Innovative Transformers and

Resonant Inductors and Capacitors

David Cope,
p Ph.D.
© 2007 Engineering Matters®, Inc.
www.engineeringmatters.com
 Engineering Matters®
Sh Form
Short F Resume
R
• Incorporated 1998
• Primaryy Offices in Newton, MA, USA
• Woman-Owned Small Business
• Experts in Electromagnetics and Electromechanics
– Specialty motors and actuators, power electronics,
robotics, electromagnetic signature control and analysis

2
 Engineering Matters’
I h
In-house Expertise
E
• Electromagnetics • Mechanical design
– Motors & Actuators • Prototype
– Sensors – Design for Manufacturing
– 2D, 3D Simulation – 3D CAD
• Electrical design
• Software
S f d
design
i
– Power electronics
– Firmware
– Analog
g and digital
g design
g
– Java/GUI
J /GUI API
– Simulation
– Computer interfacing
• Systems
y integration
g
• Control
C t lD Design
i
3
 Innovative Transformers and
Resonant Inductors and Capacitors

• MRI Compatible Stents • Lightweight Transformer

– Images
g within existingg – More Electric Shipp
stents are distorted by initiative requires power
field perturbations of the conditioning equipment.
stent itself
itself. – Lightweight,
Li ht i ht small ll
– Develop/determine stent transformers desired for
coatings to enable shipboard power
internal imaging. electronics applications.

4
 S
Stent Project
P Goals
G l
• Problem: Electrically conductive Induced current paths
stents have induced eddy currents
which
hi h obscure
b an MRI iimage.
• Solution: Apply post-
manufacturing processes to
correct magnetic fields.
• Maxwell critical in comparing
configurations
fi i andd determining
d i i
component values.

5
 S
Stent Project
P Objectives
Ob

• Develop a simple physical model of a stent.

• Develop equivalent circuit models including
RF, stent, and coatings.
• Develop
D l iimplementations
l t ti off distributed
di t ib t d
magnetic and electric elements to phase
shift
hift currents.
t
• Correct the stent internal field perturbations.

6
S
Stent imaging in MRI

7
 MRI RF (64MHz)
(64MH ) Field
F ld
• Main field = 1.5T
• f = 1.5T * 42.576 MHz/T = 63.8MHz.
• RF Field: H = Hx x + Hy y + Hz z, |H|~24A/m, B~30μT
• Induced RF stent currents: J = Jθ θ + Jz z.
• Skin Depth: The skin depth is defined as: δ=sqrt(η/πμf)
δ sqrt(η/πμf).
• Nitinol skin depth is δ = 0.06mm; RF fully penetrates each
strut.
• Blood
l d solution
l i (η=0.2
( Ohm-m),
h ) the
h skin
ki depth
d h is i δ = 28mm.
So blood does shield the RF field and body size makes a
difference.

8
MRI d d current paths
MRI-induced h

9
 I
Intuition Needed
N d d

• Basic idea: Create a structure which will

correct the magnetic field from the stent
itself.

10
 A f Maxwell
Ansoft M ll 3D®

• Maxwell’s eddy current (harmonic) solution

computes a full-wave
full wave solution that includes
electromagnetic wave radiation effects, i.e.
displacement currents
currents.
• Calculates distributed resistive, inductive
and capacitive effects
effects.
• ∇ × E = − ∂B ∇× H = J +
∂D
∂t ∂t

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 C l l
Calculation Flowchart
Fl h

k = M 2 L1 L2

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RF-Stent-Coating Equivalent Circuit

• Inductance and
capacitance
p
lumped
parameter values
computedd via
i
Maxwell.

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RF-Stent-Coating Equivalent Circuit
Results—94% correction
Stent current (alone)

Total current

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Equivalent Circuit Frequency Sweep
Results—94% cancellation

Optimium solution

MRI Freq.
15
Equivalent Circuit Frequency Sweep

Current phases
oppose
pp

~180°
Current amplitudes
match

MRI Freq.
16
 C
Complex Pl

Ag Saddle Silver-coated S
Stent
Nitin
ol ste
nt
l Plane A l
Analysis

17
 Stent Imaged in MRI without/with
Resonator to correct fields

Uncompensated stent Stent resonant compensation

perturbs fields and produces corrects disruptive fields and
poor imaging.
i i allows imaging.
http://www.biophan.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=384&Itemid=359, 14 October 2007

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Stent Ring and Peg Models—Simple
structures that provides rich physics

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 Many Coating Configurations
Simulated

Capacitive Flange with Quad Vias with Caps

Split Ring

Saddle Coils with Caps 3x3 Nested Rings

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S ddl C
Saddle Coill Close-up
Cl

Capacitor plate
Capacitor
Saddle coil dielectric
Half-Ring at
Dielectric Dielectric boundary

Interior of stent

21
 U b ll Design
Umbrella D

Umbrella
45
~1 mm
90

22.6°
135

180

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 Distributed Circuit Elements
Successfully Correct Stent Fields

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 L h
Lightweight
h TTransformer
f G
Goals
l
• Develop a “black box”
which achieves power
p
conversion similar to a
traditional 60 Hz iron-
core transformer
f at
greatly reduced size &
weight.
weight

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Lightweight Transformer Objectives

• Develop power electronic architectures

achieving desired characteristics
• Develop detailed critical components:
– Hi
Highh frequency
f transformer
t f
– High current inductor

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 A f Maxwell
Ansoft M ll 3D

• The magnetostatic solution includes non-

linear effects such as permanent magnets
and BH relationships.
• The magnetostatic solution also computes
matrix inductances and parasitic
capacitances.
capacitances

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Electronic Transformer Architecture

• High system efficiency (97.4%).

• Power reversibility, power factor correction,
voltage regulation, and variable voltage variable
frequency operation.
operation
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 Eddy Currents and Magnetic
Saturation Complicate Design

Automatically taken into account in Maxwell

Copper Skin Depth vs. Core loss dependence

eque cy
frequency p magnetic
upon g field

28
 Simulation Model and Prototype
Transformer
Measured results match predicted results to ~5%

FEA model of 167kVA XFMR Full scale 167 kVA, 25kHz

Full-scale
transformer.
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 Permanent-Magnet Biased Inductor

BH curve for the permanent L vs I for the biased

magnet biased inductor.
magnet-biased inductor non-linear
li BH curve.
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Permanent-Magnet Biased Inductor
• Finite Element Analysis model
of the biased inductor. The
design ratings are: L~10 mH,
I=2500Apk, 1400Arms.
• Poloidal coils are green
structures, toroidal (powdered
iron) ferromagnetic cores are
red structures, and the Ceramic
8 permanent magnets are gray
g
rectangular solids.
• Very cost-effective, high
performance inductor.

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 PM Biased
B d Inductor
I d Results
R l

Zero current permanent 4000 Amp inductor

magnet field showing the excitation showing the net
counter-clockwise flux clockwise flux rotation.
rotation.
i
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 2.7 MVA 2080V/450V Electronic
Resonant Transformer.
• Fully Reversible Output LC Filter

• Power Factor 25 kHz XFMR

Corrected (air cooled)

• Voltage Regulation
• Variable Voltage Bi-directional

Variable Frequency 1:3 Cycloconverter

with integral water-
cooling jacket
• Efficiency = 97.4%
• Size = 1.5 m3 Resonating
Inductor (air

• Mass = 1000 kgk

cooled)
Bi-directional Resonating

• Reduction of 83% in
3:1 Cycloconverter Capacitor
with integral water-

size and mass.

cooling jacket Free Wheel
Switch (water-
cooled)

Input LC Filter

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 Summary
• MRI Visible Stent Resonant Inductor and Capacitor
– Maxwell 3D calculates distributed LRC values and radiative
resonance effects.
– Excellent agreement with lumped parameter models (values
calculated in Maxwell).
– An MRI visible stent was designed and developed. MRI trials and
further development are on-going.
on-going
• High Frequency Electronic Transformer
– Maxwell 3D calculates non-linear PM and BH effects, inductive
matrix couplings and parasitic capacitances.
– High frequency transformer and high current inductor designed.
– Lightweight, efficient electronic transformer developed.
– Excellent agreement with measurements.

34
 A k
Acknowledgements
l d
• Stent development done under contract to
p
Biophan Technologies,
g , Inc.
• David Fischer of DMF Associates designed
the advanced transformer p
power electronics.
• Transformer work under SBIR contract
N00014-05-M-0028 to Office of Naval
Research.
• All rights
g reserved.
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