerle Demele.
mJeeleb $³eefo ve, ÒepeemeÊeekeÀefo ve Deeef C e ef oJeeUer ³ee efo JeMeer DeVeoeveeceg Us DeeÞeceeleer u e cegu eeb® eer
390
pesJetve-KeeTve cegues megmle Peeueer nesleer. l³eeb®es [esUs pe[ Peeues nesles.
³ee®e keÀejCeemleJe HeÀìekeÌ³eeb®ee DeeJeepe SsketÀvener cegueeb®eer megmleer otj nesle veJnleer. [2]
(ii) efn jeueeue Je ceeef CekeÀueeue ns oes I es yebO et met jle®es J³eeHeejer nesl es. Jeef [ueeb ® ³ee efv eOeveevebl ej l³eeb ®es
ef¬eÀ³eekeÀce& GjketÀve les ceeveJe DeveeLeeÞeceele Deeues nesles.
DeeHeu³ee Jeef[ueebvee DeeJe[Ceejs meceepekeÀe³e& l³eeb ®³eener HeM®eele ®eeuet þsJeC³ee®ee l³eeb® ee efveOee&j
neslee. cnCetve®e DeeÞeceeleerue cegueebvee Devveoeve keÀjC³ee®ee GodosMe ceveele yeeUietve les Deeues nesles. cee$e
DeeÞeceeleer u e ceg ueeb v eer mekeÀeUHeemetv e leer v eoe pes JeCe kes À u³eeves leer Heg v ne Keeleer u e®e Demes veener . lemes ® e
l³eeb®³ee Òeke=Àleer®ee efJe®eej keÀjlee l³eebvee Deeûen keÀjCesner ³eesi³e veener Demes oeoebveer l³eebvee meebefieleues DeeefCe
ceg u eeb v ee Òel³e#e meceesj yemeJet ve KeeT IeeueC³ee®ee ÒemleeJe veekeÀejuee.
ef njeueeue Je ceeefC ekeÀueeue ³eeb ®³ee Deeûeneuee yeUer He[le oeoeb veer Hee®e cegu eebv ee yeesu eeJetv e Lees [s
Kee³euee ueeJet ³ee Demee ÒemleeJe l³eeb ®³eemeceesj ceeb[uee. leer Hee®e cegu es DeeHeu³ee mecees j pesJeueer l³eeceg Us
DeeHeu³ee Jeef [ueeb® ³ee Deelc³eeuee Meebleer ueeYetve DeeHeu³eeuee HegC³e efceUeues Demes Jeeìtve efnjeueeue Je
ceeefCekeÀueeueebveer oeoeb®es DeeYeej ceeveues. [2]
(iii) leerveoe pesJetve megmle Peeuesu³ee cegueebvee l³ee oesve J³eeHeejer yebOetbveer oeoeb®³ee DeHejes#e ³eLes®í KeeT
Ieeleues .
cegueebveerner ceeie®ee Heg{®ee efJe®eej ve keÀjlee yeemegboer Je iegueeyepeece ³eebJej leeJe ceejuee. HeefjCeeceer,
cegueeb®eer ley³esle efyeIe[ueer Je l³eebvee mejkeÀejer oJeeKeev³eele oeKeue keÀjeJes ueeieues. cegueebvee Deefleo#elee
ef J eYeeieele oeKeue keÀjeJes ueeieues nes l es . ceg u eeb v ee Depeer C e& Deeef C e ef J e<eyeeOee Peeu³eeves oJeeKeev³eele
oeKeue kesÀu³eeves `l³eebv ee FlekebÀ Devve keÀe ef oueb ? ' ³ee [e@keÌìjeb®³ee ÒeMveeuee GÊej osleevee `l³ee oes ve
YeeJeeb ®³ee Jeef [ueeb ® ³ee Deelc³eeuee Meeb l eer ueeYeeJeer Je l³eeb vee HegC ³e efc eUeJeb cnCet v e ceer ns kesÀ ueb ' Demes
oeoebveer meebefi eleues.
oeoeb®³ee DeMee JeeieC³eecegUs SkeÀe ceguee®ee ce=l³et Peeuee neslee. efJe%eeve ³egieele JeeJejleevee megodOee
keg À Cee®³ee lejer Heg C ³eemeeþer SkeÀe ef ® eceg j [îeeves mJeleë®ee peer J e ieceeJeu³eeves [e@ k eÌ ì j ef ® e[C³eeSs J epeer
GHenemeeves nmeues. [3]
(iv) Hee®e cegu eebv ee meceesj yemeJetve KeeT IeeueC³ee®ee oeoeb®ee ÒemleeJe l³ee oesv e J³eeHeejer yeb Oetb vee ceev³e
Peeuee.
oeoeb ® ³ee ÒemleeJeeveg m eej l³ee oes I eeb veer ceg u eeb v ee HekeÌ J eeVes KeeT IeeueC³eeme meg© Jeele kes À ueer . Hejb l eg
oeoeb®eer `cegueebvee Lees[ s®e KeeT Ieeuee' ner met®evee mees³eer ves efJemeªve oeoe HeÀesveJej yeesuele Demeleevee
l³eeb ®³ee iew jnpesj er le ceg ueeb vee ³eLes® í KeeT Ieeleues. Heg C³e ef ceUJeC³ee®³ee veeoele l³eebv eer SkeÀe cegu ee®ee
vekeÀUle yeUer Iesleuee. oeoebvee uee®e osCes, cegueebvee ÒeceeCeeHes#ee peemle KeeT IeeueCes ³ee ieesäercegUs Kejsj
lej l³eebvee HegC ³e ef ceUeues®e veener.
³ee keÀLesodJeejs uesKekeÀ keÀesCel³eener ieesäer® ee DeeflejskeÀ ne vegkeÀmeevekeÀejkeÀ®e Demelees. `Deefle lesLes
ceeleer' ns® e meeb iet Feq ®íleele. [3]
391
(keÀeJ³eebieCe)
mee³ebkeÀeU®eer MeesYee
that follow :-
(i) mee³ebkeÀeU®³ee ceveesjce ¢M³ee®es ceeefce&keÀ ef®e$eCe keÀJeer `Yee.je.leebyes' ³eeb®³ee `mee³ebkeÀeU®eer MeesYee'
³ee keÀef Jeles le ³esles. ceeJeUleeruee peeCeeN³ee met³ ee& ®³ee efk eÀjCeeb veer efv emeiee& leeru e efJ eef JeOe IeìkeÀebJej peeot F&
efkeÀce³ee kesÀueer Deens.
Dees { îee®³ee Jeenl³ee HeeC³eeJej ner met ³ ee& ® eer ef H eJeUer ef k eÀjCes He[u³eeceg U s Dees { îeeleer u e HeeC³eeves
efHeJeUmej meesvesjer jbie OeejCe kesÀuee Deens. l³eecegUs Dees{e HeeCeer veener lej peCet meesves®e Jeenle Deens Demes
Yeemeles .
Pee[eb®³ee MeW[îeeJej ner met³e& efkeÀjCes Hemeju³eeves Pee[ebveer DeeHeu³ee [eskeÌ³eeJej peCet meesvesjer cegkegÀì
OeejCe kes À ues Deensle Demes Jeeìles. [2]
(ii) ceeJeUleeruee peeCeeN³ee met³ee&®eer keÀesjUer ef]keÀjCes efvemeiee&Jej DeeHeues jbie GOeUle efJeefJeOe Yeeme-DeYeeme
efvecee&Ce keÀjleele. kegÀ jCeebJ ej He[uesu eer met³ e&e f keÀjCes Heent ve l³ee keg ÀjCeebJ ej keg ÀCeer lejer ®eng y eepet bv eer iegu eeue
Hemejuee Deens Demes keÀJeeruee Jeeìles. lej meeUer®es efnjJesieej Mesle Heentve ®engkeÀ[s efnjJes ieeueer®es Hemeju³ee®ee
DeeYeeme nes lees .
DeMee ÒekeÀejs ceeJeUleer® ³ee keÀesJeÈ³ee efkeÀjCeebc egUs efv emeie& peCet veJeerv e ªHe OeejCe keÀjlees. [2]
(iii) mee³ebkeÀeU®³ee meeQo³ee&le ceeJeUleer®³ee met³ee&®³ee keÀesJeÈ³ee efkeÀjCeebveer Yej ìekeÀueer Deens. efHekeÀebJej
yemeuesueer HegÀ ueHeeKejsner ³eeuee DeHeJeeo veenerle.
meeUer®³ee Mesleeleerue efHekeÀeJej FJeueeueer HegÀueHeeKejs yeeie[le Deensle. l³eeb®es les veepetkeÀ jsMeceer HebKe
FbêOeveg<³ee®³ee efJeef JeOe jb ieebveer ®ecekeÀle Deensle. ner HegÀueHeeKejs cnCepes peCet meeUer ®eer HegÀues® e Deensle.
[es u eCeejs meeUer® es Mes l e ne HeeUCee Je l³eeJej yemeuesueer HegÀueHeeKejs l³ee HeeUC³eele PeesHeuesueer, PegueCeejer
yeeUs®e Deensle DeMeer keÀJeer keÀuHevee keÀjlees.
efHekeÀeJej efmLej yemeuesueer HegÀueHeeKejs mleyOe Demeu³eeves keÀJeerves l³eebvee `De®eue' Demes cnìues Deens. [3]
(iv) efoJemeYeje®eer oenkeÀlee mebHeJetve ceeJeUleeruee peeCeeje met³e& DeeHeu³ee keÀesJeÈ³ee efkeÀjCeebveer efJeefJeOe
Deeef Je<keÀej oeKeJelees.
ef v emeiee& ® ³ee ef J eef J eOe IeìkeÀeb J ej Heef j Ceece keÀjle ceeJeUleer ® ee met ³ e& Heef M ®ece ef # eef l epeeJej Demleeme
ìs k eÀlees . ³eeJes U er mees v es j er leeb y et m e-ef H eJeUe jb i e OeejCe kes À ues u ee ne met ³ e& i ees u e keÀJeer u ee mees v ³ee®ee iees U e
Yeemelees. l³ee met ³e& i ees u eeceg U s ef v emeiee& l e Peeues u es ef J eefJ eOe yeoue HeenC³eele keÀJeer iegb i e Peeu³eeves met ³ ee&m le
Peeu³ee®es keÀJeeru ee mecepeues® e veener .
ceveeJej meeQ o ³ee& ® ee þmee GceìJeCeeje lees met ³ e& i ees u e De®eevekeÀ veener m ee Peeu³eeves ® e `Hene HeeKejs
®ejes v eer nes l eer Pee[eJej iees U e keg À þs yeg [ euee Heueer k eÀef [ ue lees mees v ³ee®ee iees U e?' Demee ÒeMve keÀJeer
Jee®ekeÀebHeg{s GHeefmLele
keÀjlees. [3]
392
Ieslee
that follow :-
(i) ef v ece& U Je= Ê eer v es ef o ues u es oeve ceeCemee®es peer J eve ke= À leeLe& keÀjles ne cet u ³eef J e®eej keÀJeer eE J eoe
keÀjb o er k eÀjeb v eer l³eeb ® ³ee Ìes l ee' ³ee keÀef J eles l et v e DeeHeu³eeuee ef o uee Deens . peer J eve peiele Demeleevee
efvemeiee&keÀ[tve keÀe³e keÀe³e I³eeJes ns keÀJeer meebieleele.
mJeeLee&ves yeeskeÀeUuesu³ee peieele Òel³eskeÀpeCe mJeleë®³ee mJeeLee&®ee efJe®eej keÀjle Demelees. efvemeie& cee$e
³ee meJee&uee DeHeJeeo Deens. cnCetve®e Tve-Jeeje-HeeTme ³eeb®eer HeJee& ve keÀjlee De®eue GY³ee Demeuesu³ee
menîeeêer ®³ee keÀ[îeeb keÀ[t ve l³eeb ®eer ue{eT Je Heje¬eÀceer Je=Ê eer I³eeJeer Je peer Jeveele ³esCeeN³ee mebk eÀìeb veer
[ieceietv e ve peelee eE n celeer ves l³eeb ®ee meecevee keÀjeJee, Demes keÀJeer cnCelees .
menîeeêer®³ee keÀ[îeekeÀ[tve peerJevee®ee meecevee keÀjC³eemeeþer Heje¬eÀcee®eer {eue I³eeJeer Demes
keÀJeeruee Jeeìles. [2]
(ii) efvemeiee&leerue Òel³eskeÀ IeìkeÀ mJeleëmeeþer peieleevee Flejebmeeþerner peielees. Hejbleg ceeveJe efvemeiee&®ee®e
Yeeie Demetv ener ³eeuee DeHeJeeo Deens .
He=LJeerJej®es yee<He YejYeªve Iesle Demeleevee cegkeÌle efJenej keÀjCeejs Jes[sefHemes {ie ns Jes[îeemeejKes meJe&$e
OeeJele Demeleele. DeeHeu³ee peerJevee®eer ueebyeer efkeÀleer ³ee®ee efJe®eej ve keÀjlee He=LJeerJeªve Iesleuesues yee<He
HeeC³ee®³ee ªHeeves He= LJeeru ee®e Heg vne YejYeªve osl e Demeleele.
DeMee ÒekeÀejs O³es³eeves efHemeeìuesu³ee {ieeb®es DeekeÀej Jes[sefHemes Deensle, Demes keÀJeeruee Jeeìles. [2]
(iii) efvemeiee&leerue efJeefJeOe IeìkeÀebkeÀ[tve keÀe³e-keÀe³e I³eeJes ns meg®eefJele Demeleevee keÀJeer GmeUuesuee o³ee&
Je Yejuesueer Yeercee ³eeb®³eekeÀ[tve keÀe³e I³eeJes nsner meg®eefJeleele.
Oeerj iebYeerj meeieje®³ee Heesìele DeveskeÀ jnm³es o[uesueer Demetvener lees efJevece´ Demelees. cee$e YetieYee&leerue
neue®eeueer Jee JeeoUer JeeN³eebcegUs lees KeJeUlees DeeefCe ceneYe³ebkeÀj ªHe OeejCe keÀjlees. Demes Demeues lejer
lees DeeHeueer ce³ee&oe Deesueeb[le veener. ³eesi³e keÀejCeebmeeþer Dee¬eÀcekeÀ nesTve DeeHeues DeefmlelJe keÀmes jeKeeJes
³ee®eer®e efMekeÀJeCe peCet lees osle Demelees. l³ee®eÒeceeCes YekeÌleerjmeeves DeesLebyetve JeenCeeN³ee Yeerces®³ee Gojele
legkeÀesyeebveer DeHe&Ce kesÀuesueer ieeLee Je legUMeerceeU Deens. ieeLee lej Yeercesves Hejle kesÀueer. Hejbleg YekeÌleerYeeJe
peHeCeejer leer legUMeerceeU efle®³ee Gojele Depetvener Deens. pesJne pesJne Yeercee Yeªve ³esF&ue lesJne leer ceeU
DeeHeCe I³eeJeer .
Lees [ keÌ ³ eele o³ee& keÀe³e ef k eb À Jee Yeer c ee keÀe³e l³eeb ® ³ee GmeUues u ³ee Jee Meeb l e ªHee®ee HeÀe³eoe
Òel³eskeÀeuee®e neslees. l³ee®eÒeceeCes DeeHeues peer J eve DemeeJes Demes keÀJeeruee Jeeìles cnCet v e®e o³ee& k eÀ[t v e
GmeUues u eer Dee³eeU Je Yeer c es k eÀ[t v e legkeÀesyee®eer ceeU I³ee³euee keÀJeer meebieleele. [3]
(iv) peieC³ee®ee cet ueceb $e cnCepes os l e jenCes . efv emeiee&l eer ue Òel³es keÀ IeìkeÀ Demes ®e peielees . cee$e ³eeuee
DeHeJeeo DemeCeeje ceeveJener Demee peieuee lej He=L Jeer J ej veb o veJeve Heg Àues ue.
ef v emeiee& l eer u e ef J eef J eOe IeìkeÀ òs C ³ee®ee Jemee' peHele Deeues u es Deens l e. ceeCet m e cee$e mJeeLee& v es
yejyeìuesues peerJeve peieleevee efomele Deens. {emeUle ®eeueuesu³ee cetu³eeb®eer ®ee[ ve yeeUielee ceeveJeleeJeeo
efJemeªve ueesYeer Je=Êeerves lees kesÀJeU Deesjyee[tve Iesle Deens. DeMeeJesUer efvemeiee&leerue efJeefJeOe IeìkeÀebkeÀ[tve
keÀe³e I³eeJes ns mHeä keÀjleevee keÀJeer efvece&U Je=Êeerves efouesues oeve ceeCemee®es peerJeve ke=ÀleeLe& keÀjles Demes
meg®eJeleele. cnCetve®e Ìeslee-Ieslee SkeÀ efoJeme osCeeN³ee®es nele I³eeJes' Demee meuueener DeeHeCeeme osleele.
393
ns òsCeeN³ee®es nele' cnCepes ogmejs-eflemejs keÀener vemetve efvejHes#e, efveëmJeeLeea, efvece&U DeMeer oeveer Je=Êeer
nes³e. [3]
ceePee cejeþer®ee yeesue
that follow :-
(i) DeeHeu³ee cee³e cejeþer ef J e<e³eer ® ee DemeCeeje Deef Y eceeve keÀJeer DeMees k eÀ yeeieJes ³eeb v eer DeeHeu³ee
`ceePee cejeþer ® ee yees u e' ³ee keÀef J eles o d J eeje J³ekeÌ l e kes À uee Deens . ceeles Ò eceeCes ceele= Y ee<es ® es mLeevener
Òel³eskeÀe®³ee Ëo³eele efJeMes<e Demeles.
DeMee ³ee cee³ecejeþer®eer Leesj Jeer meebieleevee keÀJeer cnCeleele, keÀer cejeþer®ee Hee³ee®e GYee jeefnuee
lees cees # e cebe f o je®eer Jeeì ®ees KeeUCeeN³ee meb l eeb ® ³ee meeef nl³eeJej. cnCet v e®e l³ee Dees J³eebc eOet v e Dece= l ece³e
Dees u eeJee®e peCet HeePejle Demelees . meb l eeb v eer ef v eef c e& u es u ³ee ³ee YeeJeYekeÌ l eer c e³e Jee*d c e³eeves ® e cejeþer
HegÀueJeueer. efJeþesyee®³ee YekeÌleerle DeJeIee ceneje<ì^ SkeÀ$e Deeuee DeeefCe cee³eyeesueer cejeþer DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ
mece= od O e nes T ueeieueer .
keÀeUe®³ee DeesI eele cejeþer Yee<ee yeoueueer. Hejbl eg ef leuee ueeYeues ueer ef Jeþesy ee ceeTueer ®eer meeJeueer
DeKeb[ jeefnueer. keÀejCe ³ee ef Jeþes yee ceeTueer® ³ee mee#eerv es ®e YekeÌl eer YeeJeeves DeesL eby eues ueer keÀeJ³ej®evee,
DeYeb i e, Dees J ³ee ³eemeejKeer Jee*dce³ej®evee nesle jeefnueer DeeefCe DeKeb [ cenejeä^ SkeÀe Oeei³eele yeebOeuee
ies u ee. [2]
(ii) ceelesÒeceeCes®e ceele=Yee<eener keÀJeer®³ee Ëo³eeEmenemeveeJej efJejepeceeve Peeueer Demeu³eeves efle®³eeefJe<e³eer®ee

jemle Deef Yeceeve l³ee®³ee Ëo³eele Deesl eÒeesle Yejuee Deens.
cejeþer Yee<es ® ee Hee³ee meb l e Jee*d c e³eeJej GYee Demeu³eeves ® e peCet DeJeIee cenejeä^ SkeÀe met $ eele
ieesJ euee ies uee. efJ e%eevee®³ee efoMes ves PesH e IesC eejer ner cejeþer Yee<ee DeeO³eelcee®³ee Hee³eeJej GYeer Deens.
Demes Demeues lejer n er ¬eÀeb l eer i eer l e ieele leer Dee¬eÀcekeÀles v es ueeue ieg u eeue GOeueles , HeCe ³ee ieg u eeueeuee
Meeb leer o e³eer Deyeerj e®ee Jeeme Deens .
Lees[keÌ³eele cejeþer Yee<esle ¬eÀebleer efvecee&Ce keÀjC³ee®es yeUner Deens. lejerner l³ee iegueeueeuee Meebleer,
YekeÌleer®ee iebOe Deens. Meebleer mebmLeeHevesmeeþer®e cejeþerves ner ¬eÀebleer Ie[Jetve ne ieg ueeue GOeUuee Deens. [2]
(iii) DeeHeu³ee ceele= Y ee<es J ej Òes c e keÀjCeeN³ee keÀJeer ®³ee ceveele ceele= Yee<es e f J e<e³eer ® ee Deef Y eceeve Dees l eÒees l e
Yejuee Deens.
cee³e cejeþer ® ee iees [ Jee ieeleevee keÀJeer cnCeleele keÀer , meb l eeb ® ³ee mece= o d O e Jee*d c e³eeJej cejeþer
Yee<es ® ee Hee³ee YekeÌ k eÀceHeCes GYee Deens . ³ee Jee*d c e³ee®³ee meb H eVeles J ej®e cejeþer Yee<ee mece= o d O e Peeueer .
mecemle mebl e ceb[ Uer ³ee ®ebêYeeies leerjer DemeCeeN³ee l³ee meeJeÈ³ee ef Jeþesy eemeeþer SkeÀ$e Deeueer. mebl eeb ®³ee
HeomHeMee& ves Oev³e Peeuesu³ee ®ebêYeeiesves meceeveles®³ee met$ eele meJee¥vee SkeÀ$e yeebOetve þsJeues Deens.
cee³e cejeþeru ee peieC³ee®eer veJeer Òes j Cee Je yeU os C eejer ner ®eb ê Yeeiee keÀJeer u eener meeo Ieeueles .
cnCetv e®e keÀJeer cnCeleele, `ceeP³eemeeþer ®ebê Yeeiee Gjer keÀeueJeles Ieeme.' [3]
394
(iv) keÀJeer®es cee³e cejeþerJej efveleeble Òesce Deens. cee³e cejeþerefJe<e³eer®ee DeefYeceeve l³ee®³ee Ëo³eele þemetve Yejuee
Deens.
`%eeveosJe jef®euee Hee³ee ......' ³ee meble yeefnCeeyeeF¥®³ee DeYebieele JeefCe&u³eeÒeceeCes cejeþer Yee<es®ee Giece-
efJemleej Peeuee. cenejeäêuee efJeefJeOe Jee*dce³ee®³ee Debieebveer SkeÀe®e met$eele yeebOeC³ee®es keÀe³e& cee³e cejeþerves kesÀues.
efJeefJeOe ©Heeble DeefYeJ³ekeÌle Peeuesueer cejeþer mecemle iegCeebmen keÀJeer®³ee jesceejesceele efYeveueer. ner cejeþer®eer veeU cenejeäê®³ee
ceeleerle KeesueJej ©peu³eeves keÀJeer®esner ³ee cejeþerMeer ¢{ veeles yeebOeues iesues.
meUmeUCeeje eEHeHeU l³ee®eer cetUs ceeleerle Ieìdì jesJetve GYeer Demeu³eeves®e ®ewlev³ece³e efomelees. l³ee®eÒeceeCes cejeþer
Yee<es®ee ne oerIee&³eg<eer DeMJelLe DeeHeu³eener jkeÌleele efYeveuee Deens ns mHeä keÀjleevee
keÀJeer `meUmeUCeeN³ee eEHeHeUe®ee' GuuesK e keÀjlees. [3]
(keÀ©Cee<ìkeÀ)
J³ebkeÀìsMe cee[ietUkeÀj
that follow :-
(i) ues KekeÀe®³ee ieeJeele SkeÀ ceeJeMeer nesleer. leer KetHe Þeerceb le nesleer HeCe Deef leMe³e meeOeer. leer jbieeveb
iees j er H eeve, veekeÀer [ es U er os K eCeer nes l eer . ves n ceer ® e cees i eN³ee®³ee Heg À ueemeejKeer leepeer ef o mee³e®eer , meew c ³e
yees uee³e®eer Deeef Ce ceb o nmee³e®eer. leer megb oj lej nesl eer® e HeCe uesK ekeÀekeÀ[s Je l³ee®³ee YeeJeb[ eb keÀ[s leer
Deef leMe³e cee³es ves yeIee³e®eer . l³eebv ee He´s c eeves JeeieJee³e®eer . ef le®ee Òes c eU mJeYeeJe Heent v e®e ner ®e DeeHeueer
DeeF& Demeleer lej ef keÀleer ®eebieues Peeues Demeles Demes uesKekeÀeuee Jeeìues nesl es. [2]
(ii) ieeJeele uesKekeÀe®³ee ceeJeMeer®³ee veJeN³eeuee veevee cnCele. l³eeb®³ee [eskeÌ³eeuee pejerkeÀeþer peebYeUe
ªceeue, Debieele KeekeÀer keÀeHe[e®ee, yeensj®³ee efKeMee®ee efMekeÀejer keÀesì DeeefCe Oeeslej Demes. [esUs meoe
ueeue Demee³e®es Je les Òel³es keÀeuee Gþlee yemelee efMeJ³ee osl e.
l³eeb ® ee Jee[e SKeeÐee Fef l enemekeÀeueer v e ie{er m eejKee nes l ee. Òe®eb [ cees þ er peceer v e ceeuekeÀer ® eer .
Jee[îee®³ee Yeu³ee ceesþîee DebieCeele iegNneU, MeWiee®eer keÀe{Ceer, jeveeletve efveIeeuesu³ee nUoer®eb JeeUJeCeb,
leb yeeKet- Heeveeb ®³ee Dee{îee IeeueCes DeMeer yejer ®e keÀeces ®eeuele Demele.
Jee[îee®³ee nîee YeJ³eles le Je les Leeru e keÀeceeb c eO³es ® e veeveeb ®eer Þeer ceb leer efo mele nesl eer . [2]
(iii) ieeJeeleerue pegv³ee-HegjeC³ee FeflenemekeÀeueerve ie{ermeejK³ee efomeCeeN³ee Jee[îee®es veevee ceeuekeÀ nesles.
l³eeb®³ee [eskeÌ³eeuee pejerkeÀeþer peebYeUe ªceeue, Debieele KeekeÀer keÀeHe[e®ee, yeensj®³ee efKeMee®ee efMekeÀejer
keÀesì DeeefCe Oeeslej Demee l³eeb®ee Hees<eeKe Demes. l³eeb®es [esUs meoe ueeue Demele DeeefCe les Gþlee yemelee
Mesl eerJ ej®³ee ie[îeebv ee, keÀeceeuee Deeues u³ee yee³eebv ee SJe{b ®e veener lej DeeHeu³ee mJeleë®³ee Heesj eb vee Je
yee³ekeÀesueeosKeerue efMeJ³ee osle. HeCe l³eeb®³ee efMeJ³ee meieÈ³eebvee FlekeÌ³ee Heefj®e³ee®³ee Peeu³ee nesl³ee keÀer
l³eeleuee DeLe& peeTve les kesÀJeU Meyo Gjues nesles. veevee KegMeerle Demeues keÀer cegueebkeÀ[tve Hee³e leg[Jetve Iesle
Je veb lej Je[eru eceeCemeeuee Hee³e ueeJee³e®ee vemelees Demes meeb ietv e vecemkeÀej os Keer ue keÀje³euee ueeJele. [3]
(iv) uesKekeÀ Je l³ee®eer YeeJeb[s ceeJeMeer®³ee Iejele KetHe ieeWOeU Ieeuee³e®es. meke&Àme KesUe³e®es. l³eemeeþer leeW[euee
ueeue-Heeb{je jbie ueeJee³e®es. pegves keÀHe[s Hesìîee-ieeþes[îeebletve GHemetve keÀe{e³e®es. keÀesìe®³ee yeenîeeble oesvner Hee³e
395
Ieeuetve l³ee®eer legceeve keÀje³e®es. veeveeb®eer pegveer keÀeUer peeefkeÀìb Ieeuee³e®es. ceeskeÀÈ³ee je@kesÀue®³ee oesve [y³eebJej HeÀUer
Dee[Jeer ìeketÀve efle®³eeJej nÊeer nesTve keÀmejle keÀje³e®es. leeW[eves yeB[®eer ®eeue JeepeJee³e®es. kesÀJeU KesU cnCetve
yeeiesleu³ee peemJeboer®eer HegÀueb DeeefCe meieÈ³ee keÀÈ³ee lees[e³e®es.
³eeceg Us ceeJeMeer ®eer cneleejer mees JeUer meemet ceg u eebJ ej Jewl eeiele Demes . [3]
that follow :-
(i) ues K ekeÀe®³ee Jeef [ ueeb ® ³ee vees k eÀjer ® ³ee ieeJeer HeeC³ee®es HeÀej neue nes l es . Dees { îeeuee yeeje ceef n ves
HeeCeer vemeu³eecegUs Dees{îee®³ee Hee$eele peeieespeeieer Keesue Pejs keÀe{tve l³eeJej ieeJekeÀN³eebveer ueekeÀ[er eEHeHe
yemeJeueer nesleer. eEHeHee®³ee ®eejer yeepetbveer oie[efJeìe Ieeuetve ueneveMeer efJenerj®e le³eej kesÀueer nesleer. HeeUer
³esF & u e, l³eeveb eE HeHee®³ee leeW[ eMeer yemet ve Jeeket Àve Jeeket À ve leeby ³eeveb HeeCeer Ies T ve Ieeiej Yeje³e®eer . SkeÀ
[eskeÌ³eeJej, SkeÀ keÀcejsJej DeMeer IesTve ®e{ ®e{tve Iejer ³ee³e®eb.
³eecegU s DeeF& v es HeeCeer YejC³ee®ee OemekeÀe Ies l euee nes lee keÀer leer keÀOeern er ceO³eje$eer peeie ³es l ee®e
Dees { îeeJej pee³e®eer . Iejele Ie[îeeU vemeu³eeceg U s DeeYeeU yeIet v e Jes U s ® ee Deb o epe I³ee³e®eer . ef o Mee
GpeUu³ee Deensle, [esÈ³eeuee Lees[b efomeleb³e Demeb yeIetve yeens j He[e³e®eer . ef y e®eejer SkeÀìer ® eb PeN³eeMeer
yemet ve HeeCeer Yeje³e®eer Deeef Ce pe[ Ieeiejer IesT ve OeeHee ìekeÀle Iejer ³ee³e®eer . [2]
(ii) ieeJeele HeeC³ee®es HeÀej neue Demeu³eeves DeeF&uee ceO³eje$eer Gþtve HeeCeer YejeJes ueeies. SkeÀoe DeMeer®e
ceO³eeved j e$eer leer peeieer Peeueer . GMeeMeer þs J eues u eer ef ® eceCeer DeeF& v es Deb O eejele ®ee®eHe[le ueeJeueer .
ef ® eceCeer ® ³ee ceb o Gpes [ ele ef l e®eer vepej oejekeÀ[b ies u eer . ef l eves Heeef n ues keÀer oeje®³ee [eJ³ee yeepet ® ³ee
eE Y eleer J ej SkeÀ Yeueecees þ e veeie Jej®³ee íHejelet v e Keeueer ueeW y ele nes l ee. Keeueer ³es C ³eemeeþer DeeOeej
MeesOele neslee. ®eebieuee Hegª<eYej Gb® eer®³ee l³ee veeieeuee Heentve DeeF&®³ee íeleerle Oemme Peeueb. leeW[euee
keÀesj[ He[ueer DeeefCe keÀHeeUeJej Ieece Deeuee. l³ee veeiee®³ee efpeYee leeW[eletve yeensj ³esle nesl³ee. Deele
peele nes l³ee. lees JeUtve, cegj[tve ®entkeÀ[b yeIele nes lee. l³ee Yeu³eeceesþîee veeieeuee Heentv e uesK ekeÀe®³ee
DeeF&uee ng[ng[er Yejueer. [2]
(iii) Hegª<eYej Gb ®eer ®³ee veeieeuee Heent ve DeeF& KetHe®e Ieeyejueer nes leer. DeeF& l³ee Iejele jne³euee le³eej
veJnleer. l³eeb®³ee Mespeejer efJeþtkeÀekeÀe veeJee®es SkeÀ HeefnueJeeve jenle nesles. DeeF&ves l³eebvee veeieeyeodoue
meebefieleu³eeJej les SkeÀ ceebef$ekeÀeuee IesTve Deeues. l³eeves oesve leeme leHeeme keÀªvener veeie efomeuee veener.
lesJne l³eeves JeeUtle T[, G[ero, efuebyet, keÀgbketÀ Jeiewjs efcemeUtve l³ee®eer IejeYeesJeleer jebieesUer Ieeleueer. ceer
yeboesyemle kesÀuee³e Demes lees cnCeeuee l³eecegUs DeeF&uee yejs Jeeìues.
l³ee®e ef oJeMeer uesK ekeÀe®³ee Jeef[ueebvee pesuej cnCet ve ye{leer efceUeueer. Heieej Jee{uee veJnlee HeCe
DeefOekeÀej Jee{uee neslee. veJeN³eeuee efceUeuesuee DeefOekeÀej Je meÊee SsketÀve DeeF&veb Heg{®eer ceveesjep³eb kesÀueer.
DeeHeuee ©yeeyeoej pesu ej veJeje Deelee DeeHeu³eeuee ceolener keÀjs u e ³ee®eer mJeHve leer Heent ueeieueer Je
l³ee®eyejesyej efle®³ee O³eeveer ceveer ueeWyeCeeje veeie nUtnUt efv eIetve iesuee. [3]
(iv) uesKekeÀe®³ee IejeHeemetve one neleebJ ej®e efJeþtk eÀekeÀe®es Iej nesl es. les Heef nueJeeve nes les . l³eebvee Jej®esJ ej
efHeÀjleerJej peeJeb ueeies. SkeÀoe iesues, cnCepes Deeþ-Deeþ efoJeme les ³esle vemele Je Deeues keÀer ®eej-mene efoJeme
jenle DeeefCe Hegvne efveIetve peele. l³eeb®³ee DeesþeJej pee[ efceMee nesl³ee les cegkeÌkeÀeceeuee Demeues keÀer uesKekeÀe®es Je[erue
l³eeb®³eeMeer ieHHee ceejle.
396
DeeF&ves pesJne veeieeyeooue efJeþtkeÀekeÀebvee meebefieleueb lesJne l³eebveer SkeÀe ceebef$ekeÀeuee yeesueJetve veeieeJej GHee³e
keÀjC³eeme meebefieleues. HeCe l³eeuee lees veeie meeHe[uee veener. cnCetve l³eeves kegbÀketÀ, eEueyet, G[ero, JeeUt SkeÀ$e keÀªve
keÀenermes ceb$e cnCetve IejesYeesJeleer l³ee®eer jebieesUer Hesjueer. efJeþtkeÀekeÀebveer l³eeuee DeeHeu³ee Iejer yeesueeJetve efyeoeieer efoueer Je
l³ee®eer yeesUJeCener kesÀueer. les DeeF&uee ``Demeues ueeskeÀ DeblejeJej®e yejs'' Demes cnCeeues. Demeu³ee ueeskeÀeb®³ee veeoer
ueeiet ve³es. keÀOeerkeÀOeer ns ueeskeÀ DeeHeu³ee meeOesHeCee®ee HeÀe³eoe IesT MekeÀleele ns®e l³eebvee meg®eJee³e®es nesles. [3]
that follow :-
(i) Dees {îeekeÀeþ®³ee Iejele Deeu³ee Deeu³ee®e ues KekeÀe®eer Deepeer Jeejueer nes l eer. ³ee®e Iejele efl euee
Heg© <eYej Gb®eer®ee veeie efomeuee neslee. Yej ceO³eevedje$eer efleuee He[keÀele GYeer jeef nuesueer, kesÀme ceesk eÀUs
mees [ues ueer DeeefC e keÀHeeUYej kegb Àket À ueeJeuesu eer yeeF& efo meueer nes leer. leer ef le®³eeMeer yees ueueer nesl eer. ¿ee
Jeemlet le keÀesCeer lejer Dees ueer yeeUb leerC e DeHeIeeleeveb iesu eer Deens. l³ee efveHegef $ekeÀe®³ee Jeemletle jent ve ceePeb
osKeerue keÀOeer®e Yeueb nesCeej veener. DeMeer DeeF&®eer HekeÌkeÀer Kee$eer Peeueer nesleer. cnCetve Dees{îeekeÀeþ®eb
ns DeHesMeer Iej vekeÀes Demes DeeF& meejKeb cnCele nesleer. [2]
(ii) Dees {îeekeÀeþ®³ee Iejele meemet®ee ce=l³et Peeuee. Heg ª<eYej Gb®eer®ee veeie efomeuee. l³ee Iejele Dees ueer
yeeUbl eerC e DeHeIeeleeveb iesu eer Demesue Je efle®e uesKekeÀe®³ee DeeF&uee efo meueer nesleer. lesJ ne efveHegef $ekeÀe®³ee
³ee Jeemletle ceePes keÀOeer®e Yeues nesCeej veener Demes DeeF&uee Jeeìe³e®es. l³eecegUs ns DeHesMeer Iej ceuee vekeÀes
Demes uesKekeÀe®eer DeeF& cnCele Demes.
HeCe uesK ekeÀe®³ee Jeef [ueeb v ee ner iees ä lesJ e{er cenÊJee®eer Jeeìle veJnleer . les cnCee³e®es , `ÌejeJej
keÀe³e Demeleb ? meieUb jenCeeN³eeJej®e Deens. DeeHeCe Oeerjeveb jeneJeb. ie[ye[tve peeT ve³es. '' les Demesner
cnCele, ``ceve ®eb i ee, lees keÀeìJeì ceW ieb i ee.'' ³ee®ee®e DeLe& DeeHeueb ceve pej Heef J e$e Demes u e lej
DeeHeu³eeuee iebiee MeesOee³euee pee³euee vekeÀes. Iejeleu³ee m$eerveb KejkeÀìer Hejele efJemeUC³eemeeþer efle®³eele
Deesleuesu³ee DeeefCe efH eþeveb Heeb{jì Peeuesu ³ee HeeC³eelemegOoe iebiee efomet MekeÀles. [2]
(iii) Dees{îeekeÀeþ®³ee Iejele DeeF&uee DeOe&efMeMeer®ee Ye³ebkeÀj Deepeej megª Peeuee. pemee pemee met³e& ®e{s,
leMeer ef l e®eer DeOe& e f M eMeer ®e{s Deeef C e l³ee Jes o ves v es leer Jes [ er e f H eMeer nes F & . Demenîe Peeueb keÀer Mes C eeves
meejJeuesu³ee ieej peefceveerJej leemevedleeme He[tve jener. eflemeN³ee Òenjer nUtnUt Jesovee keÀceer Peeu³ee keÀer leer
Gþt ve keÀeceeuee ueeies .
DeOe& e f M eMeer J ej ef l eves yejs ® e GHee³e kes À ues . Keg j Heb ueeue leeHeJet v e peveeJejeb v ee [eieleele, lemes ef l eveb
YegJe³eebJej [eie Iesleues nesles. keÀOeer Deefle Peeueb, cnCepes Iejeleu³ee eEYeleerMespeejer GYeer jentve ogKejb keÀHeeU
eEYeleerJej oeCeeoeCe DeeHeìtve IesF&. MesJeìer SkeÀe ieesmeeJ³eeves eEHeHejCeer®³ee Heeveeb®ee GHe®eej keÀªve Lees[îee
efoJemeebmeeþer DeeF&®ee DeOe&efMeMeer®ee Deepeej yeje kesÀuee neslee. [3]
(iv) Dees{îeekeÀeþ®³ee Iejele DeeF&uee DeOe&efMeMeer®ee $eeme megª Peeuee neslee. KetHe GHee³e keÀªvener lees yeje
nesle veJnlee. DeOe&efMeMeer ®e{u³eeJej DeeF& Jesovesves Jes[erefHeMeer nesle Demes. GHee³e KegjHeb cnCetve leeHeJetve efleves
YegJe³eebJej [eie Iesleues nesles. ogKeCeb Deefle Jee{ueb keÀer leer Iejeleu³ee eEYeleerMespeejer GYeer jentve DeeHeueb ogKejb
keÀHeeU efYebleerJej DeeHeìtve IesF&. efleuee les FlekebÀ Demenîe Jne³e®es keÀer l³eeJesUer `èfkeÀleer keÀeU ceer ns menve
keÀª ? nîeeHes#ee ceuee cejCe keÀe ³esle veener.'' Demes leer cnCele Demes.
397
JesovescegUs efle®³ee [esUîeebletve Oeeje ³esle Je [esUs DeekeÀmetve yeejerkeÀ nesle. DeMee JesUer cegueeb®es ®esnjs
ef®eceCeerSJe{s nesle. Yesojuesu³ee ceveeves les meJe&peCe GMeeMeer ®etHe yemetve jenle Demele. [3]
(jbiemHeMe&-SkeÀebefkeÀkeÀe)
Iej
that follow :-
(i) DeeHeues mJeleë®es SkeÀ Iej DemeeJes DeMeer ef $ eb y ekeÀjeJeeb ® eer Ket H e F®íe nes l eer . leer F®íe Het C e&
keÀjC³eemeeþer l³eebveer mJeleë®³ee Je kegÀìbgyee®³ee DeveskeÀ iejpee ogue&ef#ele kesÀu³ee. Jeemet ne ef$ebyekeÀjeJeeb®ee
Skeg À uelee SkeÀ ceg u eiee nes l ee. l³eeuee ce@ e f & ì ^ k eÀveb l ej Sue. Sue. yeer . keÀje³e®eer F®íe nes l eer . HeCe
Jeef[ueeb®es Ieje®es mJeHve HetCe& keÀjC³eemeeþer l³eeves veeskeÀjer Oejueer. Jeemet®³ee veeJee®eer yeer.S.Sue.Sue.yeer.
ner ®ekeÀ®ekeÀerle Heeìer ef$ebyekeÀjeJeebvee Hene³e®eer nesleer. Hejbleg Ieje®³ee mJeHveemeeþer ner F®íe HetCe& Peeueer
veener. ne JeemetJej Peeuesu ee SkeÀHe´keÀejs Dev³ee³e®e Deens Demes ef$ebyekeÀjeJeeb vee Jeeìues. [2]
(ii) ef$ebyekeÀjeJeeb®es Ieje®es mJeHve nesles. les HetCe& keÀjC³eemeeþer l³eebveer keÀOeer ceeve Jej keÀªve DeekeÀeMeeleues
leejs megodOee Heeefnues veener. keÀ®esjerle pee³e®es DeeefCe keÀecee®ee IeeCee megª keÀje³e®ee peerJee®es neue keÀªve
Hew m es peceef J eues Deeef C e yeeJeer m e Je<ee& l e SkeÀoe meg o d O ee jpee Ies l eueer veJnleer l³eecet U s ®eeb i eueer Deþje
ceef nv³eeb ®eer l³eeb® eer YejHeieejer jpee jeef nueer nesl eer.
DeeefCe cnCetve®e megìdìer IesTve Iejer jenC³ee®eer l³eebvee keÀeUpeer Jeeìle veJnleer. [2]
(iii) peevekeÀeryeeF¥®es Heleer ef$ebyekeÀjeJe ³eeb®es DeveskeÀ Je<ee&Heemetve mJeleë®³ee Ieje®es mJeHve nesles. l³eemeeþer
l³eebveer keÀeìkeÀmej keÀªve Hewmes meeþJetve peesiesMJejeruee peeiee Iesleueer nesleer. ³ee meJee¥meeþer peevekeÀeryeeF¥veemegodOee
l³eeie keÀjeJee ueeieuee. keÀOeer nJee lees keÀHe[euellee, oeie-oeef i evee ef c eUeuee veener . keÀOeer veeìkeÀ,
efmevescee®eer meeOeer newmener l³eebvee HetCe& keÀjlee Deeueer veener.
DeMee He´keÀejs peevekeÀeryeeF¥vee veJeN³ee®ee Ieje®ee O³eeme HetCe& keÀjC³eemeeþer Dee³eg<³eYej DeeHeues ceve
ceeªve peieeJes ueeieues . [3]
(iv) ef$ebyekeÀjeJeeb®es Ieje®es mJeHve nesles. les HetCe& keÀjC³eemeeþer l³eebveer yee³ekeÀes®es, Heesje®es, mJeleë®es keÀmeues®e
megKe keÀOeer Heeefnues veener. Jeemet ne ef$ebyekeÀjeJeeb®ee SkegÀuelee SkeÀ cegueiee neslee. ce@efì^keÀ Peeu³eeJej l³eeuee
keÀe@uespeele pee³e®es nesles. Sued.Sued.yeer. Jne³e®eer l³ee®eer F®íe nesleer. HeCe Jeef[ueeb®es Ieje®es mJeHve HetCe&
keÀjC³eemeeþer l³eeves veeskeÀjer Oejueer. Iejemeeþer ceguee®eer efMekeÀC³ee®eer newme DeeHeCe HetCe& keÀª MekeÀuees veener,
ner Keble ef$ebyekeÀjeJeebvee nesleer. ef$ebyekeÀjeJeebveer peesiesMJejeruee peeiee Iesleueer nesleer. efleLes Iej yeebOeC³eemeeþer
l³eeb veer DeeHeues meejs Dee³eg<³e keÀ<ìele IeeueJeues . mekeÀeUer Gþe³e®es, keÀ®es jer le pee³e®es DeeefCe keÀecee®ee
IeeCee megª keÀje³e®ee. keÀOeer ceeve Jej keÀªve DeekeÀeMeeleues leejs megodOee l³eebveer keÀOeer Heeefnues veenerle.
efpeJee®es neue keÀªve Iejemeeþer Hewmes peceefJeues. Dee@efHeÀmeele keÀOeer ®enener Iesleuee veener. SkegÀuelee SkeÀ
cegueiee Jeemet, l³eeuee Sued.Sued.yeer. Jne³e®es nesles. HeCe l³eeueener veeskeÀjeruee ueeJeues. yee³ekeÀesuee keÀOeer nJee lees keÀHe[euellee,
oeie-oeefievee efceUeuee veener. veeìkeÀ efmevescee®eer efle®eer newmener l³eebveer keÀOeer HetCe& kesÀueer veener.
398
DeMee He´keÀejs ef$ebyekeÀjeJeebveer mJeleë®es Je yee³ekeÀes Heesje®es kegÀCee®esner megKe ve Heenlee Iejemeeþer
meJe&mJee®ee l³eeie kesÀuee. [3]
®eej efoJeme
that follow :-
(i) MeketÀ ner SkeÀ keÀeUer meeJeUer DeMeer SkeÀ yeebOesmeto cegueieer Deens. Del³eble veerìvesìkeÀer DeMeer efle®eer
jenCeer nesleer. efle®³eeleueer meewbo³ee&®eer GCeerJe ne vesìkesÀHeCee keÀener DebMeer Yeªve keÀe{erle neslee. leer FlekeÀer
veerìvesìkeÀer nesleer keÀer efleves SkeÀ mJemleeleueer meeOeer Hee®eJeejer megleer mee[er vesmeueer Deens. neleele mJemleeleueer
Heme& DeeefCe cegêsJej GpeU efmcele Deens.
DeMeeHe´keÀejs uesKekeÀeves MeketÀ®es meeOes meesppJeU JeCe&ve kesÀues Deens. [2]
(ii) MekeÀtefJe<e³eer®es cele J³ekeÌle keÀjleevee efle®³ee menkeÀeN³eeb®³ee yeesueC³eeletve Demes peeCeJettve Deeues keÀer,
MeketÀ vemeu³eeves Dee@efHeÀmeceO³es lees HetJeea®ee efpeJebleHeCee iesuee. nmeCeb, efkeÀueefyeueCeb mebHeueb. efle®³eeceO³es ieJe&
veJnlee. keÀOeer Deesj[Ceb veener. He´l³eskeÀeuee keÀeceele ceole keÀjCeb. Iejeleueer SkegÀueleer SkeÀ efceUJeleer ceWyej
Demetve Je[erue Deepeejer, efMeJee³e ®eej OeekeÀìer YeeJeb[b, DeeF&. Deelee efle®eer veeskeÀjerner iesueer. `keÀe³e yejb
nesF&ue efle®eb' ³ee®e efJeJeb®evesle MeketÀ®es menkeÀejer nesles.
DeMeeHe´keÀejs MeketÀefJe<e³eer®es cele J³ekeÌle keÀjleevee efle®³ee menkeÀeN³ee®³ee yeesueC³eeletve keÀeUpeer ue#eele ³esles. [2]
(iii) veeskeÀjer iesu³eeJej yeN³ee®e efoJemeebveer Dee@efHeÀmeele MeketÀ Yesì oîee³euee Deeueer. ns[keÌueeke&À efHebieUs ³eebveer
MeketÀpeJeU veesefìMeeryeodoue efJe®eejCee kesÀueer. l³eeJesUer MeketÀ®³ee yeesueC³eeletve Demes peeCeJeues keÀer veeskeÀjer
iesu³ee®ee efleuee HeÀe³eoe Peeuee. oesve ceefnv³eeb®ee Heieej SkeÀ$e efceUeu³eecegUs DeeefLe&keÀ efJeJeb®evee efceìueer.
OeeJeHeU meb H eueer . IeeF& I eeF& v es IejkeÀece keÀªve ®eej Ieeme keÀmesy emes Hees ìele Yeªve Deelee iee[er meeþer ®eer
OeeJeHeU mebH eueer. yesj er pe-JepeeyeekeÌ³ ee cnCepes DeekeÀ[sc ees[ keÀjC³ee®ee He´ Mve Deelee ef ceìuee. Heieeje®³ee
leejKes ® eer Jeeì yeIee³euee vekeÀes Deeef C e DeeHeu³eeuee vees ì er m e ef c eUles keÀer keÀe³e ³ee®eer Yeer l eer meb H eueer .
l³eeceg Us ueneve ceg ueemeejKeer efy eveOeemle Pees He Deelee ueeieles .
DeMeeHe´keÀejs MeketÀves `ceer Deelee KetHe megKeer nesCeej Deens ', Demes cnCele DeeHeueer veeskeÀjer iesu³ee®ee
mekeÀejelcekeÀ efJe®eej ceeb[uee Deens. [3]
(iv) MeketÀ ner SkeÀe Dee@ efHeÀmeele keÀejket Àve cnCet ve keÀece keÀjle nesleer . De®eevekeÀ efle}e veesìerm e os Tve
vees keÀjer J eªve keÀceer keÀjC³eele Dee}s. ef l e®³ee Iej®eer Deeef Le& keÀ Heefj eqm Leleer FlekeÀerµ eer ®eebi e}er veJnleer .
Iejeleer} SkegÀ}leer SkeÀ efceUJeleer ceWyej Demetve Je[er} Deepeejer efMeJee³e ®eej OeekeÀìer YeeJe[b, DeeF&.
Deelee efle®eer veeskeÀjer ies}er. ³ee OekeÌkeÌ³eeves MeketÀ®es JeeieCes keÀenermes efJeeq®e$e Peeues nesles. [3]
399
®eesjer Peeueer®e veener
that follow :-
(i) Meem$eeryegJee Je yeeF& efmevescee Heene³euee peeleele. Iejer Hejleu³eeJej l³eebvee Ieje®es kegÀuetHe GIe[ efomeles.
pesJne les Iejele He´JesMe keÀjleele lesJne keÀHeeìner GIe[s®e efomeles. yeeF& pesJne keÀHeeì leHeemeleele lesJne oeefieves
lesLes vemeu³ee®es l³eeb®³ee ue#eele ³esles. oeefieves yeveeJeìer Demeu³eecegUs Meem$eeryegJee efveOee&mle nesleele. Ieje®es
HeÀes[uesues kegÀuetHe Je keÀHeeìeleues ®eesjeruee iesuesues oeefieves ³eeJeªve Iejele ®eesjer Peeu³ee®es Meem$eer Je yeeF¥vee
keÀUles. [2]
(ii) oeefieves Je veesìe HeÀesìesceeie®³ee kegÀuetHeyebo HeÀ[leeUele þsJeu³ee nesl³ee. pej ®eesjeuee ns mecepeues Demeles
lej l³eeves les ®eesªve vesues Demeles. cnCetve Meem$eeRveer yeeF¥vee peyeeyeoej þjJeues. Hejbleg yeeF¥®³ee Jeef[ueeb®ee
HeÀesìesleuee ®esnje keÀjejer Demeu³eecegUs eflekeÀ[s yeIeC³ee®eer ®eesje®eer efnccele®e Peeueer vemesue l³eecegUs®e Hewmes
Je oeefieves Jee®eues DeMeer Heéfleefke´À³ee yeeF¥v eer l³eeJej efoueer. [2]
(iii) ®eesjebveer yebo kegÀuetHe HeÀes[tve ®eesjer®³ee GodosMeeves keÀHeeì GIe[ues nesles. yeeF¥®³ee celes oeefieves Ieeuetve
ef m eves c eeuee ies u ees Demelees lej ®ees j er Peeueer vemeleer Hejb l eg je$e Demeu³eeceg U s Deeef C e ®ees j eb ® eer ef Y eleer
Demeu³eecegUs Meem$eeRveer l³eebvee oeefieves Ieeuet efoues veJnles. l³eecegUs yeeF¥veer Meem$eeRvee ®eesjermeeþer peyeeyeoej
þjJeues. [3]
(iv) Meem$eer Je yeeF& efmevescee Heentve ceO³eje$eer®es Iejer Hejleleele. Ieje®es HeÀes[uesues kegÀuetHe Heentve oesIeeb®eener
ieeWO eU G[lees. Iejele He´ J es Me kesÀ u³eeJej Meem$eer yeeF¥v ee ®eesj er uee keÀe³e ies u es les leHeemeC³eeme meeb i eleele.
meJe&H e´ Lece keÀHeeìe®eer HeenCeer keÀjleevee les GIe[s® e Demeu³ee®es efo meles. keÀHeeìeleeru e oeefi eves ner ®ees jeru ee
ies u ³ee®es keÀUles . Hejb l eg Meem$eer ve Ieeyejlee Gueì Deeveb o er nes l eele. yeveeJeìer ef i eef u eìe®es ® e oeef i eves
Demeu³eecegUs l³eebvee les ®eesjeruee peeC³ee®ee HeM®eeleeHe nesle veener. Meem$eeRvee yeeF& meebieleele keÀer pej l³eebveer
les oeefieves Ieeleues Demeles lej les ®eesjeruee iesues vemeles. veblej Meem$eer yeeF¥vee mecepeeJeleele keÀer, ®eesjebveer Kejs
oeefieves ®eesª ve³es l³eemeeþer l³eebveer yeveeJeìer oeefieves keÀHeeìele þsJeues nesles. yeeF& Meem$eeRvee vesnceer kebÀpet<e
cnCeleele Hejbleg, Meem$eeR®³ee ngMeejercegUs®e Deepe Kejs oeefieves Jee®eues Demes Meem$eer yeeF¥vee HeìJetve osleele.
DeMeeHe´keÀejs HeÀej ngMeejerves Meem$eer mJeleë®es meceLe&ve keÀjleele. [3]

400

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HISTORY

STEP UP ANSWER SHEET

1. THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - 1857

9. Causes of the Revolt of 1857:

(c) Economic Causes

10. (a) Political causes of the Revolt of 1857 :

(iii) Position of Governor-General : The designation of the Governor-

6. The press helped in promoting nationalist sentiments among Indians in the

9. Following are two important contributions of Jyotiba Phule which helped in

10. The immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress were:

12. Two Repressive Colonial policies of Lord Lytton were:

14. Three contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy were:

16. Congress session 1885 - Wyomesh Chandra Bannerji.

The Anglo-Indian community carried on a wild agitation to protect their

Methods of Early nationalists Methods of Radicals

3. FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

5. Gopal Krishna Gokhale is regarded as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.

6. Two contributions of Dadabhai Naroji were as follows:

7. Dadabhai Naoroji’s “Poverty and UnBritish rule in India” and

4. SECOND PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

10. Two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai:

(iii) National Education: A national scheme of education was planned as

14. Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

5. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

7. Objectives of the Muslim League :

6. MAHATAMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT

7. The Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because it had no Indian

9. (a) Non-cooperation is ‘a way of protesting in which one does not cooperate

(b) As the Civil Disobedience Movement could not be suppressed by the

13. (a) Causes for Gandhiji to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement:

17. Three provisions of the Gandhi Irwin pact were:

(iii) The question of Independence or setting up of a responsible

7. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

movement attracted participation from a large number of people including

8. FORWARD BLOC AND THE INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY

4. The main objectives of the Indian National Army were as follows:

6. The Indian National Army proved to be a watershed event. It proved to the

7. Two objectives of the Indian National Army were:

8. (a) Subhash Bose

9. INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

5. The three members of the Cabinet mission were:

6. (a) The Viceroy in the picture is Lord Mountbatten.

that partition was inevitable. Not accepting it would amount to even

8. Congress accepted the Mountbatten Plan due to the following reasons:

10. Four clauses of the Cabinet Mission Plan were :

11. (i) Lord Mountbatten.

14. (i) Cabinet Mission: It recommended a two-tier federal type of government

10. THE FIRST WORLD WAR

(b) The Treaty of Versailles crippled Germany’s military strength in the

11. RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS IN EUROPE

3. (a) The leader in the picture is Adolf Hitler.

5. Similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism :

12. THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2. The Cold War can be said to be a condition of extreme political unfriendliness

Treaty of Versailles and declared re-armament. In 1938, he annexed

5. The policy of appeasement means a policy of conciliating with an aggressive

6. Japan invaded China as it was following the policy of expansion. [2017]

8. (i) Rise of Dictatorship : The rulers of Germany, Italy, Japan believed in

(ii) The British forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and

13. THE UNITED NATIONS

7. (a) The United Nations Security Council consists of 15 members in total.