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Mutual Inductance Calculation Between Circular Filaments Arbitrarily


Positioned in Space: Alternative to Grover's Formula

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · September 2010


DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2047651

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010 3591

Mutual Inductance Calculation Between Circular Filaments Arbitrarily


Positioned in Space: Alternative to Grover’s Formula
Slobodan Babic1 , Frédéric Sirois1 , Cevdet Akyel1 , and Claudio Girardi2
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
Texas Instruments France, 06271 Villeneuve-Loubet, France

In this paper, we present the full derivation of a new formula for calculating the mutual inductance between inclined circular filaments
arbitrarily positioned with respect to each other. Although such a formula was already proposed by Grover more than 50 years ago, the
formula presented here is slightly more general and simpler to use, i.e., it involves only a sequential evaluation of expressions and the
numerical resolution of a simple numerical integration. We derived the new formula using the method of vector potential, as opposed
to Grover’s approach, which was based on the Neumann formula. We validated the new formula through a series of examples, which
are presented here. Finally, we present the relationship between the two general formulas (i.e., Grover’s and our new one) explicitly
(Example 12).
Index Terms—Electromagnetic analysis, inductance, mutual coupling.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE mutual inductance calculation between coaxial cir-


T cular filaments has been thoroughly treated by a number
of authors since the time of Maxwell, and an accuracy exceeding
anything required in practice is nowadays possible [1]–[7]. A
formula for two circles whose axes intersect was first given
by Maxwell [1]. Formulas for circular loops with parallel axes
have later been derived by Butterworth [2] and Snow [5]. Un-
fortunately, these formulas are slowly convergent and are appli- Fig. 1. Filamentary circular coils with arbitrary lateral and angular misalign-
cable only within a restricted range of parameters. Using But- ment (most general case).
terworth’s formula [2], Grover developed a general method to
calculate the mutual inductance of inclined circular filaments in
any desired positions in the form of a single integral [3], [4]. In this paper, we use the approach of the magnetic vector po-
Today, with the availability of powerful and general nu- tential to calculate the mutual inductance of two circular loops
merical methods, such as finite element method (FEM) and arbitrarily positioned with respect to each other. We treated this
boundary element method (BEM), it is possible to calculate problem in its most general form, by considering plane equa-
accurately and rapidly the mutual inductance of almost any tions for representing the positions of the loops. In the final form
practical 3-D geometric arrangement of conductors. However, of our equations, the mutual inductance is obtained by sequen-
in many circumstances, there is still an interest to address this tially evaluating a few elementary expressions and solving nu-
problem using analytic and semi-analytic methods, as they merically a single, well behaved integral. This new and general
considerably simplify the mathematical procedures, and often mutual inductance formula was thoroughly validated against a
lead to a significant reduction of the computational effort. For series of reference examples, and was shown to cover all cases
instance, general computation techniques such as those pre- given by Grover, Snow, Kalantarov, and Dwight [3]–[7]. Its un-
sented in [8]–[12] have proved to be useful in application fields limited range validity therefore makes it an ideal choice in any
as diversified as eddy-current tomography [13], [14], electronic of the above-mentioned application fields.
and printed circuit board design [15], [16], coreless printed
circuit board transformers [17], wireless battery chargers for
II. BASIC EXPRESSIONS
general purpose and biomedical applications [18], [19], force
and torque calculation [20]–[22], electromagnetic launchers Let’s consider two circular filaments as shown in Fig. 1,
[23], plasma science [24], [25], superconducting magnetic where the center of the larger circle (primary coil) of radius
levitation [26], etc. corresponds with the origin of plane , and
where the circle’s axis corresponds to the axis. The smaller
circle (secondary coil) of radius is located in an inclined
Manuscript received September 26, 2009; revised March 29, 2010; ac- plane whose general equation is given by
cepted March 30, 2010. Date of publication April 05, 2010; date of current
version August 20, 2010. Corresponding author: S. Babic (e-mail: slo- (1)
bodan.babic@polymtl.ca).
This paper has supplementary downloadable multimedia material available
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. We also define the following points:
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2047651 • Point , the center of the secondary coil;
0018-9464/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
3592 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010

• Point , an arbitrary point on the secondary 6) The parametric coordinates of an arbitrary point
coil. on the secondary coil is given by
It is shown in Appendix A that coordinates of point can
easily be expressed in terms of the plane parameters. For in-
stance, the points and

(8)
(2)
where is the parameter. This is the well-known
where and will be used later parametric equation of circle in 3-D space.
in our developments. 7) The differential element of the secondary coil is given by
Let’s now define the basic mathematical expressions required
in the next section of the paper:
1) An arbitrary point on the primary coil can
be expressed in terms of its parametric coordinates:
(9)
(3)
with .
where is the parameter.
2) The differential element along the primary coil’s path is
given by III. DERIVATION OF NEW FORMULA

(4) The mutual inductance between the two inclined circular fil-
aments defined above will be calculated by using the approach
of the magnetic vector potential. The magnetic vector potential
3) The unit vector normal to plane is defined by
at point produced by a circular current loop
of radius carrying the current (see Fig. 1), is given by
(5)

with (10)

where

4) The unit vector between points and in plane is

(6)

with

(11)

Using Stokes’s theorem, the flux through the secondary circuit


due to a current in the primary circuit is
and a point on the secondary circle, e.g., or
, as defined in (2).
5) The unit vector tangential to the secondary loop is defined
as the cross product of and , i.e., (12)

(7)
where and are respectively the cross section and the
with perimeter of the secondary circle.
By definition, the mutual inductance between the secondary
and primary coils is given by

(13)
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3593

From (4), (9), (10), (11), (12), and (13), we obtain

(19)

where is the complete elliptic function


of the first kind and is the complete
(14) elliptic function of the second kind.
After some algebraic manipulations, we obtain
The first integration is made with respect to , using the sub-
stitution [27], and where and
. Expressed in terms of and , we have (20)

(15) where

The first integration gives (21)

From (14) and (20), we obtain

(22)

Introducing some additional dimensionless variables, i.e.,


, , , , and
, and performing the necessary transfor-
mations to remove the and terms, we obtain the
following form:

(23)

(16) Finally, using the explicit expressions of the unit vectors


and , defined in (5), (6), and (7), we obtain the new formula
where for calculating the mutual inductance between inclined circular
filaments placed in any position (most general case) as a func-
(17) tion of only the geometric parameters, i.e.,
1) the primary and secondary loops radii, and ;
In order to solve the two distinct integrals appearing above, 2) the parameters , , and defining the normal of the plane
we introduce the elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, containing the secondary coil;
respectively and , defined as 3) the coordinates defining the center of the sec-
ondary coil.
The new formula can be expressed as follows:

(24)
(18)

where the following sequence of definitions must be used prior


together with the following transformations [27], [28]: to evaluate (24):
3594 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010

Fig. 2. Geometric configurations and common notation used in examples 1 to 13 (Section IV of this paper). The three figures illustrated correspond to the following
cases: a) lateral misalignment only ( =0 =0, 0
, axes y z and y 0 z coplanar); b) lateral and angular misalignment ( =0 0
, axes y z and y 0 z
coplanar); c) arbitrary lateral and angular misalignment (no coplanar axes anymore). The sequence also illustrates graphically how to understand Grover’s notation
in [4], and therefore how to use correctly his formulas. We note that four parameters are sufficient to describe the arbitrary position of the secondary coil: , , 
and ( and  define the relative position between the centers,  is a “in-plane tilt angle” around axis x, and is a rotation angle around axis z , which allows
completing the secondary coil positioning). Because of the many angles involved, the set of parameters leading to a given coil arrangement is not unique.

note that all Grover’s formulas exhibit this singularity, although


Grover himself never reported this issue.
The new equation (24), together with the accompanying def-
initions (25) and alternative formula (26) for the case , is
very simple to program. As long as the loops do not touch each
other, the integrand is never singular, and therefore any simple
numerical integration scheme can handle this integral numeri-
cally. The equation gives the same results if we chose the signs
above or below the or signs, since these signs correspond
respectively to the points and of the secondary circle,
(25) given in (2). A Matlab implementation of this formula is avail-
able from the authors at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
and where the complete elliptic functions and are
defined in (18) and below (19). More details about the way we IV. APPLICATION EXAMPLES
obtained the above expressions are provided in Appendix B.
In this section, we show that the new formula (24) for the
Equation (24) covers all possible cases except one, i.e., the
mutual inductance calculation between two circular loops with
case , following from an arbitrary algebraic
arbitrary orientations works indeed very well. Most examples
choice made in Appendix A. This corresponds to a secondary
coil with its normal aligned with the axis. In this case, one were taken from Grover’s book [4], although a few of them
should simply use alternative definitions for to and , are new examples. The latter were validated with the FastHenry
arising from the limit when , i.e., software [29]. All possible cases were tested, and none of them
failed.
In order to make easier the link with Grover’s book, we re-
state the reference problems in terms of a common notation (see
Fig. 2), namely , , , and
(26) . In all cases, the primary coil is located in plane
, with its center at the origin .
There remains only one very particular case for which numer- Any numerical integration procedure can be used to solve
ical problems can arise. Indeed, will be punctually equal to (24), although it is common practice to use an adaptive tech-
0 whenever the integration variable corresponds to nique in order to make sure that a sufficient discretization is
and , no matter the value of . In other words, if any used. It should also be noted that the loop with the larger radius
point of the secondary coil has coordinates and , should be always taken as the primary coil in order to ensure
and if it happens that the numerical integration procedure falls .
exactly on that point, and an infinite value is returned
for the integrand. Attempts were made to find a general math- A. Example 1 (Example 62-Grover)
ematical limit to take care of this problem analytically, but it is
a challenging task. A much simpler workaround here is to shift Given two circles of radius , with a
the center of the secondary coil by a small value ( distance between their centers, and an angle
or ) and redo the computation. This approach between the axis and the line joining their centers
avoids the singularity and allows finding the mutual inductance [see Fig. 2(a)], we want to determine the mutual inductance be-
directly, in the sense of a numerical limit. It is interesting to tween them. The two circles lie in planes parallel to each other.
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3595

This case was solved in Grover’s book [4] with the help of With their centers 3 in apart cm , the mutual induc-
equation (159), for two circular filaments with parallel axes. The tance now becomes positive (see explanation below)
result is

For this coil arrangement, we have the plane equation


for the secondary coil, i.e., and , with its center
For this coil arrangement, we have the following plane equa- at point . Using the new formula
tion for the secondary coil, i.e., or , i.e., (24), the mutual inductance calculated is
and , with the center point
. Applying the new formula (24), the mu-
tual inductance obtained is
For cm, we find

B. Example 2 (Example 63-Grover) For cm, the mutual inductance is

Two circles of wire are located in planes parallel to each other.


Both have a diameter equal to 48 in .
The horizontal and vertical distances between their centers are From these results, we see that both formulas give the expected
respectively in cm and in physical behavior, i.e., as the coils are moved closer together,
cm [see Fig. 2(a)]. the mutual inductance is initially negative (coils far from each
This case is also presented in [4] and solved with the help other, weak coupling), then becomes zero, and finally becomes
of equation (159), for two circular filaments with parallel axes. positive when the major part of the area of the secondary loop
The result is coincide with the primary loop.

D. Example 4 (Example 65-Grover)


As in the previous example, the plane equation is , In this example, we calculate the mutual inductance of cir-
i.e., and , and the center point of the secondary cular filaments having parallel axes and unequal radii. We have
loop is . Using the new formula two circles with cm and cm, the distance be-
(24), the mutual inductance obtained is tween their centers is cm and [see Fig. 2(a)].
This case has been solved in [4], using equation (162) for two
circular filaments with parallel axes. The result is

The negative sign means that the electromotive force (emf)


induced in one coil by a change of current in the other coil is
in the opposite direction than the emf resulting from the same For this coil arrangement, the plane equation of the secondary
change in current when the loops are arranged in a coaxial po- coil is , i.e., and , and the center of
sition (i.e., when ). the secondary coil is .
Using the new formula (24), we find the following value for the
C. Example 3 (Example 64-Grover) mutual inductance:

Two coplanar circles (i.e., ) of 1 foot of diameter


cm are placed 1.5 feet apart cm
[see Fig. 2(a)]. This case has been solved in [4] using equation
(161) for two circular filaments with parallel axes. The result is
E. Example 5 (Example 66-Grover)
The two circles of the previous examples ( cm and
cm) are brought closer together, with the distance be-
If the circles are brought closer together cm until tween their centers being now cm and [see
they are almost tangent (but both circles should not touch or Fig. 2(a)].
overlap each other, which is unphysical), the mutual inductance The solution presented in Grover’s book [4] and based on
becomes equation (162) is
3596 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010

For this coil arrangement, the plane equation of the secondary . Using our new formula (24), the mutual inductance
coil is , i.e., and , and the center of obtained is
the secondary coil is .
Using the new formula (24), we find the following value for the
mutual inductance:

I. Example 9 (Example 71-Grover)


We observe a discrepancy of about 10% in this particular case. Two circles of radius cm, cm have their
This point is further explored in the next example. origin on the -axis, separated by a vertical distance of
cm. The axes of the secondary coil are inclined at
F. Example 6 (Example 67-Grover) with respect to the - plane [see Fig. 2(b)], i.e.,
In this example we use the same coil data as in the previous .
example [referring to Fig. 2(a)], but this time we use Grover’s This case has been solved in [4] with the help of equation
general equation (163) for determining the mutual inductance (170), which is the most general case when the center of the
[4]. The result is secondary coil lies of the axis of the primary coil. The mutual
inductance obtained is

This result is identical to the one obtained with our new for-
mula (24) in Example 5, and shows that some of Grover’s for- For this coil arrangement, the secondary coil can be described
mulas do not give results as accurate as the most general one he exactly as in the previous example, i.e., , and
proposed (163). Therefore, Grover’s results should be used with , with the center point at . Using our new
care. formula (24), we find

G. Example 7 (Example 69-Grover)


Let’s assume two circular filaments with cm,
cm, cm, and [see Fig. 2(b)]. This is a case J. Example 10 (Example 73-Grover)
of coaxial loops with an angular misalignment. In this example, Grover calculated the mutual inductance of
This problem has been solved in [4], using equation (168) for inclined circular filaments whose axes - and intersect,
two circular filaments whose axes intersect at the center of one but not at the center of either [see Fig. 2(b)]. The axes radii
of the coils. The result is of two coils are cm and cm, and axis
intersects with axis at a vertical distance cm
from the origin . The distance between this intersection and
the center of the secondary coil is cm. The angle of
For this coil arrangement, the secondary coil can be described inclination between coil axes is . In terms of the notation
by the plane equation , or , of Fig. 2(b), we have and .
i.e., , , and , with the center Grover has solved this problem in addressed this problem
point at . Applying (24) of this work, we find a perfect with his formula (174) [4], which provide a result in term of
agreement: a series containing Legendre polynomials. The result is

For this coil arrangement, the plane equation of the secondary


H. Example 8 (Example 70-Grover) coil is , i.e., ,
In this example, we assume two circular filaments with , , with the center point .
in , , , Using the new formula (24), we obtain
and (see Fig. 2(b)).
This case has been solved in [4], using equation (168) as in
the previous example. The result is
K. Example 11
Let’s consider two circular filaments with cm and
For this coil arrangement, the secondary coil can be described cm. The primary coil lies in the plane , and
by the plane equation , or is centered at , as in all previous examples. The sec-
, i.e., , and , with the center point at ondary coil lies in the plane cm, with its center located
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3597

TABLE I
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VALUES COMPUTED IN EXAMPLE 12, WITH VARIABLE ANGLE AND  = 60

at cm. In terms of the notation of this paper (see formula, one must take the center of the secondary coil at point
Fig. 2), we have cm, cm, and . , where and
This problem was chosen to illustrate a case in which . The same center point will be used with the new
, i.e., . This singular case is easily addressed using the formula (24) introduced in this work.
alternate definitions for and to given in (26), together There remains to compute the equivalence between Grover’s
with the general formula (24). In addition, since this singularity latitude and longitude angles and the , , and parameters
occurs only because of an arbitrary choice in the mathematical defining the secondary coil plane. It happens that this equiva-
development of (24), it has to give the same results as Grover’s lence is that of a spherical to cartesian system of coordinates,
formula (175) for [4]. Explicitly, the mutual inductance i.e.,
obtain with Grover’s formula is

Using the new formula (24), we obtain (27)

Given the above equivalences, one can easily compute the


Thus, we obtained the correct result as expected, despite the sin- mutual inductance for various angles, and compare the results
gularity arising from . Interestingly, if we compute the obtained with formula (179) of Grover with those obtained with
mutual inductance by changing the position of the center of the formula (24) of this work. The results are shown in Table I.
secondary coil to , we find with our formula, Results obtained with the FastHenry software are also shown
whereas Grover’s formula (175) provides an indeterminate re- in this table, in order to provide a third and independent means
sult. Using a very small value for the (for instance cm) of validation. From these results, we can confirm the validity of
and applying again Grover’s formula for this numerical limit, the new formula (24) for this very general case.
we find , which confirms the validity of our formula.
M. Example 13
L. Example 12 In this last example, we compare results obtained with our
This example is based on the same geometric information as formula and those obtained with the FastHenry software [29],
in Example 10 ( cm, cm, cm, for seven arbitrary arrangements of coils described only by their
cm, ), to which we add a variable rotation angle plane equations. Results are provided in Table II, and show very
, [as depicted in Fig. 2(c)], and according to the good agreement. The slight discrepancies are not significant
notation used by Grover ( : latitude angle, : longitude angle). and can be explained by the fact that the present method con-
Grover addressed this case with the help of its formula (179) siders thin circular filaments of negligible cross section, whereas
[4], which is also his most general formula. With the Grover’s FastHenry actually considers conductors of finite cross section,
3598 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010

TABLE II
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VALUES COMPUTED IN EXAMPLE 13, FOR ARBITRARY POSITIONED COILS

even if taken small. In addition, FastHenry discretizes curved The equation of a circle of radius centered at point
paths into many straight segments, which may also slightly af- and passing by point is
fect the final result.
(A.31)

V. CONCLUSION Eliminating the variable with the help of (A.30), we obtain


In this paper, we derived a new formula for computing the mu-
(A.32)
tual inductance between inclined circular filaments arbitrarily
positioned with respect to each other. In order to use this new where
formula, whose final expression is given per (24), one needs
to provide the radius of the primary and secondary coils, the
position of the center of the secondary coil (the primary coil
is assumed to be centered at origin), and the plane equation in
which the secondary coil is located. With these parameters, the
problem is completely defined. (A.33)
The new formula was verified against results available in liter-
ature (mainly Grover’s formulas), and double-checked with the The solution of this algebraic equation is
FastHenry software. In all cases, it proved to be successful, and
therefore we can claim that the new formula (24) is the most (A.34)
general developed so far for this purpose. In particular, it re-
places all Grover’s formulas at once. It is also more intuitive where
to use than Grover’s formula (179), considered as its most gen-
eral one, since using a plane equation (or a normal vector to this
plane) is more natural than specifying the set of latitude and (A.35)
longitude angles that are difficult to figure out for an arbitrary
positioned coil. This inequality gives the interval of definition for the variable
, i.e.,
APPENDIX A
DETERMINATION OF A POINT BELONGING TO (A.36)
THE SECONDARY COIL

The secondary coil has a radius of and lies in plane , After substituting back and by their corresponding expres-
whose equation is given in (1). From this expression, is given sions in terms of , and , we find the simple expression below:
by
(A.37)
(A.28)
in which and .
where The values and define the allowed interval for the
. Any value taken in this interval allows defining a point that
(A.29) is part of the secondary loop, using (A.30) and (A.34) allows to
determine and corresponding to a given . If we simply
choose and for , we define the following two points
An arbitrary point of the secondary coil must
and :
necessarily satisfy (A.28), i.e.,
(A.38)
(A.30)
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3599

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method of mutual-inductance calculations,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.,
vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 683–692, May 2009.
[25] M. R. A. Pahlavani and A. Shoulaie, “A novel approach for calculations
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3600 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2010

[26] K. Kajikawa, R. Yokoo, K. Tomachi, K. Enpuku, K. Funaki, H. and the Ph.D. degree from École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Hayashi, and H. Fujishiro, “Numerical evaluation of pulsed field Canada, in 2003.
magnetization in a bulk superconductor using energy minimiza- From 1998 to 2002, he was affiliated as a Ph.D. scholar with Hydro-Québec’s
tion technique,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. Research Institute (IREQ). From 2003 to 2005, he was a research engineer at
1557–1560, Jun. 2009. IREQ. In 2005, he joined École Polytechnique de Montréal as an Assistant Pro-
[27] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Rhyzik, Tables of Integrals, Series and Prod- fessor, and was promoted to the rank of Associate professor in 2010. His main
ucts. New York: Dover, 1972. research interests include modeling and design of electromagnetic and super-
[28] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Func- conducting devices, integration studies of superconducting equipments in power
tions National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics. Wash- systems, and planning of power systems. He is also a regular reviewer for sev-
ington DC, Dec. 1972, ser. 55. eral international journals and conferences.
[29] M. Kamon, M. J. Tsuk, and J. White, “FASTHENRY: A multipole-
accelerated 3-D inductance extraction program,” IEEE Trans. Microw.
Theory Tech., vol. 42, pp. 1750–1758, Sep. 1994.
Cevdet Akyel (M’81) received the Sup. Ing. degree from the Technical Univer-
sity of Istanbul in 1971 and the M.Sc.A. and D.Sc.A. degrees from École Poly-
technique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, in 1975 and 1980, respectively.
He had engineering positions in 1972 and 1976 at Northern Telecom of
Slobodan Babic received the Dipl. Ing. degree from the Faculty of Electrical Canada as a System Engineer in radio telecommunications. Since 1986, he
Engineering, University of Sarajevo, the M.Sc. degree from the Faculty of Elec- has been a Professor of Electrical Engineering at École Polytechnique de
trical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia, and the Ph.D. degree from the Montréal, where he teaches electromagnetic theory and automated microwave
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herze- instrumentation. In 1991, he joined the Group of Poly-Grames involved in
govina, in 1975, 1992, and 1980, respectively. space electronics and microwave advanced technologies at the same university.
From 1975, he was with the Electrical Engineering Faculty of the University His main research interests are the permittivity measurement with microwave
of Sarajevo, where he held an Associate Professor position until 1994. Since active cavity methods, the characterization of materials (conductive polymers,
1997 he has lectured on the subjects of physics and electrical engineering at superconducting ceramics, ferromagnetic materials, etc.), and high power
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. He is also research microwave measurement systems and applications.
associate. His major interests are in the mathematical modeling of stationary
and quasi-stationary fields, electromagnetic fields in machines, transformers,
computational electromagnetics, magnetic materials, and field theory. He has
authored or co-authored over 90 papers in major journals and conference pro- Claudio Girardi (S’95–M’98) received the Laurea degree in telecommunica-
ceedings. His research papers have been highly cited over 250 times. tions engineering from the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, in 1997, with a
Dr. Babic is a member of the International Compumag Society and a member thesis on the subject of high-speed/low-power amplifiers using pHEMTs.
of the Editorial Board for the International Journal of Computer Aided Engi- In 1998, he joined the Optical Networks Division of Alcatel Italia, Vimer-
neering and Technology. He is Editor-in-Chief for the WSEAS TRANSACTIONS cate, Italy, working on the hardware design of broadband optical communica-
ON POWER SYSTEMS. He is a reviewer for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, tion equipment. From 2004 to 2005, he was with Esterel Technologies, Vil-
International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, Journal leneuve-Loubet, France, in charge of the validation of the RF part of a wire-
of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, and WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON less system-on-a-chip (SoC). In 2005 he joined Texas Instruments, Villeneuve-
POWER SYSTEMS. Loubet, France, working on the integration of a GSM/EDGE RF front end in
a SoC and on the evaluation of the coexistence aspects between the integrated
RF functions and the digital baseband. He has also been involved in signal and
power integrity analysis for systems in package. His main interests include high-
Frédéric Sirois (S’96–M’05–SM’07) received the B.Eng. degree in electrical speed circuit design, power integrity, signal integrity, interconnections mod-
engineering from Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, in 1997, eling, and electromagnetic compatibility for high-speed digital circuits.

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