Chapter 1

Introduction

A. Background of the study

Science is a tool which improves and can make

everyday living easier.

At this point of time, in this age of technology and

advancement, people tend to use products, materials, and

inventions that come from different renewable and non-

renewable resources. One concrete example of that is,

dishwashing liquid. It is a household cleaning agent for

almost a decade. The usage of dishwashing liquids can be

observed in the Philippines because Filipinos typically

suffer from different problems. The type and brand of the

dishwashing liquid is the common problem of each household

to make dishes as clean as possible.

The alternative dishwashing liquid that the researchers

made is the cleaning agent that uses gumamela petal extract

and calamansi as the main components. There are two basic

principles for the dishwashing liquid, first, a dishwashing

liquid is able to clean plates and utensils. Second, the

dishwashing liquid must be budget-friendly and cost-

effective. It is simple as that and this agent can be of

great use, work and help.

1|Page
 The researchers incorporated different materials that

have certain use specifically in cleaning. The researchers

combined them to produce such product that can be used as

an alternative dishwashing liquid for cleaning kitchen

wares. If the researchers find it successful, then this

product can be considered as a good alternative dishwashing

liquid.

2|Page
 B. Statement of the Problem

1. How long does the alternative dishwashing liquid last in

terms of the time of spoilage?

2. How effective is the alternative dishwashing liquid in

terms of removing grease and stains in kitchen wares/tools.

3.Between alternative dishwashing liquid and commercialized

dishwashing liquid, which is better in terms of fragrance

and cleanliness after washing different kitchen

wares/tools?

3|Page
 C. Objectives of the study

1. To produce an alternative dishwashing liquid that will

last for a long period of time.

2. To determine the effectiveness of alternative dishwashing

liquid in terms of removing grease and stains.

3. To produce an alternative dishwashing liquid that is

better to use in terms of washing dishes compare to the

commercialized product.

4|Page
 D. Hypotheses

Ha: If the alternative dishwashing liquid will last for a

long period of time, then there will be no problem in terms

of spoilage.

Ho: If the alternative dishwashing liquid will not last for

a long period of time, then there will be a problem in

terms of spoilage.

Ha: If the alternative dishwashing liquid can resolve

problems in terms of fragrance, grease, then it is

effective.

Ho: If the alternative dishwashing liquid can`t resolve

problems in terms of fragrance, grease, then it is not

effective.

Ha: If the alternative dishwashing liquid is better in

cleaning kitchen wares than the commercialized dishwashing

liquid, then the alternative dishwashing liquid is a good

alternative.

Ho: If the alternative dishwashing liquid is not better in

cleaning kitchen wares than the commercialized dishwashing

liquid, then the alternative dishwashing liquid cannot be

considered as good alternative.

5|Page
 E. Significance of the Study

This study aims to help the cited beneficiaries below:

Housewives- to help them remove stains and grease on plates and

other kitchen wares easier than before. Also, it is a big help

to them on saving money and lessen the burden on buying

dishwashing liquid.

Cultivators- to help people who cultivates gumamela (rosa-

sinensis), open their minds for another view of what gumamela on

them that can make and help them for living in terms of being a

component in making dishwashing liquid.

Environment- this study will not give any negative effect on the

environment because this study will help reduce the problems on

biodegradable waste in connection to different problems related

to biodegradable waste.

Other researchers- this study can be a guide for those students

conducting and doing their researches and thesis.

Future researchers- this study can be a guide and can also be a

basis of their different studies and researches.

6|Page
 F. Scope and Limitations

The researchers investigatory project focused on how to

make an alternative dishwashing liquid from gumamela(rosa-

sinensis) extract as well as calamansi. The purpose of this

study was to make a dishwashing liquid. This project covered

the materials, procedures, and systematic ways that shows and

informs everyone using the gumamela can be a component in

producing alternative dishwashing liquid. This study tackled

the advantages and disadvantages and of course the

possibilities of using the alternative dishwashing liquid. The

limitations of the study revolves only on the production of

the dishwashing liquid, that also limit the researchers to

find a way about the color of the gumamela could produce. The

researchers limit the number of the respondents/participants

because too much participant will no longer give sense to the

result. The researchers also limit the day of testing because

the gumamela extract produces suds and the extract and suds

separates from one another.

7|Page
 G. Definition of Terms

Alternative- offering or expressing a choice

Commercialized- organized principally for financial gain

Cultivator- a person who prepares land for planting

Dishwashing liquid- a low-sudsing detergent designed for

use in dishwashers.

Grease- melted animal fat

Odor- a particular smell

Saponification- a chemical reaction in which an ester is

heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis

of a fat or oil to make soap)

Stains- mark left from foods

Sterilization-the procedure of making some object free of

live bacteria or other microorganisms by heating

8|Page
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section on review of related literature and studies

focuses on the history of dishwashing equipment, the health and

cleaning benefits of Gumamela (rosa – sinensis) primarily the

uses of its petal. Considering the rapid growth of biodegradable

and non-biodegradable waste in the country, one should be aware

of the possible benefits of potentially useful material by

recycling. The internet has been used as a reference to get the

necessary facts and information in the study.

History of Soaps and Detergents

The earliest evidence of the existence of soap can be

dated as early as 2800 B.C. They were found in an excavation of

ancient Babylon. Based in the Ebers Papyrus, the combining of

animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts is used to form a

soap to prevent the ancient Egyptians from skin diseases and for

washing. Hundreds of years after in ancient Roman legend,a woman

found out this kind of clay mixture that was made from animal

fat, or tallow, and wood ashes and use by the people along the

Triber River.

9|Page
 During the mid-1800s “the advancement of technology was

started and the invention of a Belgian Chemist, Ernest Solvay of

the “ammonia process” (La'ulu 2009)

which also used common table salt, or sodium chloride to make

soda ash. Originally, the alkali were obtained from the ashes of

plants, but nowadays they are made commercially.

“Soap making is an established craft “(La'ulu 2009).

Soap maker used vegetable and animal oils with ashes of plants

for the fragrance of the soap. During the 12th century the center

of soap manufacturing was in Italy, Spain, and France because

they have a lot and ready supply of raw materials such as olive

trees which is used in manufacturing a soap. Synthetic

detergents are the non-soap washing and cleaning products that

are synthesized. The ingredients that used in the first built

detergent was a surfactant/builder combination and it was

introduced in the U.S Surfactant means a basic cleaning

ingredient in manufacturing detergent product`s. “Using liquid

soaps is good with fruity looks”(Bamford, 2011, p.28).

10 | P a g e
Health Benefits and Information Facts

As a herbal medicine, Gumamela flower, leaves and roots are

used. Gumamela has the following characteristics:

Gumamela has its characteristic of being Expectorant,

diuretic, emollient, antigen being anti-infectious,

antipyretic,an anodyne, and also a refrigerant.

It is also an anti-oxidant, as naturally preventive

measure against cancer. It also slow down the ageing

of your cells, it is heart healthy as it helps to

lower cholesterol levels and to repair free medical

damage your energy level of immunity of your body.

Gumamela is also high in Vitamin C, having capacity to

cure minor cold related infections like sore throat,

cough and headache. It can help to soothe hot flashes.

It can also helps to increase the rate of metabolism.

As an anti-inflammatory, it can stop the growth of

acne and even clear the marks left by it. Iu

The researchers found an another study about alternative

dishwashing liquid. The Kahel (Orange) as an Alternative

Dishwashing Liquid

In this study they use the orange peels as a source of the

extract they needed. Orange hold many benefits and special

11 | P a g e
factors that`s why they use orange peels. As their source said,

according to livestrong.com—“A list of the benefits of orange

peels”, orange peels have flavanoids that help prevent lung

cancer. Moreover, these flavonoids also help vitamin c, which is

an important antioxidant vitamin, to prevent skin cancer. In

addition to that, in 2000, a study at the Arizona Cancer Center,

found out that the d-limonene in orange peels lessened the risk

of deadly type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.

While in wisegeek.org—that the d limonine in orange peels helps

food digestion. Additionally the citrus smell of orange peels

also helps with emotional issues and cure poor appetite,

sadness, and anxiety as well.

The researchers include the study of orange peels in this

chapter because of the similarities of the two studies. They are

similar in terms of their biodegradable materials used and the

objectives they want to attain.

12 | P a g e
Theoretical Framework

Saponification process is one of the process where the

researchers get the idea. Saponification process is a type of

conversation where a fat is converted into soap. It is hydrolyze

with alkali to form a soap and glycerol. In this study the fat

or the oil used was the Gumamela extract. The idea of the

researchers that the viscosity of the Gumamela extract will help

on producing such cleaning product with addition of other

extracts liquid, to produce a dishwashing liquid with a good

smell and a good variety on cleaning dishes and other kitchen

wares. The other idea that the researchers believed was the

ability of the Gumamela flower to produce bubbles that will help

the dishwashing liquid to be more presentable to wash dishes.

13 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Materials:

 Gumamela

 20 pcs. of Calamansi

 Pure Castile Soap

 2 beaker

 Mortar and pestle

 Jar or Dishwashing liquid container

 Casserole

 Stove

 2 Erlenmeyer flask

 Foam

 2 bottle cap

 Blender

B. Method of Research

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of

a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not

answer questions abouthow/when/why the characteristics

occurred.

14 | P a g e
 C. Procedures

I. Preparation of the equipment and materials

The researchers equipped themselves with the

appropriate materials to be used for their research.

First, they provided themselves with laboratory

equipment. So that in the process of making such

product they can achieve an accurate results, the

researchers decided to use some kitchen tools such as

casserole and stove as an alternative sterilizer. The

researchers provided the secondary materials including

other laboratory equipment such as flasks and test

tubes.

II. Sterilization of equipment

The researchers decided to use kitchen tools as

sterilization equipment to provide such need as

sterilization. They used a casserole where the

equipment will be placed and next is to heat up and

wait for 5 minutes.

III. Extraction of the Gumamela Petal Extracts

After sterilizing the materials,researchers

conducted the proper preparation of materials for the

experimentation . The researchers prepared first the

blender and other equipment to extract the fluid from

gumamela flowers.

15 | P a g e
 IV. Production of the dishwashing liquid

The extract from the gumamela flowers undergone

the process where a 6 tablespoon of pure castile soap

interacted to the solution of gumamela flowers. This

pure castile soap improved the dishwashing liquid's

ability to produce bubble; the dishwashing liquid

undergone the process where the calamansi will also

interact with the solution of gumamela flowers.

V. Testing the ability of the Dishwashing liquid in

removing grease, stains, and odor on kitchen wares and

tools.

The researchers chose 5 households/ families where

the dishwashing liquid was tested. The 5 households

compared commercialized dishwashing liquid with the

alternative dishwashing liquid from gumamela. The

researchers washed the same kitchen tools with the

same amount of drop of dishwashing liquid, amount of

water, same sizes of sponge. that will interact with

the foam/ sponge while rinsing. Those 5 households

rated according to the results.

16 | P a g e
 1- Lowest- the alternative dishwashing liquid is not

good enough on cleaning/ removing stains and odor .

2- Moderate- it is good enough in cleaning such kitchen

wares and tools.

3- High- the dishwashing liquid completely remove

stains, grease, and odor on kitchen wares and tools.

VI. Tabulation of data

The results was tabulated by the researchers in kind

of format:

Household 1 Household 2 Household 3 Household 4 Household 5

No. of drops No. of No. of drops No. of No. of

drops drops drops

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Alternative

dishwashing

liquid

Commercial

Dishwashing

Liquid

17 | P a g e
Experimental design

Gathering of materials

Preparation of different

Methods and materials

Collection of the

Gumamela extract

Addition

Addition of calamansi of pure castile soap

extract

production of the

dishwashing liquid

experimentation andtrials

18 | P a g e
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

Household 1 Household Household 3 Household 4 Household

2 5 Total

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of

drops drops drops drops drops

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Alternative

dishwashing 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3

liquid 38

Commercial

Dishwashing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

Liquid 44

Discussion:

The table above showed the result of the experiment conducted

by the researchers. The average of the two dishwashing liquid

showed that the alternative dishwashing liquid gained 38 while

the commercialized dishwashing liquid gained 44, as the average

showed, the alternative dishwashing liquid can cope up, what the

commercialized dishwashing liquid can do. The alternative

dishwashing liquid last for a month, this ability supports the

stand that the alternative dishwashing liquid is good in

19 | P a g e
cleaning dishes and kitchen wares. The respondents observed its

ability on removing stains and grease, but they also observed

that the ability of the alternative dishwashing liquid on

removing odor, no odor was left on the kitchen wares they

washed. In this way the researchers classified this ability on

following description (observation), most of the scores they

gave mostly around 3,this is for the commercialized dishwashing

liquid ,while the respondent gave 2 mostly 2 as their

observation on the alternative dishwashing liquid. These results

made the researchers conclude that the alternative dishwashing

liquid is as good as the commercialized dishwashing liquid.

20 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of findings:

-During the beginning of formulation of the Alternative

dishwashing liquid, the color of it was reddish. It’s color was

derived from Gumamela petals. The mixture was in its liquid form

with a low viscosity and no suds formed. It was just like water

- with the slightly strong smell of calamansi extract.

-The experiment has made some changes in the physical

appearance of the product. Significantly, the color and the

smell of the mixture have altered. It became dark in color and

had a better smell- presumably because of the soap (castile

soap) added to the mixture, suds form when stirred or shaken

(while in the bottle). The viscosity has risen a little- this

time because of the added ingredient which is the soap.

Conclusion

The researchers therefore conclude that the

alternative dishwashing liquid from gumamela petals and

calamansi extract last for a month maybe because of the storage

area the researchers used and also the presence of the calamansi

extract (just like the Lemon) that has the ability to prevent

spoilage and the calamansi extract act as an additive on the

21 | P a g e
dishwashing liquid. . The researchers also conclude that the

alternative dishwashing liquid is as good as the commercialized

dishashing liquid in terms of smell and cleaning effect after

washing different kitchen tools.

Recommendations

The researchers recommend that further study must be

conducted on the effectiveness of the alternative dishwashing

liquid in terms of removing grease and stains on different

kitchen wares/tools. Also further experimentation must be done

to create an alternative dishwashing liquid that can create more

suds. The future researchers who will be undertaking similar

study can experiment on the ability of the alternative

dishwashing liquid in creating suds and improve its smell. The

future researchers can also use another flavor of castile soap

to enhance the smell of the alternative dishwashing liquid. Add

some washing soda to the mixture for added cleaning

effectiveness. The future researchers can use another kind of

Gumamela for their dishwashing liquid, so they can produce

another dishwashing liquid with good scent/fragrance.

22 | P a g e
Bibliography

Harvard Health Publications. (2007). The handiwork of good

health. Retrieved fromwww.health.harvard.edu on October 19,

2013.

Bamford, V., March 2011, Vol.234, p.28

Simolo, G. (2013). Make your own Organic Dishwashing Liquid.

Retrieved from www.liveeco.co.za on October 19, 2013.

Healthy Cleaning. (--). Soaps and Detergents. Retrieved from

www.healthycleaning101.org on October 19, 2013.

Florida Chemical Company. (--). What is d-Limonene? Retrieved

from www.floridachemical.com on October 19, 2013.

23 | P a g e
Appendices

Materials

24 | P a g e
Procedures

Setups

25 | P a g e
Dishwashing liquids

26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e