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Chapter 5
BEAMS
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Secondary
Beams
Joist
Column
Joists: Joists are less important beams that are closely spaced and
are frequently having truss-type webs.
Floor Beams: Floor beams are main girders of the bridge spanning
between trusses or plate girders and running perpendicular to the
roadway of the bridge.
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My
fb
Ix
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My
fb
Ix
Mc M M
f max
Ix Ix / c S
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My
fb
Ix
Mc M M
f max
Ix Ix / c S
is valid as long as the loads are small enough that the material
remains within its linear elastic range.
For structural steel, this means that the stress fmax must not exceed Fy
and that the bending moment must not exceed
Once yielding begins, the distribution of stress over the X-section is no longer
linear.
Yielding will progress from the extreme fiber toward the neutral axis.
At the same time, the yielded region will extend longitudinally from the center of
the beam as the bending moment reaches My at more locations until the entire X-
section yields as shown in Figure (d).
Example 5.2
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Mn = Mp
Local Stability
Similarly, if depth over thickness ratio is greater for the web, it can locally buckle or
cripple under compression.
On the other hand, Web Crippling occurs due to local compression transferred by the
flange to the connecting portion of web.
Buckling is
diagonal
perpendicular to
the plane
Web Instability
LOCAL BUCKLING
IN BEAM
Diagonal Web
local Buckling
Flange Local
Buckling
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WEB CRIPPLING
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Overall stability
LATERAL STABILITY
Due to lateral buckling of the compression zone, the section is twisted as a whole
due to the fact that tension zone remains stable and tries to retain its position.
This combined twisting and buckling of beam in a lateral direction is called Lateral
Torsional Buckling (LTB).
It depends upon the laterally unsupported length besides the loading and the
sectional dimensions.
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Overall buckling
Lateral bracing:
Prevents lateral translation, should be
applied as close to the compression flange
Torsional bracing
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CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
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Compact section
A compact section is the one that is capable of developing its full plastic moment
capacity before any local buckling occurs.
In order to qualify under this category, a member must meet the following
requirements (Table B4.1b of AISC Specification):
Note:
• The web criterion is met by all standard I and C shapes listed in the Manual
for Fy ≤ 65 ksi.
• In most cases only the flange ratio needs to be checked.
• Built-up welded I shapes can have non-compact or slender webs.
• Most shapes will also satisfy the flange requirement and will therefore be
classified as compact.
• Note:
• The non-compact shapes are identified in the dimensions and properties table with a footnote
(footnote f).
• The compression members have different criteria than flexural members, so a shape could be
compact for flexure but slender for compression (footnote c).
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• The points of lateral support are indicated with an “×” in the following figure.
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LATERAL BRACING
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Cross Bracing
Cross Bracing
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Mn = Mp = FyZx Mn Eq F2-2
Fcr = 0.7Fy Mr = 0.7FySx
Nominal Moment Strength (Mn)
Mp
My Mn = FcrSx
Fcr Eq F2-4
Mr
Mn = Mp
Inelastic
Behaviour
Elastic Behavior
Lp Lr
2-4
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Moment gradient
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Summary
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Shear Strength
Beam shear strength is covered in Chapter G of the AISC Specification.
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Clearly, the web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to yield.
Yielding of the web represents one of the shear limit states. Taking the shear
yield stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress, the stress in the web at failure is
Section G2.1 of the AISC Specification covers both beams with stiffened webs and
beams with unstiffened webs. The nominal shear strength is:
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1. web yielding,
2. web inelastic buckling,
3. or web elastic buckling.
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Note: AISC F13.2, “Proportioning Limits for I-Shaped Members,” states that h/tw in
unstiffened girders shall not exceed 260
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Block Shear
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Deflection
In addition to being safe, a structure must be serviceable. A serviceable structure is
one that performs satisfactorily, not causing any discomfort or perceptions of bring
unsafe for the occupants or users of the structure.
For a beam, being serviceable usually means that the deformations, primarily the
vertical sag, or deflection, must be limited.
The limits shown in the above Table for deflection due to dead load plus live
load do not apply to steel beams, because the dead load deflection is usually
compensated for by some means, such as cambering
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DESIGN
1. Compute the required moment strength (i.e., the factored load moment Mu for LRFD). A
value may be assumed for the self weight and verified after a shape is selected, or the
weight may be ignored initially and checked after a shape has been selected. Because the
beam weight is usually a small part of the total load, the selected shape will usually be
satisfactory when the moment is recomputed.
Each graph gives the flexural strength (Design strength) of a standard hot-rolled shape.
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All curves are for Cb 1.0. For other values of Cb , simply multiply the moment
from the chart by Cb . Maximum strength is represented by the horizontal line at the
left side of the graph.
For a compact shape, the strength corresponding to yielding (reaching the plastic
moment Mp).
For a noncompact shape, the horizontal line represents the flange local buckling
strength.
The End