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Mass Concrete
Darrell F. Elliot,FACI
Technical Service Manager
Buzzi Unicem USA
What is Mass Concrete?
ACI defines Mass Concrete as “any
volume of concrete with dimensions large
enough to require that measures be taken
to cope with generation of heat from
hydration of the cement and attendant
volume change to minimize cracking.”
ACI does not specify an exact minimum
thickness, depends on many factors
Hoover Dam - 660 ft (200 m) wide
base
Traditional Mass Concrete
Mixes
Low strength requirements
56 or 90 days to achieve
strength
Very large coarse aggregate
Very low cement contents
Type IV or Type II(MH)
High SCM replacements
Mat Foundations,
Houston
Volume PSI
ENRON Building 11,000 5,000
5 Houston Center 8,500 6,000
1000 Main 12,000
M D Anderson (2) 12,000
Mass Concrete
For mass placements, ACI 207 and U.
S. Army Corps of Engineers
recommend:
Cement or combination of cement
with GGBFS and/or fly ash that
achieves a maximum Heat of
Hydration of 70 cal/gm at 7 days.
Critical Temperature Limits
Tmax < o
165 F o
(75 C)
∆T < o
35 F o
(20 C)
Why these Limits?
Tmax < o
165 F o
(75 C)
Potential to bypass ettringite
phase, resulting in DEF
∆T < o
35 F o
(20 C)
Thermal Stress of different
expansion & contraction
Heating and Cooling
Initial heat generated As outside cools, inside
The quicker the peak, remains hot.
the higher the peak As inside cools, it
(less cooling time) contracts & pulls away
from perimeter, cracks
Time-Temperature Plot
Cracking in Top of Pile Cap
Heat Energy
Calculating the change in temperature in a system
may be accomplished by using the following
formula:
Thickness 10 Feet
Length 295 Feet
Width 133 Feet
Volume 14,531 Yards3
#1 #2 #3 #4
85 80 75 70 oF
Thickness 8 Feet
Length 67 Feet
Width 47 Feet
Volume 933 Yards3
Inch-
#1 #2 #3 #4 Pound
Ti Initial Concrete Temp. 40 60 80 90 oF
Cement Plant C F
Type I/II 80.6
80.7
50% Slag, 25% F Ash 50.8
58.2
Sempra – Cameron LNG
Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Inch-Pound
#1 #2 #3 #4 Units
Ti Initial Concrete Temp. 70 75 80 85 oF
Cement Plant C P
Type I/II 77.5
67.8
25% C Ash S 79.5
64.5
25% C Ash A 83.1
71.6
NCRA Refinery
15000
PSI
10000
5000
0
470 470 564 564 658 658 800 800 900 900 900 900 1050 1050
2-way 3-way 2-way 3-way 2-way 3-way 2-way 3-way 2-way 2-way 3-way 3-way 2-way 3-way
Cementitious
2 Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Day 28 Day 56 Day 180 Day
Missouri DOT
Mass Concrete Application
o
125 F
Mat Foundations,
Houston