Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1:
(e) a high-speed electron in space far from all material objects, and free of electric and
magnetic fields.
ANSWER:
The rain drop is falling with a constant speed. Hence, it acceleration is zero. As per
Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the rain drop is zero.
The weight of the cork is acting downward. It is balanced by the buoyant force exerted by
the water in the upward direction. Hence, no net force is acting on the floating cork.
The kite is stationary in the sky, i.e., it is not moving at all. Hence, as per Newton’s first law
of motion, no net force is acting on the kite.
The car is moving on a rough road with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero.
As per Newton’s second law of motion, no net force is acting on the car.
The high speed electron is free from the influence of all fields. Hence, no net force is acting
on the electron.
Page No 109:
Question 5.2:
A pebble of mass 0.05 kg is thrown vertically upwards. Give the direction and magnitude of
the net force on the pebble,
(c) at the highest point where it is momentarily at rest. Do your answers change if the
pebble was thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal direction?
Acceleration due to gravity, irrespective of the direction of motion of an object, always acts
downward. The gravitational force is the only force that acts on the pebble in all three
cases. Its magnitude is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:
F=m×a
Where,
F = Net force
a = g = 10 m/s2
∴F = 0.05 × 10 = 0.5 N
The net force on the pebble in all three cases is 0.5 N and this force acts in the downward
direction.
If the pebble is thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal, it will have both the horizontal
and vertical components of velocity. At the highest point, only the vertical component of
velocity becomes zero. However, the pebble will have the horizontal component of velocity
throughout its motion. This component of velocity produces no effect on the net force acting
on the pebble.
Page No 109:
Question 5.3:
Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on a stone of mass 0.1 kg,
(b) just after it is dropped from the window of a train running at a constant velocity of 36
km/h,
(c) just after it is dropped from the window of a train accelerating with 1 m s –2,
(d) lying on the floor of a train which is accelerating with 1 m s–2, the stone being at rest
relative to the train. Neglect air resistance throughout.
ANSWER:
As per Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone,
F = ma = mg
= 0.1 × 10 = 1 N
The train is moving with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero in the direction
of its motion, i.e., in the horizontal direction. Hence, no force is acting on the stone in the
horizontal direction.
The net force acting on the stone is because of acceleration due to gravity and it always
acts vertically downward. The magnitude of this force is 1 N.
This force is acting in the horizontal direction. Now, when the stone is dropped, the
horizontal force F,' stops acting on the stone. This is because of the fact that the force
acting on a body at an instant depends on the situation at that instant and not on earlier
situations.
Therefore, the net force acting on the stone is given only by acceleration due to gravity.
F = mg = 1 N
The weight of the stone is balanced by the normal reaction of the floor. The only
acceleration is provided by the horizontal motion of the train.
The net force acting on the stone will be in the direction of motion of the train. Its magnitude
is given by:
F = ma
= 0.1 × 1 = 0.1 N
Page No 110:
Question 5.4:
One end of a string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and the other to a small
peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the particle moves in a circle with speed v the net force
on the particle (directed towards the centre) is:
Answer: (i)
When a particle connected to a string revolves in a circular path around a centre, the
centripetal force is provided by the tension produced in the string. Hence, in the given case,
the net force on the particle is the tension T, i.e.,
F=T=
Page No 110:
Question 5.5:
Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be
calculated as:
F = ma
–50 = 20 × a
Using the first equation of motion, the time (t) taken by the body to come to rest can be
calculated as:
v = u + at
=6s
Page No 110:
Question 5.6:
A constant force acting on a body of mass 3.0 kg changes its speed from 2.0 m s–1 to 3.5 m
s–1 in 25 s. The direction of the motion of the body remains unchanged. What is the
magnitude and direction of the force?
ANSWER:
Time, t = 25 s
Using the first equation of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be
calculated as:
v = u + at
F = ma
= 3 × 0.06 = 0.18 N
Since the application of force does not change the direction of the body, the net force acting
on the body is in the direction of its motion.
Page No 110:
Question 5.7:
A body of mass 5 kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8 N and 6 N. Give the
magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the body.
ANSWER:
The negative sign indicates that θ is in the clockwise direction with respect to the force of
magnitude 8 N.
As per Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) of the body is given as:
F = ma
Page No 110:
Question 5.8:
The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of 36 km/h sees a child standing in the
middle of the road and brings his vehicle to rest in 4.0 s just in time to save the child. What
is the average retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg and
the mass of the driver is 65 kg.
ANSWER:
Time, t = 4 s
Using the first law of motion, the acceleration (a) of the three-wheeler can be calculated as:
v = u + at
The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the three-wheeler is decreasing with time.
Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the three-wheeler can be
calculated as:
F = Ma
= 465 × (–2.5) = –1162.5 N
The negative sign indicates that the force is acting against the direction of motion of the
three-wheeler.
Page No 110:
Question 5.9:
A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 5.0
m s–2. Calculate the initial thrust (force) of the blast.
ANSWER:
Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force (thrust) acting on the rocket is given by
the relation:
F – mg = ma
F = m (g + a)
= 20000 × (10 + 5)
= 20000 × 15 = 3 × 105 N
Page No 110:
Question 5.10:
A body of mass 0.40 kg moving initially with a constant speed of 10 m s–1 to the north is
subject to a constant force of 8.0 N directed towards the south for 30 s. Take the instant the
force is applied to be t = 0, the position of the body at that time to be x = 0, and predict its
position at t = –5 s, 25 s, 100 s.
ANSWER:
(i) At t = –5 s
= 10 × (–5) = –50 m
(ii) At t = 25 s
(iii) At t = 100 s
For
a = –20 m/s2
u = 10 m/s
= –8700 m
For
As per the first equation of motion, for t = 30 s, final velocity is given as:
v = u + at
= –590 × 70 = –41300 m
Page No 110:
Question 5.11:
A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2.0 m s–2. At t = 10 s, a stone is
dropped by a person standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from the ground). What are
the (a) velocity, and (b) acceleration of the stone at t = 11 s? (Neglect air resistance.)
ANSWER:
Answer: (a) 22.36 m/s, at an angle of 26.57° with the motion of the truck
(b) 10 m/s2
(a) Initial velocity of the truck, u = 0
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s2
Time, t = 10 s
v = u + at
= 0 + 2 × 10 = 20 m/s
The final velocity of the truck and hence, of the stone is 20 m/s.
vx = 20 m/s
The vertical component (vy) of velocity of the stone is given by the first equation of motion
as:
vy = u + ayδt
∴vy = 0 + 10 × 1 = 10 m/s
Let θ be the angle made by the resultant velocity with the horizontal component of
velocity, vx
= 26.57°
(b) When the stone is dropped from the truck, the horizontal force acting on it becomes
zero. However, the stone continues to move under the influence of gravity. Hence, the
acceleration of the stone is 10 m/s2 and it acts vertically downward.
Page No 110:
Question 5.12:
A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into
oscillation. The speed of the bob at its mean position is 1 m s–1. What is the trajectory of the
bob if the string is cut when the bob is (a) at one of its extreme positions, (b) at its mean
position.
ANSWER:
(a) At the extreme position, the velocity of the bob becomes zero. If the string is cut at this
moment, then the bob will fall vertically on the ground.
(b)At the mean position, the velocity of the bob is 1 m/s. The direction of this velocity is
tangential to the arc formed by the oscillating bob. If the bob is cut at the mean position,
then it will trace a projectile path having the horizontal component of velocity only. Hence, it
will follow a parabolic path.
Page No 110:
Question 5.13:
(d) What would be the reading if the lift mechanism failed and it hurtled down freely under
gravity?
ANSWER:
Acceleration, a = 0
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
R – mg = ma
∴R = mg
= 70 × 10 = 700 N
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
R + mg = ma
R = m(g – a)
= 70 (10 – 5) = 70 × 5
= 350 N
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
R – mg = ma
R = m(g + a)
= 70 (10 + 5) = 70 × 15
= 1050 N
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
R + mg = ma
R = m(g – a)
= m(g – g) = 0
Question 5.14:
Figure 5.16 shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4 kg. What is the (a) force
on the particle for t 0, t > 4 s, 0 4 s? (b) impulse at t = 0 and t = 4 s? (Consider one-
dimensional motion only).
Figure 5.16
ANSWER:
(a) For t
It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is coincident with
the time axis. It indicates that the displacement of the particle in this time interval is zero.
Hence, the force acting on the particle is zero.
For t > 4 s
It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is parallel to the
time axis. It indicates that the particle is at rest at a distance of
3 m from the origin. Hence, no force is acting on the particle.
For 0 t
It can be observed that the given position-time graph has a constant slope. Hence, the
acceleration produced in the particle is zero. Therefore, the force acting on the particle is
zero.
(b) At t = 0
= mv – mu
∴Impulse
At t = 4 s
∴ Impulse
Page No 110:
Question 5.15:
Mass of body A, m1 = 10 kg
Mass of body B, m2 = 20 kg
Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the system can be
calculated as:
F = ma
When force F is applied on body A:
F – T = m1a
∴T = F – m1a
F – T = m2a
T = F – m2a
Page No 111:
Question 5.16:
Two masses 8 kg and 12 kg are connected at the two ends of a light inextensible string that
goes over a frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of the masses, and the tension in the
string when the masses are released.
ANSWER:
The given system of two masses and a pulley can be represented as shown in the following
figure:
Smaller mass, m1 = 8 kg
Larger mass, m2 = 12 kg
Mass m2, owing to its weight, moves downward with acceleration a,and mass m1 moves
upward.
T – m1g = ma … (i)
… (iii)
Therefore, the acceleration of the masses is 2 m/s2.
Page No 111:
Question 5.17:
A nucleus is at rest in the laboratory frame of reference. Show that if it disintegrates into two
smaller nuclei the products must move in opposite directions.
ANSWER:
Let m, m1, and m2 be the respective masses of the parent nucleus and the two daughter
nuclei. The parent nucleus is at rest.
Let v1 and v2 be the respective velocities of the daughter nuclei having masses m1 and m2.
Total linear momentum of the system after disintegration =
Here, the negative sign indicates that the fragments of the parent nucleus move in
directions opposite to each other.
Page No 111:
Question 5.18:
Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg moving in opposite directions with speed 6 m s–
1
collide and rebound with the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to
the other?
ANSWER:
After collision, the balls change their directions of motion without changing the magnitudes
of their velocity.
= pf – pi
The negative sign indicates that the impulses imparted to the balls are opposite in direction.
Page No 111:
Question 5.19:
A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is
80 m s–1, what is the recoil speed of the gun?
ANSWER:
Here, the negative sign appears because the directions of the shell and the gun are
opposite to each other.
mv – MV = 0
Page No 111:
Question 5.20:
A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45° without changing its initial speed which is
equal to 54 km/h. What is the impulse imparted to the ball? (Mass of the ball is 0.15 kg.)
ANSWER:
Where,
∠AOB = Angle between the incident and deflected paths of the ball = 45°
Page No 111:
Question 5.21:
A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m
with a speed of 40 rev./min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is
the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand
a maximum tension of 200 N?
ANSWER:
Angular velocity, ω =
The centripetal force for the stone is provided by the tension T, in the string, i.e.,
Maximum tension in the string, Tmax = 200 N
Page No 111:
Question 5.22:
If, in Exercise 5.21, the speed of the stone is increased beyond the maximum permissible
value, and the string breaks suddenly, which of the following correctly describes the
trajectory of the stone after the string breaks:
(b) the stone flies off tangentially from the instant the string breaks,
(c) the stone flies off at an angle with the tangent whose magnitude depends on the speed
of the particle ?
ANSWER:
Answer: (b)
When the string breaks, the stone will move in the direction of the velocity at that instant.
According to the first law of motion, the direction of velocity vector is tangential to the path
of the stone at that instant. Hence, the stone will fly off tangentially from the instant the
string breaks.
Page No 111:
Question 5.23:
Explain why
(b) passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly,
(a) In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground
in turn exerts an equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction
force causes the horse to move forward.
An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart
and run in empty space.
(b) When a speeding bus stops suddenly, the lower portion of a passenger’s body, which is
in contact with the seat, suddenly comes to rest. However, the upper portion tends to
remain in motion (as per the first law of motion). As a result, the passenger’s upper body is
thrown forward in the direction in which the bus was moving.
(c) While pulling a lawn mower, a force at an angle θ is applied on it, as shown in the
following figure.
The vertical component of this applied force acts upward. This reduces the effective weight
of the mower.
On the other hand, while pushing a lawn mower, a force at an angle θ is applied on it, as
shown in the following figure.
In this case, the vertical component of the applied force acts in the direction of the weight of
the mower. This increases the effective weight of the mower.
Since the effective weight of the lawn mower is lesser in the first case, pulling the lawn
mower is easier than pushing it.
(d) According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have the equation of motion:
Where,
It can be inferred from equation (i) that the impact force is inversely proportional to the
impact time, i.e.,
Equation (ii) shows that the force experienced by the cricketer decreases if the time of
impact increases and vice versa.
While taking a catch, a cricketer moves his hand backward so as to increase the time of
impact (Δt). This is turn results in the decrease in the stopping force, thereby preventing the
hands of the cricketer from getting hurt.
Page No 111:
Question 5.24:
Figure 5.17 shows the position-time graph of a body of mass 0.04 kg. Suggest a suitable
physical context for this motion. What is the time between two consecutive impulses
received by the body? What is the magnitude of each impulse?
Figure 5.17
ANSWER:
A ball rebounding between two walls located between at x = 0 and x = 2 cm; after every 2 s,
the ball receives an impulse of magnitude 0.08 × 10–2 kg m/s from the walls
The given graph shows that a body changes its direction of motion after every 2 s.
Physically, this situation can be visualized as a ball rebounding to and fro between two
stationary walls situated between positions x = 0 and x = 2 cm. Since the slope of the x-
t graph reverses after every 2 s, the ball collides with a wall after every 2 s. Therefore, ball
receives an impulse after every 2 s.
The slope of the graph gives the velocity of the ball. Using the graph, we can calculate initial
velocity (u) as:
Velocity of the ball before collision, u = 10–2 m/s
(Here, the negative sign arises as the ball reverses its direction of motion.)
Page No 111:
Question 5.25:
Figure 5.18 shows a man standing stationary with respect to a horizontal conveyor belt that
is accelerating with 1 m s–2. What is the net force on the man? If the coefficient of static
friction between the man’s shoes and the belt is 0.2, up to what acceleration of the belt can
the man continue to be stationary relative to the belt? (Mass of the man = 65 kg.)
Figure 5.18
ANSWER:
The net force F, acting on the man is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:
= 65 × 1 = 65 N
The man will continue to be stationary with respect to the conveyor belt until the net force
on the man is less than or equal to the frictional force fs, exerted by the belt, i.e.,
Therefore, the maximum acceleration of the belt up to which the man can stand stationary is
2 m/s2.
Page No 112:
Question 5.26:
A stone of mass m tied to the end of a string revolves in a vertical circle of radius R. The net
forces at the lowest and highest points of the circle directed vertically downwards are:
[Choose the correct alternative]
Lowest Point Highest Point
(a) mg – T1 mg + T2
(b) mg + T1 mg – T2
(c)
mg + T1 – /R mg – T2 + /R
(d)
mg – T1 – /R mg + T2 + /R
T1 and v1 denote the tension and speed at the lowest point. T2 and v2 denote corresponding
values at the highest point.
ANSWER:
(a)The free body diagram of the stone at the lowest point is shown in the following figure.
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone at this point
is equal to the centripetal force, i.e.,
… (i)
The free body diagram of the stone at the highest point is shown in the following figure.
… (ii)
It is clear from equations (i) and (ii) that the net force acting at the lowest and the highest
points are respectively (T – mg) and (T + mg).
Page No 112:
Question 5.27:
A helicopter of mass 1000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m s–2. The crew and the
passengers weigh 300 kg. Give the magnitude and direction of the
Using Newton’s second law of motion, the reaction force R, on the system by the floor can
be calculated as:
R – mpg = ma
= mp(g + a)
= 7500 N
Since the helicopter is accelerating vertically upward, the reaction force will also be directed
upward. Therefore, as per Newton’s third law of motion, the force on the floor by the crew
and passengers is 7500 N, directed downward.
(b) Using Newton’s second law of motion, the reaction force R’, experienced by the
helicopter can be calculated as:
= m(g + a)
= 1300 (10 + 15) = 1300 × 25
= 32500 N
The reaction force experienced by the helicopter from the surrounding air is acting upward.
Hence, as per Newton’s third law of motion, the action of the rotor on the surrounding air will
be 32500 N, directed downward.
(c) The force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air is 32500 N, directed upward.
Page No 112:
Question 5.28:
A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m s–1 gushes out of a tube of
cross-sectional area 10–2 m2, and hits a vertical wall nearby. What is the force exerted on the
wall by the impact of water, assuming it does not rebound?
ANSWER:
V = Av = 15 × 10–2 m3/s
Mass of water flowing out through the pipe per second = ρ × V = 150 kg/s
The water strikes the wall and does not rebound. Therefore, the force exerted by the water
on the wall is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:
Question 5.29:
Ten one-rupee coins are put on top of each other on a table. Each coin has a mass m. Give
the magnitude and direction of
(a) the force on the 7th coin (counted from the bottom) due to all the coins on its top,
(a) Force on the seventh coin is exerted by the weight of the three coins on its top.
Hence, the force exerted on the 7th coin by the three coins on its top is 3mg. This force acts
vertically downward.
(b) Force on the seventh coin by the eighth coin is because of the weight of the eighth coin
and the other two coins (ninth and tenth) on its top.
Hence, the force exerted on the 7th coin by the eighth coin is 3mg. This force acts vertically
downward.
(c) The 6th coin experiences a downward force because of the weight of the four coins (7th,
8th, 9th, and 10th) on its top.
Therefore, the total downward force experienced by the 6th coin is 4mg.
As per Newton’s third law of motion, the 6th coin will produce an equal reaction force on the
7th coin, but in the opposite direction. Hence, the reaction force of the 6th coin on the 7th coin
is of magnitude 4mg. This force acts in the upward direction.
Page No 112:
Question 5.30:
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed of 720 km/h with its wings banked at 15°.
What is the radius of the loop?
ANSWER:
= 14925.37 m
= 14.92 km
Page No 112:
Question 5.31:
A train runs along an unbanked circular track of radius 30 m at a speed of 54 km/h. The
mass of the train is 106 kg. What provides the centripetal force required for this purpose –
The engine or the rails? What is the angle of banking required to prevent wearing out of the
rail?
ANSWER:
The centripetal force is provided by the lateral thrust of the rail on the wheel. As per
Newton’s third law of motion, the wheel exerts an equal and opposite force on the rail. This
reaction force is responsible for the wear and rear of the rail
The angle of banking θ, is related to the radius (r) and speed (v) by the relation:
Page No 112:
Question 5.32:
A block of mass 25 kg is raised by a 50 kg man in two different ways as shown in Fig. 5.19.
What is the action on the floor by the man in the two cases? If the floor yields to a normal
force of 700 N, which mode should the man adopt to lift the block without the floor yielding?
ANSWER:
In this case, the man applies a force in the upward direction. This increases his apparent
weight.
Case (b): When the man lifts the block using a pulley
In this case, the man applies a force in the downward direction. This decreases his
apparent weight.
If the floor can yield to a normal force of 700 N, then the man should adopt the second
method to easily lift the block by applying lesser force.
Page No 113:
Question 5.33:
A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope (Fig. 5.20) which can stand a maximum tension
of 600 N. In which of the following cases will the rope break: the monkey
Fig. 5.20
ANSWER:
Case (a)
T – mg = ma
∴T = m(g + a)
= 40 (10 + 6)
= 640 N
Case (b)
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
mg – T = ma
∴T = m (g – a)
= 40(10 – 4)
= 240 N
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Case (c)
The monkey is climbing with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. Therefore, its acceleration is zero,
i.e., a = 0.
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
T – mg = ma
T – mg = 0
∴T = mg
= 40 × 10
= 400 N
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Case (d)
When the monkey falls freely under gravity, its will acceleration become equal to the
acceleration due to gravity, i.e., a = g
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
mg – T = mg
∴T = m(g – g) = 0
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Page No 113:
Question 5.34:
Two bodies A and B of masses 5 kg and 10 kg in contact with each other rest on a table
against a rigid wall (Fig. 5.21). The coefficient of friction between the bodies and the table is
0.15. A force of 200 N is applied horizontally to A. What are (a) the reaction of the partition
(b) the action-reaction forces between A and B?What happens when the wall is removed?
Does the answer to (b) change, when the bodies are in motion? Ignore the difference
between μs and μk.
Fig. 5.21
ANSWER:
Mass of body B, mB = 10 kg
Applied force, F = 200 N
fs = μ (mA +mB)g
= 0.15 (5 + 10) × 10
As per Newton’s third law of motion, the reaction force of the partition will be in the direction
opposite to the net applied force.
Hence, the reaction of the partition will be 177.5 N, in the leftward direction.
fA = μmAg
As per Newton’s third law of motion, an equal amount of reaction force will be exerted by
mass B on mass A, i.e., 192.5 N acting leftward.
When the wall is removed, the two bodies will move in the direction of the applied force.
The equation of motion for the system of acceleration a,can be written as:
Net force causing mass A to move:
FA = mAa
= 5 × 11.83 = 59.15 N
This force will act in the direction of motion. As per Newton’s third law of motion, an equal
amount of force will be exerted by mass B on mass A, i.e., 133.3 N, acting opposite to the
direction of motion.
Page No 113:
Question 5.35:
A block of mass 15 kg is placed on a long trolley. The coefficient of static friction between
the block and the trolley is 0.18. The trolley accelerates from rest with 0.5 m s–2 for 20 s and
then moves with uniform velocity. Discuss the motion of the block as viewed by (a) a
stationary observer on the ground, (b) an observer moving with the trolley.
ANSWER:
As per Newton’s second law of motion, the force (F) on the block caused by the motion of
the trolley is given by the relation:
F = ma = 15 × 0.5 = 7.5 N
f = μmg
= 0.18 × 15 × 10 = 27 N
The force of static friction between the block and the trolley is greater than the applied
external force. Hence, for an observer on the ground, the block will appear to be at rest.
When the trolley moves with uniform velocity there will be no applied external force. Only
the force of friction will act on the block in this situation.
(b) An observer, moving with the trolley, has some acceleration. This is the case of non-
inertial frame of reference. The frictional force, acting on the trolley backward, is opposed by
a pseudo force of the same magnitude. However, this force acts in the opposite direction.
Thus, the trolley will appear to be at rest for the observer moving with the trolley.
Page No 113:
Question 5.36:
The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5 m away from the open
end as shown in Fig. 5.22. The coefficient of friction between the box and the surface below
it is 0.15. On a straight road, the truck starts from rest and accelerates with 2 m s–2. At what
distance from the starting point does the box fall off the truck? (Ignore the size of the box).
Fig. 5.22
ANSWER:
Initial velocity, u = 0
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s2
As per Newton’s second law of motion, the force on the box caused by the accelerated
motion of the truck is given by:
F = ma
= 40 × 2 = 80 N
As per Newton’s third law of motion, a reaction force of 80 N is acting on the box in the
backward direction. The backward motion of the box is opposed by the force of friction f,
acting between the box and the floor of the truck. This force is given by:
f = μmg
= 0.15 × 40 × 10 = 60 N
Fnet = 80 – 60 = 20 N backward
aback
Hence, the box will fall from the truck after from start.
= 20 m
Page No 113:
Question 5.37:
A disc revolves with a speed of rev/min, and has a radius of 15 cm. Two coins are
placed at 4 cm and 14 cm away from the centre of the record. If the co-efficient of friction
between the coins and the record is 0.15, which of the coins will revolve with the record?
ANSWER:
In the given situation, the coin having a force of friction greater than or equal to the
centripetal force provided by the rotation of the disc will revolve with the disc. If this is not
the case, then the coin will slip from the disc.
Fcent.
= 0.49m N
Since f > Fcent, the coin will revolve along with the record.
Radius, = 14 cm = 0.14 m
Fcent.
= m × 0.14 × (3.49)2
= 1.7m N
Since f Fcent., the coin will slip from the surface of the record.
Page No 113:
Question 5.38:
You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a ‘death-well’ (a
hollow spherical chamber with holes, so the spectators can watch from outside). Explain
clearly why the motorcyclist does not drop down when he is at the uppermost point, with no
support from below. What is the minimum speed required at the uppermost position to
perform a vertical loop if the radius of the chamber is 25 m?
ANSWER:
In a death-well, a motorcyclist does not fall at the top point of a vertical loop because both
the force of normal reaction and the weight of the motorcyclist act downward and are
balanced by the centripetal force. This situation is shown in the following figure.
The net force acting on the motorcyclist is the sum of the normal force (FN) and the force
due to gravity (Fg = mg).
The equation of motion for the centripetal acceleration ac, can be written as:
Fnet = mac
Normal reaction is provided by the speed of the motorcyclist. At the minimum speed
(vmin), FN = 0
Page No 113:
Question 5.39:
A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3
m rotating about its vertical axis with 200 rev/min. The coefficient of friction between the wall
and his clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the
man to remain stuck to the wall (without falling) when the floor is suddenly removed?
ANSWER:
When the floor revolves, the man sticks to the wall of the drum. Hence, the weight of the
man (mg) acting downward is balanced by the frictional force
(f = μFN) acting upward.
mg < f
g < μrω2
Page No 113:
Question 5.40:
A thin circular loop of radius R rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular frequency
ω. Show that a small bead on the wire loop remains at its lowermost point for
.What is the angle made by the radius vector joining the centre to the bead with the vertical
downward direction for ?Neglect friction.
ANSWER:
Let the radius vector joining the bead with the centre make an angle θ, with the vertical
downward direction.
OP = R = Radius of the circle
N = Normal reaction
The respective vertical and horizontal equations of forces can be written as:
In ΔOPQ, we have:
l = Rsinθ … (iii)
m(Rsinθ) ω2 = Nsinθ
mR ω2 = N ... (iv)
mg = mR ω2 cosθ
... (v)
Since cosθ ≤ 1, the bead will remain at its lowermost point for , i.e., for
For or