Emergency Preparedness and Response For The Industrial Hygienist PDF

Body of Knowledge
Emergency Preparedness and Response

for the Industrial Hygienist
About AIHA
®
Founded in 1939, the American Industrial Hygiene Association® (AIHA®) is

one of the largest international associations serving the needs of industrial/
occupational hygiene professionals practicing in industry, government, labor,
academic institutions, and independent organizations.
For more information, visit www.AIHA.org
Acknowledgments
Recognizing the AIHA® members and volunteers who provided their time and
expertise to this project:
• Laura H. Weems, CIH, CSP, • Dana L. Stahl, CIH

CHMM
• Brandi E. Kissel, CIH
• Edward J. Primeau, CIH
• Eugene A. Satrun, CIH, CSP,
• Stephan C. Graham, CIH, CSP FAIHA
Copyright 2018 American Industrial Hygiene Association
Page 2 of 24 | November 23, 2018 | Revision 1

Body of Knowledge
Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Industrial Hygienist
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.0 General Knowledge, Skills and Abilities........................................................................................... 5
2.0 Preparedness......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Technical Specialist....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Assistant Safety Officer................................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4, or 5 incident)....................................................................................... 7
2.4 Safety Officer (type 1 or 2 incident)............................................................................................ 8
3.0 Response............................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Technical Specialist....................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Assistant Safety Officer................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4 or 5 incident)...................................................................................... 11
3.4 Safety Officer (type 1 or 2 incident).......................................................................................... 13
4.0 Recovery.............................................................................................................................................. 14
5.0 Demobilization, Medical Surveillance and Transition to Emergency Planning....................... 15
Appendices
A. Acronyms and Definitions................................................................................................................ 18
B. References and Recommended Websites ...................................................................................... 20
B.1 Key ICS Forms............................................................................................................................. 20
B.2 Key NIMS/ICS Training............................................................................................................. 21
B.3 Exposure Limits for EPR............................................................................................................ 21
B.4 Recommended References......................................................................................................... 22
B.5 Example ICS Forms.................................................................................................................... 22
B.6 Job Aids........................................................................................................................................ 22
B.7 Position Qualification and Certification Systems................................................................... 23
Tables and Figures

Figure 5.1 Four Phases of Emergency Management............................................................................ 16
Figure 5.2 FEMA Emergency Management Cycle – Expanded......................................................... 16
Table 1.0 Incident Types.......................................................................................................................... 17

Introduction
Many governmental agencies and private organizations provide unique assets and support to a response
operation. Therefore, industrial hygienists employed with these agencies or private entities are required to
meet their organization’s mission and goals as related to emergency preparedness1 and response.
Industrial hygienists must be extremely flexible in their technical competencies and have broad
professional experience to contribute successfully to the strategic and tactical objectives of an incident.
Industrial hygienists have developed, applied and continue to improve on functions in many types of
occupational settings. The following functions have descriptions of how industrial hygienists can assist in
the EPR process. Note that not all of these will be applicable to the incident or to your organization.
Industrial hygienists are likely to fill three principal positions:
• Safety officer
• Assistant safety officer
• Technical specialist for an area of expertise (e.g., radiation safety, worker air monitoring, public
health and hazardous materials)
Incident types range from type 1, the most complex, the largest in scale and with the most media
coverage, to type 5, the least complex (see Table 1.0). Responses to type 1 and 2 incidents extend beyond
the capabilities of local responders and are expected to go into multiple operational periods. Type 3
incidents, on the other hand, may require the support of some or all of the command and general staff
positions, but can normally be handled by local resources. The least complex incidents, type 5, can be
handled with one or two single resources and may last only a few hours. The safety officer’s position will
vary based on the size and complexity of the incident; therefore, the position of the safety officer is
differentiated by the incident type (types 1 and 2; types 3, 4 and 5).
1
Terms defined in Appendix A are bolded first time used.

Body of Knowledge
1.0 General Knowledge, Skills and

Abilities (applicable to all
positions)
1.1 Comprehend and be able to apply concepts related to the National Incident Management System/
Incident Command System as learned in entry-level ICS courses (see Appendix B.2).
1.2 Research and understand the potential emergency events your organization may respond to and
the anticipated hazards; be able to assist in developing and reviewing emergency response and
contingency plans as they are updated.
1.3 Understand and be able to apply relevant elements of the organization’s emergency response and
contingency plans for assigned duties.
1.4 Understand the emergency response organizational structure and to whom (i.e., to which position)
your position reports.
1.5 Know what occupational health and safety training is required for response workers.
1.6 Understand and know how to apply the skills and knowledge gained during hazardous waste
operations and emergency response training.
1.7 Understand and know how to apply the anticipate, recognize, evaluate, control and confirm
concepts as outlined by the industrial hygiene profession.
1.8 Understand and know how to apply the hierarchy of controls, including the limitations of selected
controls.
1.9 Understand and be able to explain the proper donning, doffing and work practices in all levels and
types of personal protective equipment, including associated heat and cold stress issues.
1.10 Have the skills to communicate, in writing and orally, safety and health information to response
workers and the public. (It is advisable to take risk communication and media training.)
1.11 Understand and be able to articulate clearly and concisely incident hazards to command and
general staff (effective risk communication).
1.12 Understand and be able to complete and use the basic NIMS/ICS forms (see Appendix B.1)
typically used within the context of an incident action plan.
1.13 Be able to prepare and know what should be included in safety messages (ICS 208).
1.14 Have the skill to maintain an effective daily activity log (ICS 214) and know where to file it.
1.15 Know where to locate and understand those sections of the IAP and continuity of operations plan
that apply to your response position.

1.16 Gain knowledge in your assigned area(s) of expertise by participating in drills and exercises.
1.17 Be able to develop a response checklist and inventory of specialized industrial hygiene
equipment; be able to gather reference material to assist in response duties (see Appendix B.4).
1.18 Based on your response position, be able to develop a deployment kit for your personal use in
preparation for responding to incidents; be able to operate and understand direct reading
instrumentation.
1.19 Know how to obtain a current situational update (e.g., on the situation unit leader’s display in the
incident command post).
1.20 Understand the nuances in the work performed and the risks associated with pre-incident, incident
and post-incident operations relative to response personnel.
1.21 Understand and know how to apply the different types of exposure limits (see Appendix B.3) and
their intended uses.
1.22 Understand the medical surveillance program being used and know how to support it (e.g.,
through pre-deployment medical screening process, area and personal sampling and data
collection, daily activity logs [ICS 214], air monitoring results and field observations).
1.23 Know how and when to use biological exposure indices (BEIs) (Appendix B.4, ref. 1).
2.0 Preparedness
2.1 Technical Specialist
2.1.1 Understand the roles and responsibilities of personnel who assist the safety officer and logistics,
planning and operations sections, as well as their technical specialists.
2.1.2 Know where the technical specialist(s) position will be assigned within the response organization
(decision is dependent on incident commander/unified command needs and will be
communicated in the organizational chart or upon arrival).
2.2 Assistant Safety Officer

2.2.1 Understand the roles and responsibilities of an assistant safety officer and the reporting
relationships within the incident command organization.
2.2.2 Understand your roles and responsibilities within the incident command structure and their
relationship to the safety, planning, logistics, finance and operations sections.
2.2.3 Be able to work with the safety officer to develop draft or template safety and health plans and
summarize them in the safety message or plan (ICS 208) to incorporate into the organization’s
response and contingency plans.

Body of Knowledge
2.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4 or 5 incident)

2.3.1 Understand and be able to apply concepts related to the organization’s type 3 incident safety
officer task book or its position qualification or certification program.
2.3.2 Comprehend and be able to apply the ICS-300 level of training.
2.3.3 Understand and be able to apply the reference and safety training materials used during a
response.
2.3.4 Know what materials, equipment and sampling media may be needed during a typical response
for your organization, including real-time reading instruments, office supplies and PPE.
2.3.5 Understand the roles and responsibilities of the safety officer within the incident command
organization and the roles and responsibilities of personnel who support you directly (e.g.,
assistant safety officer, field observers) and indirectly (e.g., logistics section chief).
2.3.6 Understand the roles and responsibilities of personnel who work in the planning, logistics, finance
and operations sections and how the safety officer works with these positions.
2.3.7 Understand how safety can influence the decisions made by members of the command and
general staff and how these decisions influence safety within the organization.
2.3.8 Learn what information needs to be provided to, and can be obtained from, members of the
command and general staff.
2.3.9 Understand the organization’s emergency response and recovery and continuity of operations
plans; understand responsibilities in verifying that designated evacuation and off-site work sites
do not have unaddressed safety or occupational health issues.
2.3.10 Understand legal requirements for safety compliance, such as Occupational Safety and Health
Administration or state occupational health and safety plans, local jurisdictional requirements
such as fire codes and public health codes, and safety requirements written in to jurisdictional
comprehensive emergency management plans.
2.3.11 Understand psychosocial risk factors (e.g., fatigue, stress, coping with trauma) and disaster
site-specific hazards (e.g., building collapse, severe weather, dangerous plants or wildlife) and
develop plans to address these.
2.3.12 Have the skills to develop SHPs to incorporate into an organization’s response and contingency
plans.
2.3.13 Have the skills to develop or the ability to provide safety training, especially as it pertains to
internal emergency response operations.
2.3.14 Understand how to complete forms that require the safety officer’s signature and know which
ones require safety officer input (see Appendix B.1).
2.3.15 Understand and be able to incorporate safety training materials to use during a response.

2.4 Safety Officer (type 1 or 2 incident)
2.4.1 Understand and be able to apply the knowledge, skills and abilities listed in Section 2.3.
2.4.2 Understand and be able to apply concepts related to the organization’s type 1 or 2 incident safety
officer task book or position qualification or certification program.
2.4.3 Comprehend and be able to apply the concepts contained within the following training: ICS-400
level, incident management team training (if available) and position-specific level training (e.g.,
Federal Emergency Management Agency course ID E0954).
2.4.4 Know where to find, acquire and review other organizational plans that may affect safety’s
operations (e.g., local, state and federal agencies; environmental quality, transportation, chemical
release or oil spill contingency plans).
2.4.5 During drills and exercises, know how and be able to work with other involved agencies in
developing joint plans, documents and recommendations; deploying staff; procuring resources;
and using combined communications and reporting systems.
2.4.6 Be able to verify compatibility of safety controls and PPE with that of other organizations and
agencies.
2.4.7 Understand the processes within the context of the ICS to develop memoranda of understanding
or memoranda of agreement with other organizations that may assist during a response (e.g., fire
department, hazardous materials teams, civil support teams, local law enforcement).
2.4.8 Understand the processes within the context of the ICS to contract the services of emergency
response health, safety and environmental organizations.
3.0 Response (applicable to all

positions)
3.0.1 Understand the steps necessary (e.g., travel arrangements, meeting point at response site, travel
documents, IH equipment shipment) and be able upon receiving orders or confirmation of mission
assignment to deploy to the designated check-in location with equipment, PPE and a deployment
go kit.
3.0.2 Upon arrival, know how to sign in on the incident check-in list (ICS 211) and to whom to report
(e.g., safety officer, planning section chief) in your assigned area.
3.0.3 Upon arrival, be able to review the IAP and SHP, including attachments, the safety message and
plan (ICS 208), the IAP safety analysis (ICS 215A) or the incident briefing (ICS 201) if in the
initial stage of the incident.

Body of Knowledge
3.0.4 Upon arrival, know where to obtain in-briefing on the current situation and operations; be able to
ensure questions related to assigned duties are covered and clearly understood.
3.0.5 Have the skills necessary to employ communication techniques that allow sharing of complex
information in easy-to-understand and -use terms (effective risk communication).
3.0.6 Understand how assignments are communicated on the assignment list (ICS 204).
3.0.7 Be able to apply skills in risk assessment, operational risk management and risk prioritization.
3.0.8 Be able to communicate timely and responsively within the ICS structure.
3.1 Technical Specialist

3.1.1 Be able to serve as the technical representative for their areas of expertise as needed.
3.1.2 Be able to recognize when to liaise with other organizations’ technical specialists and safety
assistants on safety and occupational health issues.
3.1.3 Be able to use ICS and organization-specific forms to document findings.
3.1.4 Be able to report all mishaps and near misses to the safety officer.
3.2 Assistant Safety Officer

3.2.1 Be able to develop robust communications plans and protocols to allow timely reporting and
response to emergencies.
3.2.2 Know which meetings the safety officer is required to attend, and how to support or back up the
safety officer in these meetings.
3.2.3 Know responsibilities for performing field work to support operations; be able to perform site
surveys and provide feedback to the safety officer.
3.2.4 Understand the concept of ARECC relative to the hazards associated with work assignments and
tasks performed by the response team.
3.2.5 Understand and be able to apply operational risk management skills to identify site hazards and
assess and prioritize risks.
3.2.6 Understand the concepts of and be able to confirm that exclusion, contamination reduction, and
support or clean zones are in place and appropriate for the incident.
3.2.7 Understand the need for and how to assess adequacy of the decontamination process and whether
it is sufficient for the anticipated contaminants.
3.2.8 Understand and be able to communicate safe work practices, safety concerns and potential control
measures to site supervisors and workers.
3.2.9 Be able to recognize the level of risk that would require work to be stopped.

3.2.10 Be able to communicate through the chain of command when there is a need to stop work.
3.2.11 Be able to prepare, review, and communicate the SHP as it applies to the designated work site and
IAP, and support updating the plan using knowledge gained from field activities.
3.2.12 Have the skills necessary to use direct-reading instrumentation applicable to the incident.
3.2.13 Understand the capabilities and limitations of selected direct-reading instrumentation and be able
to consider these limitations in data interpretation.
3.2.14 Know what is required relative to site-specific training needs and how to make recommendations
to the safety officer.
3.2.15 Be able to provide incoming personnel with health and safety briefing and orientate new health
and safety personnel.
3.2.16 Be able to develop and maintain a safety bulletin board.
3.2.17 Be able to use risk communication to develop and communicate public safety messages with the
public information officer or joint information center; brief site personnel on the SHP and
communicate updates via the safety message or plan (ICS 208).
3.2.18 Be able to work closely with the operations section to assist in developing special instructions for
the work assignment list (ICS 204) and the IAP safety analysis (ICS 215A).
3.2.19 Be able to develop and communicate control measures to reduce risk to personnel.
3.2.20 Be able to conduct “tailgate” safety briefings with various divisions, groups or strike teams, as
required.
3.2.21 Understand safety training requirements and be able to develop training plans for volunteers and
others performing work outside their normal duties.
3.2.22 Know the process to report immediately to the safety officer any new or previously unidentified
hazards, mishaps, incidents or near misses.
3.2.23 Be able to investigate mishaps, injury and illness to identify root causes and corrective actions
and prepare investigation reports and update the SHP to reflect findings.
3.2.24 Understand the need for and be able to maintain regular communications with the safety officer to
provide updates on current and planned field operations, the adequacy of existing control
measures and recommendations for improvement.
3.2.25 Be able to work with logistics and planning to obtain needed supplies, such as PPE or
instrumentation.

Body of Knowledge
3.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4 or 5 incident)

3.3.2 Understand the critical information/critical reporting requirements for the IC/UC and be able to
communicate these requirements to all safety personnel.
3.3.3 Understand and know how to supervise and execute all safety functions in support of the incident.
3.3.4 Be able to establish and maintain positive interagency working relationships.
3.3.5 Understand the importance of and be able to attend all meetings of command staff.
3.3.6 Know the expected agenda and be able to prepare briefings and deliver information in a concise
yet easy-to-understand manner (i.e., know the audience).
3.3.7 Understand the need to ensure that safety is represented at general staff meetings, both formal and
informal; know when and how to assign a safety liaison or assistant safety officer to attend
operations and planning section meetings.
3.3.8 Understand the process to assess the incident and how to request additional personnel, such as
assistant safety officers, technical specialists and safety field observers, to assist.
3.3.9 Be able to work with operations and planning sections to identify hazards, assess risk for existing
and proposed strategies and tactics, and complete an IAP safety analysis (ICS 215A) during the
tactics and planning phases.
3.3.10 Be able to work with the operations section to determine what control measures are needed to
reduce the level of risk to a command-acceptable level.
3.3.11 Be able to assist the operations section in developing feasible yet effective control measures.
3.3.12 Have the skills necessary to assess the adequacy of engineering controls (e.g., ventilation, noise
monitoring, air monitoring, air sampling).
3.3.13 Know how to determine and use appropriate exposure guidelines when interpreting field data.
3.3.14 Be able to assess the adequacy of administrative controls (e.g., obtain feedback on effectiveness
of safety messages and SHP, obtain feedback on effectiveness of safety training).
3.3.15 Know how to assess adequacy of PPE (e.g., through dermal wipe sampling or the testing of
biological markers).
3.3.16 Be able to analyze risk and triage controls when emergent needs conflict with insufficient
resources.
3.3.17 Be able to work with the logistics section to verify that personnel and equipment needs for safety
can be met in time for the mission’s needs.
3.3.18 Have the skills necessary to develop, publish and communicate verbally or via a safety message
or plan (ICS 208) an incident-specific SHP; be able to frequently communicate safety messages
on key concerns or issues.
3.3.19 Be able to implement, as required, the organization’s occupational health programs (e.g.,
respiratory protection, hearing conservation, fatigue management, thermal stress) in an incident
response.
3.3.20 Understand the importance of maintaining and updating the SHP as response operations evolve or
conditions change.
3.3.21 Know or be able to research key safety and health regulations pertaining to operations (e.g., fall
protection, construction safety, heavy equipment safety).
3.3.22 Be able to determine if selected PPE is providing adequate protection; be able to work with the
logistics section if different PPE is needed.
3.3.23 Be able to verify that personnel can implement control measures and use PPE as prescribed.
3.3.24 Be able to review the medical plan (ICS 206), determine its adequacy and sign off once it is
complete.
3.3.25 Be able to review the communications plan (i.e., how to communicate in event of a site
emergency) and determine its adequacy.
3.3.26 Understand the requirements and elements of a traffic safety plan and how to monitor driving
conditions.
3.3.27 Be able to review job hazard analyses, activity hazard analyses and safe work practices, and
provide feedback as necessary.
3.3.28 Know how to develop or review adequacy occupant emergency, emergency action and evacuation
plans for ICP and field sites, including staging areas.
3.3.29 Be able to brief incoming personnel on key safety and health issues and answer questions.
3.3.30 Understand and be able to advise on environmental health issues including potable water, food
service sanitation, berthing and lodging sanitation, and waste management.
3.3.31 Understand and be able to advise on life safety and fire protection issues; be able to work with the
local fire department on issues that arise.
3.3.32 Understand relationships with other safety and health organizations and, as needed, be able to
meet with federal, state and local safety and occupational health officials (e.g., OSHA compliance
officers).
3.3.33 Know the process and be able to coordinate with local agencies regarding special concerns (e.g.,
indigenous dangerous animals, insects or plants; high-crime areas; geological concerns; traffic
and roadway concerns).
3.3.34 Be able to develop additional monitoring methods to characterize hazards of public concerns and
effectively communicate the results to the media and public.

Body of Knowledge
3.3.35 Know how to assist the public information officer or JIC in describing safety and health issues as
they relate to the responders and the public; be able to assist in their communications as
requested.
3.3.36 Be able to request assistance for safety and health issues outside of your experience or purview.
3.4 Safety Officer (type 1 or 2 incident)

3.4.2 Understand the importance of and be able to coordinate SHPs with other agencies and
organizations.
3.4.3 Understand basic computer modeling (e.g., Computer-Aided Management of Emergency

Operations) and how it may assist with decision making.
3.4.4 Be able to develop similar exposure groups and devise sampling and analysis plans based on
SEGs.
3.4.5 Be able to estimate, using mathematical models, personnel exposure and community impact, as
needed.
3.4.6 Understand and be able to communicate medical and physical fitness requirements for responders
(e.g., ability to perform duties under arduous circumstances, with long hours and high stress);
know how to ensure this information is captured in the medical plan (ICS 206).
3.4.7 Understand the importance of monitoring general welfare of incident personnel; be able to keep
command and general staff informed of concerns (e.g., food, water, fatigue, work/rest practices,
PPE, stress, illness and injuries).
3.4.8 Understand and be able to use the process to request from the logistics section the support of the
organization’s crisis incident stress management team (or equivalent).
3.4.9 Understand and be able to coordinate with the logistics section the monitoring of food and water
safety.
3.4.10 Be able to assess and monitor the safety and hygiene of the ICP, staging areas, Heli-base, berthing
areas, kitchen areas, restrooms and port-a-potties and field sites; be able to provide guidance and
support.
3.4.11 Be able to integrate assistant safety officers’ reports to provide a short, strategic safety brief at
incident briefings and operational period briefings.
3.4.12 Be able to coordinate the transfer of the position’s duties when the incident’s complexity changes
or moves into the recovery phase.
3.4.13 Be able to participate in developing the IAP for the next operational period.
3.4.14 Be able to review the demobilization plan to ensure the safety of personnel is considered during
transfer of duties and travel.

3.4.15 Understand the importance of participating in the organization’s hot wash; be able to provide
input to an after-action report.
3.4.16 Be able to evaluate the performance of safety personnel and provide constructive feedback.
3.4.17 Understand the circumstances when post-incident medical monitoring and surveillance may be
advisable.
3.4.18 Be able to transition to a recovery phase by passing on relevant safety and health information
to incoming groups.
4.0 Recovery
The response phase of an incident focuses on saving lives, protecting property and the environment, and
stabilizing the incident. As these goals are completed, the incident transitions from response to recovery.
The timing of this transition varies depending on the size and complexity of the incident and can happen
at various times even within the response (i.e., some operations may finish their response and transition to
recovery while others are still operating in response mode). The roles and responsibilities of safety
personnel do not inherently change during the recovery phase as the need to ensure the safety and health
of personnel and the public continues. However, the pace of operations, the types of work being
completed and the hazards associated with the work do change. Risk and risk tolerance also change; the
level of acceptable risk is lower during the recovery phase once time-critical objectives are met, and work
becomes more routine. At this point, safety resources are more readily available, and controls can be
implemented. Nevertheless, it is important to avoid complacency as all is not yet “normal.” After an
incident there may still be many uncharacterized hazards for recovery personnel and the public, and safety
and health professionals must continue to use ARECC as new hazards are identified. Hazard evaluation
(and re-evaluation) and controls can now proceed at a more deliberate pace. Likewise, after an incident
there may be additional hazards from restarting industrial processes; similarly, existing engineering
controls may no longer perform to specifications.

Body of Knowledge
5.0 Demobilization, Medical Surveillance

and Transition to Emergency
Planning
Every incident that is mobilized must also be demobilized. Demobilization is an element of every phase
of incident response, and demobilization generally does not occur at the same time for every branch or
unit. For example, consider an incident in which a house fire occurs after a tornado strikes a town. The
fire department responds to the fire and then demobilizes after the fire is extinguished even as separate
response actions continue in other areas of the affected town. If there is evidence that the fire was caused
deliberately, an investigation team will mobilize at the site of the house fire after the fire response
demobilizes. Once the investigation is completed, that team will also demobilize.
Health and safety personnel need to know and understand demobilization plans and processes in order to
support personnel and control hazards. Support is often needed in developing safety and health
information. This information may be incorporated into facility and staging area demobilization plans,
equipment and facility and staging area decontamination plans, and hazardous waste disposal plans.
Another aspect of demobilization is documentation collection, organization and storage. In addition to

supplying copies of all documents, including sampling and monitoring results, to the documentation unit
leader, the safety officer needs to ensure that personal and area sampling or monitoring reports are
provided to response personnel or entered into their medical records. Moreover, depending on responders’
exposures, follow-up medical monitoring and surveillance may be needed post-incident. In these cases,
the safety officer and support personnel need to ensure that a plan for follow-up medical monitoring and
surveillance is included in the demobilization plan.
Finally, after-action reports are prepared after the incident, and all participants should have an opportunity
to provide feedback for the AAR. The safety officer typically has the job of collecting feedback relating to
the safety function, and then combining it and presenting it to the command and general staff and the
personnel compiling the AAR. The AAR process identifies and analyzes what went well during the
incident response as well as opportunities for improvement to gain valuable insight to use during the
upcoming mitigation and preparedness phases (see Figures 5.1 and 5.2).

Figure 5.1: Four Phases of Emergency Management. Source: FEMA (https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/
downloads/is111_unit%204.pdf).
Figure 5.2: FEMA Emergency Management Cycle – Expanded.

Body of Knowledge
Table 1.0 — Incident Types
Type 5 The incident can be handled with one or two single resources with up to six personnel.
Command and General Staff positions (other than the Incident Commander) are not activated.
No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required.
The incident is contained within the first operational period and often within an hour to a few hours after resources arrive on
scene.
Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured person, or a police traffic stop.
Type 4 Command staff and general staff functions are activated only if needed.
Several resources are required to mitigate the incident, including a Task Force or Strike Team.
The incident is usually limited to one operational period in the control phase.
The agency administrator may have briefings, and ensure the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.
No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required but a documented operational briefing will be completed for all incoming
resources.
The role of the agency administrator includes operational plans including objectives and priorities.
Type 3 When capabilities exceed initial attack, the appropriate ICS positions should be added to match the complexity of the incident.
Some or all of the Command and General Staff positions may be activated, as well as Division/Group Supervisor and/or Unit
Leader level positions.
A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or incident command organization manages initial action incidents with a
significant number of resources, an extended attack incident until containment/control is achieved, or an expanding incident
until transition to a Type 1 or 2 IMT.
The incident may extend into multiple operational periods.
A written IAP may be required for each operational period.
Type 2 This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities for local control and is expected to go into multiple operational periods. A
Type 2 incident may require the response of resources out of area, including regional and/or national resources, to effectively
manage the operations, command, and general staffing.
Most or all of the Command and General Staff positions are filled.
A written IAP is required for each operational period.
Many of the functional units are needed and staffed.
Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200 per operational period and total incident personnel do not exceed 500
(guidelines only).
The agency administrator is responsible for the incident complexity analysis, agency administrator briefings, and the written
delegation of authority.
Type 1 This type of incident is the most complex, requiring national resources to safely and effectively manage and operate.
All Command and General Staff positions are activated.
Operations personnel often exceed 500 per operational period and total personnel will usually exceed 1,000.
Branches need to be established.
The agency administrator will have briefings, and ensure that the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.
Use of resource advisors at the incident base is recommended.
There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, requiring additional staff for office administrative and support functions.
Source: FEMA (https://emilms.fema.gov/IS200b/ICS0106320text.htm).

Appendix A. Acronyms and Definitions
A.1. Acronyms
• A.1.1. AAR – After-Action Report
• A.1.2. ARECC – Anticipate, Recognize, Evaluate, Control and Confirm
• A.1.3. CAMEO – Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations
• A.1.4. EPR – Emergency Preparedness and Response
• A.1.5. FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency (within the U.S. Department of Homeland
Security)
• A.1.6. IAP – Incident Action Plan
• A.1.7. ICP – Incident Command Post
• A.1.8. ICS – Incident Command System
• A.1.9. IC/UC – Incident Commander/Unified Command
• A.1.10. JIC – Joint Information Center
• A.1.11. NIMS – National Incident Management System
• A.1.12. OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• A.1.13. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
• A.1.14. SEG – Similar Exposure Groups
• A.1.15. SHP – Safety and Health Plan
A.2. Definitions
A.2.1. Incident2: An occurrence or event — natural or human caused — that requires an emergency
response to protect life or property. Incidents can, for example, include major disasters,
emergencies, terrorist attacks, terrorist threats, wildland and urban fires, floods, hazardous
materials spills, nuclear accidents, aircraft accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical
storms, war-related disasters, public health and medical emergencies, and other occurrences
requiring an emergency response.
2
As defined by FEMA: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/glossary.htm.

Body of Knowledge
A.2.2. Incident Action Plan:2 An oral or written plan containing general objectives reflecting the overall
strategy for managing an incident. It may include the identification of operational resources and
assignments. It may also include attachments that provide direction and important information for
management of the incident during one or more operational periods.
A.2.3. Incident Commander:2 The individual responsible for all incident activities, including the
development of strategies and tactics and the ordering and release of resources. The IC has overall
authority and responsibility for conducting incident operations and is responsible for the
management of all incident operations at the incident site.
A.2.4. Incident Command Post:2 The field location at which the primary tactical-level, on-scene
incident command functions are performed. The ICP may be co-located with the incident base or
other incident facilities and is normally identified by a green rotating or flashing light.
A.2.5. Incident Command System:2 A standardized on-scene emergency management construct

specifically designed to provide for the adoption of an integrated organizational structure that
reflects the complexity and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by
jurisdictional boundaries. ICS is the combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures
and communications operating within a common organizational structure, designed to aid in the
management of resources during incidents.
A.2.6. Incident Types: see Table 1.0.
A.2.7. Joint Information Center:2 A facility established to coordinate all incident-related public
information activities. It is the central point of contact for all news media at the scene of the
incident. Public information officials from all participating agencies should co-locate at the JIC.
A.2.8. Mitigation:2 The activities designed to reduce or eliminate risks to persons or property or to
lessen the actual or potential effects or consequences of an incident. Mitigation measures may be
implemented prior to, during or after an incident.
A.2.9. Preparedness:2 The range of deliberate, critical tasks and activities necessary to build, sustain
and improve the operational capability to prevent, protect against, respond to and recover from
domestic incidents.
A.2.10. Recovery:2 The development, coordination and execution of service and site restoration plans;
the reconstitution of government operations and services; individual, private-sector,
nongovernmental and public-assistance programs to provide housing and to promote restoration;
long-term care and treatment of affected persons; additional measures for social, political,
environmental and economic restoration; evaluation of the incident to identify lessons learned;
post-incident reporting; and development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of future incidents.
A.2.11. Response:2 Activities that address the short-term, direct effects of an incident. Response includes
immediate actions to save lives, protect property and meet basic human needs. Response also
includes the execution of emergency operations plans and of mitigation activities designed to
limit the loss of life, personal injury, property damage and other unfavorable outcomes.
2

A.2.12. Safety Officer:2 A member of the command staff responsible for monitoring and assessing safety
hazards or unsafe situations, and for developing measures for ensuring personnel safety. The
safety officer may have assistants.
A.2.13. Technical Specialists:2 Personnel with special skills that can be used anywhere within the ICS
organization.
A.2.14. Unified Command:2 An application of ICS used when there is more than one agency with
incident jurisdiction or when incidents cross political jurisdictions. Agencies work together
through the designated members of the unified command, often the senior person from the
agencies or disciplines participating in the unified command, to establish a common set of
objectives and strategies and a single incident action plan.
Appendix B. References and

Recommended Websites
B.1 Key ICS Forms
B.1.1. Completed or signed by the safety officer:
• ICS 208 Site Safety and Health Plan
• ICS 206 Medical Plan
• ICS 215A Safety Analysis
B.1.2. Input given by the safety officer:
• ICS 202 Incident Objectives
• ICS 204 Work Assignments
• ICS 213 General Message
• ICS 215 Operational Planning Worksheet
2

Body of Knowledge
B.2 Key NIMS/ICS Training

B.2.1. Online Training (https://training.fema.gov/nims/):
• ICS-100 Introduction to the Incident Command System
• ICS-200 ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents
• IS-700 National Incident Management System, an Introduction
• IS-800: National Response Framework, an Introduction
B.2.2. Classroom Training (this may be available through your state; visit https://training.fema.gov/
programs/aps/stolist.aspx):
• ICS-300 Intermediate Incident Command System for Expanding Incidents
• ICS-400 Advanced Incident Command System for Command and General Staff – Complex
Incidents
B.2.3. Position-Specific Training (this may be available through FEMA’s Emergency Management
Institute; visit https://training.fema.gov/emicourses/emicatalog.aspx?cid=E954&ctype=R):
• E/L 954: All-Hazards Position Specific Safety Officer
B.2.4. Incident Management Team Training:
• ICS-320 Intermediate Incident Management Team
• ICS-420 Advanced Incident Management Team
B.3 Exposure Limits for EPR

B.3.1. American Industrial Hygiene Association – Emergency Response Planning Guides
B.3.2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Acute Exposure Guideline Limits
B.3.3. U.S. Department of Energy – Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits and Protective Action
Criteria
B.3.4. Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Permissible Exposure Limits
B.3.5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists – Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

B.4 Recommended References
B.4.1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: 2018 TLVs and BEIs
B.4.2. CAMEO (through U.S. EPA): https://www.epa.gov/cameo/cameo-software
B.4.3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emergency Planners and Responders Website: https://
www.emergency.cdc.gov/planners-responders.asp
B.4.4. U.S. Coast Guard, Incident Management Handbook, 2014: https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.

ashx?DocumentID=21958
B.4.5. U.S. EPA Safety Officer Toolbox Website: https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_

id=9154
B.4.6. FEMA ICS Resource Center: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/index.htm
B.4.7. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Incident Types: https://emilms.fema.gov/IS200b/

ICS0106320text.htm
B.4.8. National Response Framework, Third Edition: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/

documents/117791
B.4.9. National Institutes of Health Emergency Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance Website:
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/erhms/default.html
B.4.10. U.S. National Library of Medicine Disaster Information Management Research Center: https://
www.nlm.nih.gov/news/hurricane_emergency_services.html
B.5 Example ICS Forms

B.5.1. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/
documents/103505
B.5.2. U.S. Coast Guard: https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-

C4IT-CG-6/The-Office-of-Information-Management-CG-61/Forms-Management/ICS-Forms/
B.5.3. U.S. EPA: https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=2938
B.5.4. National Wildfire Coordinating Group: https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/ics-forms
B.6 Job Aids

B.6.1. FEMA ICS Job Aids: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/jobaids.htm
B.6.2. FEMA ICS Position Checklists: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/

positionchecklists.htm
B.6.3. Safety Officer Job Aid (U.S. Coast Guard Version): https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/
DispForm.aspx?ID=2916

Body of Knowledge
B.6.4. Safety Officer Job Aid (U.S. EPA Version): https://response.epa.gov/sites/9154/files/SOFR%20

Job%20Aid.doc
B.6.5. Assistant Safety Officer Job Aid (U.S. EPA Version): https://response.epa.gov/sites/9154/files/
ASOFR%20Job%20Aid.doc
B.7 Position Qualification and Certification Systems

B.7.1. Safety Officer, Type 1 or 2 (National Wildfire Coordinating Group Version): https://www.nwcg.
gov/sites/default/files/products/training-products/pms-311-04.pdf
B.7.2. Safety Officer, Type 3 (U.S. Coast Guard Version): https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/

Attachments/2922/ICS-SOFR3%20PQS.pdf
B.7.3. National Preparedness Course Catalog for Training: https://www.firstrespondertraining.gov/frt/

npccatalog/EMI
B.7.4. All-Hazards Safety Officer Task Book (FEMA Version): https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/

icsresource/assets/tb_so.pdf

American Industrial Hygiene Association
3141 Fairview Park Dr., Suite 777 • Falls Church, VA 22042
www.AIHA.org

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Body of Knowledge

Emergency Preparedness and Response

Founded in 1939, the American Industrial Hygiene Association® (AIHA®) is

For more information, visit www.AIHA.org

• Laura H. Weems, CIH, CSP, • Dana L. Stahl, CIH

Copyright 2018 American Industrial Hygiene Association

Page 2 of 24 | November 23, 2018 | Revision 1

Tables and Figures

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Industrial hygienists are likely to fill three principal positions:

• Assistant safety officer

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1.0 General Knowledge, Skills and

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2.2 Assistant Safety Officer

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2.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4 or 5 incident)

2.3.2 Comprehend and be able to apply the ICS-300 level of training.

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3.0 Response (applicable to all

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3.1 Technical Specialist

3.1.3 Be able to use ICS and organization-specific forms to document findings.

3.2 Assistant Safety Officer

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3.2.16 Be able to develop and maintain a safety bulletin board.

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3.3 Safety Officer (type 3, 4 or 5 incident)

3.3.4 Be able to establish and maintain positive interagency working relationships.

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3.4 Safety Officer (type 1 or 2 incident)

3.4.3 Understand basic computer modeling (e.g., Computer-Aided Management of Emergency

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5.0 Demobilization, Medical Surveillance

Another aspect of demobilization is documentation collection, organization and storage. In addition to

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Figure 5.2: FEMA Emergency Management Cycle – Expanded.

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Table 1.0 — Incident Types

Source: FEMA (https://emilms.fema.gov/IS200b/ICS0106320text.htm).

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• A.1.1. AAR – After-Action Report

• A.1.2. ARECC – Anticipate, Recognize, Evaluate, Control and Confirm

• A.1.3. CAMEO – Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations

• A.1.4. EPR – Emergency Preparedness and Response

• A.1.6. IAP – Incident Action Plan

• A.1.7. ICP – Incident Command Post

• A.1.8. ICS – Incident Command System

• A.1.9. IC/UC – Incident Commander/Unified Command

• A.1.10. JIC – Joint Information Center

• A.1.11. NIMS – National Incident Management System

• A.1.12. OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration

• A.1.13. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

• A.1.14. SEG – Similar Exposure Groups

• A.1.15. SHP – Safety and Health Plan

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A.2.5. Incident Command System:2 A standardized on-scene emergency management construct

A.2.6. Incident Types: see Table 1.0.

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Appendix B. References and

• ICS 208 Site Safety and Health Plan

• ICS 206 Medical Plan