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In this paper, we present the full derivation of a new formula for calculating the mutual inductance between inclined circular filaments
arbitrarily positioned with respect to each other. Although such a formula was already proposed by Grover more than 50 years ago, the
formula presented here is slightly more general and simpler to use, i.e., it involves only a sequential evaluation of expressions and the
numerical resolution of a simple numerical integration. We derived the new formula using the method of vector potential, as opposed
to Grover’s approach, which was based on the Neumann formula. We validated the new formula through a series of examples, which
are presented here. Finally, we present the relationship between the two general formulas (i.e., Grover’s and our new one) explicitly
(Example 12).
Index Terms—Electromagnetic analysis, inductance, mutual coupling.
I. INTRODUCTION
• Point , an arbitrary point on the secondary 6) The parametric coordinates of an arbitrary point
coil. on the secondary coil is given by
It is shown in Appendix A that coordinates of point can
easily be expressed in terms of the plane parameters. For in-
stance, the points and
(8)
(2)
where is the parameter. This is the well-known
where and will be used later parametric equation of circle in 3-D space.
in our developments. 7) The differential element of the secondary coil is given by
Let’s now define the basic mathematical expressions required
in the next section of the paper:
1) An arbitrary point on the primary coil can
be expressed in terms of its parametric coordinates:
(9)
(3)
with .
where is the parameter.
2) The differential element along the primary coil’s path is
given by III. DERIVATION OF NEW FORMULA
(4) The mutual inductance between the two inclined circular fil-
aments defined above will be calculated by using the approach
of the magnetic vector potential. The magnetic vector potential
3) The unit vector normal to plane is defined by
at point produced by a circular current loop
of radius carrying the current (see Fig. 1), is given by
(5)
with (10)
where
(6)
with
(11)
(7)
where and are respectively the cross section and the
with perimeter of the secondary circle.
By definition, the mutual inductance between the secondary
and primary coils is given by
(13)
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3593
(19)
(15) where
(22)
(23)
(24)
(18)
Fig. 2. Geometric configurations and common notation used in examples 1 to 13 (Section IV of this paper). The three figures illustrated correspond to the following
cases: a) lateral misalignment only ( =0 =0, 0
, axes y z and y 0 z coplanar); b) lateral and angular misalignment ( =0 0
, axes y z and y 0 z
coplanar); c) arbitrary lateral and angular misalignment (no coplanar axes anymore). The sequence also illustrates graphically how to understand Grover’s notation
in [4], and therefore how to use correctly his formulas. We note that four parameters are sufficient to describe the arbitrary position of the secondary coil: , ,
and ( and define the relative position between the centers, is a “in-plane tilt angle” around axis x, and is a rotation angle around axis z , which allows
completing the secondary coil positioning). Because of the many angles involved, the set of parameters leading to a given coil arrangement is not unique.
This case was solved in Grover’s book [4] with the help of With their centers 3 in apart cm , the mutual induc-
equation (159), for two circular filaments with parallel axes. The tance now becomes positive (see explanation below)
result is
For this coil arrangement, the plane equation of the secondary . Using our new formula (24), the mutual inductance
coil is , i.e., and , and the center of obtained is
the secondary coil is .
Using the new formula (24), we find the following value for the
mutual inductance:
This result is identical to the one obtained with our new for-
mula (24) in Example 5, and shows that some of Grover’s for- For this coil arrangement, the secondary coil can be described
mulas do not give results as accurate as the most general one he exactly as in the previous example, i.e., , and
proposed (163). Therefore, Grover’s results should be used with , with the center point at . Using our new
care. formula (24), we find
TABLE I
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VALUES COMPUTED IN EXAMPLE 12, WITH VARIABLE ANGLE AND = 60
at cm. In terms of the notation of this paper (see formula, one must take the center of the secondary coil at point
Fig. 2), we have cm, cm, and . , where and
This problem was chosen to illustrate a case in which . The same center point will be used with the new
, i.e., . This singular case is easily addressed using the formula (24) introduced in this work.
alternate definitions for and to given in (26), together There remains to compute the equivalence between Grover’s
with the general formula (24). In addition, since this singularity latitude and longitude angles and the , , and parameters
occurs only because of an arbitrary choice in the mathematical defining the secondary coil plane. It happens that this equiva-
development of (24), it has to give the same results as Grover’s lence is that of a spherical to cartesian system of coordinates,
formula (175) for [4]. Explicitly, the mutual inductance i.e.,
obtain with Grover’s formula is
TABLE II
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VALUES COMPUTED IN EXAMPLE 13, FOR ARBITRARY POSITIONED COILS
even if taken small. In addition, FastHenry discretizes curved The equation of a circle of radius centered at point
paths into many straight segments, which may also slightly af- and passing by point is
fect the final result.
(A.31)
The secondary coil has a radius of and lies in plane , After substituting back and by their corresponding expres-
whose equation is given in (1). From this expression, is given sions in terms of , and , we find the simple expression below:
by
(A.37)
(A.28)
in which and .
where The values and define the allowed interval for the
. Any value taken in this interval allows defining a point that
(A.29) is part of the secondary loop, using (A.30) and (A.34) allows to
determine and corresponding to a given . If we simply
choose and for , we define the following two points
An arbitrary point of the secondary coil must
and :
necessarily satisfy (A.28), i.e.,
(A.38)
(A.30)
BABIC et al.: MUTUAL INDUCTANCE CALCULATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR FILAMENTS ARBITRARILY POSITIONED IN SPACE 3599
[26] K. Kajikawa, R. Yokoo, K. Tomachi, K. Enpuku, K. Funaki, H. and the Ph.D. degree from École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Hayashi, and H. Fujishiro, “Numerical evaluation of pulsed field Canada, in 2003.
magnetization in a bulk superconductor using energy minimiza- From 1998 to 2002, he was affiliated as a Ph.D. scholar with Hydro-Québec’s
tion technique,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. Research Institute (IREQ). From 2003 to 2005, he was a research engineer at
1557–1560, Jun. 2009. IREQ. In 2005, he joined École Polytechnique de Montréal as an Assistant Pro-
[27] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Rhyzik, Tables of Integrals, Series and Prod- fessor, and was promoted to the rank of Associate professor in 2010. His main
ucts. New York: Dover, 1972. research interests include modeling and design of electromagnetic and super-
[28] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Func- conducting devices, integration studies of superconducting equipments in power
tions National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics. Wash- systems, and planning of power systems. He is also a regular reviewer for sev-
ington DC, Dec. 1972, ser. 55. eral international journals and conferences.
[29] M. Kamon, M. J. Tsuk, and J. White, “FASTHENRY: A multipole-
accelerated 3-D inductance extraction program,” IEEE Trans. Microw.
Theory Tech., vol. 42, pp. 1750–1758, Sep. 1994.
Cevdet Akyel (M’81) received the Sup. Ing. degree from the Technical Univer-
sity of Istanbul in 1971 and the M.Sc.A. and D.Sc.A. degrees from École Poly-
technique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, in 1975 and 1980, respectively.
He had engineering positions in 1972 and 1976 at Northern Telecom of
Slobodan Babic received the Dipl. Ing. degree from the Faculty of Electrical Canada as a System Engineer in radio telecommunications. Since 1986, he
Engineering, University of Sarajevo, the M.Sc. degree from the Faculty of Elec- has been a Professor of Electrical Engineering at École Polytechnique de
trical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia, and the Ph.D. degree from the Montréal, where he teaches electromagnetic theory and automated microwave
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herze- instrumentation. In 1991, he joined the Group of Poly-Grames involved in
govina, in 1975, 1992, and 1980, respectively. space electronics and microwave advanced technologies at the same university.
From 1975, he was with the Electrical Engineering Faculty of the University His main research interests are the permittivity measurement with microwave
of Sarajevo, where he held an Associate Professor position until 1994. Since active cavity methods, the characterization of materials (conductive polymers,
1997 he has lectured on the subjects of physics and electrical engineering at superconducting ceramics, ferromagnetic materials, etc.), and high power
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. He is also research microwave measurement systems and applications.
associate. His major interests are in the mathematical modeling of stationary
and quasi-stationary fields, electromagnetic fields in machines, transformers,
computational electromagnetics, magnetic materials, and field theory. He has
authored or co-authored over 90 papers in major journals and conference pro- Claudio Girardi (S’95–M’98) received the Laurea degree in telecommunica-
ceedings. His research papers have been highly cited over 250 times. tions engineering from the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, in 1997, with a
Dr. Babic is a member of the International Compumag Society and a member thesis on the subject of high-speed/low-power amplifiers using pHEMTs.
of the Editorial Board for the International Journal of Computer Aided Engi- In 1998, he joined the Optical Networks Division of Alcatel Italia, Vimer-
neering and Technology. He is Editor-in-Chief for the WSEAS TRANSACTIONS cate, Italy, working on the hardware design of broadband optical communica-
ON POWER SYSTEMS. He is a reviewer for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, tion equipment. From 2004 to 2005, he was with Esterel Technologies, Vil-
International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, Journal leneuve-Loubet, France, in charge of the validation of the RF part of a wire-
of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, and WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON less system-on-a-chip (SoC). In 2005 he joined Texas Instruments, Villeneuve-
POWER SYSTEMS. Loubet, France, working on the integration of a GSM/EDGE RF front end in
a SoC and on the evaluation of the coexistence aspects between the integrated
RF functions and the digital baseband. He has also been involved in signal and
power integrity analysis for systems in package. His main interests include high-
Frédéric Sirois (S’96–M’05–SM’07) received the B.Eng. degree in electrical speed circuit design, power integrity, signal integrity, interconnections mod-
engineering from Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, in 1997, eling, and electromagnetic compatibility for high-speed digital circuits.